| t-cell-mediated cross-strain protective immunity elicited by prime-boost vaccination with a live attenuated influenza vaccine. | antigenic drift and shift of influenza viruses require frequent reformulation of influenza vaccines. in addition, seasonal influenza vaccines are often mismatched to the epidemic influenza strains. this stresses the need for a universal influenza vaccine. | 2014 | 25172265 |
| influenza m2 virus-like particles confer a broader range of cross protection to the strain-specific pre-existing immunity. | immunity in humans with annual vaccination does not provide effective protection against antigenically distinct strains. as an approach to improve cross-protection in the presence of pre-existing strain-specific immunity, we investigated the efficacy of heterologous and heterosubtypic protection in previously vaccinated mice at earlier times after subsequent immunization with conserved-antigenic target influenza m2 ectodomain (m2e) virus-like particle vaccine (m2e5× vlp). immunization of mice wi ... | 2014 | 25171841 |
| cleavage of hemagglutinin-bearing lentiviral pseudotypes and their use in the study of influenza virus persistence. | influenza a viruses (iavs) are a major cause of infectious respiratory human diseases and their transmission is dependent upon the environment. however, the role of environmental factors on iav survival outside the host still raises many questions. in this study, we used lentiviral pseudotypes to study the influence of the hemagglutinin protein in iav survival. high-titered and cleaved influenza-based lentiviral pseudoparticles, through the use of a combination of two proteases (hat and tmprss2) ... | 2014 | 25166303 |
| live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in children. | live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) and inactivated influenza vaccine (iiv) are available for children. local and systemic immunity induced by laiv followed a month later by laiv and iiv followed by laiv were investigated with virus recovery after laiv doses as surrogates for protection against influenza on natural exposure. | 2015 | 25165161 |
| cellular and humoral cross-immunity against two h3n2v influenza strains in presumably unexposed healthy and hiv-infected subjects. | human cases of infection due to a novel swine-origin variant of influenza a virus subtype h3n2 (h3n2v) have recently been identified in the united states. pre-existing humoral and cellular immunity has been recognized as one of the key factors in limiting the infection burden of an emerging influenza virus strain, contributing to restrict its circulation and to mitigate clinical presentation. aim of this study was to assess humoral and cell-mediated cross immune responses to h3n2v in immuno-comp ... | 2014 | 25162670 |
| desc1 and mspl activate influenza a viruses and emerging coronaviruses for host cell entry. | the type ii transmembrane serine protease (ttsp) tmprss2 cleaves and activates the influenza virus and coronavirus surface proteins. expression of tmprss2 is essential for the spread and pathogenesis of h1n1 influenza viruses in mice. in contrast, h3n2 viruses are less dependent on tmprss2 for viral amplification, suggesting that these viruses might employ other ttsps for their activation. here, we analyzed ttsps, reported to be expressed in the respiratory system, for the ability to activate in ... | 2014 | 25122802 |
| evolution of oseltamivir resistance mutations in influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) viruses during selection in experimentally infected mice. | the evolution of oseltamivir resistance mutations during selection through serial passages in animals is still poorly described. herein, we assessed the evolution of neuraminidase (na) and hemagglutinin (ha) genes of influenza a/wsn/33 (h1n1) and a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2) viruses recovered from the lungs of experimentally infected balb/c mice receiving suboptimal doses (0.05 and 1 mg/kg of body weight/day) of oseltamivir over two generations. the traditional phenotypic and genotypic methods as well ... | 2014 | 25114143 |
| pi3k/akt signaling pathway modulates influenza virus induced mouse alveolar macrophage polarization to m1/m2b. | macrophages polarized to m1 (pro-inflammation) or m2 (anti-inflammation) phenotypes in response to environmental signals. in this study, we examined the polarization of alveolar macrophage (am), following induction by different influenza virus strains (st169 (h1n1), st602 (h3n2) and hkg9 (h9n2)). macrophages from other tissues or cell line exert alternative responding pattern, and am is necessary for investigating the respiratory system. am polarized toward the m1 phenotype after 4 hours of infe ... | 2014 | 25105760 |
| inhibitory potency of flavonoid derivatives on influenza virus neuraminidase. | the constant risk of emerging new influenza virus strains that are resistant to established inhibitors like oseltamivir leaves influenza neuraminidase (na) a prominent target for drug design. the inhibitory activity of several flavonoid derivatives was experimentally tested in comparison to oseltamivir for the na expressed by the seasonal influenza virus strains a/california/7/09 (a(h1n1)pdm09), a/perth/16/09 (a(h3n2)), and b/brisbane/60/08. ic50 values of polyphenols confirmed moderate inhibiti ... | 2014 | 25096296 |
| the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in preventing hospitalizations in children in hong kong, 2009-2013. | influenza vaccination is widely recommended every year to protect individuals against influenza virus infection and illness. there are few published estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization in children or from subtropical regions. | 2014 | 25092636 |
| influenza vaccine effectiveness against medically-attended influenza illness during the 2012-2013 season in beijing, china. | influenza vaccine coverage remains low in china, and there is limited information on the preventive value of local vaccination programs. | 2014 | 25092635 |
| evaluation of the temporal association between kawasaki disease and viral infections in south korea. | this study is aimed at elucidating potential temporal associations between the occurrence of kawasaki disease (kd) and various viral infections. | 2014 | 25089137 |
| antiviral activity of baicalin against influenza a (h1n1/h3n2) virus in cell culture and in mice and its inhibition of neuraminidase. | scutellaria baicalensis georgi, a chinese herbal decoction, has been used for the treatment of the common cold, fever and influenza virus infections. in previous studies, we found that oral administration of baicalein resulted in the inhibition of influenza a virus replication in vivo, which was linked to baicalin in serum. however, the effective dose and underlying mechanisms of the efficacy of baicalin against influenza a virus have not been fully elucidated. in this study, the antiviral effec ... | 2014 | 25078390 |
| [evaluation of the sensitivity of a densitometry system, in judging the result of influenza virus antigen-detection kit using immunochromatography]. | immunochromatography viral antigen-detection kits have become popular in clinical settings in japan. influenza virus detection kit is one of them. it is sometimes used in early phase of the disease, combined with the early treatment with anti-influenza drugs. most of them are invented to visually read the test line on their kits. however, we should be careful about their reliability of them. sometimes human errors occur at the visual tests, and they have different sensitivities among the kits fr ... | 2014 | 25073199 |
| [the peculiarities of the influenza epidemics in some areas of russia during 2012-2013 season. the influenza a (h1n1) pdm09 virus domination in european countries]. | the peculiarities of the influenza viruses circulation in 2012-2013 are discussed. the results were obtained in 10 cities of russia, where basic laboratories of the influenza ecology and epidemics center of on the basis of ivanovsky institute of virology, ministry of health of the russian federation, are situated. the increasing rate of the ard morbidity caused by influenza viruses was observed in january-march 2013. the highest indices of the morbidity were detected during 6-7 weeks with the fo ... | 2016 | 25069278 |
| an h1-h3 chimeric influenza virosome confers complete protection against lethal challenge with pr8 (h1n1) and x47 (h3n2) viruses in mice. | annual health threats and economic damages caused by influenza virus are still a main concern of the world health organization and other health departments all over the world. an influenza virosome is a highly efficient immunomodulating carrier mimicking the natural antigen presentation pathway and has shown an excellent tolerability profile due to its biocompatibility and purity. the major purpose of this study was to construct a new chimeric virosome influenza vaccine containing hemagglutinin ... | 2014 | 25066138 |
| genomic reassortants of pandemic a (h1n1) 2009 virus and endemic porcine h1 and h3 viruses in swine in japan. | from 2010 to 2013 in japan, we isolated 11 swine influenza viruses (sivs) from pigs showing respiratory symptoms. sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that 6 h1n1 viruses originated from the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 (pdm 09) virus and the other 5 viruses were reassortants between sivs and pdm 09 viruses, representing 4 genotypes. two h1n2 viruses contained h1 and n2 genes originated from japanese h1n2 siv together with internal genes of pdm 09 viruses. additionally, 1 h1n2 virus contained a fur ... | 2014 | 25056678 |
| targeting the ha2 subunit of influenza a virus hemagglutinin via cd40l provides universal protection against diverse subtypes. | the influenza viral hemagglutinin (ha) is comprised of two subunits. current influenza vaccine predominantly induces neutralizing antibodies (abs) against the ha1 subunit, which is constantly evolving in unpredictable fashion. the other subunit, ha2, however, is highly conserved but largely shielded by the ha head domain. thus, enhancing immune response against ha2 could potentially elicit broadly inhibitory abs. we generated a recombinant adenovirus (rad) encoding secreted fusion protein, consi ... | 2015 | 25052763 |
| azapropellanes with anti-influenza a virus activity. | the synthesis of several [4,4,3], [4,3,3], and [3,3,3]azapropellanes is reported. several of the novel amines displayed low-micromolar activities against an amantadine-resistant h1n1 strain, but they did not show activity against an amantadine-sensitive h3n2 strain. none of the tested compounds inhibit the influenza a/m2 proton channel function. most of the compounds did not show cytotoxicity for mdck cells. | 2014 | 25050174 |
| global update on the susceptibility of human influenza viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors, 2012-2013. | emergence of influenza viruses with reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) is sporadic, often follows exposure to nais, but occasionally occurs in the absence of nai pressure. the emergence and global spread in 2007/2008 of a(h1n1) influenza viruses showing clinical resistance to oseltamivir due to neuraminidase (na) h275y substitution, in the absence of drug pressure, warrants continued vigilance and monitoring for similar viruses. four world health organization (who) collabo ... | 2014 | 25043638 |
| use of fractional factorial design to study the compatibility of viral ribonucleoprotein gene segments of human h7n9 virus and circulating human influenza subtypes. | avian h7n9 influenza viruses may pose a further threat to humans by reassortment with human viruses, which could lead to generation of novel reassortants with enhanced polymerase activity. we previously established a novel statistical approach to study the polymerase activity of reassorted vrnps (influenza other respir viruses. 2013;7:969-78). here, we report the use of this method to study recombinant vrnps with subunits derived from human h1n1, h3n2, and h7n9 viruses. our results demonstrate t ... | 2014 | 25043276 |
| effectiveness of trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care in the united kingdom: 2012/13 end of season results. | the effectiveness of the 2012/13 trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine (tiv) was assessed using a test-negative case-control study of patients consulting primary care with influenza-like illness in the united kingdom. strain characterisation was undertaken on selected isolates. vaccine effectiveness (ve) against confirmed influenza a(h3n2), a(h1n1) and b virus infection, adjusted for age, sex, surveillance scheme (i.e. setting) and month of sample collection was 26% (95% confidence interval (ci): ... | 2014 | 25033051 |
| influenza and other respiratory viruses involved in severe acute respiratory disease in northern italy during the pandemic and postpandemic period (2009-2011). | since 2009 pandemic, international health authorities recommended monitoring severe and complicated cases of respiratory disease, that is, severe acute respiratory infection (sari) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). we evaluated the proportion of sari/ards cases and deaths due to influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 infection and the impact of other respiratory viruses during pandemic and postpandemic period (2009-2011) in northern italy; additionally we searched for unknown viruses in those case ... | 2014 | 25013770 |
| [an international collaborative study on influenza viruses antibody titers and contact patterns of individuals in rural and urban household of guangzhou]. | to describe the influenza viruses antibody levels and contact patterns of individuals in rural and urban regions of guangzhou and to understand how contact patterns and other factors would correlate with the levels on the titers of antibody. | 2014 | 25009036 |
| expansion of genotypic diversity and establishment of 2009 h1n1 pandemic-origin internal genes in pigs in china. | two-way transmission of influenza viruses between humans and swine has been frequently observed, and the occurrence of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic influenza virus (pdm/09) demonstrated that swine-origin viruses could facilitate the genesis of a pandemic strain. although multiple introductions to and reassortment in swine of the pdm/09 virus have been repeatedly reported in both eurasia and the americas, its long-term impact on the development of swine influenza viruses (sivs) has not been systematica ... | 2014 | 25008935 |
| glycan based detection and drug susceptibility of influenza virus. | we have developed a panel of synthetic glycans as receptor mimics for the specific capture of influenza viruses. the glycans were printed onto commercial glass slides using a free amine at the end of a spacer to generate a small focused microarray. the microarray was evaluated for its ability to capture three different strains of influenza a virus, two h1n1, a/brisbane/59/2007 and a/solomon islands/3/2006 and one h3n2, a/aichi/2/1968. we observed an excellent detection ability with some compound ... | 2014 | 25007351 |
| viral etiology and seasonality of influenza-like illness in gabon, march 2010 to june 2011. | surveillance of influenza-like illness (ili) in central africa began only recently, and few data are therefore available on the circulation of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses. in gabon, a central african country, we established a surveillance network in four major towns in order to analyze cases of ili among patients who visited health centers between march 2010 and june 2011, and to determine the viral etiology. | 2014 | 25000832 |
| intranasal chitosan-dna vaccines that protect across influenza virus subtypes. | an egg-free and broadly effective influenza vaccine that can be produced rapidly, adequately and cost-effectively is needed. in this study, chitosan-associated dnas prepared at various nitrogen/phosphate charge (n/p) ratios were studied for their physicochemical properties, stability, cytotoxicity, and protein expression ability. the chitosan-dna complexes (chitoplexes) of the n/p ratio 2 had the required characteristics including optimal size range, positive surface charge, high dna association ... | 2014 | 24998507 |
| simflu: a simulation tool for predicting the variation pattern of influenza a virus. | since the first pandemic outbreak of avian influenza a virus (h5n1 subtype) in 1997, the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi) has provided a large number of influenza virus sequences with well-organized annotations. using the time-series sequences of influenza a viruses, we developed a simulation tool for influenza virus, named simflu, to predict possible future variants of influenza viruses. simflu can create variants from a seed nucleotide sequence of influenza a virus using th ... | 2014 | 24995426 |
| evaluation of alere i influenza a&b for rapid detection of influenza viruses a and b. | rapid and accurate diagnosis of influenza is important for infection control, as well as for patient management. alere i influenza a&b is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification-based integrated system for detection and differentiation of influenza virus a and influenza virus b. the performance of the alere i influenza a&b was screened using frozen nasopharyngeal-swab specimens collected in viral transport medium (vtm) that were originally tested fresh with the filmarray respiratory panel (rp) ... | 2014 | 24989611 |
| alzheimer's associated β-amyloid protein inhibits influenza a virus and modulates viral interactions with phagocytes. | accumulation of β-amyloid (βa) is a key pathogenetic factor in alzheimer's disease; however, the normal function of βa is unknown. recent studies have shown that βa can inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi. in this paper we show that βa also inhibits replication of seasonal and pandemic strains of h3n2 and h1n1 influenza a virus (iav) in vitro. the 42 amino acid fragment of βa (βa42) had greater activity than the 40 amino acid fragment. direct incubation of the virus with βa42 was needed to achi ... | 2014 | 24988208 |
| h3n2 canine influenza virus with the matrix gene from the pandemic a/h1n1 virus: infection dynamics in dogs and ferrets. | after an outbreak of pandemic influenza a/h1n1 (ph1n1) virus, we had previously reported the emergence of a recombinant canine influenza virus (civ) between the ph1n1 virus and the classic h3n2 civ. our ongoing routine surveillance isolated another reassortant h3n2 civ carrying the matrix gene of the ph1n1 virus from 2012. the infection dynamics of this h3n2 civ variant (civ/h3n2mv) were investigated in dogs and ferrets via experimental infection and transmission. the civ/h3n2mv-infected dogs an ... | 2015 | 24977303 |
| estimates of mortality attributable to influenza and rsv in the united states during 1997-2009 by influenza type or subtype, age, cause of death, and risk status. | influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) cause substantial mortality from respiratory and other causes in the usa, especially among people aged 65 and older. | 2014 | 24975705 |
| universal immunity to influenza must outwit immune evasion. | although an influenza vaccine has been available for 70 years, influenza virus still causes seasonal epidemics and worldwide pandemics. currently available vaccines elicit strain-specific antibody (ab) responses to the surface haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) proteins, but these can be ineffective against serologically-distinct viral variants and novel subtypes. thus, there is a great need for cross-protective or "universal" influenza vaccines to overcome the necessity for annual immun ... | 2014 | 24971078 |
| surveillance of influenza virus during 2010-2012 in changsha, china. | the objective of this study was to examine the circulating influenza viruses in changsha, china, during 2010-2012. nasopharyngeal specimens were collected from persons with influenza-like illness (ili) who presented for care at two hospitals. of 2,955 patients tested, 278/(9.4%) were positive for influenza virus: 116/(41.7%) were influenza type a(h3n2), 79/(28.4%) were type a(h1n1) pandemic 2009 (pdm09) and 83/(29.9%) were influenza type b. the rates of virus detection varied by age and sex. the ... | 2014 | 24968671 |
| higher vaccine effectiveness in seasons with predominant circulation of seasonal influenza a(h1n1) than in a(h3n2) seasons: test-negative case-control studies using surveillance data, spain, 2003-2011. | we used data provided by the spanish influenza surveillance system to measure seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) against medically attended cases, laboratory confirmed with the predominately circulating influenza virus over eight seasons (2003-2011). | 2014 | 24968153 |
| introductions and evolution of human-origin seasonal influenza a viruses in multinational swine populations. | the capacity of influenza a viruses to cross species barriers presents a continual threat to human and animal health. knowledge of the human-swine interface is particularly important for understanding how viruses with pandemic potential evolve in swine hosts. we sequenced the genomes of 141 influenza viruses collected from north american swine during 2002 to 2011 and identified a swine virus that possessed all eight genome segments of human seasonal a/h3n2 virus origin. a molecular clock analysi ... | 2014 | 24965467 |
| serological report of pandemic and seasonal human influenza virus infection in dogs in southern china. | from january to july 2012, we looked for evidence of subclinical a (h1n1) pdm09 and seasonal human influenza viruses infections in healthy dogs in china. sera from a total of 1920 dogs were collected from guangdong, guangxi, fujian and jiangxi provinces. we also examined archived sera from 66 dogs and cats that were collected during 2008 from these provinces. using hemagglutination inhibition (hi) and microneutralization (mn) assays, we found that only the dogs sampled in 2012 had elevated antib ... | 2014 | 24965232 |
| epidemiology of influenza virus types and subtypes in south africa, 2009-2012. | to determine clinical and epidemiologic differences between influenza caused by different virus types and subtypes, we identified patients and tested specimens. patients were children and adults hospitalized with confirmed influenza and severe acute respiratory illness (sari) identified through active, prospective, hospital-based surveillance from 2009-2012 in south africa. respiratory specimens were tested, typed, and subtyped for influenza virus by pcr. of 16,005 sari patients tested, 1,239 (8 ... | 2014 | 24960314 |
| characterization of drug-resistant influenza virus a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) variants selected in vitro with laninamivir. | neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) play a major role for managing influenza virus infections. the widespread oseltamivir resistance among 2007-2008 seasonal a(h1n1) viruses and community outbreaks of oseltamivir-resistant a(h1n1)pdm09 strains highlights the need for additional anti-influenza virus agents. laninamivir is a novel long-lasting nai that has demonstrated in vitro activity against influenza a and b viruses, and its prodrug (laninamivir octanoate) is in phase ii clinical trials in the uni ... | 2014 | 24957832 |
| conservation of t cell epitopes between seasonal influenza viruses and the novel influenza a h7n9 virus. | a novel avian influenza a (h7n9) virus recently emerged in the yangtze river delta and caused diseases, often severe, in over 130 people. this h7n9 virus appeared to infect humans with greater ease than previous avian influenza virus subtypes such as h5n1 and h9n2. while there are other potential explanations for this large number of human infections with an avian influenza virus, we investigated whether a lack of conserved t-cell epitopes between endemic h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses and the ... | 2014 | 24950786 |
| a packaged paper fluidic-based microdevice for detecting gene expression of influenza a virus. | pathotyping and subtyping of influenza a virus were performed with a packaged paper fluidic-based analytical microdevice (pfam) after one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the pfam contains two test lines: one for detecting m gene to identify the influenza a virus and another for haemagglutinin subtyping to determine the viral strain among h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1. the m gene and the haemagglutinin gene (h1, h3, and h5 genes) were amplified by using the digoxigenin and t ... | 2014 | 24949821 |
| serological and molecular prevalence of swine influenza virus on farms in northwestern mexico. | the aim of this study was to provide an overview of the epidemiological status of swine influenza viruses in pigs from northwestern mexico in 2008-2009. a serological and molecular survey was conducted in 150 pigs from 15 commercial farms in sonora, mexico (northwestern region of mexico). the serological data showed that 55% of the sera were positive for the h1n1 subtype, 59% for the h3n2 subtype, and 38% for both subtypes. overall, 16.6% (25/150) of the samples were positive for type a influenz ... | 2014 | 24925324 |
| molecular epidemiology and evolution of a(h1n1)pdm09 and h3n2 virus during winter 2012-2013 in beijing, china. | in order to evaluate the epidemiology of influenza a and its surface antigens (haemagglutinin [ha] and neuraminidase [na]) for molecular epidemiology and evolution analysis during winter 2012-2013 in beijing, china, we worked within the framework of the chinese national influenza center and collected nasal swabs of patients presenting with influenza-like illness. we found that both a(h1n1)pdm09 (46.8%) and h3n2 (53.2%) viruses were the predominant strains during the 2012-2013 influenza epidemic. ... | 2014 | 24911284 |
| a brief introduction to influenza a virus in swine. | influenza a viruses (iav) of the orthomyxoviridae virus family cause one of the most important respiratory diseases in pigs as well as humans. repeated outbreaks and rapid spread of genetically and antigenically distinct iavs represent a considerable challenge for animal production and public health. this overlap between human and animal health is a prime example of the "one health" concept. although only subtypes of h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 are endemic in swine around the world, considerable divers ... | 2014 | 24899434 |
| influenza virus h1n1 inhibition by serine protease inhibitor (serpin) antithrombin iii. | endogenous serine protease inhibitors (serpins) are anti-inflammatory mediators with multiple biologic functions. serpins are also part of the early innate immune response to viral infection that includes mannose binding lectins, soluble cd14, defensins and antimicrobial peptides. recently, serpin antithrombin iii (atiii) was shown to have broad-spectrum antiviral activity against hiv, hsv and hcv. we tested atiii's antiviral activity against a variety of influenza virus strains. in our studies ... | 2014 | 24883334 |
| detection of avian influenza a/h7n9/2013 virus by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. | the first case of avian influenza a/h7n9 infection was reported in shanghai in mid-february, 2013; by may 1, 2013, it had infected 127 people and caused 26 deaths in 10 provinces in china. therefore, it is important to obtain reliable epidemiological data on the spread of this new infectious agent, a need that may be best met by the development of novel molecular methods. here, a new method was described for the detection of avian influenza a/h7n9 using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase ... | 2014 | 24880072 |
| [monitoring of activity of influenza in santa fe, argentina, 2005-2010]. | influenza viruses have a relevant public health impact. | 2014 | 24878901 |
| [optimization of culture condition for cultivation of influenza virus a on mdck cell]. | to optimize the cultivation condition of influenza virus a on mdck cells and to improve the separation rate and the inspected effect of influenza virus. | 2014 | 24868970 |
| safety and immunogenicity in man of a cell culture derived trivalent live attenuated seasonal influenza vaccine: a phase i dose escalating study in healthy volunteers. | live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) offers the promise of inducing a variety of immune responses thereby conferring protection to circulating field strains. laivs are based on cold adapted and temperature sensitive phenotypes of master donor viruses (mdvs) containing the surface glycoprotein genes of seasonal influenza strains. two types of mdv lineages have been described, the ann arbor lineages and the a/leningrad/17 and b/ussr/60 lineages. here the safety and immunogenicity of a madin da ... | 2014 | 24858566 |
| protective efficacy of intranasally administered bivalent live influenza vaccine and immunological mechanisms underlying the protection. | previously we reported the generation of a new potential live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) named siv/606 that expresses h1 and h3 has. we also demonstrated intratracheal vaccination of siv/606 conferred protection against infections with both h1 and h3 swine influenza virus subtypes in pigs. here we vaccinated pigs with siv/606 intranasally, which is a more suitable route for laiv, and evaluated vaccine efficacy. intranasal vaccination of siv/606 induced serum igg antibody responses again ... | 2014 | 24837774 |
| comparison between virus shedding and fever duration after treating children with pandemic a h1n1/09 and children with a h3n2 with a neuraminidase inhibitor. | shedding of the pandemic virus during an influenza pandemic is thought to persist longer than shedding of influenza viruses during annual influenza seasons, because people have much less immunity against a pandemic influenza. a correlation is thought to exist between the length of virus shedding and the clinical severity of influenza illness. | 2015 | 24832015 |
| effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccinations against laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated infections among singapore military personnel in 2010-2013. | limited information is available about seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) in tropical communities. | 2014 | 24828687 |
| influenza virus genotypes circulating in and around lucknow, uttar pradesh, india, during post pandemic period, august 2010--september 2012. | during the post influenza pandemic period, continuous surveillance of influenza virus and its subtypes is mandatory to help the policy makers to take effective and appropriate decisions. therefore, this study was planned to determine the pattern of influenza virus activity in context to various meteorological and clinical parameters in and around lucknow, uttar pradesh, india, during post pandemic period august 2010 - september 2012. | 2014 | 24820836 |
| [determination of the frequency of human bocavirus and other respiratory viruses among 0-2 years age group children diagnosed as acute bronchiolitis]. | acute bronchiolitis, mostly seen in infants and younger children, is a lower respiratory tract infection frequently caused by viral agents. we aimed to determine the frequency of a broad panel of respiratory viruses including human bocavirus (hbov) and to assess the clinical characteristics of acute bronchiolitis in a group of children under 24 months of age. a total of 62 children (45 male, 17 female; age range: 0-2 years) with the initial diagnosis of acute bronchiolitis and 33 healthy childre ... | 2014 | 24819262 |
| comparison of the characteristics of elderly influenza patients in two consecutive seasons. | the seasonality of influenza infections can be affected by virus subtypes, climate, and social networking in populations. while these factors are well known, their relative influences in specific age groups have not been fully investigated. during 2010-2011, patients aged 65 years and above with influenza virus infections were recruited from a regional hospital in hong kong. they were either residents of homes for the elderly (n=60) or living with their family (n=75). two seasons were distinguis ... | 2014 | 24815741 |
| suppressor of cytokine signaling 4 (socs4) protects against severe cytokine storm and enhances viral clearance during influenza infection. | suppressor of cytokine signaling (socs) proteins are key regulators of innate and adaptive immunity. there is no described biological role for socs4, despite broad expression in the hematopoietic system. we demonstrate that mice lacking functional socs4 protein rapidly succumb to infection with a pathogenic h1n1 influenza virus (pr8) and are hypersusceptible to infection with the less virulent h3n2 (x31) strain. in socs4-deficient animals, this led to substantially greater weight loss, dysregula ... | 2014 | 24809749 |
| serological and virological surveillance of avian influenza a virus h9n2 subtype in humans and poultry in shanghai, china, between 2008 and 2010. | we report the serological evidence of low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 infection in an occupational poultry-exposed population and a general population. a serological survey of an occupational poultry-exposed population and a general population was conducted using a haemagglutinin-inhibiting (hi) assay in shanghai, china, from january 2008 to december 2010. evidence of higher anti-h9 antibodies was found in serum samples collected from poultry workers. during this period, 239 h9n2 avia ... | 2015 | 24803167 |
| synthesis and anti-influenza virus activity of 4-oxo- or thioxo-4,5-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]pyridin-3(1h)-ones. | a target-free approach was applied to discover anti-influenza viral compounds, where influenza infected madin-darby canine kidney cells were treated 7500 different small organic chemicals individually and reduction of virus-induced cytopathic effect was measured. one of the hit compounds was (z)-1-((5-fluoro-1h-indol-3-yl)methylene)-6-methyl-4-thioxo-4,5-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]pyridin-3(1h)-one (15a) with half-maximal effective concentrations of 17.4-21.1μm against influenza a/h1n1, a/h3n2 and b viru ... | 2014 | 24794525 |
| aminoadamantanes with persistent in vitro efficacy against h1n1 (2009) influenza a. | a series of 2-adamantanamines with alkyl adducts of various lengths were examined for efficacy against strains of influenza a including those having an s31n mutation in m2 proton channel that confer resistance to amantadine and rimantadine. the addition of as little as one ch2 group to the methyl adduct of the amantadine/rimantadine analogue, 2-methyl-2-aminoadamantane, led to activity in vitro against two m2 s31n viruses a/calif/07/2009 (h1n1) and a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) but not to a third a/ws/33 (h1 ... | 2014 | 24793875 |
| population-based hospitalization burden of influenza a virus subtypes and antigenic drift variants in children in hong kong (2004-2011). | we aim to document and analyze influenza hospitalization burden in light of antigenic changes in circulating influenza viruses in hong kong. | 2014 | 24786780 |
| genesis and pathogenesis of the 1918 pandemic h1n1 influenza a virus. | the source, timing, and geographical origin of the 1918-1920 pandemic influenza a virus have remained tenaciously obscure for nearly a century, as have the reasons for its unusual severity among young adults. here, we reconstruct the origins of the pandemic virus and the classic swine influenza and (postpandemic) seasonal h1n1 lineages using a host-specific molecular clock approach that is demonstrably more accurate than previous methods. our results suggest that the 1918 pandemic virus originat ... | 2014 | 24778238 |
| molecular characterization of circulating pandemic strains of influenza a virus during 2012 to 2013 in lucknow (india). | the pandemic h1n1 strain of influenza a virus [a(h1n1)pdm09] is now well adapted in human populations. however, it is still causing sporadic outbreaks worldwide with different severity. the present study was planned to understand the genetic diversity (based on the ha1 gene) of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 strains circulating during the post pandemic period. the ha1 gene was selected because the ha1 protein is immunogenic, functions as a receptor binding site and indirectly affects transmission and pa ... | 2014 | 24777528 |
| performance of ehealth data sources in local influenza surveillance: a 5-year open cohort study. | there is abundant global interest in using syndromic data from population-wide health information systems--referred to as ehealth resources--to improve infectious disease surveillance. recently, the necessity for these systems to achieve two potentially conflicting requirements has been emphasized. first, they must be evidence-based; second, they must be adjusted for the diversity of populations, lifestyles, and environments. | 2014 | 24776527 |
| managing seasonal influenza: oseltamivir treatment policy in indonesia? | to manage cases of avian influenza a/h5n1 virus infection and in anticipation of a pandemic triggered by this virus, indonesia purchased and distributed oseltamivir to the government health facilities. oseltamivir is an antiviral drug that was developed for the treatment of influenza infections. disease surveillance and research suggests that seasonal influenza (a/h1n1, a/h3n2 or b) results in considerable morbidity and mortality in indonesia, where over 15% of influenza-like illness and severe ... | 2014 | 24760811 |
| reassortant swine influenza viruses isolated in japan contain genes from pandemic a(h1n1) 2009. | in 2013, three reassortant swine influenza viruses (sivs)-two h1n2 and one h3n2-were isolated from symptomatic pigs in japan; each contained genes from the pandemic a(h1n1) 2009 virus and endemic sivs. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two h1n2 viruses, a/swine/gunma/1/2013 and a/swine/ibaraki/1/2013, were reassortants that contain genes from the following three distinct lineages: (i) h1 and nucleoprotein (np) genes derived from a classical swine h1 ha lineage uniquely circulating among ja ... | 2014 | 24750464 |
| substantial morbidity and mortality associated with pandemic a/h1n1 influenza in mexico, winter 2013-2014: gradual age shift and severity. | a recrudescent wave of pandemic influenza a/h1n1 is underway in mexico in winter 2013-14, following a mild 2012-13 a/h3n2 influenza season. mexico previously experienced several waves of pandemic a/h1n1 activity in spring, summer and fall 2009 and winter 2011-2012, with a gradual shift of influenza-related hospitalizations and deaths towards older ages. here we describe changes in the epidemiology of the 2013-14 a/h1n1 influenza outbreak, relative to previous seasons dominated by the a/h1n1 pand ... | 2014 | 24744975 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a vero cell culture-derived whole-virus h5n1 influenza vaccine in chronically ill and immunocompromised patients. | the development of vaccines against h5n1 influenza a viruses is a cornerstone of pandemic preparedness. clinical trials of h5n1 vaccines have been undertaken in healthy subjects, but studies in risk groups have been lacking. in this study, the immunogenicity and safety of a nonadjuvanted cell culture-derived whole-virus h5n1 vaccine were assessed in chronically ill and immunocompromised adults. subjects received two priming immunizations with a clade 1 a/vietnam h5n1 influenza vaccine, and a sub ... | 2014 | 24739978 |
| influenza h1n1pdm-specific maternal antibodies offer limited protection against wild-type virus replication and influence influenza vaccination in ferrets. | the objective was to study passively acquired influenza h1n1 pandemic (h1n1pdm) maternal antibody kinetics and its impact on subsequent influenza infection and vaccination in ferrets during an outbreak of the h1n1pdm. | 2014 | 24734293 |
| assessment of seasonality of influenza in swine using field submissions to a diagnostic laboratory in ontario between 2007 and 2012. | seasonality of any infectious disease is important for its control and monitoring. while influenza seasonality in people has been evaluated extensively, this question has not been studied well in swine populations. | 2014 | 24725968 |
| epidemiological aspects of influenza a related to climatic conditions during and after a pandemic period in the city of salvador, northeastern brazil. | during the influenza pandemic of 2009, the a(h1n1)pdm09, a/h3n2 seasonal and influenza b viruses were observed to be co-circulating with other respiratory viruses. to observe the epidemiological pattern of the influenza virus between may 2009-august 2011, 467 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children less than five years of age in the city of salvador. in addition, data on weather conditions were obtained. indirect immunofluorescence, real-time transcription reverse polymerase chain ... | 2014 | 24714967 |
| il-15 adjuvanted multivalent vaccinia-based universal influenza vaccine requires cd4+ t cells for heterosubtypic protection. | current influenza vaccines are ineffective against novel viruses and the source or the strain of the next outbreak of influenza is unpredictable; therefore, establishing universal immunity by vaccination to limit the impact of influenza remains a high priority. to meet this challenge, a novel vaccine has been developed using the immunogenic live vaccinia virus as a vaccine vector, expressing multiple h5n1 viral proteins (ha, na, m1, m2, and np) together with il-15 as a molecular adjuvant. previo ... | 2014 | 24706798 |
| mutations flanking the carbohydrate binding site of surfactant protein d confer antiviral activity for pandemic influenza a viruses. | we recently reported that a trimeric neck and carbohydrate recognition domain (ncrd) fragment of human surfactant protein d (sp-d), a host defense lectin, with combinatorial substitutions at the 325 and 343 positions (d325a+r343v) exhibits markedly increased antiviral activity for seasonal strains of influenza a virus (iav). the ncrd binds to glycan-rich viral envelope proteins including hemagglutinin (ha). we now show that replacement of d325 with serine to create d325s+r343v provided equal or ... | 2014 | 24705721 |
| a humoral immunity survey following the 2012 influenza season after the ph1n1 pandemic in guangzhou, china. | according to pathogenic surveillance data during the first half of 2012, the h3n2 influenza virus was prevalent in guangdong, china, but no pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) virus was detected. this study aimed to measure the seroprevalence of ph1n1 and h3n2 infection following the influenza epidemic in 2012. we collected serum samples by stratified random sampling in a cross-sectional survey from august, 2012 to october, 2012. antibody titers against h3n2, ph1n1, and influenza b antigens were measured by t ... | 2014 | 24702517 |
| influenza a h1n1 pandemic strain evolution--divergence and the potential for antigenic drift variants. | the emergence of a novel a(h1n1) strain in 2009 was the first influenza pandemic of the genomic age, and unprecedented surveillance of the virus provides the opportunity to better understand the evolution of influenza. we examined changes in the nucleotide coding regions and the amino acid sequences of the hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), and nucleoprotein (np) segments of the a(h1n1)pdm09 strain using publicly available data. we calculated the nucleotide and amino acid hamming distance f ... | 2014 | 24699432 |
| development of high-throughput liquid chips for respiratory virus detection. | diagnosis of viral respiratory tract infections clinically is often nonspecific, and a rapid, high-throughput laboratory technique which can detect major respiratory viruses is desirable. | 2014 | 24697109 |
| phylogeny of spanish swine influenza viruses isolated from respiratory disease outbreaks and evolution of swine influenza virus within an endemically infected farm. | in the present study, outbreaks of respiratory disease were investigated for the presence of swine influenza virus (siv). in 14 cases the circulating siv strains were isolated, fully sequenced and compared with other known sivs. the viruses causing the outbreaks belonged to the h1n1 (including human pandemic h1n1), h3n2 and h1n2 subtypes. in 11/14 cases the phylogenetic analyses indicated the occurrence of probable reassortment events. in the second part of the study, the genetic evolution of h1 ... | 2014 | 24685238 |
| protective effect of fluvastatin on influenza virus infection. | statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors and have pleiotropic effects. it has been suggested that statins may be a potential treatment during the next influenza pandemic. in a previous study we found that a statin/caffeine combination protects balb/c mice against influenza a, subtypes haemagglutinin type 5 and neuraminidase type 1 (h5n1), h3n2 and h1n1 infection. the effect of statins alone on influenza virus infection, however, is not known. in this study, it was i ... | 2014 | 24676773 |
| association between antibody titers and protection against influenza virus infection within households. | previous studies have established that antibody titer measured by the hemagglutination-inhibiting (hai) assay is correlated with protection against influenza virus infection, with an hai titer of 1:40 generally associated with 50% protection. | 2014 | 24676208 |
| protective efficacy of a high-growth reassortant swine h3n2 inactivated vaccine constructed by reverse genetic manipulation. | novel reassortant h3n2 swine influenza viruses (swiv) with the matrix gene from the 2009 h1n1 pandemic virus have been isolated in many countries as well as during outbreaks in multiple states in the united states, indicating that h3n2 swiv might be a potential threat to public health. since southern china is the world's largest producer of pigs, efficient vaccines should be developed to prevent pigs from acquiring h3n2 subtype swiv infections, and thus limit the possibility of swiv infection at ... | 2014 | 24675833 |
| low 2012-13 influenza vaccine effectiveness associated with mutation in the egg-adapted h3n2 vaccine strain not antigenic drift in circulating viruses. | influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) is generally interpreted in the context of vaccine match/mismatch to circulating strains with evolutionary drift in the latter invoked to explain reduced protection. during the 2012-13 season, however, detailed genotypic and phenotypic characterization shows that low ve was instead related to mutations in the egg-adapted h3n2 vaccine strain rather than antigenic drift in circulating viruses. | 2014 | 24667168 |
| influenza virus h1n1 activates platelets through fcγriia signaling and thrombin generation. | platelets play crucial functions in hemostasis and the prevention of bleeding. during h1n1 influenza a virus infection, platelets display activation markers. the platelet activation triggers during h1n1 infection remain elusive. we observed that h1n1 induces surface receptor activation, lipid mediator synthesis, and release of microparticles from platelets. these activation processes require the presence of serum/plasma, pointing to the contribution of soluble factor(s). considering that immune ... | 2014 | 24665136 |
| development of rapid immunochromatographic test for hemagglutinin antigen of h7 subtype in patients infected with novel avian influenza a (h7n9) virus. | since human infection with the novel h7n9 avian influenza virus was identified in china in march 2013, the relatively high mortality rate and possibility of human-to-human transmission have highlighted the urgent need for sensitive and specific assays for diagnosis of h7n9 infection. | 2014 | 24647358 |
| purification of vero cell derived live replication deficient influenza a and b virus by ion exchange monolith chromatography. | we explored the possibilities for purification of various δns1 live, replication deficient influenza viruses on ion exchange methacrylate monoliths. influenza a δns1-h1n1, δns1-h3n2, δns1-h5n1 and δns1-influenza b viruses were propagated in vero cells and concentrated by tangential flow filtration. all four virus strains adsorbed well to cim qa and cim deae anion exchangers, with cim qa producing higher recoveries than cim deae. δns1-influenza a viruses adsorbed well also to cim so3 cation excha ... | 2014 | 24631091 |
| influenza vaccine effectiveness in spain 2013/14: subtype-specific early estimates using the cyceva study. | adjusted early estimates of the 2013/14 influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) in spain for all age groups was 35% (95% ci: -9 to 62), 33% (95% ci: -33 to 67) and 28% (95% ci: -33 to 61) against any influenza virus type, a(h1n1)pdm09 and a(h3n2) viruses, respectively. for the population targeted for vaccination, the adjusted ve was 44% (95% ci: -11 to 72), 36% (95% ci: -64 to 75) and 42% (95% ci: -29 to 74), respectively. these preliminary results in spain suggest a suboptimal protective effect of ... | 2014 | 24626206 |
| mucosal immunization with a candidate universal influenza vaccine reduces virus transmission in a mouse model. | pandemic influenza is a major public health concern, but conventional strain-matched vaccines are unavailable early in a pandemic. candidate "universal" vaccines targeting the viral antigens nucleoprotein (np) and matrix 2 (m2), which are conserved among all influenza a virus strains and subtypes, could be manufactured in advance for use at the onset of a pandemic. these vaccines do not prevent infection but can reduce disease severity, deaths, and virus titers in the respiratory tract. we hypot ... | 2014 | 24623430 |
| detection of nonhemagglutinating influenza a(h3) viruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in quantitative influenza virus culture. | to assess the efficacy of novel antiviral drugs against influenza virus in clinical trials, it is necessary to quantify infectious virus titers in respiratory tract samples from patients. typically, this is achieved by inoculating virus-susceptible cells with serial dilutions of clinical specimens and detecting the production of progeny virus by hemagglutination, since influenza viruses generally have the capacity to bind and agglutinate erythrocytes of various species through their hemagglutini ... | 2014 | 24622097 |
| stability of neuraminidase in inactivated influenza vaccines. | influenza vaccines are effective in protecting against illness and death caused by this seasonal pathogen. antibodies that block the function of either hemagglutinin (ha) or neuraminidase (na) contribute to vaccine efficacy, however vaccine potency is based only on ha content. na protein content in vaccines varies from season to season due to differences in the relative amounts of ha and na in influenza a, h1n1 and h3n2, and influenza b viruses that are selected for each manufacturing campaign. ... | 2014 | 24613525 |
| preexisting cd4+ t-cell immunity in human population to avian influenza h7n9 virus: whole proteome-wide immunoinformatics analyses. | in 2013, a novel avian influenza h7n9 virus was identified in human in china. the antigenically distinct h7n9 surface glycoproteins raised concerns about lack of cross-protective neutralizing antibodies. epitope-specific preexisting t-cell immunity was one of the protective mechanisms in pandemic 2009 h1n1 even in the absence of cross-protective antibodies. hence, the assessment of preexisting cd4+ t-cell immunity to conserved epitopes shared between h7n9 and human influenza a viruses (iav) is c ... | 2014 | 24609014 |
| metal enhanced fluorescence on nanoporous gold leaf-based assay platform for virus detection. | in the present study, a rapid, sensitive and quantitative detection of influenza a virus targeting hemagglutinin (ha) was developed using hybrid structure of quantum dots (qds) and nanoporous gold leaf (npgl). npgl film was prepared by dealloying bimetallic film where its surface morphology and roughness were fairly controlled. anti-influenza a virus ha antibody (ab66189) was bound with npgl and amine (-nh2) terminated qds. these biofunctionalized npgl and qds formed a complex with the influenza ... | 2014 | 24607620 |
| impact of 2009 pandemic influenza among vietnamese children based on a population-based prospective surveillance from 2007 to 2011. | influenza virus is one of the major viral pathogens causing pediatric acute respiratory infection (ari). the spread of pandemic influenza a (a(h1n1)pdm09) in 2009 around the globe had a huge impact on global health. | 2014 | 24602158 |
| the host protease tmprss2 plays a major role in in vivo replication of emerging h7n9 and seasonal influenza viruses. | proteolytic cleavage of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein is essential for influenza a virus (iav) to acquire infectivity. this process is mediated by a host cell protease(s) in vivo. the type ii transmembrane serine protease tmprss2 is expressed in the respiratory tract and is capable of activating a variety of respiratory viruses, including low-pathogenic (lp) iavs possessing a single arginine residue at the cleavage site. here we show that tmprss2 plays an essential role in the proteolytic activ ... | 2014 | 24600012 |
| supplementation of influenza split vaccines with conserved m2 ectodomains overcomes strain specificity and provides long-term cross protection. | current influenza vaccines do not provide good protection against antigenically different influenza a viruses. as an approach to overcome strain specificity of protection, this study demonstrates significantly improved long-term cross protection by supplementing split vaccines with a conserved molecular target, a repeat of the influenza m2 ectodomain (m2e) expressed on virus-like particles (m2e5x vlps) in a membrane-anchored form. intramuscular immunization with h1n1 split vaccine (a/california/ ... | 2014 | 24590045 |
| 1,2,3-triazole-containing derivatives of rupestonic acid: click-chemical synthesis and antiviral activities against influenza viruses. | two series of rupestonic acid derivatives, (1-substituted-1h-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl 2-((5r,8s,8as)-3,8-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydroazulen-5-yl)acrylate and n-(1-substituted-1h-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl 2-((5r,8s,8as)-3,8-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydroazulen-5-yl)acrylamide were easily and efficiently synthesized via click chemistry. these compounds were tested for their in vitro activities against various strains of influenza a virus (h1n1, oseltamivir resistant h1n1, ... | 2014 | 24583605 |
| oseltamivir-zanamivir combination therapy is not superior to zanamivir monotherapy in mice infected with influenza a(h3n2) and a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses. | the efficacy of oseltamivir-zanamivir combination therapy compared to that of monotherapy was evaluated in mice infected with influenza a(h3n2) or a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses. for a(h3n2) virus, zanamivir monotherapy and oseltamivir-zanamivir combination showed significant reduction of mean weight loss compared to oseltamivir. zanamivir monotherapy also conferred decreased mortality, weight loss and lung viral titers (lvt) compared to oseltamivir for a(h1n1)pdm09 wild-type virus. intermediate benefits ... | 2014 | 24583158 |
| synthesis and anti-influenza activities of novel baicalein analogs. | a series of novel flavones derivatives were synthesized based on modification of the active ingredients of a traditional chinese medicine scutellaria baicalensis georgi and screened for anti-influenza activity. the synthetic baicalein (flavone) analogs, especially with the b-rings substituted with bromine atoms, were much more potent than oseltamivir or ribavirin against h1n1 tamiflu-resistant (h1n1 tr) virus and usually with more favorable selectivity. the most promising were 5b, 5c, 6b and 6c, ... | 2014 | 24572377 |
| evaluation of screening assays for the detection of influenza a virus serum antibodies in swine. | increased surveillance of influenza a virus (iav) infections in human and swine populations is mandated by public health and animal health concerns. antibody assays have proven useful in previous surveillance programmes because antibodies provide a record of prior exposure and the technology is inexpensive. the objective of this research was to compare the performance of influenza serum antibody assays using samples collected from pigs (vaccinated or unvaccinated) inoculated with either a/swine/ ... | 2016 | 24571447 |
| viral aetiology influenza like illnesses in santa cruz, bolivia (2010-2012). | acute respiratory infections represent a serious public health issue worldwide but virological aetiologies of influenza like illnesses (ilis) remain largely unknown in developing countries. this study represents the first attempt to characterise viral aetiologies of ilis in bolivia. | 2014 | 24564892 |
| intranasal vaccination with a replication-deficient influenza virus induces heterosubtypic neutralising mucosal iga antibodies in humans. | we investigated the cross-neutralising potential of serum and nasal wash samples from volunteers who were intranasally immunised once with a monovalent replication-deficient delns1-h1n1 influenza virus vaccine (7.7log10tcid50/volunteer). eight out of twelve (8/12) vaccinees responded to vaccination with a significant increase of antibody levels in serum igg elisa, mucosal iga elisa, mna or hai. four responders showed delns1-specific elisa iga increases and revealed excellent homosubtypic neutral ... | 2014 | 24560674 |
| in vitro neuraminidase inhibitory activity of four neuraminidase inhibitors against influenza virus isolates in the 2011-2012 season in japan. | the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir phosphate (tamiflu®), zanamivir (relenza®), laninamivir octanoate (inavir®), and peramivir (rapiacta®) have been available for the treatment of influenza in japan since 2010. to assess the extent of viral resistance, we measured the 50% inhibitory concentration (ic₅₀) of each drug for influenza virus isolates from the 2011-2012 influenza season. specimens were obtained from patients prior to treatment. viral isolation was done using madine-darby canine ki ... | 2014 | 24560563 |