| prevalence and correlates of hepatitis a among adult drug users: the significance of incarceration and race/ethnicity. | this report examines associations between hepatitis a virus (hav) infection prevalence and a history of incarceration in jail or a correctional facility among a population of drug users in baltimore stratified by african american and white racial/ethnic status. the study sample consisted of 509 non-injection and injection drug users recruited from inner-city neighborhoods of the baltimore metropolitan region. the baseline prevalence of hav infection was 36.9% (n=188). one-fourth (25.5%) of the s ... | 2007 | 17766016 |
| immunogenicity and safety of a pediatric dose of a virosome-adjuvanted hepatitis a vaccine: a controlled trial in children aged 1-16 years. | the availability of pediatric formulations of hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccines would facilitate the introduction of universal mass vaccination against hav. the objective of this study was to compare a pediatric dose (0.25 ml) of epaxal, a virosomal, aluminum-free hav vaccine, to 0.5 ml standard dose, and to alum-adsorbed hav vaccine. | 2007 | 17848882 |
| hepatitis a as an etiologic agent of acute liver failure in latin america. | this prospective, multicenter study examined the importance of hepatitis viruses as etiological agents of acute liver failure (alf) and the outcome of alf cases in latin american children and adolescents. | 2007 | 17848883 |
| analysis of multiple enteric viral targets as sewage markers in coral reefs. | water and coral mucus samples were collected from throughout the florida keys national marine sanctuary and the dry tortugas for three years and were analyzed for human enteric viruses (enteroviruses, noroviruses, hepatitis a virus and adenoviruses) as conservative markers of human sewage using molecular methods. of the 100 coral and water samples collected, 40 contained genetic material from one or more human enteric viruses. dna-based adenoviruses were detected widely, in 37.8% of samples and ... | 2007 | 17881013 |
| hepatitis a 2004 vaccination in children: methods and findings of a survey in two states. | hepatitis a vaccine coverage estimates needed for surveillance and vaccine policy decisions are not readily available for children older than 35 months or for adolescents. this article reports methodology developed for obtaining such estimates by telephone survey with and without provider record verification. | 2007 | 17888861 |
| epidemiological and virological characterization of a large community-wide outbreak of hepatitis a in southern italy. | a large outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection occurred in 2004 in campania, a region of southern italy, with 882 cases reported between 1 january and 1 august. the local public health authorities and the italian national institute of health carried out investigations in order to characterize the agent, identify the source of infection and the route of transmission, and implement appropriate control measures. a web-based reporting system enhanced the flow of information between public hea ... | 2008 | 17892633 |
| [comparison of recent igg anti-hav prevalence between two hospitals in seoul and gyeonggi area]. | recently, the incidence of acute hepatitis a has increased nationwide and is related to the low rate of igg anti-hav. this study compared the prevalence of igg anti-hav in two university hospitals located in a large city and in a small city including a rural region according to age, gender, and the year of diagnosis. | 2007 | 17898552 |
| evaluation of an extracting method for the detection of hepatitis a virus in shellfish by sybr-green real-time rt-pcr. | consumption of virus-contaminated shellfish has caused numerous outbreaks of gastroenteritis and hepatitis worldwide. in the present study, we evaluated a rapid and simple extraction method to concentrate and purify enteric viruses from shellfish tissues for their detection by real-time rt-pcr. this procedure consists of an alkaline elution with a glycine buffer, solids removal by slow speed centrifugation, purification by chloroform extraction and virus concentration by ultracentrifugation. the ... | 2007 | 17900731 |
| hepatitis a super infection as a cause of liver failure in a child with wilson's disease. | infection with hepatitis a virus can cause severe or even fatal illness in patients with chronic liver disease. here we describe a seven-year-old girl who presented as acute liver failure and was diagnosed with wilson's disease and later with coexistent hepatitis a infection. wilson's disease was demonstrated on the basis of low ceruloplasmin, high urinary copper excretion, histological evidence of cirrhosis, and high biochemical estimation of liver copper concentration. hepatitis a was diagnose ... | 2007 | 17907522 |
| [immunization guidelines in patients with chronic liver diseases]. | patients with chronic liver diseases and specially with cirrhosis have an impaired immune system and are vulnerable to viral (co-) infections. vaccination against hepatitis a and b virus (hav, hbv) is recommended for all patients with chronic liver diseases. however, the efficacy of vaccinations in patients with end-stage liver diseases and transplant recipients is disappointing. as soon as a chronic liver disease is diagnosed patients should be immunized with the common vaccines (flu and pneumo ... | 2007 | 17918490 |
| molecular characterization of an acute hepatitis a outbreak among healthcare workers at a korean hospital. | the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies is low in young adults in korea. from may to july 2005, 17 cases of hav were reported from healthcare workers (hcws) in a hospital intensive care unit (icu). we looked for the presence of anti-hav igm from all patients in the medical-surgical icu with elevated aspartate aminotransferase (ast) and alanine aminotransferase (alt) and screened ast and alt levels in all hcws who came into contact with two suspected index cases. once the outbrea ... | 2007 | 17919777 |
| [fulminant hepatitis a virus infection and vaccination in risk groups]. | | 2007 | 17927940 |
| rapid and sensitive detection of hepatitis a virus in representative food matrices. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is an important cause of foodborne disease worldwide. the detection of this virus in naturally contaminated food products is complicated by the absence of a reliable culture method, low levels of contamination, and the presence of matrix-associated compounds which inhibit molecular detection. in this study, we report a novel method to concentrate hav from foods prior to the application of reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) for detection. specifically, we used cationically ... | 2008 | 17931710 |
| infections and obesity: a multinational epidemiological study. | viral infections have been associated with the aetiology of obesity in animal models. this study investigates the association between 7 serological markers of infections and body mass index (bmi) in a population based sample. individuals (n=985, mean age 42+/-97 (28-55) y, mean bmi 25.594.2) from iceland, sweden and estonia underwent a structured interview and blood sampling. igg antibodies were measured against helicobacter pylori and the caga protein, hepatitis a virus, toxoplasma gondii, herp ... | 2008 | 17943636 |
| increasing hepatitis a igg prevalence rate in men who have sex with men attending a sexual health clinic in london: implications for immunization policy. | the aims of this study were to audit an immunization policy to vaccinate men who have sex with men (msm) attending a large london sexual health clinic, and to undertake an approximate cost analysis of different strategies, using the estimated prevalence rate of anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) immunoglobulin g (igg). a retrospective study of the seroprevalence of anti-hav igg among msm was conducted for a 12-month period, involving 395 homosexual or bisexual men attending the genitourinary medicine ... | 2007 | 17945051 |
| hepatitis a vaccine versus immune globulin for postexposure prophylaxis. | hepatitis a vaccine administered to persons after exposure to the hepatitis a virus has not been compared directly with immune globulin, which is known to be highly effective in preventing hepatitis a when given within 2 weeks after exposure to the virus. | 2007 | 17947390 |
| another success for hepatitis a vaccine. | | 2007 | 17947391 |
| bayesian coalescent inference of hepatitis a virus populations: evolutionary rates and patterns. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a hepatotropic member of the family picornaviridae. previous studies suggested that hav may evolve more slowly than other members of the family. to estimate hav substitution rates precisely, we used a bayesian markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) approach on temporally sampled hav vp1 full-length sequences from strains isolated in france. a mean rate of evolutionary change of 9.76 x 10(-4) nucleotide substitution per site per year was found. the results also revealed that t ... | 2007 | 17947528 |
| update: prevention of hepatitis a after exposure to hepatitis a virus and in international travelers. updated recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). | in 1995, highly effective inactivated hepatitis a vaccines were first licensed in the united states for preexposure prophylaxis against hepatitis a virus (hav) among persons aged > or =2 years. in 2005, vaccine manufacturers received food and drug administration approval for use of the vaccines in children aged 12-23 months. | 2007 | 17947967 |
| acute pancreatitis in acute viral hepatitis. | to elucidate the frequency and characteristics of pancreatic involvement in the course of acute (nonfulminant) viral hepatitis. | 2007 | 17963301 |
| rna interaction and cleavage of poly(c)-binding protein 2 by hepatitis a virus protease. | the poly(rc)-binding protein pcbp2 has multiple functions in post-transcriptional control of host and viral gene expression. since it interacts with picornaviral rna structures, it was proposed that pcbp2 regulates viral genome translation and replication. the hepatitis a virus (hav), an atypical picornavirus, contains an unusual pyrimidine-rich tract (py1) with unknown functions. using in vivo and in vitro assays, we provide direct evidence that pcbp2 interacts with py1 and that binding is medi ... | 2007 | 17967440 |
| incidence of hav and hbv infections and vaccination rates in patients with autoimmune liver diseases. | hepatitis a virus (hav) or hepatitis b virus (hbv) superinfection is associated with an increased mortality in patients with chronic liver diseases (cld). despite official recommendations, it was reported that the vaccination rate against hav is low in patients with chronic hepatitis c infection. to evaluate the situation in patients with autoimmune liver diseases, we conducted a retrospective cohort study. | 2008 | 17970833 |
| implementation of a hepatitis a prevention policy in haemophiliacs: results from the french cohort. | in the early nineties, the occurrence of hepatitis a outbreaks in some patients with haemophilia in some countries led french health authorities to recommend hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination in hav-seronegative haemophiliacs. the french 'suivi thérapeutique national des hémophiles' cohort permitted to assess the implementation of this recommendation by the analysis of the vaccinal process, i.e. hav seropositivity assessment and vaccination of hav-seronegative patients, in a survival approach. ... | 2007 | 17973847 |
| hepatitis a incidence and hospital-based seroprevalence in italy: a nation-wide study. | to define the pattern of hav infection in italy and to study the differences among geographic areas (northern, central and southern italy) and age-classes, we performed hav antibody testing on sera collected in 1996-1997 from a large sample of the italian population and compared the results with those of other seroprevalence studies and with incidence data for the period 1985-2005, calculated by a surveillance system specific for acute viral hepatitis based on symptomatic cases. a total of 3,561 ... | 2008 | 17978852 |
| immunogenicity, safety, and interchangeability of two inactivated hepatitis a vaccines in chilean children. | to compare the immunogenicity, safety, and interchangeability of two pediatric hepatitis a vaccines, avaxim 80u-pediatric and havrix 720, in chilean children. | 2008 | 17988917 |
| [is it necessary to investigate anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) igm antibodies when the hepatic enzymogram is normal?]. | is it necessary to investigate anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) igm antibodies when the hepatic enzymogram is normal? type a viral hepatitis (hav) is the most frequent viral hepatitis around the world, especially in low income countries. in order to confirm this disease, a lot of laboratory tests are annually carried out where hav is endemic. our objective was to establish the utility of investigating anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) igm antibodies for hav diagnosis in patients with normal levels of ser ... | 2007 | 17990376 |
| changing patterns of hepatitis a and e sero-prevalences in children after the 1999 earthquakes in duzce, turkey. | hepatitis a and e are enteric viral diseases that are characteristically found in developing countries. sero-epidemiological data about both infections showed higher prevalence rates soon after the 1999 earthquakes in duzce, turkey. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the data 4 years after the earthquakes. | 2008 | 17999670 |
| combination hepatitis a-hepatitis b vaccine. | the adult formulation of this combination hepatitis a-hepatitis b vaccine contains 720 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units (eu) of formalin-inactivated hepatitis a virus strain hm175 and 20mug of recombinant dna yeast-derived hepatitis b surface antigen adsorbed onto aluminium salts in 1ml for injection. the paediatric formulation contains half this dosage in 0.5ml for injection. the combination vaccine has been shown to be highly immunogenic in healthy young adults after the full dosage sch ... | 1997 | 18020513 |
| molecular characterization of hepatitis a virus in children with fulminant hepatic failure in argentina. | hepatitis a infection, a vaccine-preventable disease, is an important cause of fulminant hepatic failure (fhf) in children in argentina. universal vaccination in 1-year-old children was implemented in june 2005. the limited studies about the correlation between the characteristics of the hepatitis a virus (hav) and fhf have been carried out in adults. | 2008 | 18028318 |
| [in process citation]. | virosomal hepatitis a vaccine contains formalin-inactivated hepatitis a (strain rg-sb) antigen adsorbed on to immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (irivs). irivs act as an adjuvant and may stimulate both the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to vaccine antigens. in noncomparative studies, virosomal hepatitis a vaccine (500 radioimmunoassay units) has exhibited immunogenicity in adults and children, inducing seroconversion in almost all volunteers within 4 weeks (usually ... | 1997 | 18031096 |
| [duration of viral rna circulation in blood of patients with hepatitis a]. | duration of hepatitis a virus (hav) rna circulation in blood of patients with ha was assessed and compared with intensity of cytolytic syndrome. detection of viral rna was performed by rt-pcr method with specific primers to vp1/p2a region of hav genome. 54 blood serum samples from 40 patients were prospectively studied on the presence of hav rna. the latterwas detected in 53.7% of serum samples. the greatest number of positive results of hav rna detection in blood of the patients with ha was obt ... | 2007 | 18038542 |
| [real-time multiplex pcr for rapid detection of enteroviruses, adenoviruses and hepatitis a virus in clinical specimens]. | real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with internal positive control (ipc) was developed for simultaneous detection of adenoviruses (av), enteroviruses (ev) and hepatitis a virus (hav). primes and probes labeled with different fluorophores (fam, r6g, rox, and cy5) and able to detect up to four viral rnas (dnas) with high specificity in a single tube in real-time pcr were designed. sensitivity and specificity of the method was estimated using cultural strains of 8 serotypes of ev, 5 ... | 2007 | 18038551 |
| acute renal failure in a 3-year-old child as part of the drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (dress) syndrome following hepatitis a. | we report on a 3-year-old melanesian girl admitted for acute renal failure following subfulminant hepatitis a virus infection. while the child was slowly recovering from severe cytolytic hepatitis, she presented 8 weeks of protracted fever and major eosinophilia (30,000/microl); thereafter, acute renal failure (serum creatinine 295 micromol/l) occurred. renal histology displayed diffuse eosinophilic infiltrate, with severe acute tubulointerstitial lesions associated with mild glomerular endocapi ... | 2008 | 18040726 |
| inactivation of hepatitis a hm-175/18f, reovirus t1 lang and ms2 during alkaline stabilization of human biosolids. | to compare the inactivation rates of male-specific bacteriophage-2 (ms2), hepatitis a hm-175/18f (hm-175) and reovirus t1 lang (t1 l) during alkaline stabilization of wastewater residues. | 2007 | 18045405 |
| anti-hepatitis a virus seroprevalence among patients with chronic viral liver disease in korea. | it is generally recommended that patients with chronic viral hepatitis should be vaccinated against hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. we intended to evaluate the prevalence of igg anti-hav according to age in patients chronically infected with hepatitis b virus or hepatitis c virus in korea. | 2007 | 18049159 |
| hepatitis a-associated macrophage activation syndrome in children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: report of 2 cases. | objective: we describe two 3-year-old patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sjia) who developed hepatitis a-associated macrophage activation syndrome (mas). one patient showed mas as the presenting manifestation of sjia, while mas complicated sjia during the second year of the disease course in the other child. both girls presented with fever, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, neurological involvement, mucosal hemorrhage, and purpura. cytopenias, hypofibrinogenemia, and hemophagocyto ... | 2008 | 18050365 |
| macrophages are important determinants of acute ocular hsv-1 infection in immunized mice. | to determine the effect of macrophage depletion on herpes simplex virus type (hav)-1 replication in the eye and on the establishment of latency in trigeminal ganglia (tg) of immunized and ocularly infected mice. | 2007 | 18055810 |
| hepatitis a virus mutant spectra under the selective pressure of monoclonal antibodies: codon usage constraints limit capsid variability. | severe structural constraints in the hepatitis a virus (hav) capsid have been suggested as the reason for the lack of emergence of new serotypes in spite of the occurrence of complex distributions of mutants or quasispecies. analysis of the hav mutant spectra under immune pressure by the monoclonal antibodies (mabs) k34c8 (immunodominant site) and h7c27 (glycophorin binding site) has revealed different evolutionary dynamics. populations composed of complex ensembles of mutants with very low fitn ... | 2008 | 18057242 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a virus risk factors in a very low endemic country, switzerland. | we aimed to estimate the population-based lifetime exposure to guidelines-based hepatitis a virus (hav) risk factors in a country model with very low hav endemicity. a cross-sectional survey among randomly selected residents of switzerland aged 20-60 years was performed assessing the hav exposure risk according to the u.s. and the swiss guidelines. the adjusted prevalence of lifetime exposure to hav-associated risk exceeded 80% with travel being the most important risk factor. in addition, not o ... | 2007 | 18061318 |
| proceedings of a consensus conference: pathogen inactivation-making decisions about new technologies. | significant progress has been made in reducing the risk of pathogen transmission to transfusion recipients. nonetheless, there remains a continuing risk of transmission of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and prions to recipients. these include many of the viruses for which specific screening tests exist as well as pathogens for which testing is currently not being done, including various species of bacteria, babesiosis, variant creutzfeld-jacob disease, hepatitis a virus, human herpes virus 8, chik ... | 2008 | 18063190 |
| hepatitis e virus as an etiology of acute exacerbation of previously unrecognized asymptomatic patients with hepatitis b virus-related chronic liver disease. | hepatitis e virus (hev) has recently been implicated in episodes of acute decompensation in patients having underlying chronic liver disease (cld) of varying etiology. however, hev as a cause of acute exacerbation of previously asymptomatic and unrecognized hepatitis b virus (hbv)-infected patients is less well described. the aim of the present study was to investigate the etiology of acute exacerbation of previously asymptomatic and unrecognized hbv-infected patients and to evaluate the relativ ... | 2008 | 18070014 |
| hepatitis a seroprevalence and its relationship with environmental factors in children of different age groups in kahramanmaras, eastern mediterranean region of turkey. | hepatitis a infections are influenced by environmental and socioeconomic factors. epidemiologic studies regarding hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in turkey have not previously examined these factors. we investigated hav seroprevalence and its association with sociodemographic factors among children of various ages in the eastern mediterranean region of turkey. the study included 1142 children (603 male and 539 female) between ages of 6 months and 18 years. seropositivity in the whole group was ... | 2007 | 18070285 |
| exploration of cost effectiveness of active vaccination in the control of a school outbreak of hepatitis a in a deprived community in the united kingdom. | in january 2006, an outbreak of hepatitis a occurred in a socio-economically deprived area of liverpool, in the united kingdom (uk), where extensive community outbreaks of hepatitis had previously occurred. a total of nine cases were confirmed. five of these were linked within a primary school. the outbreak initially occurred among a close social contact group, but there was evidence of subsequent person-to-person transmission within a local primary school. the school was attended by 221 pupils ... | 2007 | 18076861 |
| the picornavirus avian encephalomyelitis virus possesses a hepatitis c virus-like internal ribosome entry site element. | avian encephalomyelitis virus (aev) is a picornavirus that causes disease in poultry worldwide, and flocks must be vaccinated for protection. aev is currently classified within the hepatovirus genus, since its proteins are most closely related to those of hepatitis a virus (hav). we now provide evidence that the 494-nucleotide-long 5' untranslated region of the aev genome contains an internal ribosome entry site (ires) element that functions efficiently in vitro and in mammalian cells. unlike th ... | 2008 | 18077729 |
| safety procedures of coagulation factors. | two main types of safety procedures must be applied to biological products, including plasma derivatives: (i) preventive procedures and (ii) elimination procedures. prevention includes epidemiological control of donor populations; checks on each donor's health condition; analysis of each donation for the main pathogens using serological methods; additional analysis of all plasma for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), hepatitis a virus (hav) and ... | 2007 | 18078396 |
| psychosocial factors are associated with the antibody response to both thymus-dependent and thymus-independent vaccines. | the present study examined the association between psychological stress, social support and antibody response to both thymus-dependent and thymus-independent vaccinations. stressful life events in the previous year and customary social support were measured by standard questionnaires at baseline in 75 (41 females) healthy students. antibody status was assessed at baseline, 4 and 18 weeks following vaccination with formaldehyde inactivated hepatitis a virus and pneumococcal polysaccharides, which ... | 2008 | 18078736 |
| the incidence of sporadic viral hepatitis in north india: a preliminary study. | viral hepatitis is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in developing countries. hepatitis e virus (hev) among the major etiological agents is responsible for both sporadic and epidemic outbreaks. the epidemic outbreak is water-borne whereas the sporadic outbreak is possibly through contact. various diagnostic tools at times fail to pinpoint the cause of viral hepatitis. this study was carried out to evaluate the utility of elisa and nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain re ... | 2007 | 18086624 |
| phenotypic differences between healthy effector ctl and leukemic lgl cells support the notion of antigen-triggered clonal transformation in t-lgl leukemia. | t cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (t-lgl) is a chronic clonal lymphoproliferation of ctl. in many ways, t-lgl clones resemble terminal effector ctl, including down-modulation of cd28 and overexpression of perforin, granzymes, and cd57. we studied the transcriptome of t-lgl clones and compared it with healthy cd8+cd57+ effector cells as well as cd8+cd57- populations. t-lgl clones were sorted based on their tcr variable beta-chain restriction, and controls were obtained by pooling cell pop ... | 2008 | 18086899 |
| outbreak of acute viral hepatitis due to hepatitis e virus in hyderabad. | a waterborne outbreak of viral hepatitis occurred in the old city of hyderabad from march through august 2005. an attempt was made to study the outbreak clinically, serologically, and etiologically. | 2007 | 18087089 |
| cost-effectiveness analyses of hepatitis a vaccine: a systematic review to explore the effect of methodological quality on the economic attractiveness of vaccination strategies. | hepatitis a vaccines have been available for more than a decade. because the burden of hepatitis a virus has fallen in developed countries, the appropriate role of vaccination programmes, especially universal vaccination strategies, remains unclear. cost-effectiveness analysis is a useful method of relating the costs of vaccination to its benefits, and may inform policy. this article systematically reviews the evidence on the cost effectiveness of hepatitis a vaccination in varying populations, ... | 2008 | 18088156 |
| [bone marrow fibrin-ring granuloma: review of 24 cases]. | fibrin-ring granuloma (frg), which can be found in bone marrow or the liver, is a subtype of epithelioid granuloma characterized by a central fat vacuole and annular peripheral fibrinoid materials. frg has been proven to be associated with many etiologies such as several infectious organisms (coxiella burnett; epstein-barr virus, ebv; cytomegalovirus, cmv; and hepatitis a virus), allopurinol induced hepatitis, hodgkin's lymphoma, and peripheral t-cell lymphoma. | 2007 | 18094573 |
| [acute hemolysis and renal failure caused by hepatitis a infection with underlying glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]. | although glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd) deficiency is the most common enzyme disorder worldwide, it has rarely been reported among korean. the patient was previously healthy 39 yr old male who showed severe hemolytic anemia and acute renal failure accompanied by hyperbilirubinemia after hepatitis a infection. the additional studies for differential diagnosis of hemolytic anemia showed a moderate deficiency of g6pd enzyme. because hepatitis a infection in patient with g6pd deficiency pr ... | 2007 | 18094574 |
| [recent etiology and clinical features of acute viral hepatitis in a single center of korea]. | the etiology of acute viral hepatitis in korea has been dynamically changing during the recent years. the aim of this study was to investigate the recent etiology and the clinical features of acute viral hepatitis in a single center of korea. | 2007 | 18159147 |
| foodborne spread of hepatitis a: recent studies on virus survival, transfer and inactivation. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is responsible for considerable morbidity and economic losses worldwide, and is the only reportable, foodborne viral pathogen in canada. outbreaks caused by it occur more frequently in settings such as hospitals, daycare centres, schools, and in association with foods and food service establishments. in recent years, the incidence of hepatitis a has increased in canada. many factors, including changing lifestyles and demographics, faster and more frequent travel, and enha ... | 2000 | 18159284 |
| current hepatitis a status in canada. | hepatitis a, caused by the hepatitis a virus, occurs most frequently in developing countries, but also causes sporadic cases or outbreaks in industrialized countries. the most common route of transmission is fecal-oral. the incidence of hepatitis a varies with geography, and economic and environmental conditions. the epidemiological pattern of the disease has changed with improvements in hygiene and economic conditions. the incidence and prevalence of hepatitis a has decreased, while the average ... | 2001 | 18159360 |
| the prevalence of hepatitis a in children in british columbia. | the risk of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection during childhood is difficult to estimate without population serosurveys because hav-related symptoms are often mild at this age. few serosurveys have been conducted in canada. the present study surveyed teenagers in two nonurban regions of british columbia where the historical rate of reported hav either exceeded (region a) or was less than (region b) the historical provincial rate. | 2005 | 18159540 |
| comparison between serum and saliva for the detection of hepatitis a virus rna. | due to the ease of collection, oral fluid is being investigated as an alternative to serum for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes. however, for prospective studies involving hepatitis a virus (hav) rna detection, a standard methodology must be developed. in the present study, nested rt-pcr and real-time pcr were optimized and evaluated for hav detection and quantification, using oral fluid from healthy volunteers (n=20) and paired serum/oral fluid samples from individuals involved in a hepa ... | 2008 | 18160140 |
| a new liquid intravenous immunoglobulin with three dedicated virus reduction steps: virus and prion reduction capacity. | a new 10% liquid human intravenous immunoglobulin (us trade name: gammagard liquid; european trade name: kiovig) manufactured by a process with three dedicated pathogen inactivation/removal steps (solvent/detergent treatment, 35-nm nanofiltration and low ph/elevated temperature incubation) was developed. the ability of the manufacturing process to inactivate/remove viruses and prions was investigated. | 2008 | 18167162 |
| [investigation of herpes group and hepatitis a virus nucleic acids in the atherome plaque samples of patients with coronary arterial disease]. | it is assumed that various infectious agents play direct or indirect roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis which is accepted as a chronic inflammatory phenomenon. however, the data obtained from different studies are contradictory. the aim of this study was to investigate the roles of herpes virus group [herpes simplex virus (hsv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegalovirus (cmv)] and hepatitis a virus (hav) which are debated in terms of their impact in the pathogenesis of coronary arteria ... | 2007 | 18173072 |
| [seroprevalences of hepatitis a and e infections in tunisia]. | viral hepatitis a (hav) and e (hev) infections are still frequent in many regions of the world, particularly in developing countries where sanitary conditions and socioeconomic level are frequently low. in this work, we have studied seroprevalences of these two infections in tunisian children, teenagers and young adults. | 2008 | 18178327 |
| clearance of hcv rna following acute hepatitis a superinfection. | a transient reduction of hepatitis c virus replication during the course of acute hepatitis a virus infection has already been reported in the literature. the present study reports the case study of a subject with chronic hepatitis due to hepatitis c virus who went on to develop an acute hepatitis a. from the early onset of acute disease, hepatitis c virus ribonucleic acid became undetectable. following recovery from acute hepatitis, alanine amino-transferase levels became persistently normal an ... | 2009 | 18182335 |
| hepatitis e: an emerging awareness of an old disease. | although hepatitis e was recognized as a new disease in 1980, the virus was first visualized in 1983 and its genome was cloned and characterized in 1991, the disease is probably ancient but not recognized until modern times. hepatitis e is the most important or the second most important cause of acute clinical hepatitis in adults throughout asia, the middle east and africa. in contrast, hepatitis e is rare in industrialized countries, but antibody (anti-hev) is found worldwide. hev is a small ro ... | 2008 | 18192058 |
| [immunization schedule of the spanish association of pediatrics: recommendations 2008]. | the vaccine advisory committee of the spanish association of pediatrics provides information on the new developments in vaccines that have taken place in 2007, based on the available evidence, and discusses these developments. certain modifications to the immunization schedule for 2008 are recommended. a second varicella vaccine booster dose, administered together with the booster dose of the measles-mumps-rubella (mmr) vaccine when children start school (3-4 years), is recommended to avoid vacc ... | 2008 | 18194631 |
| acute renal failure associated with nonfulminating hepatitis a; a case report. | a nine-year-old male child with acute renal failure complicating serologically proven non-fulminating hepatitis a virus infection is being reported. this is rare complication. the patient required dialysis for two weeks and recovered completely with the return of his laboratory tests back to normal. | 1999 | 18212458 |
| anti-hav activity of some newly synthesized triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazines. | 6-phenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine-3(2h)-thione 2 was used as precursor for the preparation of some novel 3-s-substituted-6-phenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine derivatives 3-11. furthermore, the preparation of 1-[2-(6-phenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazin-3-ylsulfanyl)-acetyl]-1h-pyrazole derivative 13 and 5-(6-phenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazin-3-ylsulfanylmethyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazole derivatives 15 and 17, are described. some of the prepared products revealed a promising antiviral ... | 2008 | 18214848 |
| functional analysis of picornavirus 2b proteins: effects on calcium homeostasis and intracellular protein trafficking. | the family picornaviridae consists of a large group of plus-strand rna viruses that share a similar genome organization. the nomenclature of the picornavirus proteins is based on their position in the viral rna genome but does not necessarily imply a conserved function of proteins of different genera. the enterovirus 2b protein is a small hydrophobic protein that, upon individual expression, is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and the golgi complex, reduces er and golgi complex ca(2+) ... | 2008 | 18216106 |
| [the molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a in the netherlands; the usefulness of typing isolated viral strains]. | to investigate the epidemiological links between several outbreaks of hepatitis a in the netherlands (2001-2004). | 2007 | 18232198 |
| hepatitis a vaccine versus immune globulin for postexposure prophylaxis. | | 2008 | 18234760 |
| hepatitis a vaccine versus immune globulin for postexposure prophylaxis. | | 2008 | 18240428 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus by using a combined cell culture-molecular beacon assay. | rapid and efficient methods for the detection and quantification of infectious viruses are required for public health risk assessment. current methods to detect infectious viruses are based on mammalian cell culture and rely on the production of visible cytopathic effects (cpe). for hepatitis a virus (hav), viral replication in cell culture has been reported to be nonlytic and relatively slow. it may take more than 1 week to reach the maximum production and subsequent visualization of cpe. a mol ... | 2008 | 18263747 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis a in thai army medical cadets and nursing students: a reflection of regional risk differences. | a cross-sectional study of 432 army college students comprising 278 medical cadets and 154 nursing students, ages ranging from 15 to 26 years, was conducted in 2001 to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) antibody. serum specimens were tested for hav antibody by a commercial enzyme immunoassay method. anti-hav was detected in 14.0%, 17.5%, and 15.3% of medical cadets, nursing students, and the total cohort, respectively. there was no statistically significant difference in ser ... | 2007 | 18274028 |
| investigation on virucidal activity of chlorine dioxide. experimental data on feline calicivirus, hav and coxsackie b5. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of clo2 with regard to viruses which show a particular resistance to oxidizing agent such as hav and norwalk and norwalk-like viruses, and which play an important role in the epidemiology of viral foodborne diseases. in the food industry, disinfection of processing systems and equipment is a very important instrument to prevent secondary contamination and to guarantee food safety. among disinfectants, chlorine dioxide (clo2) presents a good effi ... | 2007 | 18274345 |
| molecular epidemiology and case-control approaches for management of an outbreak of hepatitis a in liguria, italy. | hepatitis a remains an important public health problem in low endemicity areas, because of the social and economic high burden of cyclical outbreaks. in this study we described an outbreak of hav infection occurred in the city of genoa and in its proximity and the viral circulation in the post-epidemic period. in order to identify risk factors associated to the illness and to determine the source of infection and the dynamics of virus evolution, we conducted an epidemiological and molecular inve ... | 2007 | 18274347 |
| prevalence of human pathogenic enteric viruses in bivalve molluscan shellfish and cultured shrimp in south west coast of india. | the prevalence of human enteric viruses in bivalve molluscan shellfish and shrimp collected off the south west coast of india was studied to assess the extent of fecal pollution of coastal environment. out of 194 samples analyzed, 37% of oyster, 46% of clam and 15% of shrimp samples were positive for enteroviruses (ev). adenoviruses (adv) were detected in 17% of oyster and 27% of clam samples. however, other enteric viruses such as noroviruses (nov) and hepatitis a virus (hav) were not detected ... | 2008 | 18279989 |
| [hepatitis a virus infection]. | | 2008 | 18281232 |
| la autoantigen suppresses ires-dependent translation of the hepatitis a virus. | the human rna-binding protein la, is an essential trans-acting factor in ires-dependent translation initiation of poliovirus, the prototypic picornavirus. for hepatitis a virus (hav), an unusual member of this virus family, the role of host proteins in its inefficient translation and slow replication is unclear. using small interfering rna in vivo and purified la in vitro, we demonstrate for the first time that la suppresses hav ires-mediated translation and replication. we show that la binds sp ... | 2008 | 18282467 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a igg in individuals with chronic hepatitis b infection in babol. | to determine the prevalence of previous hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in people chronically infected with hepatitis b virus (hbv), we assessed the prevalence of anti-hav igg in 392 patients. the study was carried out in babol, northern islamic republic of iran from september 2004 to march 2005. prevalence in those aged 10-19 years was 59.4% and was significantly lower than that in those aged 20-29 years (89.8%) and those over 29 years (97.5%). there was no significant difference in prevalenc ... | 2007 | 18290404 |
| autochthonous hepatitis e in southwest england: a comparison with hepatitis a. | the incidence of hepatitis a is falling. in contrast, autochthonous hepatitis e is an emerging infection in developed countries. the objective of this study was to compare both laboratory-confirmed cases of hepatitis a and autochthonous hepatitis e over a 2-year period in cornwall and devon and anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) igg and anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) igg seroprevalence in blood donors. the databases of microbiology laboratories in cornwall and devon were searched for the number of diagn ... | 2008 | 18299907 |
| diverse pattern of hepatitis a during the outbreak of avh in hyderabad 2005: is there a need for evolving newer strategies of vaccination? | | 2007 | 18306614 |
| basic mathematical models for the temporal dynamics of hav in medium-endemicity italian areas. | in some southern italy areas hepatitis a still represents a serious public health issue. in 1996 a big epidemics in puglia led that region to adopt a mass vaccination programme. in this paper a basic mathematical model for the temporal trends of hepatitis a virus (hav) in southern italy is proposed and investigated. the model includes the main distinctive features of hav in southern italy, i.e. multiplicity of exposure factors, and periodic forcing caused by yearly patterns of seafood consumptio ... | 2008 | 18314231 |
| etiology of hemolysis in two patients with hepatitis a infection: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency or autoimmune hemolytic anemia. | we report two children with hemolytic anemia during the course of hepatitis a infection. on admission, the patients had high blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid levels, as well as anemia, leucocytosis, and direct and indirect hyperbilirubinemia. both patients had a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (g6pd) and autoimmune antibodies. they were given vitamin k on admission. inadvertent administration of vitamin k could have been related to an acute reduction in hemoglobin conc ... | 2008 | 18320220 |
| prevalence of anti-hav antibodies in multitransfused patients with beta-thalassemia. | to detect the prevalence of anti-hav igg antibodies in adult multitransfused beta-thalassemic patients. | 2008 | 18330948 |
| viral hepatitis and the surgeon. | background: viral hepatitis is an infection of the liver caused by one or more of six known (hav-hgv) hepatotropic viruses. it is a common problem among health care workers and their patients. surgeons are at particular risk of both acquiring and transmitting some of these viruses from and to their patients. unfortunately, specific immunoprophylaxis for viral hepatitis is presently limited to protecting against the spread of hepatitis a and b viral infections, leaving a high degree of vigilance ... | 2005 | 18333162 |
| hepatitis a vaccine versus immunoglobulin for post-exposure prophylaxis. | | 2007 | 18335798 |
| markers for hepatitis a, b and c in methadone maintained patients: an unexpectedly high co-infection with silent hepatitis b. | to determine the prevalence of hepatitis a, b and c viruses in patients attending a methadone maintenance clinic in new york city. | 2008 | 18339114 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis a among children of different socioeconomic status in cairo. | to determine seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies and potential risk factors for and age of contracting symptomatic hepatitis a infection among children of different socioeconomic status (ses) in cairo, we carried out a cross-sectional study on 426 children aged 3-18 years from low ses areas and 142 from high ses areas. seroprevalence was significantly higher with age. seropositivity to anti-hav antibodies was significantly higher among children of low and very low ses, 90%, ... | 2007 | 18341176 |
| molecular characterisation of the hepatitis a virus circulating in the 2001-2005 outbreaks in thailand. | in a recent study of hepatitis a virus (hav) in thailand, viral isolates recovered during several outbreaks of infection that occurred between 2001 and 2005 were genotyped and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. anti-hav igm was detected, by elisa, in many of the 283 serum samples that were collected from the provinces of suphanburi, songkhla, chiangrai and lampang: 40 (48.2% of those investigated), 38 (47.5%), 25 (41.0%) and 32 (54.2%), respectively. the hav rna in the positive samples was reve ... | 2008 | 18348779 |
| surveillance for acute viral hepatitis--united states, 2006. | in the united states, acute viral hepatitis most frequently is caused by infection with three viruses: hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and hepatitis c virus (hcv). these unrelated viruses are transmitted through different routes and have different epidemiologic profiles. safe and effective vaccines have been available for hepatitis b since 1981 and for hepatitis a since 1995. no vaccine exists against hepatitis c. | 2008 | 18354374 |
| rapid detection of human parechoviruses in clinical samples by real-time pcr. | human parechoviruses (hpevs) have been associated with severe conditions such as neonatal sepsis and meningitis in young children. rapid identification of an infectious agent in such serious conditions in these patients is essential for adequate decision making regarding treatment and hospital stay. | 2008 | 18354819 |
| genetic analysis of hav strains isolated from patients with acute hepatitis in korea, 2005-2006. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a causative agent of acute viral hepatitis, which represents a significant public health problem. hav is usually transmitted by oral-fecal route and prevalent not only in developing countries but also in developed countries worldwide. to characterize the hav wild type strains circulating in korea, the vp3/vp1 and vp1/p2a junction regions were detected by rt-pcr from hav igm positives during 2005 and 2006. among 160 hav igm positive sera, 30% (n = 48) were positive for ... | 2008 | 18360890 |
| acute hepatitis a virus infection in turkey. | anti-hav igm positive serum samples from acute phase hepatitis a patients from various areas in turkey were tested for viral rna by rt-pcr (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction), using primer pairs from two different regions of the hav genome. the pcr products amplified from both genomic regions underwent phylogenetic analyses. a comparison of the regions showed the same genotyping results, and the rt-pcr-2 in the 5'ncr demonstrated greater sensitivity compared to rt-pcr-1 in the vp1- ... | 2008 | 18360891 |
| dual infection with hepatitis a and e viruses in outbreaks and in sporadic clinical cases: cuba 1998-2003. | viral hepatitis ranks as the fifth cause of morbidity for infectious diseases in cuba. epidemics are observed frequently in the population, the hepatitis a virus being the main agent responsible for such epidemics. previous reports also confirmed the circulation of the hepatitis e virus. from 1998 to 2003, 258 serum samples were collected by the reference laboratory on viral hepatitis during 33 outbreaks of acute viral hepatitis as well as from 39 sporadic clinical cases. sera were tested for an ... | 2008 | 18360913 |
| [the molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a in the netherlands; the usefulness of typing isolated viral strains]. | | 2008 | 18380392 |
| antibody response to hepatitis a immunization among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children and adolescents. | seventy-one of 84 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected children [84.5% (95% confidence interval: 75-91.5%)] were hepatitis a virus (hav) seropositive after 2 doses of hav vaccine. higher cd4% and hiv suppression were significantly associated with increased hav seropositivity rate. in multivariate analysis, cd4 >or=25% and young age were independent predictors of hav seropositivity. of 7 children given a third hav vaccine dose because of negative hav antibody after 2 doses, 2 (29%) became ... | 2008 | 18382387 |
| aetiology, clinical profile and prognostic indicators for children with acute liver failure admitted in a teaching hospital in kolkata. | to estimate the prevalence of hepatotropic viruses in the causation of acute liver failure in children admitted to a tertiary hospital in kolkata. | 2007 | 18384007 |
| prevalence and clinical relevance of occult hepatitis b in the fibrosis progression and antiviral response to inf therapy in hiv-hcv-coinfected patients. | occult hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection is diagnosed when hbc antibodies (hbcab) and hbv dna are detectable in serum while hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) is not. this situation has been frequently described in patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection. the objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of occult hepatitis b in hiv-hcv-coinfected patients and its clinical relevance in liver histology and viral response after interferon therapy for hcv. a total of 238 h ... | 2008 | 18393687 |
| immunogenicity and safety of three consecutive lots of a new preservative-free inactivated hepatitis a vaccine (healive): a double-blind, randomized and controlled trial. | immunization is considered as the most effective way for the prophylaxis of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. this study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of three consecutive lots of a new preservative-free inactivated hepatitis a vaccine (healive) in healthy children. a double-blind, randomized and controlled clinical trial was conducted in healthy volunteers aged from 1 to 8 years. total 400 subjects were enrolled and assigned into four groups, receiving one of the three lots o ... | 2008 | 18395305 |
| first report of cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in oysters (crassostrea rhizophorae) and cockles (tivela mactroides) in brazil. | the consumption of oysters and cockles, which are usually eaten raw or lightly-cooked, can cause outbreaks of human diseases, especially if these shellfish are harvested from polluted areas. in brazil data about the occurrence of pathogens, like hepatitis a virus, in shellfish have been reported but research on natural contamination for pathogenic protozoa is still non-existent. cryptosporidium oocyst contamination of oysters (crassostrea rhizophorae) and cockles (tivela mactroides) was evaluate ... | 2008 | 18401118 |
| synthesis and antiviral evaluation of novel 5-(n-aryl-aminomethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)hydrazines and their sugars, 1,2,4-triazoles, tetrazoles and pyrazolyl derivatives. | a number of new n-arylaminomethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives 2, 3a,b, and 9-12a,b were prepared. sugar (5-n-arylaminomethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) hydrazones 4-6a,b were synthesized by the reaction of the hydrazino derivatives 3a,b with the corresponding monosaccharides. the novel acyclo-c-nucleosides 7, 8a,b were prepared by heterocyclization of the sugar hydrazones 4, 5a,b with acetic anhydride. a number of the synthesized compounds were tested for their antiviral activity against herpes simp ... | 2008 | 18404774 |
| heteroaromatic ester inhibitors of hepatitis a virus 3c proteinase: evaluation of mode of action. | the related 3c and 3c-like proteinase (3c(pro) and 3cl(pro)) of picornaviruses and coronaviruses, respectively, are good drug targets. as part of an effort to generate broad-spectrum inhibitors of these enzymes, we screened a library of inhibitors based on a halopyridinyl ester from a previous study of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) 3cl proteinase against hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c(pro). three of the compounds, which also had furan rings, inhibited the cleavage activity of hav 3c(p ... | 2008 | 18407505 |