| immunity to hepatitis a and hepatitis b in indian and chinese immigrants seen in a travel clinic in massachusetts, united states. | immigrants to the united states from developing countries have a higher probability of previous infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) and/or hepatitis b virus in their countries of origin. prior knowledge of hepatitis a and b seroprevalence in this population may aid in determining the need for pretravel immunizations when these individuals travel to endemic regions. we conducted a retrospective analysis of hepatitis a and b serologies in a travel clinic population (from march 1999 through sept ... | 2006 | 16884403 |
| aetiology of acute viral hepatitis in andaman and nicobar islands, india. | | 2006 | 16884639 |
| molecular characterization of hepatitis a virus from a large outbreak from kerala, india. | hepatitis a is highly prevalent in india and mainly presents as a sporadic disease. this study investigated an outbreak of viral hepatitis at medical college hospital area, kottayam, kerala state, india during january 2005. | 2006 | 16885597 |
| evaluation of methods used to concentrate and detect hepatitis a virus in water samples. | two adsorption-elution concentration methods, both involving negatively charged membranes, were evaluated in order to monitor hepatitis a virus (hav) contamination in tap, river, mineral and coastal water samples: elution with urea-arginine phosphate buffer/reconcentration with magnesium chloride (method 1); and sodium hydroxide elution/reconcentration with a commercial concentrator (method 2). nested (qualitative) reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) and real-time (quantitative) rt-pcr were used ... | 2006 | 16887200 |
| assessment of the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using a cdna standard for human group a rotavirus. | nucleic acid amplification techniques are used frequently for rapid diagnosis of viral diseases. in this study, a real-time polymerase chain reaction protocol that uses primers specific for the viral vp4 gene and the commercial sybr green reagent were evaluated for the quantitative measurement of human rotavirus (hrv) rna in human stool specimens. sybr green i detection involved analysis of the melting temperature of the pcr product and measurement of fluorescence at the optimum temperature. the ... | 2006 | 16890998 |
| chronic hepatitis b in hepatocarcinogenesis. | hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is the fifth most common cancer in the world, and has a wide geographical variation. eighty per cent of hcc is attributed to hepatitis b virus (hbv). the predominant carcinogenic mechanism of hbv associated hcc is through the process of liver cirrhosis, but direct oncogenic effects of hbv may also contribute. prevention of hbv infections as well as effective treatment of chronic hepatitis b is still needed for the global control of hbv associated hcc. continued inv ... | 2006 | 16891440 |
| the peptidases from fungi and viruses. | fungi and viruses encode a variety of peptidases having a plethora of functions. many fungal peptidases are extracellular and are likely used to degrade proteins in their environment. viral peptidases are processing enzymes, intimately involved in the virus infectious cycle. the viral rna genome is translated by the host-cell machinery into a large polyprotein that is cleaved by the viral peptidases into mature capsid proteins, non-structural proteins and enzymes. i review the structure and cata ... | 2006 | 16895471 |
| molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus in brazilian amazon. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is highly endemic in the amazon. however, few data are available regarding hav genotypes circulating in this region of the world. the aim of the present study was to characterize genetically hav isolates circulating in the brazilian part of the amazon. | 2006 | 16911689 |
| how long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? a systematic review. | inanimate surfaces have often been described as the source for outbreaks of nosocomial infections. the aim of this review is to summarize data on the persistence of different nosocomial pathogens on inanimate surfaces. | 2006 | 16914034 |
| virological investigation of a hepatitis e epidemic in north india. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is of major public health concern in the developing countries, including the indian subcontinent, due to epidemics of large proportions, increased morbidity and high mortality, especially in pregnant women. this study shows the findings of two different epidemics that occurred due to hev. | 2006 | 16924358 |
| detection of noroviruses in foods: a study on virus extraction procedures in foods implicated in outbreaks of human gastroenteritis. | disease outbreaks in which foods are epidemiologically implicated as the common source are frequently reported. noroviruses and enteric hepatitis a viruses are among the most prevalent causative agents of foodborne diseases. however, the detection of these viruses in foods other than shellfish is often time-consuming and unsuccessful. in this study, three virus concentration methods were compared: polyethylene glycol (peg) plus nacl, ultracentrifugation, and ultrafiltration. two rna extraction m ... | 2006 | 16924922 |
| does co-infection with multiple viruses adversely influence the course and outcome of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in children? | this study looked at the frequency of co-infection with multiple hepatotropic viruses and the effect of such infection on the course and outcome of acute sporadic viral hepatitis (avh) and fulminant hepatic failure (fhf) in children. | 2006 | 16928213 |
| association between hepatitis a virus and helicobacter pylori in a developing country: the saga continues. | the epidemiologic association between helicobacter pylori and hepatitis a virus (hav) has been evaluated by various different groups with conflicting conclusions. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of hav and h. pylori infection among adolescents attending high schools in lebanon, and to identify the sociodemographic factors associated with their prevalence, individually and concurrently. | 2006 | 16928226 |
| virological course of hepatitis a virus as determined by real time rt-pcr: correlation with biochemical, immunological and genotypic profiles. | to undertake analysis of hepatitis a viral load, alanine aminotransferase (alt), and viral genotypes with duration of viremia, and to correlate these parameters with cd4(+)/ cd8(+) lymphocyte populations that control cell-mediated immunity. | 2006 | 16937439 |
| response of four types of coliphages to high hydrostatic pressure. | pressure inactivation of four types of coliphages, varphix 174 (ssdna virus), ms2 (ssrna virus), lambda imm434 (dsdna virus) and t4 (dsdna virus), was studied to evaluate their potential as human enteric viral surrogates for use in validation of commercial pressure processing treatments. phage varphix 174 demonstrated an unexpected high resistance to pressure with no more than 1-log(10) reduction observed following exposures to 350-600 mpa. there was no greater than 1-log(10) reduction below 500 ... | 2006 | 16943050 |
| immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine administered concomitantly with diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis and haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines to children less than 2 years of age. | the availability of a hepatitis a virus vaccine for infant and early childhood immunization could reduce the transmission of hepatitis a virus in the united states. this study evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of a hepatitis a virus vaccine (havrix, glaxosmithkline biologicals, rixensart, belgium) administered concomitantly with diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis and haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines to children < 2 years. | 2006 | 16950952 |
| early infection and asymptomatic spread of hepatitis a virus in a public child care center in rio de janeiro, brazil: should attending children under two years of age be vaccinated? | a cross-sectional study was conducted in order to identify hepatitis a virus (hav) serological markers in 418 individuals (mean age, 16.4 years; range, 1 month-80 years) at a public child care center in rio de janeiro, brazil, as well as to analyze risk factors and determine circulating genotypes. serum samples were tested using an enzyme immunoassay. reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used to detect and characterize hav rna, and sequencing was performed. anti-hav antib ... | 2006 | 16951811 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a virus infection in goiânia, goiás, brazil, by molecular and serological procedures, 1995-2002. | in this study, a total of 865 serum samples were collected between 1995 and 2002 from individuals living in goiânia, central brazil, and clinically suspected of hepatitis. after exclusion of 162 samples which were positive for hepatitis b virus or hepatitis c virus, 703 samples were tested for anti-hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) igm antibodies by enzyme immunoassay. in addition, 588 of these samples and 22 fecal samples were analyzed by reverse transcription-nested pcr for hav rna detection, with ... | 2006 | 16951814 |
| [descriptive study of hepatitis outbreaks occurring in catalonia (1999-2003)]. | the currently low endemic level of hepatitis a in spain favors manifestation of the disease as outbreaks among specific risk groups. the aim of this study is to analyze the hepatitis a outbreaks investigated in catalonia (spain) during the period of 1999 to 2003. | 2006 | 16956531 |
| acute sporadic hepatitis e in children: diagnostic relevance of specific immunoglobulin m and immunoglobulin g compared with nested reverse transcriptase pcr. | this study was carried out to investigate the putative role played by the hepatitis e virus (hev) in acute hepatic dysfunction in paediatric patients with acute non-a-c hepatitis. we also evaluated the diagnostic value for anti-hev immunoglobulin g (igg) and igm enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays relative to nested reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) for hev rna detection. sixty-four children with acute hepatitis were included in the study, in addition to sixteen healthy children with matched age ... | 2006 | 16965347 |
| detection of human enteric viruses in shellfish collected in tunisia. | the aim of this study was to detect the main pathogenic human rna enteric viruses able to persist in the environment such as astrovirus, enterovirus, norovirus and hepatitis a virus (hav) in shellfish collected from two locations in northern tunisia. | 2006 | 16965370 |
| [seroprevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus and hepatitis b virus in nonvaccinated adult population over 40 years of age]. | to determine prevalence rates of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) in the general adult male and female population over 40 years of age with no history of viral hepatitis a (vha) and viral hepatitis b (vhb) who have never been vaccinated against hepatitis and to assess the cost-effectiveness of the pre-vaccination serological screening. | 2006 | 16970073 |
| quantitative detection of hepatitis a virus and enteroviruses near the united states-mexico border and correlation with levels of fecal indicator bacteria. | for decades, untreated sewage flowing northward from tijuana, mexico, via the tijuana river has adversely affected the water quality of the recreational beaches of san diego, california. we used quantitative reverse transcription-pcr to measure the levels of hepatitis a virus (hav) and enteroviruses in coastal waters near the united states-mexico border and compared these levels to those of the conventional fecal indicators, escherichia coli and enterococci. over a 2-year period from 2003 to 200 ... | 2006 | 16980430 |
| universal mass vaccination against hepatitis a. | when first introduced in 1992 the hepatitis a vaccine was recommended for individuals at high risk of exposure. this policy was not expected to have a significant impact on disease incidence at population level in view of the epidemiology of the hepatitis a virus (hav). more recently two countries, israel and bahrain, and regions or subpopulations in others (australia, china, byelorussia, italy, spain, us) have embarked upon more ambitious vaccination programmes that aim to immunize whole birth ... | 2006 | 16989266 |
| effect of heat treatment on hepatitis a virus and norovirus in new zealand greenshell mussels (perna canaliculus) by quantitative real-time reverse transcription pcr and cell culture. | quantitative real-time reverse transcription pcr (qrt-pcr) and cell culture (50% tissue culture infectious dose [tcid50]) were used to determine the effect of heat treatments on norovirus and hepatitis a virus (hav) in the new zealand greenshell mussel (perna canaliculus). since it is common practice to cook mussels until the shells open, internal temperatures and opening times of mussels on boiling and steaming were determined at regular time intervals. fifty mussels in batches of six were expo ... | 2006 | 16995527 |
| high and persistent excretion of hepatitis a virus in immunocompetent patients. | the duration and level of virus excretion in blood and faeces of patients with hepatitis a virus (hav) infection were studied in relation to levels of alanine aminotransferase (alt), disease severity and hav genotype. clinical data, blood and faeces were collected from 27 patients with acute hepatitis a (median age: 33 years) for a maximum of 26 weeks. single blood donations from 55 other patients with acute hav (median age: 32 years) were also used. virus loads were quantified by competitive ne ... | 2006 | 16998883 |
| co-circulation of genotype ia and new variant ib hepatitis a virus in outbreaks of acute hepatitis in hungary--2003/2004. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is one of the most important causes of acute infectious hepatitis worldwide. in hungary, the reported number of hav infections has been decreasing in the last four decades, nevertheless, still, each year 500-800 new cases and multiple outbreaks occur, particularly in the northeast region of hungary. in hungary, serology is used routinely to establish the diagnosis of hav infection without genetic analysis of hav strains for molecular epidemiology. in this study, serum sam ... | 2006 | 16998889 |
| detection of hev antigen as a novel marker for the diagnosis of hepatitis e. | infection with hepatitis e virus (hev) may be diagnosed by the presence of hev rna or anti-hev antibodies. an enzyme immunoassay (eia) was developed for the detection of antigen. twenty-four monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced. an indirect sandwich eia was developed to detect hev antigen using a combination of three mabs as coating antibodies. approximately 44.6% (33/74), 28.6% (50/175), and none (0/27) of sera positive for anti-hev igm alone, both anti-hev igm and igg, and anti-hev igg a ... | 2006 | 16998897 |
| hepatitis a virus infection in people of south asian origin in england and wales: analysis of laboratory reports between 1992 and 2004. | the aim of the study was to determine whether rates of hepatitis a infection are higher in people of south asian origin compared to the general population, to look for evidence of spread to the general population, and to identify ways to improve preventive strategies. routine laboratory reports of hepatitis a infection in england and wales in 1992-2004 were analysed. study participants were patients with confirmed hepatitis a infection reported to the health protection agency by the diagnosing l ... | 2007 | 16999877 |
| hepatitis a in tunisia: phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis a virus from 2001 to 2004. | tunisia is a highly endemic area for hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. in the present study, the phylogenetic characterization of the vp1 gene (882 nucleotides) and of the vp1/2a junction (336 nucleotides) of tunisian strains were examined. one hundred strains isolated from patient with anti-hav igm from 2001 to 2004 were amplified by rt-pcr, sequenced at the vp1 and at the vp1/2a junction and aligned with the published sequences to establish phylogenetic analysis. all tunisian strains belong t ... | 2006 | 17005259 |
| effects of picornavirus 3a proteins on protein transport and gbf1-dependent cop-i recruitment. | the 3a protein of the coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3), an enterovirus that belongs to the family of the picornaviruses, inhibits endoplasmic reticulum-to-golgi transport. recently, we elucidated the underlying mechanism by showing that cvb3 3a interferes with adp-ribosylation factor 1 (arf1)-dependent cop-i recruitment to membranes by binding and inhibiting the function of gbf1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is required for the activation of arf1 (e. wessels et al., dev. cell 11:191-201, 20 ... | 2006 | 17005635 |
| prevalence of anti-hepatitis b and anti-hepatitis a antibodies among school aged children in western saudi arabia. | to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) among children in jeddah, kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) and to evaluate the need of anti-hav mass vaccination. | 2006 | 17013474 |
| linear iga bullous disease of childhood: an experience from kuwait. | linear iga bullous disease of childhood is a rare autoimmune blistering disease. we report eight patients with this disease seen in our autoimmune bullous diseases clinic over a span of 12 years. they constituted 89% of the total number of those with linear iga bullous disease of childhood seen during this period, with an age-adjusted minimum estimated incidence of 2.3 cases/million population/year. males outnumbered females by a 1.7:1 ratio. the age at onset ranged between 10.5 months and 13 ye ... | 2006 | 17014638 |
| immunogenicity of a chimeric hepatitis a virus (hav) carrying the hiv gp41 epitope 2f5. | its stable particle structure combined with its high immunogenicity makes the hepatitis a virus (hav) a perfect carrier to expose foreign epitopes to the host immune system. in an earlier report [beneduce, f., kusov, y., klinger, m., gauss-müller, v., morace, g., 2002. chimeric hepatitis a virus particles presenting a foreign epitope (hiv gp41) at their surface. antiviral res. 55, 369-377] chimeric virus-like particles (hav-gp41) were described that carried at their surface the dominant gp41 epi ... | 2007 | 17014915 |
| viral hepatitis. | viral hepatitis accounts for most liver diseases seen in hepatology practice. in the past year studies have been focused on uncovering the basic mechanisms of viral-cellular interactions, the knowledge of which will contribute to more effective treatment. hepatitis a virus outbreaks still occur, even in the most developed countries, which points to the need for more comprehensive vaccination measures. lessons learned from the treatment of hiv with combination antiviral therapies are being applie ... | 2000 | 17023883 |
| acute liver failure. | severe hepatitis a infection is an infrequent but well-recognized cause of acute liver failure that can now be effectively prevented with vaccination against hepatitis a virus. bromfenac and troglitazone hepatotoxicity as well as various herbal remedies are some of the newly identified causes of acute liver failure. the recently identified transfusion-transmitted virus has been implicated in some cases of idiopathic acute liver failure whereas hepatitis g virus does not appear to be a causative ... | 1999 | 17023955 |
| autoimmune liver disease. | autoimmune hepatitis is as virulent in the elderly as in the young, and initial treatment should be similar. antiphospholipid antibodies should be sought in all patients with a history of fetal loss or arterial or venous thrombosis. the c282y mutation in the hfe hemochromatosis gene occurs more commonly in autoimmune hepatitis than in normal subjects, but it is not associated with distinctive features. children with autoimmune hepatitis may have abnormal cholangiogram results, but the syndrome o ... | 2002 | 17033304 |
| an unusual presentation of hepatitis a virus infection: guillain-barré syndrome. | | 2006 | 17034710 |
| hepatitis a virus infection suppresses hepatitis c virus replication and may lead to clearance of hcv. | the significance of hepatitis a virus (hav) super-infection in patients with chronic hepatitis c had been a matter of debate. while some studies suggested an incidence of fulminant hepatitis a of up to 35%, this could not be confirmed by others. | 2006 | 17034895 |
| relationship between antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in children with acute hepatitis a. | to investigate in children with acute hepatitis a. according to our knowledge, there are no data about the blood levels of malondialdehyde (mda, an indicator of oxidative stress) and nonenzymic antioxidants in children with acute hepatitis a. | 2006 | 17036398 |
| monitoring of human enteric viruses and coliform bacteria in waters after urban flood in jakarta, indonesia. | floodwaters in kampung melayu village, jakarta, indonesia, as well as river water and consumable water (including groundwater and tap water) samples in flooded and non-flooded areas, were quantitatively analysed to assess occurrence of viruses and total coliforms and e. coli as bacterial indicators after flooding event. high numbers of enterovirus, hepatitis a virus, norovirus (g1, g2) and adenovirus were detected at high concentration in floodwaters and waters sampled from ciliwung river which ... | 2006 | 17037154 |
| epidemiological surveillance of human enteric viruses by monitoring of different environmental matrices. | in the aim of studying possible relations between viruses detected in clinical specimens and the ones found in different environmental matrices, in the period may 2004 to april 2005, the collection of faecal samples from gastroenteritis cases and the monthly monitoring of raw and treated wastewater, river water, seawater and mussels were carried out. the viruses considered for environmental monitoring were adenovirus, rotavirus, enterovirus, norovirus, hepatitis a virus (hav) and torque teno vir ... | 2006 | 17037159 |
| [simultaneous detection of igm anti-epstein-barr virus and igm anti-hepatitis a during an acute hepatitis]. | we report a case of a 15-year-old young man who was admitted for an acute hepatitis. virological assessment showed both igm anti-ebv and igm anti-hepatitis a. igg anti-ebna and clinical history allowed to rule out the hypothesis of a recent ebv infection and confirmed the diagnosis of acute hepatitis a infection. | 2006 | 17040878 |
| isolated digital gangrene complicating hepatitis a infection in a child. | hepatitis a virus is rarely associated with extrahepatic complications. a child presented with a history suggesting raynaud's phenomenon and severe digital gangrene, as a complication of hepatitis a infection. coagulation study results (protein c, protein s, antithrombin iii, and activated protein c resistance) were all normal except for anticardiolipin antibodies, which were present on initial presentation and resolved later. antinuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, lupus anticoagulant, antin ... | 2002 | 17041369 |
| hepatitis e virus. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the aetiological agent of non-hav enterically transmitted hepatitis. it is the major cause of sporadic as well as epidemic hepatitis, which is no longer confined to asia and developing countries but has also become a concern of the developed nations. in the indian subcontinent, it accounts for 30-60% of sporadic hepatitis. it is generally accepted that hepatitis e is mostly self-limited and never progresses to chronicity. it has a higher mortality in pregnant women whe ... | 2007 | 17051624 |
| detection of enteroviruses and mammalian reoviruses in korean environmental waters. | using the standard total culturable virus assay-most probable number (tcva-mpn) method, we evaluated a total of 348 samples, including surface water, finished water, and tap water samples, collected from randomly selected water treatment plants in korea from august 2001 through july 2005 according to the information collection rule. all the tcva-positive samples were also subjected to integrated cell culture-pcr (icc-pcr) methods for the detection of enteroviruses, hepatitis a virus, adenoviruse ... | 2006 | 17053314 |
| multiple evanescent white dot syndrome following simultaneous hepatitis-a and yellow fever vaccination. | to report a case of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (mewds) following simultaneous hepatitis-a virus (hav) and yellow fever (yf) vaccination. | 2006 | 17056464 |
| outbreak of food-borne infection with hepatitis a virus. | | 2006 | 17060706 |
| liver disease during pregnancy: acute viral hepatitis. | acute viral hepatitis is the most common cause of jaundice in pregnancy. the course of most viral hepatitis infections (e.g., hepatitis a, b, c and d) is unaffected by pregnancy, however, a more severe course of viral hepatitis in pregnancy has been observed in patients with hepatitis e. notwithstanding, opinions differ over the maternal and fetal outcome of pregnancy associated with viral hepatitis. while some authors reported that acute viral hepatitis carries a high risk for both mother and f ... | 2006 | 17060891 |
| virological investigation on aerosol from waste depuration plants. | aerosol from activated mud decontamination plants used for the treatment of urban sewage can represent a vehicle for bacteria, virus and fungi. as a result, they become an infective hazard for plant personnel, the general population residing in the surrounding area and the occasional visitor. the present investigation focuses on the identification of enteric-type viruses in this kind of aerosol. the following methods were employed on 214 samples collected in the 1999-2000 period: cell culture (b ... | 2006 | 17061403 |
| a low rate of hepatitis b virus vaccine breakthrough infections in mongolia. | a nation-wide hepatitis b virus (hbv) immunization program of all newborn babies was launched in mongolia in 1991. however, the continuation of clinical icteric viral hepatitis infections in children led to the investigation to determine whether hbv breakthrough infections were occurring and if any were due to hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) mutants. hepatitis a virus (hav) infections accounted for most of these cases with 3% of the jaundiced children shown to have acute hepatitis b. hepatit ... | 2006 | 17063521 |
| [integrate cell culture--pcr (icc/pcr) in viruses researches in environmental and food samples. note i]. | we carried out an experimental work integrating cell-culture and pcr to follow the hav replication, to verify the pcr positiveness times and to confirm infectious viral particles presence. in tests hav strain h59-175 was used. we proceeded to an initial valuation of the lowest viral concentration detectable by pcr. with viral titres between 10(5)-10(7) pfu/ml, the highest positive dilution resulted 10(-4)-10(-5). then the 1 log lower dilution was inoculated in cell culture. at fixed times we pro ... | 2006 | 17063629 |
| study on inactivation kinetics of hepatitis a virus and enteroviruses with peracetic acid and chlorine. new icc/pcr method to assess disinfection effectiveness. | the virucidal activity of chlorine-compounds was studied using hepatitis a virus (hav) and poliovirus 2 and comparing the disinfectant efficiency of peracetic acid. hav presented a higher resistance to hclo than poliovirus did. with clo2 the inactivation times of hav were markedly shorter. a comparison between these data and those resulting from the kinetics with peracetic acid (pa) showed that pa is less effective than chlorine. as a preliminary to future research, the pcr-test integrated with ... | 2006 | 17066904 |
| inactivation of hepatitis a virus by high-pressure processing: the role of temperature and pressure oscillation. | inactivation of hepatitis a virus (hav) in dulbecco's modified eagle medium with 10% fetal bovine serum was studied at pressures of 300, 350, and 400 mpa and initial sample temperatures of -10, 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 degrees c. sample temperature during pressure application strongly influenced the efficiency of hav inactivation. elevated temperature (> 30 degrees c) enhanced pressure inactivation of hav, while lower temperatures resulted in less inactivation. for example, 1-min treatments ... | 2006 | 17066927 |
| viral safety of c1-inhibitor nf. | we studied the efficacy of virus reduction by three process steps (polyethylene glycol 4000 (peg) precipitation, pasteurization, and 15nm virus filtration) in the manufacturing of c1-inhibitor nf. the potential prion removing capacity in this process was estimated based on data from the literature. virus studies were performed using hepatitis a virus (hav) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) as relevant viruses and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), canine parvovirus (cpv) and pseudorabies v ... | 2007 | 17071103 |
| a case study of the evaluation of a public health intervention. | large public health interventions to control infectious disease outbreaks are common, but rigorous evaluation to improve the quality and effectiveness of these is rarely undertaken. following a large community-based clinic to prevent a hepatitis a outbreak, a multifaceted and multidisciplinary evaluation was conducted involving consumers, health professionals and industry partners. the results of this evaluation were used to produce practical operational guidelines for the planning and conduct o ... | 2006 | 17073540 |
| [the evaluation of contamination of water objects with hepatitis a virus (hav) and the impact of hav on morbidity trends in large seaports of the ukraine]. | the authors studied changes in the contamination of urban water objects with hepatitis a virus (hav) (over 11 years) and analyzed its association with hav infection morbidity in odessa residents. the study showed that hav antigen was isolated in 5.5% of all cases. the seawater was maximally contaminated (6.93%), the water of the dniestr river and that of the distribution network were less contaminated--3.9 and 4.9%, respectively. the maximum quantity of hav-containing drinking water samples were ... | 2006 | 17078288 |
| seroprevalence survey of varicella, measles, rubella, and hepatitis a and b viruses in a multinational healthcare workforce in saudi arabia. | to determine the prevalence of the vaccine-preventable diseases caused by varicella, measles, rubella, and hepatitis a and b viruses in a multinational healthcare workforce. | 2006 | 17080374 |
| procedure for rapid concentration and detection of enteric viruses from berries and vegetables. | several hepatitis a virus (hav) and norovirus (nv) outbreaks due to consumption of berries and vegetables have been reported during recent years. to facilitate the detection of enteric viruses that may be present on different fresh and frozen products, we developed a rapid and sensitive detection method for hav, nv, and rotavirus (rv). initial experiments focused on optimizing the composition of the elution buffer, improving the viral concentration method, and evaluating the performance of vario ... | 2007 | 17085706 |
| evidence of retroviral etiology for disseminated neoplasia in cockles (cerastoderma edule). | epizootiologic outbreaks of disseminated neoplasia have been reported in association with massive mortalities of various bivalve species. in cockles, cerastoderma edule, this pathological condition was described in ireland and france. since 1997, different populations affected by this pathology have been detected in galicia (nw spain). transmission electron microscopy allowed the visualization of virus-like particles in neoplastic cells, resembling a retrovirus-like agent. to confirm this hypoth ... | 2007 | 17092515 |
| molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus in metropolitan areas in japan. | transmission routes of hepatitis a virus (hav) in japan have changed. the present study investigated changes of transmission routes in relation to genetic drift. | 2006 | 17096067 |
| antibody persistence and immune memory elicited by combined hepatitis a and b vaccination in older adults. | response to hepatitis a and b vaccines has been reported to decline with age. this open, prospective, single-site study examined the long-term response to the combined hepatitis a/b vaccine twinrix in 98 primary responders aged 45-67 years. levels of antibody against hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b surface antigen (hbs) were tested 30 months after initial vaccination. at this stage, all participants remained seropositive for anti-hav and 70% for anti-hbs. a booster vaccination was offere ... | 2007 | 17097774 |
| hepatitis a vaccines and the elderly. | hepatitis a virus (hav) exposure in unprotected adults may cause severe and serious symptoms, with risk of both morbidity and mortality increasing with age. as seroprevalence of hav is low in industrialised countries, and an increasing number of people, with an increasing median age, travel from areas of low hav endemicity to high endemicity, pre-travel vaccination is warranted. vaccination of the elderly against hav, however, may be associated with reduced seroprotection, since the immune respo ... | 2006 | 17098625 |
| rate, intensity, and duration of local reactions to a virosome-adjuvanted vs. an aluminium-adsorbed hepatitis a vaccine in uk travellers. | travellers increasingly require hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine for overseas travel to highly endemic areas. while the inactivated hav vaccines currently in use are all highly immunogenic, studies have shown the aluminium-free, virosome-adjuvanted vaccine epaxal to possess a superior local tolerability profile. the objective of this study was to analyse the pattern of local reactions caused by the aluminium-free epaxal compared with an aluminium-adjuvanted hav vaccine. | 2006 | 17098626 |
| viral interaction and clinical implications of coinfection of hepatitis c virus with other hepatitis viruses. | coinfection with other hepatitis viruses modifies the viral profile in serum and leads to more liver damage and more rapid progression during the course of hepatitis c virus infection. the viral interference is not only carried out by virus-virus or by virus-cell interactions but also by an enhanced immune response. a superinfecting viral infection does not crossactivate protective immune responses to the pre-existing virus albeit the latter can become undetectable. the induced cytokine stimulat ... | 2006 | 17099381 |
| hepatitis c virus infection among first nation and non-first nation people in manitoba, canada: a public health laboratory study. | demographic information and laboratory test results on 136 169 clinical serum specimens submitted to the public health laboratory in manitoba, canada, for hepatitis c virus (hcv) testing between january 1995 and december 2003 were analyzed. the difference in the clearance rates of hcv infection, without therapeutic intervention, and the hcv genotypes infecting first nation and non-first nation people were studied. the rates of co-infection of hcv-positive individuals with other hepatitis viruses ... | 2006 | 17110969 |
| identification of hepatitis a virus mimotopes by phage display, antigenicity and immunogenicity. | a phage-displayed peptide approach was used to identify ligands mimicking antigenic determinants of hepatitis a virus (hav) for the first time. bacteriophages displaying hav mimotopes were isolated from a phage-display peptide library by affinity selection on serum antibodies from hepatitis a patients. selected phage-peptides were screened for reactivity with sera from hav infected patients and healthy controls. four cloned peptides with different sequences were identified as mimotopes of hav; t ... | 2007 | 17129616 |
| fulminant hepatitis a virus infection in the united states: incidence, prognosis, and outcomes. | acute liver failure (alf) due to hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is an uncommon but potentially lethal illness. the aim of this study was to identify readily available laboratory and clinical features associated with a poor prognosis among alf patients with hav infection. the presenting features of 29 adults with anti-hav igm positive alf enrolled in the alfsg_between 1998 and 2005 were reviewed. the hav patients listed for transplantation by unos were also reviewed. acute hav accounted for 3. ... | 2006 | 17133489 |
| analysis of the full-length genome of a subgenotype iiib hepatitis a virus isolate: primers for broadly reactive pcr and genotypic analysis. | among six known subgenotypes (ia, ib, iia, iib, iiia, and iiib) of human hepatitis a virus (hav), the complete genomic sequence has not been determined for iiib. in this study, the full-length genomic sequence of a iiib hav isolate (ha-jng06-90f) recovered from a japanese patient who contracted sporadic hepatitis a in 1990, was determined. the ha-jng06-90f genome, which comprised 7462 nt excluding the poly(a) tail, was related most closely to nor-21 of subgenotype iiia with an identity of 89.1%, ... | 2007 | 17133545 |
| comparison of hepatitis a and e virus infections among healthy children in mongolia: evidence for infection with a subgenotype ia hav in children. | to compare the epidemiologic profiles of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) infections in children in mongolia, the prevalence of hav and hev infections was investigated serologically and molecularly among 717 apparently healthy individuals of 0-20 years of age (mean +/- standard deviation, 8.6 +/- 4.9 years) using serum samples obtained between october 2005 and january 2006. total antibody against hav (anti-hav [total]) was detected in 494 (68.9%) of the 717 subjects, while igg ... | 2007 | 17133554 |
| hospital-acquired infections related to contaminated substances. | drug-related outbreaks are frequently reported from various medical departments. a systematic review was performed to describe characteristics of these outbreaks and to determine the most frequent occasions in which contamination of substances for patient care take place. articles were assessed by a search of the outbreak database, a search of pubmed, and hand search of reference lists from relevant articles. articles published before 1990 were excluded. data on affected patients, hospital-acqui ... | 2007 | 17145102 |
| [impact and forecasting of hepatitis a immunization in french armed forces, 1990-2004]. | hepatitis a is a public health problem specially for migrants or travellers from industrialized countries with a low hepatitis a endemic level. french armed forces adopted an immunization strategy which first targeted overseas forces and subsequently was extended to all armed forces. in this work we studied the impact of this policy. | 2006 | 17149164 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of some pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. | pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and tetrazolopyrimidine derivatives 2a, b-5a, b were prepared. also, acyclic and cyclic c-nucleosides 7a, b-12a, b were prepared by treating compound 6 with some aldoses. all prepared products were tested for antiviral activity against hepatitis-a virus (hav, mbb-cell culture adapted strain) and herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1). plaque reduction infectivity assay was used to determine virus count reduction as a result of treatment with tested compounds. compound 2a sh ... | 2006 | 17149793 |
| synthesis and antiviral evaluation of some sugar arylglycinoylhydrazones and their oxadiazoline derivatives. | sugar n-arylaminoacetylhydrazones 2-5 were prepared by the reaction of n-arylaminoacetylhydrazides 1 with equivalent amounts of the corresponding monosaccharides. per-o-acetyl derivatives 6-9 of sugar hydrazones 2-5 were prepared by using acetic anhydride in pyridine at room temperature, while on boiling with acetic anhydride, cyclization had taken place to give the oxadiazolines 10-12. the prepared compounds were tested for antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) and hepa ... | 2006 | 17149795 |
| degradation of the encephalomyocarditis virus and hepatitis a virus 3c proteases by the ubiquitin/26s proteasome system in vivo. | we have isolated stably transfected mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines that inducibly express either the mature encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) or hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c protease and have used these cells to demonstrate that both proteins are subject to degradation in vivo by the ubiquitin/26s proteasome system. the detection of 3c protease expression in these cells requires inducing conditions and the presence of one of several proteasome inhibitors. both 3c proteases are incorporated ... | 2007 | 17150238 |
| a review of interventions triggered by hepatitis a infected food-handlers in canada. | in countries with low hepatitis a (ha) endemicity, infected food handlers are the source of most reported foodborne outbreaks. in canada, accessible data repositories of infected food handler incidents are not available. we undertook a systematic review of such incidents to evaluate the extent of viral transmission through food contamination and the scope of post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) interventions. | 2006 | 17156461 |
| the first experimental study on a candidate combined vaccine against hepatitis a and hepatitis e. | to test the possibility of developing a combined vaccine against hepatitis a and e, groups of mice were immunized with different formulations containing different dosages of a commercially inactivated hepatitis a vaccine and a candidate recombinant hepatitis e vaccine. monovalent vaccine components were used as controls. the experimental results showed that the combined vaccine could induce neutralizing antibodies against both hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) effectively in mi ... | 2007 | 17156900 |
| comparative evaluation of new taqman real-time assays for the detection of hepatitis a virus. | three novel real-time taqman rt-pcr assays targeting the 5'-utr, the viral protease and the viral polymerase regions of the hepatitis a virus (hav) were developed, evaluated and compared against a new published 5'-utr taqman assay (jn) and a widely used conventional rt-pcr assay (havc). all conventional rt-pcr (hav, sh-prot and sh-poly systems) and taqman (sh-prot, sh-poly, jn and sh-5u systems) assays evaluated were consistent for the detection of the three different hav strains (hm-175, has-15 ... | 2007 | 17157393 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in chronic liver disease causes rapid decompensation. | hepatitis e previously known as enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis, is a self limiting infectious viral disease of developing countries. various issues regarding the pathogenesis of liver injury and its natural history remain unanswered after two decades of its discovery. a small proportion of patients develop fulminant hepatic failure. mortality is very high if it is associated with pregnancy, especially during third trimester. after establishment of hepatitis a virus as a cause of ... | 2006 | 17160100 |
| genetic variability of hepatitis a virus strain haf-203 isolated in brazil and expression of the vp1 gene in escherichia coli. | the hepatitis a virus (hav) haf-203 strain was isolated from an acute case of hav infection. the primary isolation of haf-203 in brazil and its adaptation to the frhk-4 cell lineage allowed the production of large amounts of viral particles enabling molecular characterization of the first hav isolate in brazil. the aim of our study was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the haf-203 strain genome, compare it to other hav genomes and highlight its genetic variability. the complete nucleotide ... | 2006 | 17160284 |
| [results of russian multicenter trial of immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of new combination vaccine against hepatitis a and b (twinrix)]. | results of registration trial of combination vaccine for prevention of hepatitis a and b are presented. the trial was conducted in 5 centers of russia in 2004-2005 with full accordance to good clinical practice requirements and standards for multicenter open randomized trials. immunogenicity of studied combination vaccine twinrix was evaluated in comparison with two simultaneously administered monovalent vaccines against hepatitis a and b (havrix and engerix-b) in 200 healthy subjects aged 18-40 ... | 2006 | 17163135 |
| the prevalence of atopy in children with antibodies against hepatitis a virus and hepatitis b virus. | to investigate the relationship between atopy and hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) infections, we studied 42 children who had had hav infection (group i), 28 children who had had hbv infection (group ii), and 31 children who were seronegative for both hav and hbv infection (control group). serological tests for hav and hbv infections (anti-hav igg, hbsag, anti-hbc igg) and allergic skin tests and specific ige investigations for the detection of atopy were carried out. in this ... | 2006 | 17172060 |
| a 1-year study of the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus in tunisia. | this 1-year (september 2000 to august 2001) prospective study investigated the presence of hepatitis a virus (hav) in the population of monastir, tunisia (86 serum samples), in the influents and effluents of two wastewater treatment plants, and in shellfish harvested in the coastal areas of monastir, bizerte and sfax (january 2001 to may 2001). the virus was detected by rt-pcr using primers targeted at the vp3-vp1 region. an epidemic of hav infection was observed during the winter months, with a ... | 2007 | 17184284 |
| effect of high hydrostatic pressure on four genotypes of f-specific rna bacteriophages. | the pressure responses of four genotypes of f-specific rna bacteriophages, f2, ga, qbeta and sp, were evaluated with respect to pressure magnitude, treatment temperature and suspending medium. | 2007 | 17184319 |
| an rna extraction protocol for shellfish-borne viruses. | the gptt virus rna extraction method, originally developed for extraction of human norovirus and hepatitis a virus rnas from contaminated shellfish, was evaluated for extraction of rna from aichi virus strain a846/88 (aiv), coxsackievirus strains a9 (cav9) and b5 (cbv5), murine norovirus (strain mnv-1), and the norovirus surrogate, feline calicivirus (fcv) strain kcd, for the purpose of rt-pcr detection within seeded oyster (crassostrea virginica) extracts. the rt-pcr equivalent sensitivities ob ... | 2007 | 17184849 |
| [prevention of viral hepatitis]. | prevention of viral hepatitis infection involves health measures designed to avert transmission of viral agents and promote the use of gammaglobulin and vaccines. the availability of safe drinking water and improvements in quality of life result in better individual hygiene; these factors have had the greatest impact on hepatitis a prevention. serum gammaglobulin administration has been replaced by vaccinations for pre-exposure, and to a great extent for post-exposure prophylaxis because of the ... | 2006 | 17194391 |
| elimination of hepatitis a infection outbreaks in day care and school settings in southern israel after introduction of the national universal toddler hepatitis a immunization program. | in 1999, israel became the first country to begin universal toddler immunization against hepatitis a infection with a 2-dose schedule at 18 and 24 months. the effect of the israeli program on outbreaks of hepatitis a in day care and school settings was studied. | 2007 | 17195703 |
| assessment of human enteric viruses in shellfish from the northern adriatic sea. | incidence and circulation of different strains of hepatitis a and norovirus in shellfish were studied on 235 samples (tapes philippinarum, mytilus galloprovincialis, ostrea spp. and chlamys spp.) obtained from different sites, representing the shellfish production areas of the northern adriatic sea. shellfish were harvested in the period of one year and, after depuration, were examined for bacterial (escherichia coli and salmonella) and viral (hav and nov) contamination. viral contamination was ... | 2007 | 17196284 |
| cost-effectiveness of routine childhood vaccination for hepatitis a in the united states. | economic analysis is an important component in formulating national policy. we evaluated the economic impact of hepatitis a vaccination of all us children ages 12 to 23 months as compared with no vaccination and with current implementation of the preexisting (issued in 1999), regional policy. | 2007 | 17200237 |
| multiple viral hepatitis in injection drug users and associated risk factors. | while infections due to hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) have been well-studied in injection drug users (idus), hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and coinfection with multiple hepatitis viruses have received less attention. | 2007 | 17201886 |
| large-scale serologic testing program to assess the immunogenicity of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine (vaqta) in prefilled syringes following product recall in germany. | a voluntary recall of vaqta in prefilled syringes was implemented in europe in late 2001 after the manufacturer noted a slight decrease in the antigen content of a small percentage of the syringes manufactured over a particular time frame. in germany, a large-scale serologic testing program was implemented. the assay results were conveyed to the subject's physician, and free vaccine was provided for anyone requesting revaccination. an analysis was performed on a subset of 58,546 vaccine recipien ... | 2006 | 17204866 |
| [further research on the kinetics of inactivation of hav and enteroviruses with peracetic acid. note ii]. | further research was performed on the disinfectant efficacy of peracetic acid on viruses. hepatitis a virus (hm-175 strain), poliovirus 2 (attenuated strain) and coxsackie virus b5 (isolated strain) were tested using peracetic acid concentrations between 160 mg/l and 1280 mg/l. inactivation tests were carried out at +20 degrees c and at 3 different ph conditions, acid, neutral and basic. the results confirmed that hav virus, which showed a decline with concentrations above 320 mg/l, has the high ... | 2005 | 17206215 |
| new approaches to virus removal: the way to produce virus-free drinking water. | virus control in drinking water is considered one of the serious problems to be encountered in the near future. trials to remove viruses from drinking water were directed to enhance water treatment processes, use of different disinfectants or use of a good virus adsorbent material. in the present study, four materials were prepared, dimethylaniinoethyl chitin, chitosan and cellulose and starch acrylate and examined for adsorption of hepatitis a virus from drinking water. also, three types of elu ... | 1997 | 17214146 |
| ultraviolet, chlorine and ozone disinfection of some enteroviruses in drinking water and treated effluents. | the inactivation efficiency of chlorine, ultraviolet light and ozone were determined for poliovirus type 3, coxsackievirus type b4 and hepatitis a virus in drinking water and treated effluent. ultraviolet was more efficient than the other two disinfectants at wave length 254 nm where no infective virus was detected after 4 min of uv irradiation in both drinking water and treated effluent. inactivation by chlorine dose more than 25 mg/l was sufficient for studied viruses in both drinking water an ... | 1997 | 17216997 |
| detection of hepatitis e virus in greater cairo. two wastewater treatment plants and its prevalence among workers of these plants. | because of inadequate public sanitation, epidemics of hev infection have been reported in several developing countries. hev-specific cdna was prepared by reverse transcription of the total rna extracted from water samples. specified dna amplification by por demonstrates the presence of hev in sewage samples from the inlets (pcr positive 10/36:27.77%), while outlet samples were pcr negative. hev 1gm was detected in 40 workers out of 78 in these two studied plants (age 20-60 years), with a percent ... | 1998 | 17217026 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a associated with treated waste water used for irrigation. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is endemic in developing countries and remains a public health problem elsewhere. this study was conducted to investigate an outbreak of hav infection, which occurred during a period of almost 5 months (january-may 1996) in the national guard iskan (housing authority) in jeddah, saudi arabia. ninety four cases were found to be positive for igm antibody to hav. a case control study was done to identify possible risk factors. for every case, 3 controls have been s ... | 1999 | 17219868 |
| screening for hepatitis a virus antibodies among a disadvantaged group of preschool children in alexandria. | hepatitis a virus (hav) immunity in a group of socially and economically deficient preschool children in alexandria has been investigated. a total of 228 randomly selected children were enrolled. saliva was collected from every child using a cotton wool swab. anti-hav was investigated in the collected saliva by a competitive elisa technique utilizing a commercially available kit. the results revealed that among the investigated children 60 (26.3%) were anti-hav positive. the mean age of anti-hav ... | 2000 | 17219887 |
| partial sequence at 2bc region of hav isolated from stool of acute sporadic hav patients. | more than 20 hepatitis a virus (hav) strains that can be distinguished from each other are known till now. in the present study, a cytopathic strain of hav (ha-10) was isolated in egypt from stool of acute sporadic cases. the isolated strain showed cpe in early stages of adaptation in cell culture. accordingly, the first step in the work was to confirm the presence of hav, the second step was to prove that no enteric virus is associated with the isolate and finally to try to know the reason for ... | 2002 | 17219892 |
| the cost-effectiveness of two strategies for vaccinating us veterans with hepatitis c virus infection against hepatitis a and hepatitis b viruses. | although hepatitis a and b vaccinations are recommended for patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv), the ideal vaccination strategy has not been determined. our objective was to model the cost-effectiveness of two strategies for vaccinating patients with hcv infection against hepatitis a (hav) and hepatitis b (hbv) viruses. the strategies evaluated were: universal vaccination with the combined hav and hbv vaccine, and selective vaccination based on immunity determined by blood testing. | 2007 | 17220691 |
| [duration of viremia and fecal shedding of the virus in hepatitis a infected children]. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is endemic in argentina. molecular tools have allowed hav rna detection to be extent to sera and feces from patients with different clinical backgrounds. we compare the sensitivity of the rt-pcr protocol we follow using primers targeting different genomic regions and vp3 c terminal was the most sensitive. sequential sera and fecal samples were obtained from 20 children with acute self limited hepatitis a. hav rna was detectable in 18/20 children if sera and stoo ... | 2006 | 17225445 |