| [prevalences of hepatitis virus coinfection and indications for chronic hepatitis c virus treatment and liver transplantation in spanish hiv-infected patients. the gesida 29/02 and fipse 12185/01 multicenter study]. | the aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of hiv and hepatitis virus coinfection in the spanish population and to determine the percentage of patients who are candidates for chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) treatment and liver transplantation within this population. | 2005 | 15970166 |
| [spontaneous resolution of vanishing bile duct syndrome in hodgkin's lymphoma]. | cholestasis in a patient with hodgkin's disease is uncommon, and the causes of cholestasis are mainly direct tumor involvement of the liver, hepatotoxic effects of drugs, viral hepatitis, sepsis and opportunistic infections. vanishing bile duct syndrome (vbds) represents a very rare cause for cholestasis in this disease. we report here on a case of a 45-year-old man who developed vbds during the complete remission stage of hodgkin's lymphoma. there was no history of hepatitis or intravenous drug ... | 2005 | 15980675 |
| usefulness of specific igg avidity for diagnosis of hepatitis a infection. | diagnosis of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is classically based on the detection of hav-igm. nevertheless, hav-igm can be positive for patients with polyclonal stimulation of their immune system (i.e. immune reactivation). to improve the diagnostic yield, an avidity test for hav-igg antibodies was developed and tested. | 2005 | 15980754 |
| age-specific antibody to hepatitis e virus has remained constant during the past 20 years in japan. | we investigated the presence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) and hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) by enzyme immunoassays in sera from 1015 individuals collected in 1974, 1984 and 1994. age-specific profiles of anti-hev remained unchanged with a peak at 40-49 years, while those of anti-hav started to increase in individuals aged 20-29 years in 1974, 30-39 years in 1984 and 40-49 years in 1994. these results suggest that a silent hev infection has been taking place in the last 20 years o ... | 2005 | 15985017 |
| a seroepidemiologic study of helicobacter pylori and hepatitis a virus infection in primary school students in taipei. | helicobacter pylori and hepatitis a virus (hav) share a common fecal-oral transmission route. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for h. pylori and hav infection in primary school students in taiwan. we studied 289 grade 1 to 6 students from a single primary school in taipei county in 2003. the students volunteered for blood tests for h. pylori immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody and anti-hepatitis a antibody after consent from their parents. questionnaires we ... | 2005 | 15986067 |
| occurrence of hepatitis a virus genotype iii in germany requires the adaptation of commercially available diagnostic test systems. | a blood donation, obtained in 2003 in germany during the preseroconversion diagnostic window period of a hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, tested hav-negative by commercially available hav reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) detection assays. | 2005 | 15987353 |
| magnetic bead technology in viral rna and dna extraction from plasma minipools. | nucleic acid testing (nat) of pooled plasma samples from individual blood donations for viral nucleic acids has become widely established. full automation of such sample processing can overcome many of the problems associated with methods used so far. | 2005 | 15987354 |
| major foodborne illness causing viruses and current status of vaccines against the diseases. | even though viruses, unlike bacteria, cannot grow in or on foods, foodborne illnesses are associated with viruses due to contamination of the fresh produce or processed food by virus-containing fecal material. the commonly reported major foodborne illnesses are due to noroviruses, hepatitis a and e viruses, rotaviruses, and astroviruses. among all illnesses caused by foodborne pathogens, recent estimates of as high as 67% have been attributed to viruses alone, and an upward trend in the of trans ... | 2004 | 15992267 |
| acute exacerbation of autoimmune hepatitis induced by twinrix. | we report on a 26-year-old man who presented with severe jaundice and elevated serum liver enzyme activities after having received a dose of twinrix. in his past medical history, jaundice or abnormal liver function tests were never recorded. following admission, an elevated immunoglobulin g level and antinuclear antibodies at a titer of 320 with a homogenous pattern were found. histology of a liver biopsy showed marked bridging liver fibrosis and a chronic inflammation, compatible with autoimmun ... | 2005 | 15996042 |
| hepatitis a virus infection presenting with seizures. | hepatitis a infection rarely causes extrahepatic manifestations. here we present a 5-year-old patient with an initial complaint of nuchal rigidity and convulsions during the course of hepatitis a infection. because hepatitis a virus rna was demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid, it was thought that convulsions might be related to this viral infection. | 2005 | 15999014 |
| algal viruses with distinct intraspecies host specificities include identical intein elements. | heterosigma akashiwo virus (hav) is a large double-stranded dna virus infecting the single-cell bloom-forming raphidophyte (golden brown alga) h. akashiwo. a molecular phylogenetic sequence analysis of hav dna polymerase showed that it forms a sister group with phycodnaviridae algal viruses. all 10 examined hav strains, which had distinct intraspecies host specificities, included an intein (protein intron) in their dna polymerase genes. the 232-amino-acid inteins differed from each other by no m ... | 2005 | 16000767 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis a infection in a low endemicity country: a systematic review. | in canada--a low endemicity country, vaccines for hepatitis a virus (hav) are currently recommended to individuals at increased risk for infection or its complications. applying these recommendations is difficult because the epidemiology of hav infection is poorly defined, complex, and changing. this systematic review aimed to 1) estimate age-specific prevalence of hav antibody in canada and 2) evaluate infection-associated risk factors. | 2005 | 16001978 |
| the tim gene family regulates autoimmune and allergic diseases. | the recently identified tim gene family encodes cell-surface receptors that are involved in the regulation of th1- and th2-cell-mediated immunity. tim-3 protein is specifically expressed on th1 cells and negatively regulates th1 responses, whereas tim-2 is preferentially expressed in th2 cells. tim-1, previously identified as the hepatitis a virus receptor, co-stimulates t-cell expansion and cytokine production. tim-4, which is preferentially expressed on mature dendritic cells, is the ligand fo ... | 2005 | 16002337 |
| effect of relative humidity on preharvest survival of bacterial and viral pathogens on the surface of cantaloupe, lettuce, and bell peppers. | the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of humidity on the preharvest survival of microbial pathogens on cantaloupe, lettuce, and bell peppers. an additional goal was to evaluate clostridium perfringens as an indicator of fecal contamination on produce. the microorganisms used in this study included escherichia coli, e. coli o157:h7, shigella sonnei, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, clostridium perfringens, hepatitis a virus (hav), feline calicivirus (fcv), and coliphage prd1. t ... | 2005 | 16013370 |
| hygiene hypothesis and prevalence of glomerulonephritis. | the hygiene hypothesis was proposed to explain the marked increase in allergies that has been observed in industrialized (westernized) societies. this hypothesis proposes that early and frequent exposure to bacterial and other antigens, such as is common in developing nations, leads to a normal th1 response, but that better public hygiene and less infections observed in industrialized nations may lead to persistence of the th2 phenotype and thereby increase our risk for developing allergies. inf ... | 2005 | 16014103 |
| incidence of hepatitis a in israel following universal immunization of toddlers. | in israel, the mean annual incidence of hepatitis a disease was 50.4 per 100 000 during 1993-1998. a 2-dose universal hepatitis a immunization program aimed at children aged 18 and 24 months (without a catch-up campaign) was started in 1999. | 2005 | 16014594 |
| jama patient page. hepatitis a virus. | | 2005 | 16014602 |
| age-specific seroprevalence of hepatitis a among school children in central tunisia. | hepatitis a virus (hav) has different epidemiologic and clinical patterns, depending on the level of endemicity in a given geographic area. tunisia is considered a region of high endemicity for hepatitis. improvement of socioeconomic conditions in this country has made a determination of the seroprevalence of this disease advisable. we assessed the seroprevalence of hav in sousse in central tunisia. a total of 2,400 school children 5-20 years of age (mean +/- sd age = 11.7 +/- 3.5 years) were se ... | 2005 | 16014829 |
| [reducing the cloudiness of drinking water as a factor of enhancing a barrier role of water-purifying structures against viral contamination]. | | 2005 | 16022260 |
| immunogenicity and tolerability of hepatitis a vaccine in hiv-infected children. | the immunogenicity and tolerability of hepatitis a virus vaccine was evaluated in a group of 32 children with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and 27 children with seroreversion. after 2 doses of vaccine, 100% of children experienced seroconversion with good toleration of the vaccine. there were no differences in variation of virus load between immunized hiv-positive children and a group of 31 nonimmunized hiv-positive children with similar characteristics. | 2005 | 16028166 |
| a national study on the residential impact of biological aerosols from the land application of biosolids. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the community risk of infection from bioaerosols to residents living near biosolids land application sites. | 2005 | 16033462 |
| immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a pediatric vaccine: three-year post-booster follow-up. | the persistence of anti-hepatitis a virus antibody concentrations was followed over 3 years in 177 healthy children following primary and booster vaccination with an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine, avaxim 80 pediatric. seroconversion rates (post-immunization anti-hav antibody concentration >or=20 miu/ml) and geometric mean concentrations (gmc) were estimated for each of three age groups: 18 month--3 years, 4--8 years, and 9--15 years. only subjects who were initially hav-seronegative at inclusi ... | 2005 | 16043271 |
| influence of load of hepatitis a virus on disease severity and its relationship with clinical manifestations in patients with hepatitis a. | the purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of viral load on disease severity and analyze the possible relationship of the load of hepatitis a virus (hav) with disease severity and laboratory findings. | 2005 | 16048563 |
| hepatitis virus and hiv infections in inmates of a state correctional facility in mexico. | we sought to determine the prevalence and associated characteristics of hepatitis a, b, c and d viruses and hiv infections in a prison in durango, mexico. sera from 181 inmates were analysed for hav antibody, hepatitis b core antibody (hbcab), hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), hcv antibody, hdv antibody, hiv antibody and hcv genotypes. prevalence of hav antibody, hbcab, hbsag, hcv antibody, hdv antibody and hiv antibody were 99.4, 4.4, 0.0, 10.0, 0.0 and 0.6% respectively. hcv genotype 1a pre ... | 2005 | 16050514 |
| development of array-based technology for detection of hav using gold-dna probes. | a sensitive method for detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) by utilizing gold-dna probe on an array was developed. amino-modified oligodeoxynucleotides at the 5' position were arrayed on an activated glass surface to function as capture probes. sandwich hybridization occurred among capture probes, the hav amplicon, and gold nanoparticlesupported oligonucleotide probes. after a silver enhancement step, signals were detected by a standard flatbed scanner or just by naked eyes. as little as 100 fm ... | 2005 | 16053706 |
| resistance of hepatitis a virus in mussels subjected to different domestic cookings. | hepatitis a is a worldwide infectious disease. shellfish consumption has always been one of the major risk factors for hepatitis a infection, especially when these products are eaten raw or slightly cooked. moreover, the cooking does not always guarantee the harmlessness of shellfish. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatitis a virus (hav) resistance in experimentally contaminated mussels, subjected to domestic cooking. three different domestic preparations (mussel hors-d'oevre, ... | 2005 | 16054720 |
| cell mediated and antibody immune response to inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. | the humoral and cellular immune response to inactivated hepatitis a vaccine was investigated dynamically in a time elapse study over 1 year. fourty-five healthy volunteers, seronegative for anti-hav, were vaccinated with 1440 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units (eu) of formalin-inactivated hepatitis a virus following a 0--6-month schedule. serum anti-hav levels and hav-specific proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured at several time points over a 26- and 28-week per ... | 2005 | 16054733 |
| [detection of igm antibodies against hepatitis e virus]. | hepatitis e virus is the main enterically transmitted non a non b hepatitis agent. the host igm response in the acute infection phase is short lived. therefore, only igg antibodies against e virus are usually investigated. | 2005 | 16075127 |
| prevalence of anti-hepatits a antibodies in children of different socioeconomic conditions in vila velha, es. | this report describes the prevalence of anti-hav antibodies in children from elementary school in the municipality of vila velha, es, brazil. anti-hav antibodies were investigated by elisa method in the serum of 606 children (four to fourteen years old) from three elementary schools, located in neighborhoods with varying household monthly income levels: são josé school, 200 children, household income higher than us$700; são torquato school, 273 children, us$200 to 300; and cobi school, 133 child ... | 2005 | 16082472 |
| thermal stability of hepatitis e virus. | the thermal stability of virulent hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav) was compared. fecal suspensions of virus were heated to temperatures between 45 degrees c and 70 degrees c, and residual infectivity was determined in a cell culture system that was permissive for both viruses. although hev was less stable than was hav, some hev would most likely survive the internal temperatures of rare-cooked meat. | 2005 | 16088844 |
| successful treatment of acute hepatitis a-associated hemophagocytic syndrome by intravenous immunoglobulin. | virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (vahs) is a rare complication in acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. there is no standard therapy for vahs and the clinical course is variable. data on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) in the treatment of hav-associated vahs is limited. we report a previously healthy, 32-year-old man who presented with general malaise, fever, chills and splenomegaly. laboratory examination showed marked elevation of aminotransferase, leukopenia and thromb ... | 2005 | 16091828 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a among drug users in north-eastern italy. is vaccination necessary in low prevalence areas? | the authors report on the prevalence of, and risk factors for, hepatitis a virus (hav) in a group of drug users in italy. | 2005 | 16093301 |
| hepatitis a and b seropositivity among medical students. | health science students are commonly exposed to some infectious agents, including hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv), which may cause substantial morbidity and even deaths. the identification of prevalence and risk factors is essential for implementing efficacious preventive measures. a serological survey was performed among medical students of adnan menderes university medical faculty to determine the prevalence of antibodies against hav and hbv, and, as a secondary objective, ... | 2005 | 16098410 |
| evaluation of an automated high-volume extraction method for viral nucleic acids in comparison to a manual procedure with preceding enrichment. | nucleic acid extraction still harbours the potential for improvements in automation and sensitivity of nucleic acid amplification technology (nat) testing. this study evaluates the feasibility of a novel automated high-volume extraction protocol for nat minipool testing in a blood bank setting. | 2005 | 16101686 |
| hepatitis a virus suppresses rig-i-mediated irf-3 activation to block induction of beta interferon. | hepatitis a virus (hav) antagonizes the innate immune response by inhibition of double-stranded rna (dsrna)-induced beta interferon (ifn-beta) gene expression. in this report, we show that this is due to an interaction of hav with the intracellular dsrna-induced retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i)-mediated signaling pathway upstream of the kinases responsible for interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf-3) phosphorylation (tbk1 and ikkepsilon). in consequence, irf-3 is not activated for nuclear tr ... | 2005 | 16103148 |
| hepatitis a in lebanon: a changing epidemiological pattern. | in this multicenter study in lebanon, hepatitis a virus (hav) seroprevalence rates were surveyed by age, gender, and socioeconomic factors. blood samples collected from 606 subjects aged 1 to 30 years were analyzed for anti-hav igg. age was the most important factor influencing hav seroprevalence. hav seroprevalence rates in the current study were about 78% in the > or = 21 years age group, 28% in the 6-10 years age group, and 11% in the 1-5 years age group as compared with 97.7% in adults, 85% ... | 2005 | 16103621 |
| decline of maternal hepatitis a antibodies during the first 2 years of life in infants born in turkey. | selective immunization of at-risk groups may reduce the incidence of hepatitis a infection, but only the inclusion of hepatitis a vaccine in a routine universal childhood immunization schedule would guarantee control of the infection. but the interference by maternally derived hepatitis a antibodies (anti-hav) with the immunogenicity of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine is still important in the determination of the optimal age for hepatitis a vaccination. the hepatitis a vaccines have not been as ... | 2005 | 16103622 |
| susceptibility to hepatitis a in patients with chronic liver disease due to hepatitis c virus infection: missed opportunities for vaccination. | hepatitis a virus (hav) superinfection is associated with a high risk of liver failure and death in patients with underlying chronic liver disease. although hav vaccination is recommended for all patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection, little is known about adherence to these recommendations in clinical practice. the aims of this study were to determine the frequency of hav testing and vaccination among patients with chronic hcv infection. we conducted a retrospective cohort stu ... | 2005 | 16104047 |
| hepatitis a vaccines. | hepatitis a, an acute usually self limiting infection of the liver is one of the most common vaccine-preventable infectious disease in the world. effective vaccines which provide long term immunity against hepatitis a have been available since 1992. they are of known good quality, well tolerated with no serious adverse events and have been successfully used to protect different populations from infection as well as interrupt outbreak in closed communities. mathematical models estimate the long t ... | 2005 | 16108190 |
| reversible encephalopathy secondary to paratyphoid infection and concomitant acute hepatitis a. | reversible encephalopathy has been described in association with typhoid fever as well as nontyphoidal salmonella infections. a diagnostic dilemma as to the cause of encephalopathy may arise when there is coexistent acute viral hepatitis and suspicion of fulminant liver failure. the authors report a patient who presented with acute icteric hepatitis a infection and a concomitant febrile illness due to salmonella paratyphi associated with progressive encephalopathy and coma. the young man develop ... | 2005 | 16108242 |
| an unusual cause of acalculous cholecystitis during pregnancy: hepatitis a virus. | | 2005 | 16110848 |
| [diagnostic tests: serum anti-hepatitis a virus antibody and hepatitis a virus rna]. | | 2005 | 16111285 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis a antibodies in relation to social factors--a preliminary study. | hepatitis a is a benign illness in children with the rare possibility of fatal complications. although an endemic disease, very few studies have been done in children regarding the seroprevalence of hepatitis a antibodies in sri lanka. | 2005 | 16114769 |
| prevention of hepatitis a by havrix: a review. | hepatitis a is one of the most common vaccine-preventable infectious diseases in the world. with at least 1.5 million cases of hepatitis a worldwide each year, disease management constitutes a substantial economic burden. the first effective vaccine against hepatitis a, havrix was introduced in 1992. this review summarizes data accumulated following more than a decade of clinical experience with this vaccine and compares clinical data with other currently available hepatitis a vaccines. based on ... | 2005 | 16117704 |
| development of a novel protocol for rt-multiplex pcr to detect diarrheal viruses among infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in eastern russia. | viral gastroenteritis is one of the most common illnesses in humans worldwide and it has a great impact on people. recently, we reported three rt-multiplex pcr assays termed a, b and c that could detect three groups of diarrheal viruses; group a, b and c rotaviruses and adenovirus [phan et al., j med virol 2004; 74:173-9]; norovirus gi and gii, sapovirus and astrovirus [yan et al., j virol meth 2003; 114:37-44]; enteroviruses, hepatitis a and e viruses and influenza a virus [phan et al., arch vi ... | 2005 | 16122155 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a associated with green onions. | in november 2003, a large hepatitis a outbreak was identified among patrons of a single pennsylvania restaurant. we investigated the cause of the outbreak and factors that contributed to its unprecedented size. | 2005 | 16135833 |
| efficacy of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in hiv-infected patients: a hierarchical bayesian meta-analysis. | patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv) have elevated risk for hepatitis a virus (hav) coinfection. sequelae from coinfection include increased risk of liver-related morbidity and mortality. this study synthesizes the results of trials measuring response to hav vaccine in hiv-infected patients using bayesian meta-analysis methodologies. pubmed, ohiolink/medline, and other sources were used to search for studies analyzing response to hav vaccine in hiv-infected patients. studies were e ... | 2006 | 16139398 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a virus infection with a high case-fatality rate among injecting drug users. | in 2002, the first reported outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection involving mostly intravenous drug users (idu) occurred in italy. we attempted a thorough evaluation of the outbreak, including epidemiological, clinical and virological analyses. | 2005 | 16143420 |
| dynamics of proinflammatory cytokines serum levels during viral hepatitis type a. | in this study we assessed the dynamics concerning il-2, sll-2r and il-4 serum levels in the course of an acute viral hepatitis a infection. the study group consisted of 48 persons. the serum concentrations of il-2, sil-2r and il-4 were assessed with the use of elisa methods. in patients the assessments were done twice--in the first and third week of the hospitalisation. in the control group, which consisted of 24 healthy persons the assessments were done once. the obtained data were analysed wit ... | 2004 | 16145982 |
| necrobiotic xanthogranuloma associated with choroidal infiltration and syncytial giant cell hepatitis. | a 31-year-old woman developed necrobiotic xanthogranuloma (nxg), a thickened choroid, and syncytial giant cell hepatitis, a previously unreported association. nxg and syncytial giant cell hepatitis may have a common autoimmune pathogenesis. | 2005 | 16148625 |
| rapid and quantitative detection of hepatitis a virus from green onion and strawberry rinses by use of real-time reverse transcription-pcr. | in this study, an immunomagnetic capture method and a real-time reverse transcription-pcr assay were used to quantify hepatitis a virus (hav) in green onion and strawberry rinses. this combined protocol detected as low as 0.5 pfu hav in produce rinses and concentrated hav levels up to 20-fold. | 2005 | 16151164 |
| changing epidemiology of hepatitis a in the bologna metropolitan area, northern italy: importance of counselling and prophylactic measures for the male homo/bisexual population. | during a 6-year observational study, 122 cases of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection were detected in bologna, italy, with a c. 300% increase in cases between 1999 and 2004. there were 104 cases (85.2%) in male adults, of whom nearly 70% had unprotected sexual contact as the probable risk-factor. there were increasing numbers of cases in immigrants between 1999 and 2004 (p 0.036), and concurrent cases of infection with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis b and c viruses and syphilis were also ... | 2005 | 16153262 |
| importance of vertebrate viruses for choosing hand antiseptics with virucidal efficacy. | | 2005 | 16153495 |
| year-round screening of noncommercial and commercial oysters for the presence of human pathogenic viruses. | consumption of virus-contaminated shellfish has caused numerous outbreaks of gastroenteritis and hepatitis worldwide. in the netherlands, oysters are cultured and imported both for consumption and export; therefore, the presence of noroviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, hepatitis a viruses, and enteroviruses was determined in 64 commercial and noncommercial oyster samples. oysters were collected monthly for 13 months from four different harvesting areas in the oosterschelde delta. oyster sample ... | 2005 | 16161684 |
| molecular epidemiology of foodborne hepatitis a outbreaks in the united states, 2003. | molecular epidemiologic investigations can link geographically separate foodborne hepatitis a outbreaks but have not been used while field investigations are in progress. in 2003, outbreaks of foodborne hepatitis a were reported in multiple states. | 2005 | 16170748 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a among homeless drug users in rotterdam, the netherlands. | from the end of january to mid-june 2004 (weeks 5-24) a hepatitis a virus (hav) outbreak occurred among a homeless and drug user community in rotterdam, the netherlands. to prevent further spread of the virus within this group and to the general population, the municipal health service of rotterdam organized a mass vaccination campaign during which 83% (1,515/1,800) of the homeless people were vaccinated. as part of a national hav typing study, blood and/or fecal samples of 30 rotterdam hav igm+ ... | 2005 | 16173016 |
| [serological survey and vaccination against viral hepatitis a in health care providers at the clinic of infectious diseases in ostrava]. | the health care providers of the clinic of infectious diseases in ostrava were screened for immunity to hepatitis a virus (hav) in an attempt to provide vaccination against hepatitis a to non-immune persons. study subjects and methods: a cohort of 101 health care providers of the clinic of infectious diseases, i.e. 10 physicians, 56 nurses and 35 nursing auxiliaries, were screened. total anti-hav antibodies were determined by elisa and the subjects not reaching the protective level of anti-hav a ... | 2005 | 16173524 |
| recurrence of clinically significant hepatitis a following liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis a. | we report hepatitis a virus (hav) infection of a liver allograft following transplantation for fulminant liver failure due to hav infection. this rare condition has been described in only three patients to date. after liver transplantation allograft function was good, but starting 80 days after transplantation, episodes of acute graft dysfunction were observed. | 2006 | 16185915 |
| characterization and genetic variability of hepatitis a virus genotype iiia. | molecular epidemiological studies of hepatitis a outbreaks in norway showed the emergence of hepatitis a virus (hav) genotype iiia in association with parenteral transmission among haemophiliacs and intravenous drug users. the complete genomic sequence of one of these outbreak isolates, nor-21, was determined. this is the first complete genomic sequence of hav genotype iiia. phylogenetic analysis showed that genotype iiia/nor-21 was genetically distinct from the other human and simian genotypes. ... | 2005 | 16186227 |
| iga-coated particles of hepatitis a virus are translocalized antivectorially from the apical to the basolateral site of polarized epithelial cells via the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. | although hepatitis a virus (hav) is transmitted by the faecal-oral route, its target for replication is the liver. little is known of its interactions with cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and it is not known by which mechanisms hav crosses the intestinal epithelium. in this study, it is shown that hav associated with iga is translocated from the apical to the basolateral compartment of polarized epithelial cells via the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor by iga-mediated reverse transcytosis. ... | 2005 | 16186228 |
| [hepatitis a in poland in 2003]. | epidemiological situation of hepatitis a in poland since 1997 was evaluated as low endemicity and since 2002 as very low endemicity. high percentage of cases were noted among adult persons, especially in the age 25-29 years. the course of disease was more serious, than before 1997. in 2004 only 95 cases of hepatitis a were noted in poland (incidence rate 0.25/100 000). the number and percentage of unimmunized persons, especially among children, adolescents and young adults increases very rapidly ... | 2005 | 16190532 |
| the increasing prominence of household transmission of hepatitis a in an area undergoing a shift in endemicity. | in the rapidly developing city of almaty, kazakhstan, rates of hepatitis a have fallen, but no data on prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) exist with which to interpret incidence data. in the autumn of 2001, we determined the anti-hav prevalence among household and school contacts of hepatitis a cases. for contacts aged 0-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, 15-19 years, or 20-30 years, immune prevalences were 9, 12, 33, 33 and 77% respectively, among immediate-family household co ... | 2006 | 16194291 |
| [relationship between fatal severe from hepatitis occurred during chronic hepatitis b and superinfections of hepatotropic b e system status]. | to clarify the relationship between fatal severe form hepatitis occurred during chronic hepatitis b and superinfections of hepatitis a, c, d or e virus as well as hepatitis b e system status and to adopt corresponding measures to reduce the mortality of chronic hepatitis b. | 2005 | 16201474 |
| prevalence of parvovirus b19 and hepatitis a virus in portuguese blood donors. | in recent years, concern about the safety of blood in regard to the transmission of blood-borne viruses has been decreased. safety has been achieved with a combination of different strategies, such as careful selection of donors, screening for relevant virological markers and viral inactivation/removal methods. more recently, the implementation of the nucleic acid amplification technologies for the detection of hiv-1, hcv and hbv, has increased safety by reducing the "window period" of the infec ... | 2005 | 16203176 |
| hepatitis a vaccine uptake in san diego county: hispanic children are better immunized. | few studies have examined compliance with hepatitis a vaccination recommendations or factors likely to predict vaccination against hepatitis a virus. | 2005 | 16203943 |
| prolonged anti-hav igm positivity in a pregnant woman. | | 2005 | 16204920 |
| detection of immunoglobulin m antibody to hepatitis a virus in alaska residents without other evidence of hepatitis. | during a 38-month period, 13 of 41 persons with test results positive for igm antibody to hepatitis a virus did not meet the case definition for hepatitis a or have a clear indication for testing, which suggests that test results were falsely positive. no single testing platform or kit was used. health care providers should restrict serologic testing for hepatitis a to patients with clinical or epidemiologic indications. | 2005 | 16206092 |
| hepatitis a immunization strategies: universal versus targeted approaches. | the alternative to nationwide childhood hepatitis a vaccination is to continue targeting high-risk adults. to consider how many of today's children will become vaccination candidates, the proportion of adults reporting a lifetime history of hepatitis a risk factors was examined. one thousand thirty-four us adults responded to a confidential postal survey, 49% of whom had met current advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) criteria for immunization and 72% had met an expanded set of c ... | 2005 | 16211195 |
| convert hepatitis c virus into a non-enveloped virus like hepatitis a, by targeting its envelope rather than the rna. | based on the current understanding of the differences between the structure of hepatitis c virus (hcv) in one hand and the hepatitis a and e viruses (hav and hev) in the other hand, we hypothesize that converting the hcv into a non-enveloped virus may be the required key step in allowing viral clearance and preventing chronic viremia. better understanding of the structure of hcv envelop, and of the mechanisms involved in its acquisition is essential for the development of agents that can interfe ... | 2006 | 16229965 |
| reduced-dose intradermal vaccination against hepatitis a with an aluminum-free vaccine is immunogenic and can lower costs. | a reduced dose (0.1 ml) of intradermal hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine could facilitate the control of hepatitis a in countries of endemicity. all study subjects receiving an aluminum-free hav vaccine intradermally were seroprotected 28 days after vaccination (anti-hav titer, > or =10 miu/ml). seroprotection rates decreased to 80.8% at 12 months but returned to 100%, with titers increasing 28-fold, after receipt of a booster vaccination. | 2005 | 16231271 |
| review of factors affecting microbial survival in groundwater. | this review quantitatively examines a number of published studies that evaluated survival and inactivation of public-health-related microorganisms in groundwater. information from reviewed literature is used to express microbial inactivation in terms of log10 decline per day for comparison to other studies and organisms. the geometric mean value for inactivation rates for coliphage, poliovirus, echovirus, coliform bacteria, enterococci, and salmonella spp. were similar at approximately 0.07-0.1 ... | 2005 | 16245801 |
| the coexistence of hepatitis a and infectious mononucleosis. | hepatitis a is an acute, self-limited disease that spreads predominantly by the fecal-oral route. hepatitis a characteristically has an acute, sudden influenza-like onset with a prominence of myalgia, headache, fever and malaise. infectious mononucleosis is an acute illness characterized clinically by sore throat, fever and lymphadenopathy. the virus usually spreads from person to person by close contact with nasopharyngeal secretions. in this case the coexistence of both diseases in the same pa ... | 2005 | 16252202 |
| real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay for detection of hepatitis a virus. | a nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) assay in combination with a molecular beacon was developed for the real-time detection and quantification of hepatitis a virus (hav). a 202-bp, highly conserved 5' noncoding region of hav was targeted. the sensitivity of the real-time nasba assay was tested with 10-fold dilutions of viral rna, and a detection limit of 1 pfu was obtained. the specificity of the assay was demonstrated by testing with other environmental pathogens and indicator mi ... | 2005 | 16269748 |
| experience with hepatitis a and b vaccines. | the lengthy history of efforts to understand the pathogenesis and means of preventing and controlling both hepatitis a and b is noteworthy for many exceptional scientific achievements. among these are the development of vaccines to prevent the spread of infection through induction of active immunity to hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv). the first plasma-derived hepatitis b vaccine was licensed in the united states in 1981 and was replaced by recombinant hepatitis b vaccines in ... | 2005 | 16271535 |
| screening for hepatitis a and b antibodies in patients with chronic liver disease. | chronic liver disease (cld) is highly prevalent, and hepatitis c is one of the leading causes. acute hepatitis a or b in patients with chronic hepatitis c can lead to more severe hepatic injury and a higher fatality rate than in patients without hepatitis c. thus, the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) of the centers for disease control and prevention and the world health organization recommend that persons with cld be vaccinated against hepatitis a virus (hav), and the acip and ... | 2005 | 16271538 |
| overcoming obstacles to immunization in patients with chronic liver disease. | the importance of vaccination to protect against hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) infections in patients with chronic liver disease has been established. however, in this population, a number of obstacles can interfere with appropriate and timely hepatitis immunization. the costs of hepatitis a and b vaccine series are out of reach for many uninsured patients. many private and government-sponsored insurance programs do not routinely cover these vaccinations for patients with c ... | 2005 | 16271540 |
| united states epidemiology of hepatitis a: influenced by immigrants visiting friends and relatives in mexico? | among the industrialized nations, the united states annually receives the greatest number of immigrants as permanent residents. immigrants from mexico have represented the largest segment of the foreign-born population in recent decades, and continued growth of mexican immigration is predicted for the decades ahead. the changing demographics of this population, including the emergence of new immigrant growth centers, will influence the future epidemiology of hepatitis a virus transmission in the ... | 2005 | 16271542 |
| hepatitis a vaccine in the last-minute traveler. | current recommendations state that travelers should receive hepatitis a vaccine 2 to 4 weeks before departure. such recommendations, however, may dissuade last-minute travelers from receiving the vaccine. a preponderance of evidence exists to support hepatitis a vaccination of the imminent-departure traveler and therefore suggests that these guidelines merit reconsideration. in examining this issue, one of the most important elements to determine is the amount of time required for seroconversion ... | 2005 | 16271543 |
| hepatitis a and b immunization in persons being evaluated for sexually transmitted diseases. | sexual transmission accounts for the majority of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infections in industrialized countries. hepatitis a virus (hav) can be transmitted by sexual practices that involve fecal-oral exposure. both infections are disproportionately frequent in men who have sex with men (msm). routine immunization against hbv is recommended for msm and for persons being evaluated or treated for sexually transmitted diseases (stds), and hav immunization is advised for msm and for other persons at ... | 2005 | 16271545 |
| hepatitis a and b immunizations of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | all persons at risk for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2, including men who have sex with men, those with multiple heterosexual contacts, abusers of illegal injection drugs, and persons frequently exposed to blood and blood products, are also at high risk for hepatitis a virus (hav) and acute and chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infections. hiv can prolong the duration and increase the level of hav viremia and augment hav-related liver abnormalities. hiv also magnif ... | 2005 | 16271546 |
| infections and autoimmune diseases. | the high percentage of disease-discordant pairs of monozygotic twins demonstrates the central role of environmental factors in the etiology of autoimmune diseases. efforts were first focussed on the search for triggering factors. the study of animal models has clearly shown that infections may trigger autoimmune diseases, as in the case of coxsackie b4 virus in type i diabetes and the encephalomyocarditis virus in autoimmune myositis, two models in which viruses are thought to act by increasing ... | 2005 | 16278064 |
| detection and differentiation of human hepatitis a strains by commercial quantitative real-time rt-pcr tests. | performance characteristics of two commercial quantitative hepatitis a virus (hav) rt-pcr assays, the lightcycler hepatitis a virus quantification kit (roche diagnostics) and the realart hav lc rt pcr kit (artus gmbh) for detection and quantification of hav were evaluated. both assays rely on reverse transcription and amplification of extracted rna. dilutions of two hav strains, belonging to different subtypes, were prepared to determine the precision, accuracy, linearity and the detection limit ... | 2006 | 16280175 |
| evaluation of a hepatitis a immunization program. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a hepatitis a vaccine requirement targeted at child-care center attendees 2-5 years of age in maricopa county, az. a case-control study conducted before implementation in 1997 found that individuals with hepatitis a were 6 times more likely to have worked in or attended a child-care center than were matched controls, and 40% of hepatitis a cases were attributable to attending or working in a child-care center. | 2005 | 16282932 |
| dual modes of modification of hepatitis a virus 3c protease by a serine-derived beta-lactone: selective crystallization and formation of a functional catalytic triad in the active site. | hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c proteinase is a member of the picornain cysteine proteases responsible for the processing of the viral polyprotein, a function essential for viral maturation and infectivity. this and its structural similarity to other 3c and 3c-like proteases make it an attractive target for the development of antiviral drugs. previous solution nmr studies have shown that a cys24ser (c24s) variant of hav 3c protein, which displays catalytic properties indistinguishable from the native ... | 2005 | 16288920 |
| infrared fluorescent immunofocus assay (ir-fifa) for the quantitation of non-cytopathic and minimally cytopathic viruses. | a novel method was developed for the precise quantitation of viruses using infrared fluorescent detection of foci of infection in conventional cell culture plates. in this assay, termed the infrared fluorescent immunofocus assay (ir-fifa), appropriate cell cultures were infected with serial dilutions of hepatitis a virus (hav) or measles virus (mv) and maintained with a semi-solid overlay for 1-5 days. cell monolayers were fixed with formaldehyde, and then stained in succession with a primary mo ... | 2006 | 16300833 |
| [molecular detection and sequence analysis of hepatitis a virus (hav) in two outbreaks in 2004 in north east hungary]. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is the most important cause of acute infectious hepatitis worldwide. in hungary, the reported number of hav infections decreasing in the last decades, however, in every year approximately 500-800 new cases occur. in hungary, particularly in north east region not only sporadic cases but also outbreaks of hav are happen from time to time. serology is routinely used laboratory method for diagnosis of hav infections, although, there was no direct molecular detection and seque ... | 2005 | 16302357 |
| hepatitis a associated with green onions. | | 2005 | 16306531 |
| hepatitis a virus infection in the united states: serologic results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. | to determine the prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in the general u.s. population, sera from participants in the third national health and nutrition examination survey (nhanes iii) conducted in 1988-1994 were tested for antibody to hav (anti-hav). among 21,260 participants aged > or = 6 years tested, the overall prevalence of infection was 31.3%, and increased markedly with age. the age-adjusted prevalence was significantly higher among foreign- compared to u.s.-born participants, ... | 2005 | 16307834 |
| hepatitis a associated with green onions. | | 2005 | 16312062 |
| anti-t-cell ig and mucin domain-containing protein 1 antibody decreases th2 airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. | the t-cell ig and mucin domain-containing (tim) gene locus has been linked to differences in t(h)2 responsiveness and asthma susceptibility in mice. the homologous locus in human subjects harbors the gene for tim-1, which encodes a receptor for hepatitis a virus and has been linked with decreased susceptibility to atopic disease in hepatitis a virus-seropositive individuals. | 2005 | 16337469 |
| person-to-person transmission of hepatitis a virus in an urban area of intermediate endemicity: implications for vaccination strategies. | developing countries with an increasing hepatitis a disease burden may target vaccination to specific groups, such as young children, as an initial control strategy. to better understand transmission of hepatitis a virus in such countries, the authors prospectively studied household and day-care/school contacts of cases in almaty, kazakhstan. overall, by the time of identification of symptomatic index cases, half of transmission had already occurred, having been detected retrospectively. the odd ... | 2006 | 16339053 |
| non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in hiv-positive patients predisposes for acute-on-chronic liver failure: two cases. | non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a prominent feature in hiv-positive patients. we present two patients with long-lasting hiv-infection who suffered from this disease, as induced by highly active anti-retroviral therapy (haart). the patients developed acute-on-chronic (aoc) liver failure after either (case 1) acute infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) or (case 2) methamphetamine abuse ('ecstasy'). approximately 1 week after visiting an area endemic for hav, case 1, a male patient, presented ... | 2006 | 16357628 |
| viral safety of nanogam, a new 15 nm-filtered liquid immunoglobulin product. | producers of plasma derivatives continuously improve the viral safety of their products by, for example, introducing additional virus-reducing steps into the manufacturing process. here we present virus-elimination studies undertaken for a number of steps employed in a new manufacturing process for liquid intravenous immunoglobulin (nanogam) that comprises two specific virus-reducing steps: a 15-nm filtration step combined with pepsin treatment at ph 4.4 (ph 4.4/15nf); and solvent-detergent (sd) ... | 2006 | 16359352 |
| analysis of sequential hepatitis a virus strains reveals coexistence of distinct viral subpopulations. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a hepatotropic member of the family picornaviridae. despite a remarkable antigenic stability, recent results have shown that hav exists in vivo and in cell culture as distributions of genetically related, non-identical variants, referred to as quasispecies. to gain insight into hav evolution over time in a specific geographical region, genotype i consensus sequences from strains isolated in france in consecutive years were studied. phylogenetic neighbour-joining method ... | 2006 | 16361423 |
| antibody responses to hepatitis a virus vaccine in hiv-infected children with evidence of immunologic reconstitution while receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients have weak responses to vaccines and may require revised immunization regimens. we investigated the safety and immunogenicity of 2 doses of hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine followed by a booster dose in hiv-infected children receiving stable highly active antiretroviral therapy. | 2006 | 16362896 |
| exposure to hav infection in patients with chronic liver disease in italy, a multicentre study. | we carried out a multicentre study on 2830 patients with chronic liver disease from 79 liver units (25 in northern, 24 in central and 30 in southern italy) to evaluate naturally acquired immunity against hepatitis a virus (hav) in relation to age, sex, geographical area of origin and entity of liver disease, and to define the strategy for specific vaccination. antibody to hav (anti-hav) was detected in 1514 (53.5%) of the 2830 patients tested; the prevalence was 50.4% in males and 59.1% in femal ... | 2006 | 16364085 |
| intra-laboratory validation of a concentration method adapted for the enumeration of infectious f-specific rna coliphage, enterovirus, and hepatitis a virus from inoculated leaves of salad vegetables. | salad vegetables exposed to fecal contamination may cause outbreaks of hepatitis or gastro-enteritis if they are eaten raw. a procedure, based on elution with phosphate-buffered saline and concentration by filtration through membrane filters, was developed for the recovery of enteric viruses from salad leaves. the method was evaluated using lettuce leaves inoculated with hepatitis a virus (hav), poliovirus, and ms2 bacteriophage. in addition, this method was validated by an intra-laboratory stud ... | 2006 | 16387377 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus from clotting factors implicated as a source of hav infection among haemophilia patients in korea. | to investigate the causal relationship of blood clotting factors and hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in haemophilia patients during 1998-1999 in korea, we performed a 1:3 matched case-control study and molecular detection of hav from clotting factors and patients. the epidemiological investigation showed that one lot of clotting factor viii was related epidemiologically to patients with hepatitis a with an odds ratio of 35.0, or 38.4 when adjusted for the interval between injections. we examin ... | 2006 | 16409654 |
| stable growth of wild-type hepatitis a virus in cell culture. | human wild-type (wt) hepatitis a virus (hav), the causative agent of acute hepatitis, barely grows in cell culture and in the process accumulates attenuating and cell culture-adapting mutations. this genetic instability of wt hav in cell culture is a major roadblock to studying hav pathogenesis and producing live vaccines that are not overly attenuated for humans. to develop a robust cell culture system capable of supporting the efficient growth of wt hav, we transfected different cell lines wit ... | 2006 | 16415012 |
| diagnosis of hepatitis a virus infection: a molecular approach. | current serologic tests provide the foundation for diagnosis of hepatitis a and hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. recent advances in methods to identify and characterize nucleic acid markers of viral infections have provided the foundation for the field of molecular epidemiology and increased our knowledge of the molecular biology and epidemiology of hav. although hav is primarily shed in feces, there is a strong viremic phase during infection which has allowed easy access to virus isolates and ... | 2006 | 16418523 |