| diagonal walking in captive infant vervet monkeys. | the frequency of use of diagonal walking by three motorically immature vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) is discussed. the subjects were housed at the balcones research center (austin, texas) and ranged from 15-105 days of age. mixed longitudinal data taken from film indicated that lateral walknig was the first gait employed by the infant vervets studied, but that diagonal walking completely replaced lateral walking by 81 days of age. these data were compared with those of captive infant m ... | 1982 | 31995905 |
| effects of storage in recovery media on sublethally heated polio and echo viruses. | in vitro renaturation of heat-denatured virus particles was studied using poliovirus type 1, strain chat and echovirus type 6, strain d'amori. six recovery media were chosen to simulate heat-processed foods and mildly processed or raw foods and to represent a range of compositions. virus was suspended in four heating media and processed to various degrees of inactivation. after cooling, the stressed virus was resuspended in the recovery media and incubated at 30 c for up to 7 days. titers were d ... | 1981 | 30856757 |
| technical note: urine collection from vervet monkeys by instrumental conditioning. | gang-caged adult male vervet monkeys were trained to urinate on demand into a plastic beaker by positive reinforcement (peanut rewards). the animals were not separated from their social group during training or sampling. | 1981 | 31995942 |
| postnatal differentiation of leydig cells in the african green monkey. | at two years of age the interstitial tissue of cercopithecus aethiops is composed principally of undifferentiated, fibroblast-like cells. also present during this time are scattered differentiating leydig cells, which are characterized by a large nucleus, numerous mitochondria, elements of smooth reticulum, and small cisternae of rough reticulum. a mean level of 1.69 ± 0.66 ng/ml of testosterone was found. at three years leydig cells are much more numerous and developed; since all the elements o ... | 1981 | 31995928 |
| biological characteristics and patterns of codon usage evolution for the african genotype zika virus. | we investigated temporal trends of codon usage changes for different host species to determine their importance in zika virus (zikv) evolution. viral spillover resulting from the potential of codon adaptation to host genome was also assessed for the african genotype zikv in comparison to the asian genotype. to improve our understanding on its zoonotic maintenance, we evaluated in vitro the biological properties of the african genotype zikv in vertebrate and mosquito cell lines. analyses were per ... | 2020 | 33202554 |
| susceptibility of immortalized porcine kidney macrophages to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 infection. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) displays restricted tropism to porcine alveolar macrophages in nature. meanwhile, non-porcine cell lines derived from african green monkey kidney cell lines are permissive to prrsv, resulting in their widespread use in prrsv research. furthermore, genetically modified cell lines expressing receptors targeted by prrsv have been established. we previously established porcine immortalized kidney-derived macrophages (ipkms) that maintained ... | 2020 | 33238183 |
| development and characterization of a cdna-launch recombinant simian hemorrhagic fever virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein: orf 2b' is not required for in vitro virus replication. | simian hemorrhagic fever virus (shfv) causes acute, lethal disease in macaques. we developed a single-plasmid cdna-launch infectious clone of shfv (rshfv) and modified the clone to rescue an enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing rshfv-egfp that can be used for rapid and quantitative detection of infection. shfv has a narrow cell tropism in vitro, with only the grivet ma-104 cell line and a few other grivet cell lines being susceptible to virion entry and permissive to infection. using rs ... | 2021 | 33917085 |
| detection and quantification of african swine fever virus in ma-104 cells. | detection of live african swine fever virus (asfv) has historically relied on the use of primary swine macrophages (psm). psm do not replicate and have to be isolated fresh from donor swine. we previously identified that a ma-104 cells (atcc #crl-2378.1), a commercially available cell line isolated from african green monkey ( cercopithecus aethiops ) kidney epithelial cells, supports the detection of asfv from field samples with a sensitivity comparable to that of primary swine macrophages. coll ... | 2021 | 33855107 |
| resveratrol and pterostilbene inhibit sars-cov-2 replication in air-liquid interface cultured human primary bronchial epithelial cells. | the current covid-19 pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and has an enormous impact on human health and economy. in search for therapeutic options, researchers have proposed resveratrol, a food supplement with known antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties as an advantageous antiviral therapy for sars-cov-2 infection. here, we provide evidence that both resveratrol and its metabolically more stable structural analog, pterostilbene, e ... | 2021 | 34372541 |
| treatment with dry hydrogen peroxide accelerates the decay of severe acute syndrome coronavirus-2 on non-porous hard surfaces. | disinfection of contaminated or potentially contaminated surfaces has become an integral part of the mitigation strategies for controlling coronavirus disease 2019. whilst a broad range of disinfectants are effective in inactivating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), application of disinfectants has a low throughput in areas that receive treatments. disinfection of large surface areas often involves the use of reactive microbiocidal materials, including ultraviolet ger ... | 2021 | 34273464 |
| animal models of covid-19 ii. comparative immunology. | developing strong animal models is essential for furthering our understanding of how the immune system functions in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection. the alarming speed at which sars-cov-2 has spread, and the high mortality rate of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), has required both basic science and clinical research to move at an unprecedented pace. models previously developed to study the immune response against sars-cov have been ra ... | 2021 | 33914873 |
| overcoming culture restriction for sars-cov-2 in human cells facilitates the screening of compounds inhibiting viral replication. | efforts to mitigate the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic include the screening of existing antiviral molecules that could be repurposed to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infections. although sars-cov-2 replicates and propagates efficiently in african green monkey kidney (vero) cells, antivirals such as nucleos(t)ide analogs (nucs) often show decreased activity in these cells due to inefficient metabolization. sars-cov-2 exhibits low viability in hu ... | 2021 | 33903110 |
| animal models of covid-19. i. comparative virology and disease pathogenesis. | the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic has fueled unprecedented development of animal models to understand disease pathogenesis, test therapeutics, and support vaccine development. models previously developed to study severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) have been rapidly deployed to study sars-cov-2. however, it has become clear that despite the common use of ace2 as a receptor for both viruses, the host range of the 2 viruses does not entirely overlap. distinct ac ... | 2021 | 33836527 |
| use of convalescent serum reduces severity of covid-19 in nonhuman primates. | passive transfer of convalescent plasma or serum is a time-honored strategy for treating infectious diseases. human convalescent plasma containing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is currently being used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 where clinical efficacy trials are ongoing. here, we assess therapeutic passive transfer in groups of sars-cov-2-infected african green monkeys with convalescent sera containing either high or low anti ... | 2021 | 33662255 |
| single-cell rna sequencing reveals sars-cov-2 infection dynamics in lungs of african green monkeys. | detailed knowledge about the dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection is important for uncovering the viral and host factors that contribute to coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pathogenesis. old-world nonhuman primates recapitulate mild to moderate cases of covid-19, thereby serving as important pathogenesis models. we compared african green monkeys inoculated with infectious sars-cov-2 or irradiated, inactivated virus to study the dynamics of virus r ... | 2021 | 33431511 |
| establishment of an african green monkey model for covid-19 and protection against re-infection. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is responsible for an unprecedented global pandemic of covid-19. animal models are urgently needed to study the pathogenesis of covid-19 and to screen vaccines and treatments. we show that african green monkeys (agms) support robust sars-cov-2 replication and develop pronounced respiratory disease, which may more accurately reflect human covid-19 cases than other nonhuman primate species. sars-cov-2 was detected in mucosal samples, inc ... | 2020 | 33235385 |
| porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces vero cell apoptosis via the p53-puma signaling pathway. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is the causative agent of swine epidemic diarrhea. in order to study the pathogenic mechanism of pedv, pedv was inoculated into vero cells cultured in vitro, and the total rna of vero cells was extracted to construct a library for illumina high-throughput sequencing and screening of differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05). five differentially expressed genes for qrt-pcr verification analysis were randomly selected, and the verification results were consis ... | 2021 | 34202551 |
| previously published ethno-pharmacological reports reveal the potentiality of plants and plant-derived products used as traditional home remedies by bangladeshi covid-19 patients to combat sars-cov-2. | several plants have traditionally been used since antiquity to treat various gastroenteritis and respiratory symptoms similar to covid-19 outcomes. the common symptoms of covid-19 include fever or chills, cold, cough, flu, headache, diarrhoea, tiredness/fatigue, sore throat, loss of taste or smell, asthma, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing, etc. this study aims to find out the plants and plant-derived products which are being used by the covid-19 infected patients in bangladesh and ho ... | 2021 | 34305428 |
| in vitro activity of human recombinant alpha-2b interferon against sars-cov-2 virus. | the pandemic spread of a new coronavirus infection, covid-19, has caused a global emergency and attracted the attention of public health professionals and the population of all countries. a significant increase in the number of new cases of sars-cov-2 infection demonstrates the urgency of finding drugs effective against this pathogen.the aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro antiviral efficacy of human recombinant alpha-2b interferon (ifn-α2b) against sars-cov-2 virus. | 2021 | 33993682 |
| characterization of the sars-cov-2 neutralization potential of covid-19-convalescent donors. | the current sars-cov-2 pandemic has triggered the development of various sars-cov-2 neutralization tests. a wild-type virus (using african green monkey veroe6 cells), a pseudovirus (using human caco-2 cells), and a surrogate neutralization test platform were applied to characterize the sars-cov-2 neutralization potential of a cohort of 111 convalescent plasma donors over a period of seven months after diagnosis. this allowed an in-depth validation and assay performance analysis of these platform ... | 2021 | 33980583 |
| a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase iii clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sars-cov-2 vaccine (inactivated, vero cell): a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. | the primary objective is to evaluate the efficacy of an inactivated and aluminium hydroxide adsorbed sars-cov-2 vaccine (sinovac, china) in voluntary participants after 14 days of the second dose against rt-pcr confirmed symptomatic covid-19 cases. the secondary objectives include evaluating the efficacy after at least one dose of the vaccine against rt-pcr confirmed symptomatic covid-19 cases; the efficacy of two doses of the vaccine on the rates of hospitalization and death; the safety of the ... | 2021 | 33849629 |
| prodrugs of a 1'-cn-4-aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine c-nucleoside leading to the discovery of remdesivir (gs-5734) as a potent inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus with efficacy in the african green monkey model of rsv. | a discovery program targeting respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) identified c-nucleoside 4 (rsv a2 ec50 = 530 nm) as a phenotypic screening lead targeting the rsv rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp). prodrug exploration resulted in the discovery of remdesivir (1, gs-5734) that is >30-fold more potent than 4 against rsv in hep-2 and nhbe cells. metabolism studies in vitro confirmed the rapid formation of the active triphosphate metabolite, 1-ntp, and in vivo studies in cynomolgus and african green ... | 2021 | 33835812 |
| development of a coronavirus disease 2019 nonhuman primate model using airborne exposure. | airborne transmission is predicted to be a prevalent route of human exposure with sars-cov-2. aside from african green monkeys, nonhuman primate models that replicate airborne transmission of sars-cov-2 have not been investigated. a comparative evaluation of covid-19 in african green monkeys, rhesus macaques, and cynomolgus macaques following airborne exposure to sars-cov-2 was performed to determine critical disease parameters associated with disease progression, and establish correlations betw ... | 2021 | 33529233 |
| infection, dissemination, and transmission efficiencies of zika virus in aedes aegypti after serial passage in mosquito or mammalian cell lines or alternating passage in both cell types. | zika virus (zikv) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) with an urban transmission cycle that primarily involves humans and aedes aegypti. evidence suggests that the evolution of some arboviruses is constrained by their dependency on alternating between disparate (vertebrate and invertebrate) hosts. the goals of this study are to compare the genetic changes that occur in zikv after serial passaging in mosquito or vertebrate cell lines or alternate passaging in both cell types and to compare th ... | 2021 | 34006306 |
| dengue, yellow fever, zika and chikungunya epidemic arboviruses in brazil: ultrastructural aspects. | the impact of arbovirus cocirculation in brazil is unknown. dengue virus (denv) reinfection may result in more intense viraemia or immunopathology, leading to more severe disease. the zika virus (zikv) epidemic in the americas provided pathogenicity evidence that had not been previously observed in flavivirus infections. in contrast to other flaviviruses, electron microscopy studies have shown that zikv may replicate in viroplasm-like structures. flaviviruses produce an ensemble of structurally ... | 2021 | 33566939 |
| ifitms of african green monkey can inhibit replication of sftsv but not mnv in vitro. | interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (ifitms) are transmembrane proteins induced by interferon that can provide broad-spectrum antiviral activities. however, there are few reports on the antiviral activity of monkey-derived ifitms. in this study, the ifitm1 and ifitm3 genes of african green monkey (agm) were cloned and overexpressed in vero cells, followed by infection with mouse norovirus (mnv) and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (sftsv). the results showed that monkey if ... | 2020 | 33185509 |
| development of a simian rna polymerase i promoter-driven reverse genetics for the rescue of recombinant rift valley fever virus from vero cells. | rift valley fever (rvf), which has been designated as a priority disease by the world health organization (who), is one of the most pathogenic zoonotic diseases endemic to africa and the arabian peninsula. human vaccine preparation requires the use of appropriate cell substrates to support efficient production of seed vaccine with minimum concerns of tumorigenicity, oncogenicity, or adventitious agents. vero cells, which were derived from the african green monkey kidney, represent one of the few ... | 2021 | 33441343 |
| sendai virus-vectored vaccines that express envelope glycoproteins of respiratory viruses. | human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), and human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are leading causes of respiratory disease in young children, the elderly, and individuals of all ages with immunosuppression. vaccination strategies against these pneumoviruses and paramyxoviruses are vast in number, yet no licensed vaccines are available. here, we review development of sendai virus (sev), a versatile pediatric vaccine that can (a) serve as a jennerian vaccine against ... | 2021 | 34072332 |
| cd32+cd4+ t cells sharing b cell properties increase with simian immunodeficiency virus replication in lymphoid tissues. | cd4 t cell responses constitute an important component of adaptive immunity and are critical regulators of anti-microbial protection. cd4+ t cells expressing cd32a have been identified as a target for hiv. cd32a is an fcγ receptor known to be expressed on myeloid cells, granulocytes, b cells and nk cells. little is known about the biology of cd32+cd4+ t cells. our goal was to understand the dynamics of cd32+cd4+ t cells in tissues. we analyzed these cells in the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, ileum ... | 2021 | 34220857 |
| role of nkg2a/c+cd8+ t cells in pathogenic versus non-pathogenic siv infections. | some viruses have established an equilibrium with their host. african green monkeys (agm) display persistent high viral replication in the blood and intestine during simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection but resolve systemic inflammation after acute infection and lack intestinal immune or tissue damage during chronic infection. we show that nkg2a/c+cd8+ t cells increase in the blood and intestine of agm in response to sivagm infection in contrast to sivmac infection in macaques, the latt ... | 2021 | 33870131 |
| dna methylation changes in metabolic and immune-regulatory pathways in blood and lymph node cd4 + t cells in response to siv infections. | the molecular mechanisms underlying hiv-induced inflammation, which persists even during effective long-term treatment, remain incompletely defined. here, we studied pathogenic and nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infections in macaques and african green monkeys, respectively. we longitudinally analyzed genome-wide dna methylation changes in cd4 + t cells from lymph node and blood, using arrays. dna methylation changes after siv infection were more pronounced in lymph nodes than ... | 2020 | 33298174 |