| first case report of an acute hepatitis e subgenotype 3c infection during pregnancy in germany. | hepatitis e is usually a self-limiting disease and an important cause of acute hepatitis in endemic countries in asia and africa. however, the mortality rate for pregnant women infected with hepatitis e virus (hev) in this area is about 25%. in germany, sporadic cases of acute hepatitis e infections have been described and the number of autochthonous infections is increasing. here we report an autochthonous hev subgenotype 3c infection in a 27-year old pregnant woman. this is the first documente ... | 2014 | 24996764 |
| hepatitis e virus seroprevalence in the united states: no easy answers. | | 2015 | 24995930 |
| hepatitis e virus seroprevalence in the national health and nutrition examination survey: facts trump opinion. | | 2015 | 24995541 |
| consensus proposals for classification of the family hepeviridae. | the family hepeviridae consists of positive-stranded rna viruses that infect a wide range of mammalian species, as well as chickens and trout. a subset of these viruses infects humans and can cause a self-limiting acute hepatitis that may become chronic in immunosuppressed individuals. current published descriptions of the taxonomical divisions within the family hepeviridae are contradictory in relation to the assignment of species and genotypes. through analysis of existing sequence information ... | 2014 | 24989172 |
| consensus proposals for classification of the family hepeviridae. | the family hepeviridae consists of positive-stranded rna viruses that infect a wide range of mammalian species, as well as chickens and trout. a subset of these viruses infects humans and can cause a self-limiting acute hepatitis that may become chronic in immunosuppressed individuals. current published descriptions of the taxonomical divisions within the family hepeviridae are contradictory in relation to the assignment of species and genotypes. through analysis of existing sequence information ... | 2014 | 24989172 |
| occurrence of hepatitis e virus infection in acute hepatitis in thailand. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is one of the enterically transmitted types of hepatitis. the present study was undertaken to estimate the occurrence of hev infection in sporadic acute hepatitis in thailand. serum samples were obtained from 614 suspected acute hepatitis patients at two large hospitals in bangkok during 2008, 2009, and 2011. acute hepatitis e was identified by the presence of anti-hev igm (4.8%) using indirect elisa kits and/or hev rna (4.5%) by a semi-nested reverse transcript ... | 2014 | 24984976 |
| assessment of airborne virus contamination in wastewater treatment plants. | occupational exposure to bioaerosols in wastewater treatment plants (wwtp) and its consequence on workers' health are well documented. most studies were devoted to enumerating and identifying cultivable bacteria and fungi, as well as measuring concentrations of airborne endotoxins, as these are the main health-related factors found in wwtp. surprisingly, very few studies have investigated the presence and concentrations of airborne virus in wwtp. however, many enteric viruses are present in wast ... | 2014 | 24981824 |
| hepatitis e virus seroprevalence among blood donors in jiangsu province, east china. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is responsible for over 50% of acute viral hepatitis cases, and the blood transfusion route has emerged as a possible means of sporadic hev infection. the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of hev among blood donors in east china. | 2014 | 24981426 |
| incidence and natural history of hepatitis e virus coinfection among hiv-infected patients. | to know the prevalence, incidence and factors associated with hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in hiv-infected individuals in spain, as well as to provide information on the natural history of hiv/hev coinfection. | 2014 | 24979724 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplantations are at risk of acquiring acute hepatitis e virus (hev) infection, leading to chronicity. we review the incidence, sequela, extrahepatic manifestations, and treatment of hepatitis due to hev infection in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allohsct) recipients. | 2014 | 24977683 |
| chronic hepatitis e in solid-organ transplantation: the key implications of immunosuppressants. | solid-organ recipients infected with hepatitis e virus (hev) bear an extremely high risk of developing chronic hepatitis, although this virus only causes acute infection in the general population. immunosuppressive medication universally used after transplantation to prevent organ rejection appears to be a main risk factor for developing chronic infection. this review aims to overview and emphasize the current clinical and experimental evidence regarding the key implications of immunosuppressant ... | 2014 | 24977682 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection in general population in rural durango, mexico. | the seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in rural areas in mexico has been poorly studied. | 2014 | 24976837 |
| seroprevalence and evolutionary dynamics of genotype 4 hepatitis e virus in shandong province, china. | to investigate the seroprevalence and evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis e virus (hev) and assess the ancestor of hevs in china's shandong province. | 2014 | 24976732 |
| estimation of hepatitis e virus (hev) pig seroprevalence using elisa and western blot and comparison between human and pig hev sequences in belgium. | zoonotic transmission of hepatitis e virus (hev) is of special concern, particularly in high income countries were waterborne infections are less frequent than in developing countries. high hev seroprevalences can be found in european pig populations. the aims of this study were to obtain prevalence data on hev infection in swine in belgium and to phylogenetically compare belgian human hev sequences with those obtained from swine. an elisa screening prevalence of 73% (95% ci 68.8-77.5) was deter ... | 2014 | 24975642 |
| genetic characterization and serological prevalence of swine hepatitis e virus in shandong province, china. | hepatitis e virus (hev), the causative agent of hepatitis e, is classified into four major genotypes (1 to 4) and swine is the main natural reservoir for genotypes 3 and 4. in this study, a total of 106 bile samples from a slaughterhouse in the shandong province of china were tested for the partial orf2 gene of hev by rt-npcr to determine the virus genotypes, and two indirect elisa were developed for the detection of swine hev specific igm and igg antibodies in 980 serum samples from 24 farms, i ... | 2014 | 24975641 |
| hepatitis e virus and fulminant hepatitis--a virus or host-specific pathology? | fulminant hepatitis is a rare outcome of infection with hepatitis e virus. several recent reports suggest that virus variation is an important determinant of disease progression. to critically examine the evidence that virus-specific factors underlie the development of fulminant hepatitis following hepatitis e virus infection. | 2015 | 24974734 |
| hepatitis e virus egress depends on the exosomal pathway, with secretory exosomes derived from multivesicular bodies. | our previous studies indicated that hepatitis e virus (hev) forms membrane-associated particles in the cytoplasm, most likely by budding into intracellular vesicles, and requires the multivesicular body (mvb) pathway to release virus particles, and the released hev particles with a lipid membrane retain the trans-golgi network protein 2 on their surface. to examine whether hev utilizes the exosomal pathway to release the virus particles, we analysed whether the virion release from plc/prf/5 cell ... | 2014 | 24970738 |
| transmission, diagnosis, and management of hepatitis e: an update. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is an important public health concern in many developing countries, causing waterborne outbreaks as well as sporadic autochthonous hepatitis. hev is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route in endemic areas through drinking of contaminated water. however, zoonotic transmission from animal reservoirs to humans has also been suggested. three additional routes of hev transmission have been proposed to occur: blood borne, human to human, and vertical transmission ... | 2014 | 24966702 |
| hepatitis e rorf2p stimulated and unstimulated peripheral expression profiling in patients with self-limiting hepatitis e infection. | to improve the current knowledge on the involvement of peripheral lymphocytes in hepatitis e virus (hev) associated pathogenesis, we analyzed alterations in (1) immunophenotypic expressions (by flow cytometry) and (2) gene expression patterns (by taqman low density array) of activatory, inhibitory, integrin, homing, ectonucleotidase machinery, costimulatory, inflammatory markers, and t regulatory cells (treg) associated cytokines on hev rorf2p stimulated and unstimulated pbmcs of 43 acute hev pa ... | 2014 | 24963498 |
| epidemiological investigation of the jaundice outbreak in lalkuan, nainital district, uttarakhand. | in march 2013, cases of acute hepatitis were reported from lalkuan, nainital district. we investigated the outbreak to identify the source of infection and to facilitate control measures. | 2014 | 24963225 |
| open reading frame 3 of genotype 1 hepatitis e virus inhibits nuclear factor-κappa b signaling induced by tumor necrosis factor-α in human a549 lung epithelial cells. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the primary causative agents of acute hepatitis, and represents a major cause of severe public health problems in developing countries. the pathogenesis of hev is not well characterized, however, primarily due to the lack of well-defined cell and animal models. here, we investigated the effects of genotype 1 hev open reading frame 3 (orf3) on tnf-α-induced nucleus factor-κappa b (nf-κb) signaling. human lung epithelial cells (a549) were transiently transfected w ... | 2014 | 24959724 |
| ribavirin for chronic hepatitis e virus infection. | | 2014 | 24941186 |
| ribavirin for chronic hepatitis e virus infection. | | 2014 | 24941185 |
| ribavirin for chronic hepatitis e virus infection. | | 2014 | 24941184 |
| ribavirin for chronic hepatitis e virus infection. | | 2014 | 24941183 |
| spf rabbits infected with rabbit hepatitis e virus isolate experimentally showing the chronicity of hepatitis. | this study focused on investigating the pathogenesis seen in specific-pathogen-free (spf) rabbits following infection with a homologous rabbit hev isolate (chn-bj-rb14) and comparing it to that seen following infection with a heterologous swine genotype 4 hev isolate (chn-xj-sw13). three of the four animals inoculated with the homologous rabbit hev became infected, exhibiting an intermittent viremia, obvious fluctuations of liver function biomarkers alanine aminotransferase (alt) and aspartate a ... | 2014 | 24937350 |
| naturally occurring animal models of human hepatitis e virus infection. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a single-stranded, positive-sense rna virus in the family hepeviridae. hepatitis e caused by hev is a clinically important global disease. there are currently four well-characterized genotypes of hev in mammalian species, although numerous novel strains of hev likely belonging to either new genotypes or species have recently been identified from several other animal species. hev genotypes 1 and 2 are limited to infection in humans, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 infect an e ... | 2014 | 24936039 |
| detection of serum antibodies to hepatitis e virus in domestic pigs in italy using a recombinant swine hev capsid protein. | the hepatitis e virus (hev) has been detected in both humans and animals, particularly pigs, worldwide. several evidences, including human infection following consumption of raw contaminated meat, suggest a zoonotic transmission of hev. in italy, large circulation of genotype 3 hev has been reported in swine, and recent studies have confirmed the involvement of this genotype in autochthonous human cases. | 2014 | 24934984 |
| hepatitis e prevalence among hiv infected patients with elevated liver enzymes in the netherlands. | in recent years chronic hepatitis e virus (hev) infections have been reported in immunosuppressed patients, including hiv-positive patients with low cd4 cell counts. because of delayed anti-hev seroconversion in patients with cd4 cell count<200 cells/ml it is difficult to draw firm conclusions on hev-seroprevalence in a population of hiv positive patients. | 2014 | 24929755 |
| survey of canadian retail pork chops and pork livers for detection of hepatitis e virus, norovirus, and rotavirus using real time rt-pcr. | over the past 15 years, hepatitis e virus (hev), norovirus (nov), and rotavirus (rv) have been hypothesized to be potentially zoonotic; swine and pork have been suggested as possible human infection sources for all 3 viruses. our objective was to estimate hev, nov, and rv prevalence and load on canadian retail pork chops and livers. using the canadian integrated program for antimicrobial resistance surveillance (cipars) sampling platform, pork livers (n=283) and chops (n=599) were collected, pro ... | 2014 | 24929681 |
| decline in hepatitis e virus antibody prevalence in southeastern germany, 1996-2011. | in the past decade, an increasing frequency of acute hepatitis e was noted in germany and other european countries. moreover, a high prevalence (17%) of hepatitis e virus (hev) immunoglobulin g antibodies (anti-hev) was recently found in the adult german population. although this suggests an emerging pathogen, reports from other countries gave hints to a completely new aspect: a possible decrease in anti-hev prevalence during the last decades. to investigate the time trends of hepatitis e in sou ... | 2014 | 24912687 |
| optimization of the elution buffer and concentration method for detecting hepatitis e virus in swine liver using a nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. | the aim of this study was to develop an optimal technique for detecting hepatitis e virus (hev) in swine livers. here, three elution buffers and two concentration methods were compared with respect to enhancing recovery of hev from swine liver samples. real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and nested rt-pcr were performed to detect hev rna. when phosphate-buffered saline (pbs, ph 7.4) was used to concentrate hev in swine liver samples using ultrafiltration, real-time ... | 2014 | 24907649 |
| transfusion-transmitted hepatitis e in germany, 2013. | the reported igg seroprevalence against hepatitis e virus (hev) in german blood donations is 6.8%, and hev rna detected in 0.08%, but documented evidence for hev transmission is lacking. we identified two donations from a single donor containing 120 iu hev rna/ml plasma and 490 iu/ml. an infectious dose of 7,056 iu hev rna was transmitted via apheresis platelets to an immunosuppressed patient who developed chronic hev. further, transmission was probable in an immunocompetent child. | 2014 | 24906377 |
| hepatitis e infection in patients with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a known cause of acute-on-chronic liver failure in developing countries, but its implication in western countries remains unknown. hev burden in the setting of severe acute alcoholic hepatitis (aah) was assessed. | 2015 | 24904954 |
| older men with unexplained hepatitis. | a 59-year-old caucasian man presented with painless jaundice for 6 weeks. he drank 70 units of alcohol per week. examination revealed jaundice, spider angiomata and a 3 cm firm hepatomegaly. initial bloods: bilirubin 152 µmol/l, alanine aminotransferase 1484 iu/l, alkaline phosphatase 130 iu/l, γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase 1224 iu/l and international normalised ratio 1.1. a standard liver screen was normal, and an abdominal ultrasound/ct scan suggested cirrhosis, confirmed by liver biopsy on day 5. ... | 2014 | 24903723 |
| a systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis e virus in africa. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a newly recognized serious threat to global public health and africa is suspected to be among the most severely affected regions in the world. understanding hev epidemiology in africa will expedite the implementation of evidence-based control policies aimed at preventing the spread of hev including policies for the use of available resources such as hev vaccines. | 2014 | 24902967 |
| hepatitis e virus serosurvey among pet dogs and cats in several developed cities in china. | infection by hepatitis e virus (hev), as a zoonotic disease virus, is well studied in pigs in china, but few studies in pets have been performed. this study was designed to characterize the prevalence of hev infection among pet dogs and cats in major metropolitan areas of china. we conducted a seroepidemiological survey from 2012 to 2013 in 5 developed cities, beijing, shanghai, canton, shenzhen and macao, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the overall hev seroprevalence in 658 dog an ... | 2014 | 24896257 |
| severe acute hepatitis e in an hiv infected patient: successful treatment with ribavirin. | in industrialized countries, most cases of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in humans are autochthonous, mainly through foodborne and zoonotic transmission routes. in europe, genotype 3 is a cause of acute self-limiting viral hepatitis, but can also be responsible for chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. ribavirin has been successfully used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis e and in a few cases of severe acute hepatitis e in immunocompetent patients. we report here the case of a ... | 2014 | 24894604 |
| past and present of hepatitis e in the netherlands. | recent studies show that endemic hepatitis e virus (hev) infection occurs frequently in some developed countries. in the netherlands in 2013, the routine screening of 35,220 plasma donations for hev rna showed 20 donors to be viremic (1:1761), which seems to contradict reports of declining hev seroprevalence in the recent past. | 2014 | 24889277 |
| multiplex hydrolysis probe real-time pcr for simultaneous detection of hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus. | detection of hepatitis viral infections has traditionally relied on the circulating antibody test using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. however, multiplex real-time pcr has been increasingly used for a variety of viral nucleic acid detections and has proven to be superior to traditional methods. hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) are the major causes of acute hepatitis worldwide; both hav and hev infection are a main public health problem. in the present study, a one-step ... | 2014 | 24886818 |
| pcr detection and analysis of potentially zoonotic hepatitis e virus in french rats. | hepatitis e virus has been detected in a wide range of animals. while genotypes 1-2 of this virus infect only humans, 3-4 can spread from animals to humans and cause sporadic cases of human disease. pig, and possibly also rats, may act as a reservoir for virus. from a public health perspective it is important to clarify the role of rats for infection of humans. rats often live close to humans and are therefore of special interest to public health. rats live of waste and inside the sewage system ... | 2014 | 24886183 |
| maternal-fetal hepatitis e transmission: is it underestimated? | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an enterically transmitted virus; and several modes of transmission have been proposed, including blood transfusion, person to person transmission, and transplacental transmission. hev during pregnancy is associated with an unfavorable prognosis for mothers and in severe cases can cause acute fulminate hepatitis and death. transplacental transmission of hev usually results in unfavorable outcomes of pregnancy, mainly fetal loss, preterm labor, and hepatic dysfunction i ... | 2014 | 26356414 |
| rapamycin and everolimus facilitate hepatitis e virus replication: revealing a basal defense mechanism of pi3k-pkb-mtor pathway. | humans are frequently exposed to hepatitis e virus (hev). nevertheless, the disease mainly affects pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. organ recipients receiving immunosuppressants, such as rapalogs, to prevent rejection have a high risk for developing chronic hepatitis following hev infection. rapalogs constitute potent inhibitors of mtor including rapamycin and everolimus. as a master kinase, the mechanism-of-action of mtor is not only associated with the immunosuppressive capaci ... | 2014 | 24859454 |
| hepatitis e virus infection, papua new guinea, fiji, and kiribati, 2003-2005. | | 2014 | 24856799 |
| new hepatitis e virus genotype in camels, the middle east. | in a molecular epidemiology study of hepatitis e virus (hev) in dromedaries in dubai, united arab emirates, hev was detected in fecal samples from 3 camels. complete genome sequencing of 2 strains showed >20% overall nucleotide difference to known hevs. comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses revealed a previously unrecognized hev genotype. | 2014 | 24856611 |
| outbreak of hepatitis e in urban bangladesh resulting in maternal and perinatal mortality. | hepatitis e virus (hev) causes outbreaks of jaundice associated with maternal mortality. four deaths among pregnant women with jaundice occurred in an urban community near dhaka, bangladesh, in late 2008 and were reported to authorities in january 2009. we investigated the etiology and risk factors for jaundice and death. | 2014 | 24855146 |
| enhancement of interferon induction by orf3 product of hepatitis e virus. | hepatitis e virus (hev) causes both the endemic and epidemic spread of acute hepatitis in many parts of the world. hev open reading frame 3 (orf3) encodes a 13-kda multifunctional protein (vp13) that is essential for hev infection of animals. the exact role of vp13 in hev infection remains unclear. in this study, vp13 was found to enhance interferon (ifn) production induced by poly(i · c), a synthetic analog of double-stranded rna. poly(i · c) treatment induced a higher level of ifn-β mrna in he ... | 2014 | 24850742 |
| a systematic review of hepatitis e virus infection in children. | a systematic review was conducted, seeking all literature relevant to the epidemiology, clinical and laboratory features, and outcome of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in children. transmission is thought to be primarily from fecal-oral transmission, with the role of transmission from animal reservoirs not being clear in children. worldwide, seroprevalence is <10% up to 10 years of age, with the exception of 1 of 5 studies from india and the sole study from egypt. seroprevalence increases wit ... | 2014 | 24846637 |
| establishment of culture systems for genotypes 3 and 4 hepatitis e virus (hev) obtained from human blood and application of hev inactivation using a pathogen reduction technology system. | it has been demonstrated that the hepatitis e virus (hev) can be transmitted via blood transfusion, and the risk of hev transmission via transfusion has become a major global concern. an hev culture system for blood-derived hev has been sought to obtain valuable knowledge of the virus and the risk of hev infection through blood products. | 2014 | 24845192 |
| making the case for the development of a vaccination against hepatitis e virus. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a global problem that affects 20 million individuals, and cause acute hepatitis in 3.5 million, with approximately 70,000 deaths worldwide per year. while the acute disease is generally self-limited, however, it may progress to fatal fulminant liver failure in certain individuals. contaminated water supplies disseminate this virus through the faecal-oral route, and swine is thought to be its zoonotic reservoir. attempts have been made to develop effective hev ... | 2015 | 24836400 |
| protective immunity against hev. | rural community of dongtai city in eastern china is endemic for hepatitis e virus (hev), with the zoonotic genotype 4 virus predominating. the virus appears to be widely distributed in environment at generally low levels, such that infection is common, but >97% of which are asymptomatic and provoke a modest antibody response. naturally acquired immunity affords 75% protection against infection, prevents disease caused by primary infection and alleviates severity of the disease caused by the resi ... | 2014 | 24835679 |
| hepatitis e virus genotype 4 in a pig farm, italy, 2013. | zoonotic strains of hepatitis e virus (hev) in europe have been reported to belong to genotypes 3 and 4. in 2012 and 2013, 57 pig farms in northern italy that had previously resulted seropositive for hev were surveyed for the presence of the virus, with positive samples subsequently genotyped. hepatitis e rna was identified in 17/57 (29·8%) seropositive farms. phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that distinct subtypes of genotype 3 were circulating in the north-east of italy; as well, for the fir ... | 2015 | 24831185 |
| serological and molecular evidence of a plausible transmission of hepatitis e virus through pooled plasma. | recently, hepatitis e virus has been recognized as a new transfusion-associated risk; however, its efficiency of transmission through blood products requires further investigation. asymptomatic viremia of short duration has been observed in blood donors from several european countries to the rate of <1:10,000 and hev transmission in recipients of blood products has been documented in japan and europe. although hev rna was detected in large plasma fractionation pools used for manufacturing of pla ... | 2014 | 24830322 |
| can hepatitis e virus be considered as an etiology of cryptogenic cirrhosis? | | 2014 | 24829744 |
| subclinical circulation of avian hepatitis e virus within a multiple-age rearing and broiler breeder farm indicates persistence and vertical transmission of the virus. | in a prospective longitudinal study, a broiler breeder flock and its progeny were monitored for the presence of avian hepatitis e virus (hev) rna and antibodies. the flock was part of a multiple-age farm where the presence of avian hev with clinical signs (increased mortality and decreased egg production) was demonstrated in several previous production cycles. samples were taken twice at the rearing site and several times at the production site from broiler breeders including cockerels and day-o ... | 2014 | 24828493 |
| current epidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection in the united states: low seroprevalence in the national health and nutrition evaluation survey. | analysis of the national health and nutrition evaluation survey (nhanes) 1988-1994 dataset found a relatively high seroprevalence (21%) of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in the u.s. general population. using data obtained within the nhanes 2009-2010 survey, where a high performance assay for hev was used, we estimated the weighted seroprevalence of hev infection among u.s. individuals 6 years and older. we also evaluated factors associated with hev seropositivity. a total of 8,814 individuals ... | 2014 | 24824965 |
| bioaccumulation efficiency, tissue distribution, and environmental occurrence of hepatitis e virus in bivalve shellfish from france. | hepatitis e virus (hev), an enteric pathogen of both humans and animals, is excreted by infected individuals and is therefore present in wastewaters and coastal waters. as bivalve molluscan shellfish are known to concentrate viral particles during the process of filter feeding, they may accumulate this virus. the bioaccumulation efficiencies of oysters (crassostrea gigas), flat oysters (ostrea edulis), mussels (mytilus edulis), and clams (ruditapes philippinarum) were compared at different time ... | 2014 | 24795382 |
| hepatitis e-associated encephalopathy in a renal transplant recipient. | hepatitis e virus genotype 3 is not rare in developed countries, and may cause chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. this may not only lead to abnormalities in liver test and malaise, but to severe neurological symptoms as well. in this case, chronic hepatitis e infection caused encephalopathy, an atactic gait, lhermitte's sign, incomplete bladder emptying and peripheral sensory neuropathy in a renal transplant recipient. the diagnosis was not performed until years after the onset of ... | 2014 | 24789162 |
| phylogeography and phylodynamics of european genotype 3 hepatitis e virus. | hepatitis e virus is classified into four genotypes that have different geographical and host distributions. the main cause of sporadic autochthonous type e acute hepatitis in developed countries is genotype 3, which has a worldwide distribution and widely infects pigs. the aim of this study was to make hypotheses concerning the origin and global dispersion routes of this genotype by reconstructing the spatial and temporal dynamics of 208 hev genotype 3 orf-2 sequences (retrieved from public dat ... | 2014 | 24787998 |
| successful treatment of chronic hepatitis e after an orthotopic liver transplant with ribavirin monotherapy. | hepatitis e virus infection is increasingly reported as a cause of chronic hepatitis in organ transplant recipients. besides reduction of immunosuppressive therapy or pegylated-interferon therapy, promising results have been reported for ribavirin monotherapy of hepatitis e virus after kidney transplant. to our knowledge, this is the first report of a successful ribavirin monotherapy for chronic hepatitis e virus infection after and orthotopic liver transplant. | 2015 | 24779678 |
| hepatitis e infection in hiv-infected liver and kidney transplant candidates. | hepatitis e virus (hev) has been reported to cause acute and chronic hepatitis in those with hiv infection and among solid organ transplant recipients in europe. limited data indicate that hev is endemic in the united states, but the prevalence and significance of hev infection among those with hiv and awaiting solid organ transplantation is unknown. we evaluated anti-hev igm and igg antibodies and hev rna in 166 hiv-infected solid organ transplant candidates enrolled in the nih hiv-transplant c ... | 2014 | 24773782 |
| molecular characterisation of human hepatitis e virus from italy: comparative analysis of five reverse transcription-pcr assays. | hepatitis e (hev) is an important public-health concern as a major cause of enterically transmitted hepatitis worldwide. in industrialised countries it is considered rare, and largely confined to travellers returning from endemic areas. however, autochthonous (locally acquired) hev infection is also emerging in these regions. the infection is caused by different genotypes, depending on whether it is travel-related or autochthonous. conventional rt-pcr followed by sequencing of pcr products can i ... | 2014 | 24755361 |
| detailed investigation of ongoing subclinical hepatitis e virus infections; occurring in outbreak settings of north india. | every year globally who reports 20 million hepatitis e virus (hev) infections. the disease occurs as sporadic cases or focused outbreaks and has potentials to cause massive epidemics. the reservoir of hev during inter-epidemic period is not well characterized. the sporadic cases usually lack history of contact with clinically overt hev patients. in the present context we evaluated the occurrence of subclinical hev as a possible reservoir in endemic region. | 2015 | 24750588 |
| an orf1-rearranged hepatitis e virus derived from a chronically infected patient efficiently replicates in cell culture. | hepatitis e is an increasingly reported disease in industrialized countries. studies on the replication cycle of hepatitis e virus (hev) are hampered due to the lack of efficient and robust cell culture systems for this virus. we describe the successful isolation of hev derived from a chronically infected kidney transplant patient held under immunosuppressive therapy. inoculation of serum sample 47832 onto the human lung carcinoma cell line a549 resulted in the replication of the virus as shown ... | 2014 | 24750215 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) in humans living in high pig density areas of germany. | an increase in acute autochthonous hepatitis e virus (hev) infections has been recorded in germany. these are suspected to be zoonotically transmitted from wild boar, deer and domestic pig. the latter may represent a major reservoir for hev. in this study, 537 sera from humans living in westphalia and lower saxony, representing areas of high pig density in germany, were tested for the presence of hev-specific antibodies. among them were 302 individuals with occupational, direct contact to pigs a ... | 2014 | 24744181 |
| comparison of real-time pcr and antigen assays for detection of hepatitis e virus in blood donors. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is recognized as an emerging and often undiagnosed disease in industrialized countries, with asymptomatic infections actually occurring in blood donors. sensitive detection of hev-rna is crucial for diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. we evaluated the analytical sensitivity and performance of three hev rt-pcr assays (realstar hev reverse transcription-pcr [rt-pcr], hepatitis@ceeramtools, and amplicube hev rt-pcr) for screening of individuals for hev ... | 2014 | 24740079 |
| development of a blocking elisa for detection of antibodies against avian hepatitis e virus. | a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (belisa) was developed for the detection of immunoglobulin g antibodies against avian hepatitis e virus (hev). in the belisa, the coating antigen was a truncated protein containing c-terminal 268-amino acid region of orf2 from an avian hev strain isolated in china (cahev) and blocking antibody was a monoclonal antibody (mab) 1h5 recognizing the epitope within amino acids 384-414 in the c-terminal 268-amino acid region. the concentration of blocking ma ... | 2014 | 24735599 |
| prospective study of hepatitis e virus infection among pregnant women in france. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection has a poor prognosis among pregnant women from high endemic countries. hev-prevalence and incidence among pregnant women is unknown in high-income countries such as france. this prospective study was conducted to assess hev infection in this setting. | 2014 | 24716485 |
| induction of antibody and interferon-γ production in mice immunized with virus-like particles of swine hepatitis e virus. | virus-like particles (vlps) composed of the truncated capsid protein of swine hepatitis e virus (hev) were developed and immune responses of mice immunized with the vlps were evaluated. igg titers specific for the capsid protein of swine hev were significantly higher for all groups of mice immunized with the vlps than those of the negative control mice. splenocytes from mice immunized with the vlps also produced significantly greater quantities of interferon (ifn)-γ than interleukin (il)-4 and i ... | 2014 | 24690608 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus in pigs from different farming systems in the netherlands. | sporadic nontravel-related hepatitis e virus (hev) infections have been reported in industrialized countries. these infections are caused by zoonotic hev genotypes 3 and 4 that circulate in swine, wild boar, and deer. in the netherlands, hev rna has been detected in >50% of the pig farms, and hev-specific antibodies were detected in ∼70% of the slaughter pigs. in the current study, hev seroprevalences were investigated in pigs raised on conventional, free-range, and organic farms in the netherla ... | 2014 | 24680077 |
| hepatitis e seroprevalence among blood donors: a pilot study from western india. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is emerging as a potential threat to blood safety after several cases of transmission by transfusion or transplantation have been described. currently, blood donors in india are not screened for hev. the studies conducted on hev in recent times in india have focused on epidemiology and future perspectives, but there is no published study on blood donors. to address possible issues surrounding blood safety and risk of hev transmission within the indian blood supply, hev se ... | 2014 | 24678170 |
| development and validation of a genotype 3 recombinant protein-based immunoassay for hepatitis e virus serology in swine. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is classified within the family hepeviridae, genus hepevirus. hev genotype 3 (gt3) infections are endemic in pigs in western europe and in north and south america and cause zoonotic infections in humans. several serological assays to detect hev antibodies in pigs have been developed, at first mainly based on hev genotype 1 (gt1) antigens. to develop a sensitive hev gt3 elisa, a recombinant baculovirus expression product of hev gt3 open reading frame-2 was produced and coa ... | 2014 | 24676472 |
| light and darkness: prevalence of hepatitis e virus infection among the general population. | human hepatitis e virus (hhev) spreads early in life among the population in areas endemic for genotype 1 and infects mainly adults in areas endemic for genotype 3, where it would be responsible for about 10% of cases of suspected acute viral hepatitis of unknown etiology and for a number of subclinical, unrecognized infections. the overall prevalence of antibody to hhev is high in most of the former areas and low in most of the later ones, but wide regional differences have been recorded in bot ... | 2014 | 24672733 |
| genetic host specificity of hepatitis e virus. | hepatitis e virus (hev) causes epidemic and sporadic cases of hepatitis worldwide. hev genotypes 3 (hev3) and 4 (hev4) infect humans and animals, with swine being the primary reservoir. the relevance of hev genetic diversity to host adaptation is poorly understood. we employed a bayesian network (bn) analysis of hev3 and hev4 to detect epistatic connectivity among protein sites and its association with the host specificity in each genotype. the data imply coevolution among ∼70% of polymorphic si ... | 2014 | 24667049 |
| autochthonous hepatitis e virus infections: a new transfusion-associated risk? | hepatitis e virus (hev) has been recognized since 2004 as a transfusion-transmissible infectious agent, and recent epidemiological data suggest that it may pose a safety threat to the blood supply. it has recently become obvious that hepatitis e is endemic in industrialized countries, and that more infections are autochthonous than travel-associated. epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis suggests that hev infection has to be considered as a zoonosis and that viral transmission from animals ( ... | 2014 | 24659945 |
| complete genome of hepatitis e virus from laboratory ferrets. | the complete genome of hepatitis e virus (hev) from laboratory ferrets imported from the united states was identified. this virus shared only 82.4%-82.5% nt sequence identities with strains from the netherlands, which indicated that the ferret hev genome is genetically diverse. some laboratory ferrets were contaminated with hev. | 2014 | 24655541 |
| hepatitis e virus antibody prevalence in wildlife in poland. | hepatitis e is an important public health problem mostly in developing but occasionally also in industrialized countries. domestic and wildlife animals are considered reservoirs of the hepatitis e virus (hev). since no information on the prevalence of autochthonous hev infections in human and animal in poland is available, the aim of the study was to investigate the hev seroprevalence of different wildlife species as potential virus reservoirs in the country. no hev antibodies were found in any ... | 2015 | 24655475 |
| hepatitis e antibodies in laboratory rabbits from 2 us vendors. | we tested laboratory rabbits from 2 us vendors for antibodies against hepatitis e virus (hev); seroprevalences were 40% and 50%. retrospective analysis of an ocular herpes simplex 1 experiment demonstrated that hev seropositivity had no effect on experiment outcome. hev probably is widespread in research rabbits, but effects on research remain unknown. | 2014 | 24655426 |
| ribavirin for chronic hepatitis e virus infection in transplant recipients. | there is no established therapy for hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. the aim of this retrospective, multicenter case series was to assess the effects of ribavirin as monotherapy for solid-organ transplant recipients with prolonged hev viremia. | 2014 | 24645943 |
| hepatitis e virus seroprevalence before hematopoietic sct: a pediatric experience. | | 2014 | 24637901 |
| phylogenetic demonstration of hepatitis e infection transmitted by pork meat ingestion. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is responsible for a small number of acute hepatitis in developed countries. in this setting, hev infection seems to be a zoonosis, although this has not been completely demonstrated. high morbidity and mortality associated with severe acute infections have been described, as well as the possible role of ribavirin therapy in those cases. we describe a case of acute hepatitis after pork meat ingestion in a patient with waldeström macroglobulinemia with immunoglobulin a def ... | 2015 | 24637729 |
| rat hepatitis e virus derived from wild rats (rattus rattus) propagates efficiently in human hepatoma cell lines. | although rat hepatitis e virus (hev) has been identified in wild rats, no cell culture systems for this virus have been established. a recent report suggesting the presence of antibodies against rat hev in human sera encouraged us to cultivate rat hev in human cells. when liver homogenates obtained from wild rats (rattus rattus) in indonesia were inoculated onto human hepatocarcinoma cells, the rat hev replicated efficiently in plc/prf/5, huh-7 and hepg2 cells, irrespective of its genetic group ... | 2014 | 24631787 |
| complete genome sequence of swine hepatitis e virus prevalent in southwest china. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important public health concern in the world, especially in developing countries of africa and asia, including china. hepatitis e is recognized as a zoonotic disease, which is transmitted across species, including between humans and swine. hev is highly endemic in china, but the complete sequence of hev in southwestern china is lacking. swine hev strain km01 was isolated from a village in rural kunming, yunnan province, china, where swine are housed with humans. her ... | 2014 | 24625866 |
| evidence of extrahepatic replication of hepatitis e virus in human placenta. | the incidence and severity of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in pregnant women is high in developing countries. transplacental transmission of hev in the third trimester of pregnancy has been found to be associated with high fetal mortality. based on this evidence and in the absence of reports on hev replication in extrahepatic sites, this study was carried out to investigate if hev replication occurs in the placenta of infected mothers. the study included 68 acute viral hepatitis (avh) and 2 ... | 2014 | 24622580 |
| withdrawn: seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus in western iran. | the publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.031. the duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. | 2014 | 24613783 |
| pet veterinarians have no increased risk of hepatitis e compared to the general population. | the discovery of autochthonous hepatitis e in industrialized countries associated to genotype 3 has changed substantially the understanding about hepatitis e virus (hev) circulation. in these countries transmission has been associated to the consumption and direct contact to swine, a well-known reservoir for hev. more animal reservoirs for hev might exist since antibodies to hev have been detected in other animal species, such as dogs and cats. given the intimate contact between these pets and h ... | 2014 | 24610550 |
| association of pregnancy outcome with cytokine gene polymorphisms in hev infection during pregnancy. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is associated with high maternal and fetal mortalities. the aim of the study was to find cytokine gene polymorphisms in relation to hev infection during pregnancy. a total of 262 pregnant and 208 non-pregnant women with hepatitis, 262 healthy pregnant and 208 non-pregnant women as controls. the study group were pregnant and non-pregnant women with hev infection, not infected with hev and controls. genotyping was carried out by pcr-rflp and arms-pcr methods. the ... | 2014 | 24610501 |
| pregnant woman saved with liver transplantation from acute liver failure due to hepatitis e virus. | | 2014 | 24606386 |
| persistent hepatitis e virus genotype 4 infection in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | in general, the hepatitis e virus (hev) causes acute, self-limiting hepatitis. prolonged and chronic infections caused by hev genotype 3 have been found in some immunosuppressed patients in developed countries. | 2014 | 24596581 |
| hev-orf3 encoding phosphoprotein interacts with hepsin. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major causative agent of acute clinical hepatitis in adults through much of asia, the middle east and africa. open reading frame 3 (orf3) encodes around 120 amino acids of phosphorylation protein that associates with the cytoskeleton, while its precise biological function is still unknown. | 2014 | 24596579 |
| detection and localization of rabbit hepatitis e virus and antigen in systemic tissues from experimentally intraperitoneally infected rabbits. | rabbit hepatitis e virus (hev) is a novel genotype of hev, and is considered to pose a risk of zoonotic transmission. research into the systemic distribution of rabbit hev in rabbits during different periods of infection has rarely been reported. to better understand this virus, we infected rabbits with second-passage rabbit hev via an intraperitoneal route. after inoculation, the infection showed two types, temporary and constant infection. the detection of hev rna in the feces varied with time ... | 2014 | 24594631 |
| molecular detection of hepatitis e virus in rivers in the philippines. | to understand the hepatitis e virus (hev)-pollution status in the environment in the philippines, a total of 12 water samples were collected from rivers in manila city for detection of hev rna. three of 12 samples were positive for hev rna indicating that hev is circulating in the philippines. phylogenetic analysis classified all of the hev sequences into genotype 3. | 2014 | 24591433 |
| hepatitis e virus: current concepts and future perspectives. | for many years, hepatitis e was considered a disease found only in certain developing countries. in these geographical settings, hepatitis e virus (hev) causes a self-limiting hepatitis in young adults, except in pregnant females, in whom the mortality is 25 %. our understanding of hev has changed radically in the past decade. it is now evident that hev is a threat to global health. this review article considers the current concepts and future perspectives of hev and its effects on human health, ... | 2014 | 24585215 |
| calcineurin inhibitors stimulate and mycophenolic acid inhibits replication of hepatitis e virus. | many recipients of organ transplants develop chronic hepatitis, due to infection with the hepatitis e virus (hev). although chronic hev infection is generally associated with immunosuppressive therapies, little is known about how different immunosuppressants affect hev infection. | 2014 | 24582714 |
| autochthonous hepatitis e virus infection in europe: a matter of concern for public health? | human hepatitis e virus (hhev) is the proposed name for a diverse group of rna viruses from the family hepeviridae that cause acute hepatitis among humans. waterborne strains are regularly imported into europe by international travelers, and virus transmission of zoonotic strains via contaminated aliments is involved in autochthonous cases. therefore, in europe, hepatitis e displays a unique dual character, having features of both imported and autochthonous infections. environmental involvement ... | 2014 | 26357613 |
| severe bilateral amyotrophic neuralgia associated with major dysphagia secondary to acute hepatitis e. | several acute neurological syndromes can be triggered by immune events. hepatitis e virus (hev), an emerging infectious disease, can be one of these triggers. | 2013 | 24555112 |
| method for hev detection in raw pig liver products and its implementation for naturally contaminated food. | it is now recognized that hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is not confined to developing countries. hev infection is a growing public health concern in industrialized countries where the disease is mainly autochthonous, caused by hev genotypes 3 and 4 and is today considered to be zoonotic. hev causes acute hepatitis in humans, predominantly through contamination of food and water. due to the low concentrations found in food and water samples, an efficient and rapid virus concentration method i ... | 2014 | 24553051 |
| [primary risk factors of hepatitis e virus infection:a meta-analysis]. | to analyze the main risk factors of hepatitis e virus infection. | 2013 | 24529277 |
| the prevalence of hepatitis e virus infections among swine, swine farmers and the general population in guangdong province, china. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is widespread in china, but few studies have been carried out in guangdong province. this study aimed to characterize the prevalence of hev infections among swine, swine farmers and the general population in guangdong province. we conducted an epidemiological study that included swine, swine farmers and health examination attendees in guangdong from 2011 to 2013. the overall seroprevalence of anti-hev antibodies in swine was 64.7%. the results revealed that grow ... | 2014 | 24520348 |
| hepatitis e virus infection results in acute graft failure after liver transplantation: a case report. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in most individuals is known as a self-limiting, acute, icteric hepatitis, but evidence shows hev is responsible for choric hepatitis and rapid progressed liver cirrhosis in immuno-compromised patients. we present the case of a patient whose diagnosis of acute graft failure was due to a hev infection 7 years after his first liver transplantation because of wilson's disease. the process showed severe jaundice with fatigue, poor appetite and continually rising ser ... | 2014 | 24518638 |