| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea after internal fixation of intertrochanteric femoral fractures. | the aim of the study presented here was to record the incidence and outcome of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in patients undergoing surgery for intertrochanteric femoral fractures. between january 2000 and june 2001, a total of 239 patients who underwent surgery after sustaining an intertrochanteric femoral fracture were included in the study. seventeen patients developed clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (incidence risk, 7.1%), and six patients died after developing the co ... | 2003 | 13680392 |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile in infections of man. | smith, louis ds. (montana state college, bozeman) and elizabeth o. king. occurrence of clostridium difficile in infections of man. j. bacteriol. 84:65-67. 1962-eight strains of clostridium difficile were isolated from cases of infection in man in seven different bacteriological laboratories. one of these was isolated from a case of gas gangrene, one from an abscess following a fractured femur, one from a blood culture from an infant, two from pleural fluid, two from peritoneal fluid, and one fro ... | 1962 | 13914327 |
| [diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile: experience at a secondary hospital]. | our purpose was to know the incidence, clinical profile, evolution and mortality of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2003 | 14499069 |
| evaluation of the clearview clostridium difficile toxin a test and various selective culture media in comparison with the cytotoxin assay for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile is the major pathogen associated with nosocomial diarrhoea. we evaluated the performances of a commercially available toxin a enzyme immunoassay (eia; clearview c. difficile toxin a test), culture and tissue culture cytotoxin assay in the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2003 | 14506970 |
| probiotics to enhance anti-infective defences in the gastrointestinal tract. | several clinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic and/or prophylactic efficacy of specific probiotics against acute viral gastroenteritis and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (including clostridium difficile infection). emerging evidence also suggests beneficial effects against helicobacter pylori infection. the evidence of efficacy against traveller's diarrhoea remains, however, inconclusive. the precise mechanisms by which probiotics potentiate host gastrointestinal defences and mediat ... | 2003 | 14507586 |
| probiotics, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and clostridium difficile diarrhoea in humans. | probiotics are living organisms which, when ingested, have a beneficial therapeutic effect. examples are bacteria, especially lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, and the yeast saccharomyces boulardii. controlled trials indicate a benefit of both of these in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. other less effective probiotics are lactinex, enterococcus faecium and bifidobacteria. in the difficult clinical problem of recurrent clostridium difficile disease, s. boulardii as an adjunct to anti ... | 2003 | 14507587 |
| pseudomembranous collagenous colitis. | the classic clinical and histologic features of collagenous colitis are well characterized; however, the acute or neutrophilic inflammatory changes that may accompany this entity are less well established. in this report of 10 patients, we describe the first series of pseudomembranous collagenous colitis. because superimposed clostridium difficile infection was only demonstrated in one patient and no other causes of pseudomembranous colitis were evident in the remaining nine patients, we conclud ... | 2003 | 14508399 |
| [present state and disadvantage of rapid diagnosis method in clinical microbiology--analysis of questionnaire survey]. | to investigate the present state and the disadvantages of rapid diagnosis methods in clinical microbiology in japan, we have conducted a questionnaire survey of 360 medical facilities accredited by the japanese association for rapid method and automation in microbiology (jarmam). major rapid diagnosis methods being used in clinical microbiology are, in the order of its use rate, influenza virus, adenovirus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, clostridium difficile toxin a, rotavirus, hepatitis b virus, ... | 2003 | 14509945 |
| favorable impact of a multidisciplinary antibiotic management program conducted during 7 years. | to evaluate the impact of an interventional multidisciplinary antibiotic management program on expenditures for antibiotics and on the incidence of nosocomial infections caused by clostridium difficile and antibiotic-resistant pathogens during 7 years. | 2003 | 14510254 |
| [comment on the article by e. zemanova et al: "clostridium difficile infection associated with pseudomembranous colitis in district hospitals]. | | 2003 | 14518079 |
| [clostridium difficile infection associated with pseudomembranous colitis in district hospitals]. | at a regional hospital serving 150,000 inhabitants, the authors were tracking the occurrence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by a nosocomial infection of the clostridium difficile, especially its most serious form--pseudomembranous colitis. six cases of the disease were found in a retrospective study in 2001, another 20 cases were diagnosed while actively searching for the disease from january till september of 2002. the patients suffered from many complications, were of an average age ... | 2003 | 14518090 |
| identification and characterization of a fibronectin-binding protein from clostridium difficile. | a 68 kda fibronectin-binding protein (fbp68) from clostridium difficile displaying significant homology to several established or putative fbps from other bacteria was identified. the one-copy gene is highly conserved in c. difficile isolates. fbp68 was expressed in escherichia coli in fusion with glutathione s-transferase; the fusion protein and the native fbp68 were purified. immunoblot analysis and cell fractionation experiments revealed that fbp68 is present on the surface of the bacteria. f ... | 2003 | 14523111 |
| [treatment of infections associated with clostridium difficile]. | cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) associated with toxigenic c. difficile strains more frequently are described recently. in polish studies diagnosis of aad or pmc (pseudomembranous colitis) was confirmed by isolation of c. difficile strains in 52% of suspected cases. strains of c. difficile were isolated also from samples taken from hospital environment (10.5% positive samples). problem of c. difficile-associated infection is more frequently observed in poland also because of uncont ... | 2003 | 14526488 |
| comparison of ap-pcr typing and pcr-ribotyping for estimation of nosocomial transmission of clostridium difficile. | we recently attempted to clarify an increased incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) in our hospital by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-pcr) typing of isolates from 147 consecutive patients collected during a 12 month period (wullt et al. j hosp infect 1999;43:265-273). in the present study we compared the results based on previous ap-pcr data with those based on recent pcr ribotyping of the same isolates and re-analysis of a subset of isolates by ap-pcr ... | 2003 | 14529637 |
| novel roles for the rho subfamily of gtp-binding proteins in succinate-induced insulin secretion from betatc3 cells: further evidence in support of the succinate mechanism of insulin release. | we have previously demonstrated regulatory roles for rho subfamily of g-proteins in glucose- and calcium-induced insulin secretion. herein, we examined regulation by these proteins of insulin secretion from betatc3 cells elicited by mitochondrial fuels, such as the succinic acid methyl ester (same). preincubation of these cells with clostridium difficile toxin-b (200 ng/ml), which monoglucosylates and inactivates cdc42 and rac1, markedly decreased (> 70%) same-induced insulin secretion. furtherm ... | 2003 | 14535637 |
| molecular cloning, overexpression in escherichia coli, and purification of 6x his-tagged c-terminal domain of clostridium difficile toxins a and b. | genomic dna from ribotype-01 and -17 clostridium difficile strains was used for amplification of the sequences encoding the carboxy-terminal domain of toxins a (tcda) and b (tcdb). the deduced c-terminal tcdb ribotype-01 and -17 domains share 99.5% amino acid sequence identity while tcda ribotype-17 comprises a 607 amino acid deletion compared to tcda-01. when compared to previously sequenced c. difficile toxins, 99.3% amino acid identity was found between tcda-01 and tcda from strain vpi10643 a ... | 2003 | 14550648 |
| bacterial-associated diarrhea in the dog: a critical appraisal. | the clinical documentation of enteropathogenic bacteria causing diarrhea in dogs is clouded by the presence of many of these organisms existing as normal constituents of the indigenous intestinal flora. the diagnosis of a putative bacterial enteropathogen(s) in dogs should be made based on a combination of parameters, including signalment and predisposing factors, clinical signs, serologic assays for toxins, fecal culture, and pcr. relying on results of fecal culture alone is problematic, becaus ... | 2003 | 14552160 |
| involvement of cdc42 signaling in apoa-i-induced cholesterol efflux. | cholesterol efflux, an important mechanism by which high density lipoproteins (hdl) protect against atherosclerosis, is initiated by docking of apolipoprotein a-i (apoa-i), a major hdl protein, to specific binding sites followed by activation of atp-binding cassette transporter a1 (abca1) and translocation of cholesterol from intracellular compartments to the exofacial monolayer of the plasma membrane where it is accessible to hdl. in this report, we investigated potential signal transduction pa ... | 2003 | 14563854 |
| clostridium difficile pericarditis complicating pseudomembranous colitis in a trauma patient. | | 2003 | 14566136 |
| in vitro activities of a new des-fluoro(6) quinolone, garenoxacin, against clinical anaerobic bacteria. | the antimicrobial activities of garenoxacin and eight other antibiotics against 641 anaerobic isolates were evaluated with the nccls agar dilution method. overall, the mics of garenoxacin for 50 and 90% of the strains tested (in micrograms per milliliter) were as follows: bacteroides fragilis group, 0.5 and 2; prevotella spp., 0.25 and 2; fusobacterium spp., 0.25 and 0.5; porphyromonas spp., 0.125 and 0.25; bilophila wadsworthia, 0.5 and 1; veillonella spp., 0.25 and 0.5; clostridium spp., 0.25 ... | 2003 | 14576144 |
| signet-ring cell change versus signet-ring cell carcinoma: a comparative analysis. | signet-ring cell change (scc) is a nonneoplastic condition that morphologically simulates signet-ring cell carcinoma (srca). the few case reports on scc have focused on morphologic characteristics in distinguishing benign from malignant. in biopsy specimens, however, scc can be easily confused with srca, which often demonstrates innocuous cytologic features. the object of this study is twofold: 1) to report 14 additional cases of scc, comparing their morphologic and phenotypic features with that ... | 2003 | 14576475 |
| archival pcr-based diagnosis of clostridium difficile in piglets. | | 2003 | 14584577 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis during antibiotic therapy]. | the use of antibiotics is commonly accompanied by diarrhea: idiopathic diarrhea with a benign process and diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile and pseudomembranous colitis. clostridium difficile colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and produces a toxin in cases when normal flora is suppressed by antibiotics. pseudomembranous colitis most frequently appears after application of clindamycin, lincomycin, ampicillin, cephalosporins and other antibiotics. diagnosis is established after rectoscopi ... | 2003 | 14587259 |
| activity of three disinfectants and acidified nitrite against clostridium difficile spores. | to identify environmentally safe, rapidly acting agents for killing spores of clostridium difficile in the hospital environment. | 2003 | 14587940 |
| epithelial cell polarity alters rho-gtpase responses to pseudomonas aeruginosa. | pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that preferentially infects damaged epithelial tissues. previous studies have failed to distinguish whether the increased susceptibility of injured epithelium results from the loss of cell polarity or increased access to the basolateral surface. we have used confluent monolayers of madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells cultured on porous filter supports for 1-3 d as a model system to investigate whether the differentiation state of a pol ... | 2004 | 14595106 |
| clostridium difficile--not just a nosocomial infection. | | 2003 | 14596234 |
| molecular structure and evolution of the conjugative multiresistance plasmid pre25 of enterococcus faecalis isolated from a raw-fermented sausage. | plasmid pre25 from enterococcus faecalis transfers resistances against kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, tylosin, chloramphenicol, and nourseothricin sulfate by conjugation in vitro to e. faecalis jh2-2, lactococcus lactis bu2, and listeria innocua l19. its nucleotide sequence of 50237 base pairs represents the largest, fully sequenced conjugative multiresistance plasmid of enterococci (plasmid 46 (2001) 170). t ... | 2003 | 14597005 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with unexplained leukocytosis. | to determine whether unrecognized clostridium difficile infection is responsible for a substantial proportion of cases of unexplained leukocytosis in a tertiary care hospital setting. | 2003 | 14599633 |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile colonisation and toxin production. | to examine risk factors for patients becoming clostridium difficile culture and toxin positive. | 2003 | 14600008 |
| frequency of binary toxin genes among clostridium difficile strains that do not produce large clostridial toxins. | pathogenic strains of clostridium difficile commonly produce two large clostridial toxins (lcts), a and b, virulence factors responsible for c. difficile disease. some strains have been reported to produce an additional toxin, a binary toxin designated cdt. binary toxin has cytotoxic effects on cells in culture, but its role in human disease is not yet defined. in this study we examined the frequency of binary toxin genes (cdtb and cdta) among c. difficile isolates that do not produce lcts (a(-) ... | 2003 | 14605169 |
| human uterine epithelial rl95-2 cells reorganize their cytoplasmic architecture with respect to rho protein and f-actin in response to trophoblast binding. | embryo implantation is initiated by interaction of trophoblast with uterine epithelium via the apical cell poles of both partners. using spheroids of human trophoblastoid jar cells and monolayers of human uterine epithelial rl95-2 cells to simulate this initial interaction, we previously demonstrated that formation of stable cell-to-cell bonds depends on actin cytoskeleton (f-actin) and small gtpases of the rho family, most likely rhoa. in this study, we determined the apical as well as the basa ... | 2003 | 14605490 |
| development of an integrative vector for the expression of antisense rna in clostridium difficile. | a method was developed to use the conjugative transposon tn916 as a vector for introducing recombinant dna into clostridium difficile. this was used to introduce antisense rna for the adhesin encoding gene cwp66 into c. difficile 79-685. rt-pcr demonstrated that cwp66 specific antisense rna was produced. however, there was no statistically significant difference in the protein expression or in the adherence of recombinant c. difficile strains. this may be due to the amount of transcripts of the ... | 2003 | 14607405 |
| effects of sub-mic concentrations of antibiotics on growth of and toxin production by clostridium difficile. | effects on growth and toxin a production of sub-mic concentrations of six different antibiotics were investigated in three strains of clostridium difficile: reference strain nctc 11223, a fully sequenced strain (630) and a locally endemic isolate (strain 338a). the antibiotics chosen for investigation were the agents used to treat c. difficile-associated disease (cdad), i.e. vancomycin and metronidazole, and four antibiotics that are commonly involved in precipitating cdad (amoxycillin, clindamy ... | 2003 | 14614060 |
| incidence and importance of clostridium difficile in paediatric diarrhoea in brazil. | clostridium difficile strains were detected in 14 of 210 (6.7 %) faecal samples from children in rio de janeiro, brazil, by cultivating faeces on cycloserine/cefoxitin/fructose agar after alcohol-shock. two main groups of children were studied: inpatients (n = 96) and outpatients (n = 114). the inpatient group consisted of children on antibiotics or immunosuppressors who presented with diarrhoea and other children who did not present with diarrhoea and were not under an antibiotic or chemotherap ... | 2003 | 14614068 |
| cholera toxin protects against action by clostridium difficile toxin a. the role of antisecretory factor in intestinal secretion and inflammation in rat. | the protein antisecretory factor (af) inhibits intestinal fluid secretion induced by the cholera toxin (ct) and clostridium difficile toxin a (cda). the present work investigated whether ct-induced af protects against the enterotoxin action by cda. rats were pretreated perorally with ct or buffer as control, whereafter cda-induced fluid secretion and cytotoxicity was tested in vivo in ligated intestinal loops; the mucosal level of af was estimated using the western blot technique. rats given rep ... | 2003 | 14616550 |
| clindamycin-resistant, toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile strains cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea among children hospitalized in a hematology unit. | | 2003 | 14616719 |
| a european survey of diagnostic methods and testing protocols for clostridium difficile. | to conduct a survey of the methods used in clinical microbiology laboratories in europe to diagnose infection with clostridium difficile. | 2003 | 14616740 |
| prolonged ileus as a sole manifestation of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. | pseudomembranous colitis usually manifests as fever and diarrhea in hospitalized patients treated with systemic antibiotics. we present a case that represents a unique variant. | 2004 | 14618347 |
| moxifloxacin-induced clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | a 22-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with pneumonia, urinary tract infection, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis. after receiving moxifloxacin for 5 days, she experienced diarrhea with cramping and abdominal pain. she was diagnosed with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) after c. difficile toxin was identified in a stool specimen. metronidazole was begun, and the cdad resolved with continued moxifloxacin administration. virtually any antibiotic can lead to devel ... | 2003 | 14620398 |
| cyclic phosphatidic acid elicits neurotrophin-like actions in embryonic hippocampal neurons. | cyclic phosphatidic acid (cpa; 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-2,3-cyclic phosphate) is an analog of the growth factor-like phospholipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (lpa). as brain tissue is the richest source of cpa we tested its effects on hippocampal neurons from day 16/17 embryonic rat cultured in a serum-free medium. nanomolar concentrations of cpa elicited a neurotrophic effect and promoted neurite outgrowth that exceeded that of 50 ng/ml nerve growth factor (ngf). pertussis toxin, the lpa1/lpa3 rec ... | 2003 | 14622107 |
| activation of nf-kappab and il-8 by yersinia enterocolitica invasin protein is conferred by engagement of rac1 and map kinase cascades. | yersinia enterocolitica triggers activation of the nuclear factor (nf)-kappab and production of the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin (il)-8 in intestinal epithelial cells. this activation is due to adhesion of the bacteria via their outer membrane protein invasin to the host cells. using clostridium difficile toxins that specifically inactivate small gtpases, and transfection of inhibitory proteins of the rho-gtpases, we demonstrate that rac1, but not cdc42 or rho, is required for activatio ... | 2003 | 14641180 |
| [fungemia after oral treatment with saccharomyces boulardii in a patient with multiple comorbidities]. | a 48-year-old diabetic with multiple co-morbidities presented with generalized micro- and macroangiopathy including peripheral artery disease stage iv with necroses in several digits of both feet. he was admitted to the department of surgery for the insertion of femoropopliteal bypasses. | 2003 | 14648435 |
| evaluation of in vitro properties of di-tri-octahedral smectite on clostridial toxins and growth. | clostridial colitis and endotoxaemia of intestinal origin are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in horses. intestinal adsorbents are available for treatment of these conditions; however, little information exists supporting their use. | 2003 | 14649353 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin a and b genes from stool samples of thai diarrheal patients by polymerase chain reaction technique. | the prevalence of clostridium difficile isolated from stools of thai adult patients with suspected antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) was 18.64 per cent. the recovery rate of toxin genes (tcda and tcdb) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from stool samples yielded almost the same compared to the recovery rate of the toxin detection by enzyme immunoassay (eia), which were 44.9 per cent and 46.7 per cent, respectively. correlation of toxin gene detection by pcr and toxin detection by eia was 90. ... | 2003 | 14650710 |
| outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease in a small animal veterinary teaching hospital. | an apparent outbreak of enteric disease occurred in dogs and cats at a veterinary teaching hospital. clostridium difficile toxin a or b or both were identified in 1 or more fecal samples from 48 of 93 (52%) dogs over a 5-month period, 30 of which were identified in the 1st 26 days, after which strict infection control measures, including closure to elective cases, were implemented. affected animals included in-patients, out-patients that were housed temporarily in the wards, and resident blood d ... | 2003 | 14658717 |
| gene transfer into clostridium difficile cd630 and characterisation of its methylase genes. | ignorance of pathogenesis in clostridium difficile may be attributable to a lack of effective genetic tools. we have now shown that orit-based shuttle vectors may be conjugated from escherichia coli donors to the c. difficile strain cd630, at frequencies of around 10(-6) transconjugants per donor cell. transfer is unaffected by either sequences present on the vector or its methylation status. whilst the genome of this strain carries five methylase genes, there is no in silico or experimental evi ... | 2003 | 14659549 |
| prevention of fatal clostridium difficile-associated disease during continuous administration of clindamycin in hamsters. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) due to toxigenic strains is prevented in hamsters by colonization by nontoxigenic c. difficile after administration of clindamycin (cm). to prevent cdad during treatment with antibiotics, we gave a cm-resistant nontoxigenic c. difficile strain, m13 (minimal inhibitory concentration [mic], >256 microg/ml), and a cm-susceptible strain, m3 (mic, 0.5 microg/ml), to hamsters receiving cm daily for days 1-5. either m13 or m3 was given orogastrically (1 x ... | 2003 | 14673773 |
| [up-to-date clinical and experimental basis for the use of probiotics] | objective: to evaluate the potential of probiotics or biotherapeutic agents for the prevention and/or treatment of selected intestinal infections. methods: medline database was searched for all relevant articles between 1990 and february 1998. bibliographies of articles were also used. all animal experiments and placebo-controlled human studies were reviewed in order to provide information on the mechanisms of action, potential efficacy, or adverse effects of these biotherapeutic agents. results ... | 2000 | 14676925 |
| a novel method for rapidly diagnosing the causes of diarrhoea. | the microbiological diagnosis of infectious diarrhoea may take several days using conventional techniques. in order to determine whether flatus can be used to make a rapid diagnosis, the volatile organic compounds associated with diarrhoea were analysed. | 2004 | 14684577 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis] | objective: to alert about the pseudomembranous colitis in children, a consequence of the use of antibiotics. methods: this report is the result of the clinical follow-up of a patient with chronic diarrhea after the use of several antibiotics. the bibliography was obtained through medline system. results: case report of a girl two years and seven months old, previously healthy, with a clinical picture of chronic diarrhea with dysenteric characteristics after the use of antibiotics, associated wit ... | 1999 | 14685502 |
| the small gtp-binding protein rhoa regulates serotonin-induced na+-current response in the neurons of aplysia. | application of serotonin (5-ht) induces a slow inward current response in identified neurons of aplysia ganglia under voltage clamp. the 5-ht-induced current response was depressed in na+-free media, but augmented in ca2+-free media, and unaffected by a change in external k+. the 5-ht-induced response was markedly blocked by intracellular injection of guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) (gdpbetas). after the injection of guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) (gtpgammas), the responses to 5-ht gradu ... | 2004 | 14687879 |
| the role of rho and rho-dependent kinase in serotonin-induced contraction observed in bovine middle cerebral artery. | the current study was designed to characterize the role of rho and rho-dependent kinase (rho-kinase) in isometric contractile responses induced by serotonin (5-ht) and a solution containing 40 mm k(+) (high k(+)) in ring preparations of the middle cerebral artery of bovine. application of w-7, a ca(2+)-calmodulin inhibitor, reversibly and equally attenuated the amplitudes of contractions produced by both 5-ht and high k(+). similar effects were observed with ml-7, an inhibitor of myosin light ch ... | 2003 | 14690016 |
| pseudomembranous colitis caused by toxin a-negative/toxin b-positive variant strain of clostridium difficile. | we report the first case of pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) due to a toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive strain (toxin a variant strain) of clostridium difficile in japan. the toxin a variant strain of c. difficile is capable of causing pmc and is undetectable in clinical laboratories that use only toxin a immunoassays for c. difficile testing. if c. difficile-associated diarrhea is clinically suspected and toxin a is not detected, then the possibility of a toxin a variant strain should be conside ... | 2003 | 14691659 |
| [assessment of susceptibility to metronidazole and vancomycin of clostridium difficile strains isolated between 1998-2002]. | the drugs of choice used to treat c. diffcile associated diarrhoea (cdad) are metronidazole and vancomycin. c. difficile strains isolated in most laboratories are susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. communication about emergence of antimicrobial resistance among c. difficile strains in some countries to metronidazole and intermediate resistance to vancomycin are alarming. this study was performed to determine the susceptibility to metronidazole and vancomycin of 140 c. difficile strains ... | 2003 | 14702667 |
| how do we assess hospital cleaning? a proposal for microbiological standards for surface hygiene in hospitals. | increasing numbers of hospital-acquired infections have generated much attention over the last decade. the public has linked the so-called 'superbugs' with their experience of dirty hospitals, but the precise role of cleaning in the control of these organisms in unknown. hence the importance of a clean environment is likely to remain speculative unless it becomes an evidence-based science. this proposal is a call for bacteriological standards with which to assess clinical surface hygiene in hosp ... | 2004 | 14706265 |
| detergent versus hypochlorite cleaning and clostridium difficile infection. | | 2004 | 14706280 |
| clostridium difficile: towards a standard operating procedure. | | 2003 | 14708280 |
| mechanisms of internalization and recycling of the chemokine receptor, ccr5. | ccr5 is a g protein-coupled receptor that binds several natural chemokines but it is also a coreceptor for the entry of m tropic strains of hiv-1 into cells. levels of ccr5 on the cell surface are important for the rate of hiv-1 infection and are determined by a number of factors including the rates of ccr5 internalization and recycling. here we investigated the involvement of the actin cytoskeleton in the control of ligand-induced internalization and recycling of ccr5. cytochalasin d, an actin ... | 2004 | 14717692 |
| prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal complications in patients on mechanical ventilation. | there exists a complex, dynamic interaction between mechanical ventilation and the splanchnic vasculature that contributes to a myriad of gastrointestinal tract complications that arise during critical illness. positive pressure-induced splanchnic hypoperfusion appears to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of these complications, the most prevalent of which are stress-related mucosal damage, gastrointestinal hypomotility and diarrhea. furthermore, characteristics of the splanchnic vasculatu ... | 2003 | 14719992 |
| clostridium difficile colonization in healthy adults: transient colonization and correlation with enterococcal colonization. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the colonization status of clostridium difficile in healthy individuals. in total, 139 healthy adults from two study groups were examined at intervals of 3 months. among the 18 positive subjects, the number of subjects from whom c. difficile was isolated once, twice, three times or four times was 10 (55.6%), three (16.7%), two (11.1%) and three (16.7%), respectively. in the student group, different subjects were colonized by different pcr ribotype/ ... | 2004 | 14729940 |
| atypical protein kinase c (pkczeta/lambda) is a convergent downstream target of the insulin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and tc10 signaling pathways. | insulin stimulation of adipocytes resulted in the recruitment of atypical pkc (pkczeta/lambda) to plasma membrane lipid raft microdomains. this redistribution of pkczeta/lambda was prevented by clostridium difficile toxin b and by cholesterol depletion, but was unaffected by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol (pi) 3-kinase activity. expression of the constitutively active gtp-bound form of tc10 (tc10q/75l), but not the inactive gdp-bound mutant (tc10/t31n), targeted pkczeta/lambda to the plasma ... | 2004 | 14734537 |
| [antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the elderly]. | purpose: most of the antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) cases result from a transient disturbance in the function of the normal intestinal flora and are spontaneously solved when discontinuing the antibacterial therapy. however, a mild diarrhea lasting several days may induce a dehydration or worsen a denutrition in frail elderly people. current knowledge and key points: the incidence of aad varies between 5 and 25% depending on the concerned antibiotic. only 10-20% of all aad cases are caused ... | 2004 | 14736560 |
| outpatient total laparoscopic hysterectomy. | to assess the safety of and patient satisfaction with total laparoscopic hysterectomy as an outpatient procedure. | 2003 | 14738633 |
| [sudden death of twins: botulism because of contamination by pap vegetables]. | botulism is caused by the blockage of the neural transmission in the cholinergic synapses by botulinum neurotoxin (bont) which is produced by clostridium botulinum or other clostridia. the classic form of botulism occurs after the ingestion of food contaminated by bont. the course of the infection can be asymptomatic, mild with subtle paralysis ("failure to thrive") oder severe with generalized paralysis ("floppy infant"). infected infants can also die sudden and unexpectedly. these deaths often ... | 2004 | 14747969 |
| cases from the osler medical service at johns hopkins university. | a 47-year-old white woman with a history of stage iii squamous cell carcinoma of the anus was transferred to johns hopkins hospital for further evaluation of renal failure, hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia. the patient was first diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the anus 1 year before admission. she was treated with external beam radiation of the pelvis and two cycles of mitomycin c-based chemotherapy (a cumulative dose, 34 mg/m(2)). her clinical course was complicated by clostridi ... | 2004 | 14749166 |
| the role of bacterial and non-bacterial toxins in the induction of changes in membrane transport: implications for diarrhea. | bacterial toxins induce changes in membrane transport which underlie the loss of electrolyte homeostasis associated with diarrhea. bacterial- and their secreted toxin-types which have been linked with diarrhea include: (a) vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin, e1 tor hemolysin and accessory cholera enterotoxin); (b) escherichia coli (heat stable enterotoxin, heat-labile enterotoxin and colicins); (c) shigella dysenteriae (shiga-toxin); (d) clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens enterotoxin, alpha-tox ... | 2003 | 14757199 |
| clostridium difficile-associated reactive arthritis in two children. | in adults, reactive arthritis (rea) following clostridium difficile-enterocolitis has been documented. in children, only one case of c. difficile-associated rea has been reported. we now describe two other cases of rea associated with c. difficile in children. the characteristics of rea due to c. difficile appear to be similar in adults and children. both children show polyarthritis after an episode of diarrhoea with positive stool cultures for c. difficile. arthritis is asymmetrical with a self ... | 2004 | 14769523 |
| role of phospholipase d1 in the regulation of mtor activity by lysophosphatidic acid. | mitogens activate protein translation through phosphorylation of p7s6 kinase (p70(s6k)) and eif4e binding protein 1 (4e-bp1) mediated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (pi3k). a recent report (science 294, 1942, 2001) has implicated phospholipase d (pld) in mtor signaling. we studied the role of pld in the phosphorylation of p70(s6k) and 4e-bp1 induced by lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) and platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf) using fibroblasts deficient in pl ... | 2004 | 14769825 |
| coinfection with giardia lamblia and clostridium difficile after use of ranitidine. | a 49-year-old man presented with a 3-week history of vomiting and diarrhea. he reported foamy stools but no blood or melena and had crampy epigastric pain. he denied usage of antibiotics. he had been taking ranitidine for intermittent epigastric pain for the last few months and noted an 11-pound weight loss during the 3 weeks before admission. stool was positive for clostridium difficile toxin and giardia lamblia antigen. cultures and occult blood tests were negative. oral metronidazole, 500 mg ... | 2004 | 14770026 |
| increase in the rate of nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea during shortages of piperacillin-tazobactam and piperacillin. | | 2004 | 14963072 |
| immunological detection and cytotoxic properties of toxins from toxin a-positive, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile variants. | clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen and a causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. pcr analysis of the toxin a and b genes of this bacterium has revealed 20 variant types (toxinotypes i-xx), many of which can cause human disease. strains comprising the 15 toxin a-positive, toxin b-positive toxinotypes are not usually differentiated from non-variant strains by routine laboratories that do not utilize pcr tests. consequently, the toxins from ... | 2004 | 14970244 |
| essential involvement of ifn-gamma in clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis. | clostridium difficile has emerged as the important causative agent of antibiotics-associated pseudomembranous colitis; especially its toxin a is presumed to be responsible for the colitis. we examined the pathophysiological roles of ifn-gamma in toxin a-induced enteritis using ifn-gamma knockout (ko) mice. when toxin a of c. difficile was injected into the ileal loops of balb/c wild-type (wt) mice, massive fluid secretion, disruption of intestinal epithelial structure, and massive neutrophil inf ... | 2004 | 14978106 |
| isolated gastrointestinal histoplasmosis: case report and review of the literature. | the usual manifestation of histoplasmosis is in the form of respiratory illness. we report the case of a 67-year-old man who presented with chronic diarrhea and did not respond to the conventional treatment, including that for clostridium difficile. he was found to have isolated colonic histoplasmosis infection, which was treated with itraconazole. there was no evidence of any disseminated disease. his only immunocompromised state was end-stage renal disease, for which he was on chronic hemodial ... | 2004 | 14982268 |
| outbreak of clostridium difficile infection in a long-term care facility: association with gatifloxacin use. | to determine the cause of an increase in the rate of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in a long-term care facility (ltcf), we analyzed cdad cases among ltcf patients from october 2001 through june 2002. cdad cases were identified from review of all enzyme immunoassays positive for c. difficile toxin a. the increase coincided with a formulary change from levofloxacin to gatifloxacin. we performed a case-control study in which we randomly selected control subjects from 612 ltcf adm ... | 2004 | 14986246 |
| clindamycin, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: this is an antimicrobial resistance problem. | | 2004 | 14986247 |
| ionizing radiation-induced e-selectin gene expression and tumor cell adhesion is inhibited by lovastatin and all-trans retinoic acid. | e-selectin mediated tumor cell adhesion plays an important role in metastasis. here we show that ionizing radiation (ir) induces e-selectin gene and protein expression in human endothelial cells at therapeutically relevant dose level. e-selectin expression is accompanied by an increase in the adhesion of human colon carcinoma cells to primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvec). the hmg-coa reductase inhibitor lovastatin impairs ir-stimulated e-selectin expression as analyzed at the l ... | 2004 | 14988223 |
| phase i and pharmacokinetic study of topotecan administered orally once daily for 5 days for 2 consecutive weeks to pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors. | we conducted a phase i trial of the injectable formulation of topotecan given orally once daily for 5 days for 2 consecutive weeks (qd x 5 x 2) in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors. | 2004 | 14990638 |
| successful treatment with rifampin for fulminant antibiotics-associated colitis in a patient with non-hodgkin's lymphoma. | a 74-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of chemotherapy for relapsed non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl). the patient became febrile and experienced diarrhea after chemotherapy. although ceftazidime and amikacin sulfate were administered as empiric therapy, diarrhea was continued. after several days, stool cytotoxin assay for clostridium difficile (c. difficile) was positive and he was diagnosed as having antibiotics-associated colitis (aac). although antibiotics were discontinued and bo ... | 2004 | 14991957 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in children with cystic fibrosis. | | 2004 | 14992445 |
| images in clinical medicine. nodular clostridium difficile colitis. | | 2004 | 14999125 |
| characterization of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile isolates from outbreaks in different countries by amplified fragment length polymorphism and pcr ribotyping. | clinical clostridium difficile isolates of patients with diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis usually produce both toxin a and toxin b, but an increasing number of reports mention infections due to toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive (a(-)/b(+)) strains. thirty-nine clinical toxin a(-)/b(+) isolates, and 12 other unrelated isolates were obtained from canada, the united states, poland, the united kingdom, france, japan, and the netherlands. the isolates were investigated by high-resolution genetic ... | 2004 | 15004050 |
| performance assessment of the fecal leukocyte test for inpatients. | traditionally, fecal leukocyte testing detects large bowel inflammation or disruption, conditions that allow leukocytes into the stool. however, test usefulness with inpatients is unclear. two hundred five inpatients who had undergone one to three tests were identified, and their flt results were compared to their gastrointestinal disease diagnoses at time of discharge. a specificity of 92% for detecting intact colonic mucosae in inpatients was found. | 2004 | 15004086 |
| the large resolvase tnpx is the only transposon-encoded protein required for transposition of the tn4451/3 family of integrative mobilizable elements. | chloramphenicol resistance in clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile is often encoded by catp genes located within the 6.3 kb integrative mobilizable elements tn4451 and tn4453 respectively. this family of transposons is capable of being mobilized into a recipient cell in the presence of another conjugative element. transposition is mediated by the large resolvase tnpx, which excises the element to produce a circular molecule that is the integrative intermediate. in this study, in viv ... | 2004 | 15009902 |
| rectal nitric oxide gas and stool cytokine levels during the course of infectious gastroenteritis. | nitric oxide (no) is known to be an important inflammatory mediator with a potential role in gastrointestinal diseases. we prospectively studied the luminal no levels in 51 patients with infectious gastroenteritis, 35 patients with nonenteric bacterial infections, and 11 healthy control subjects. the levels of proinflammatory cytokines were simultaneously measured in the stools of patients with gastroenteritis. rectal gas was sampled with balloon catheters made of silicone and was analyzed for n ... | 2004 | 15013971 |
| klebsiella oxytoca as an agent of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. | klebsiella oxytoca has been isolated from stools and colonic biopsy specimens of patients with clostridium difficile-negative antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis (aahc), but the pathogenic role of the germ has not been established. the purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of k. oxytoca in patients with aahc from a prospective cohort of patients with acute colitis, and to test the cytotoxicity on hep-2 cells of k. oxytoca strains from patients with aahc and healthy carriers ... | 2003 | 15017655 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with valaciclovir. | to report a case of clostridium difficile colitis associated with valaciclovir treatment. | 2004 | 15018252 |
| clostridium difficile-the next step in mandatory reporting. | | 2004 | 15019217 |
| [characteristics of post antibiotic clostridium difficile and staphylococcus aureus diarrhoea]. | | 2004 | 15029014 |
| gp91phox-containing nadph oxidase mediates endothelial dysfunction in renovascular hypertension. | isoforms of the nadph oxidase contribute to vascular superoxide anion (*o2-) formation and limit no bioavailability. we hypothesized that the endothelial gp91phox-containing nadph oxidase is predominant in generating the o2- to scavenge endothelial no and thus is responsible for the development of endothelial dysfunction. | 2004 | 15037533 |
| study of faecal shedding of clostridium difficile in horses treated with penicillin. | | 2004 | 15038443 |
| active and passive immunization against clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. | clostridium difficile, a gram-positive bacterium, is the major cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea and colitis in industrialized nations. c. difficile colonization results from antibiotic administration and subsequent loss of protection provided by intestinal flora. c. difficile induced-colitis is caused by the release of two exotoxins, toxin a and b. host factors including advanced age, pre-existing severe illness and weakened immune defenses predispose individuals to symptomatic inf ... | 2004 | 15040937 |
| alpha c protein of group b streptococcus binds host cell surface glycosaminoglycan and enters cells by an actin-dependent mechanism. | group b streptococcus (gbs) colonizes mucosal surfaces of the human gastrointestinal and gynecological tracts and causes disease in a wide range of patients. invasive illness occurs after organisms traverse an epithelial boundary and enter deeper tissues. previously we have reported that the alpha c protein (acp) on the surface of gbs mediates gbs entry into me180 cervical epithelial cells and gbs translocation across layers of these cells. we now demonstrate that acp interacts with host cell gl ... | 2004 | 15044471 |
| phospholipid analogue profiles of peptostreptococcus, micromonas, and finegoldia species analysed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. | species of peptostreptococcus cause a variety of infections, primarily abscesses of soft tissues, joints, and mucous membranes. the aim of this study was to compare the phospholipid analogue profiles of peptostreptococcus species, represented by p. anaerobius, p. asaccharolyticus, p. indolicus, p. lacrimalis, and p. prevotii; micromonas micros (p. micros) and finegoldia magna (p. magnus). after anaerobic growth on blood-faa, lipids extracted by chloroform-methanol (2:1 v/v) were purified, then a ... | 2001 | 15049457 |
| infectious enteritis after intestinal transplantation: incidence, timing, and outcome. | to review the incidence, timing, and outcome of infectious enteritis after intestinal transplantation (it). | 2004 | 15050165 |
| clostridium difficile istron cdist1: discovery of a variant encoding two complete transposase-like proteins. | screening a clostridium difficile strain collection for the chimeric element cdist1, we identified two additional variants, designated cdist1-0 and cdist1-iii. in in vitro assays, we could prove the self-splicing ribozyme activity of these variants. structural comparison of all known cdist1 variants led us to define four types of istrons that we designated cdist1-0 through cdist1-iii. since cdist1-0 encodes two complete transposase-like proteins (tlpa and tlpb), we suggest that it represents the ... | 2004 | 15060058 |
| index of suspicion. | | 2004 | 15060182 |
| the rac/cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor beta1pix enhances mastoparan-activated gi-dependent pathway in mast cells. | carbachol stimulates granule exocytosis, phospholipase c (plc), and phospholipase d (pld) in rbl-2h3hm1 mast cells by a mechanism that involves galphaq. however, mastoparan stimulates the same responses through gi protein. both gi and galphaq pathways are suppressed by clostridium difficile toxin b, suggesting that rac and cdc42 small gtpases are also involved. over-expression of beta1pix, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for rac and cdc42, enhances mastoparan-but not carbachol-induced hexos ... | 2004 | 15063769 |
| detergent versus hypochlorite cleaning and clostridium difficile infection. | | 2004 | 15066750 |
| descriptive study of intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile diarrhoea (cdd) cases treated with intravenous immunoglobulin during a 2 year period were reviewed to determine disease severity and response to treatment. | 2004 | 15073160 |
| inhibition and redistribution of nhe3, the apical na+/h+ exchanger, by clostridium difficile toxin b. | nhe3, the apical isoform of the na(+)/h(+) exchanger, is central to the absorption of salt and water across the intestinal epithelium. we report that treatment of epithelial cells with toxin b of clostridium difficile, a diarrheal pathogen, causes a pronounced inhibition of nhe3 activity, with little effect on the basolateral nhe1 isoform. depression of nhe3 activity is accompanied by the translocation of apical exchangers to a subapical endomembrane compartment. treatment of cells with toxin b ... | 2004 | 15078917 |