| plasminogen stimulates propagation of protease-resistant prion protein in vitro. | to clarify the role of plasminogen as a cofactor for prion propagation, we conducted functional assays using a cell-free prion protein (prp) conversion assay termed protein misfolding cyclic amplification (pmca) and prion-infected cell lines. here, we report that plasminogen stimulates propagation of the protease-resistant scrapie prp (prp(sc)). compared to control pmca conducted without plasminogen, addition of plasminogen in pmca using wild-type brain material significantly increased prp conve ... | 2010 | 20732953 |
| germline mutation in braf codon 600 is compatible with human development: de novo p.v600g mutation identified in a patient with cfc syndrome. | braf, the protein product of braf, is a serine/threonine protein kinase and one of the direct downstream effectors of ras. somatic mutations in braf occur in numerous human cancers, whereas germline braf mutations cause cardio-facio-cutaneous (cfc) syndrome. one recurrent somatic mutation, p.v600e, is frequently found in several tumor types, such as melanoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, colon cancer, and ovarian cancer. however, a germline mutation affecting codon 600 has never been described. ... | 2011 | 20735442 |
| cgmp-dependent protein kinase and the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell gene expression: possible involvement of elk-1 sumoylation. | although the regulation of smooth muscle cell (smc) gene expression by cgmp-dependent protein kinase (pkg) is now recognized, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood. in this study, we report that pkg-i stimulates myocardin/serum response factor (srf)-dependent gene expression in vascular smcs. the expression of pkg in pkg-deficient cells enhanced myocardin-induced sm22 promoter activity in a concentration-dependent fashion. however, neither srf nor myocardin expression ... | 2010 | 20802137 |
| allele-specific transcription of the pai-1 gene in human astrocytes. | the 4g allele of the pai-1 -675(4g/5g) insertion/deletion promoter polymorphism has been associated with elevated plasma levels of pai-1 and an increased risk of myocardial infarction. however, this allele has also been associated with a reduced risk of ischaemic stroke. in the brain, pai-1 is mainly produced by astrocytes, and can reduce the neurotoxic effects exerted by tissue-type plasminogen activator during pathophysiologic conditions. the aim of the present study was to investigate whether ... | 2010 | 20806116 |
| a cervid vocal fold model suggests greater glottal efficiency in calling at high frequencies. | male rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) produce loud and high fundamental frequency bugles during the mating season, in contrast to the male european red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus) who produces loud and low fundamental frequency roaring calls. a critical step in understanding vocal communication is to relate sound complexity to anatomy and physiology in a causal manner. experimentation at the sound source, often difficult in vivo in mammals, is simulated here by a finite element mod ... | 2010 | 20808882 |
| map kinase: sumo pathway interactions. | the convergence and coordinated cross talk of different signalling pathways forms a regulatory network which determines the biological outcome to environmental cues. the mapk pathways are one of the important routes by which extracellular signals are transduced into intracellular responses. through protein phosphorylation mechanisms, they can play a pivotal role in regulating other posttranslational modifications such as protein acetylation and ubiquitination. in addition, protein sumoylation ha ... | 2010 | 20811994 |
| mutational and functional analysis in human ras/map kinase genetic syndromes. | the ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway is essential in regulation of the cell cycle, cell differentiation, growth, and cell senescence, each of which are critical to normal development. a class of developmental disorders, the "rasopathies," is caused by germline mutations in genes that encode protein components of the ras/mapk pathway which result in dysregulation of the pathway and profound deleterious effects on development. one of these syndromes, cardiofaciocutaneous (cfc) s ... | 2010 | 20812000 |
| crystallization and preliminary crystallographic characterization of the pas domains of eag and elk potassium channels. | per-arnt-sim (pas) domains are ubiquitous in nature; they are approximately 130-amino-acid protein domains that adopt a fairly conserved three-dimensional structure despite their low degree of sequence homology. these domains constitute the n-terminus or, less frequently, the c-terminus of a number of proteins, where they exert regulatory functions. pas-containing proteins generally display two or more copies of this motif. in this work, the crystallization and preliminary analysis of the pas do ... | 2010 | 20823525 |
| transport of the pathogenic prion protein through soils. | transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) are progressive neurodegenerative diseases and include bovine spongiform encephalopathy of cattle, chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer and elk, scrapie in sheep and goats, and creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans. an abnormally folded form of the prion protein (designated prp(tse)) is typically associated with tse infectivity and may constitute the major, if not sole, component of the infectious agent. transmission of cwd and scrapie is mediated ... | 2010 | 20830901 |
| cck1 and cck2 receptors are expressed on pancreatic stellate cells and induce collagen production. | the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin (cck) can induce acute pancreatitis in rodents through its action on acinar cells. treatment with cck, in combination with other agents, represents the most commonly used model to induce experimental chronic pancreatitis. pancreatic stellate cells (psc) are responsible for pancreatic fibrosis and therefore play a predominant role in the genesis of chronic pancreatitis. however, it is not known whether psc express cck receptors. using real time pcr tec ... | 2010 | 20843811 |
| atp induces synaptic gene expressions in cortical neurons: transduction and transcription control via p2y1 receptors. | studies in vertebrate neuromuscular synapses have revealed previously that atp, via p2y receptors, plays a critical role in regulating postsynaptic gene expressions. an equivalent regulatory role of atp and its p2y receptors would not necessarily be expected for the very different situation of the brain synapses, but we provide evidence here for a brain version of that role. in cultured cortical neurons, the expression of p2y(1) receptors increased sharply during neuronal differentiation. those ... | 2010 | 20847060 |
| identification of important regulatory region of th-pok. | cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells develop from cd4(+)cd8(+) thymocytes. although it has been reported that expression of the transcription factor th-pok is important for cd4(+) t cell development, the detailed mechanism regulating th-pok expression is still obscure. by comparing the promoter regions of the th-pok gene between human and mouse, i found that the region 3600 base pairs (bps) upstream from the transcription initiation site of the th-pok gene was highly conserved. to identify the important el ... | 2010 | 20847520 |
| neuron-glial cell communication in the traumatic stress-induced immunomodulation. | we have previously reported that neuron and glia could collaboratively govern the immunomodulation in traumatic rats. herein, we characterized the sequential involvement of cortical neuron, microglia, and astrocytes in the traumatic stress-mediated neuroimmune modulation. at day 1 of trauma, transient extracellular signal related kinase 1/2 (erk1/2) activation was initiated in neuron and microglia, which was accompanied by rsk-1 expression in the cytosol. at day 3 of trauma, persistent erk1/2 ac ... | 2011 | 20853446 |
| alterations in vitamin a and e levels in liver and testis of wild ungulates from a lead mining area. | in animals, exposure to metal pollution can induce oxidative stress via several mechanisms. this stress might then cause adverse effects on functions such as male reproductive capacity. antioxidant vitamins a and e play an important role in maintaining organism functions under stressed conditions. this study assessed the effect of different metals and metalloids on levels of vitamins a and e in livers and testis (n = 67 and 36) of red deer and in livers (n = 22) of wild boar. the study compared ... | 2011 | 20857095 |
| relationship between rank and plasma testosterone and cortisol in red deer males (cervus elaphus). | the objective of this study was to assess the effect of a change in the social composition in a group of red deer males on the relationship between their rank and testosterone. a group of twelve adult red deer males (cervus elaphus) was tested in two social settings. from april 15 to june 9 (period 1) this group was kept separately in an enclosure. on june 10, nine 3-year-old males were added to that group of adult males. they were kept together until august 31. we performed 10 observations of t ... | 2010 | 20869973 |
| resource selection by elk in an agro-forested landscape of northwestern nebraska. | in recent years, elk have begun recolonizing areas east of the rocky mountains that are largely agro-forested ecosystems composed of privately owned land where management of elk is an increasing concern due to crop and forage depredation and interspecific disease transmission. we used a geographic information system, elk use locations (n = 5013), random locations (n = 25,065), discrete-choice models, and information-theoretic methods to test hypotheses about elk resource selection in an agro-for ... | 2010 | 20872141 |
| histopathology of grossly normal mesenteric lymph nodes of new zealand farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) including identification of lipopigment. | this article describes the histopathology of grossly normal mesenteric lymph nodes (mlns) of new zealand farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). eighty mlns were sourced from 10 deer from 5 north island herds and 5 south island herds classified as low risk and high risk of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection, respectively. fixed sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin; ziehl-neelsen; and, selectively, periodic acid-schiff, perl's, and sudan black. positive ziehl-ne ... | 2010 | 20881317 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome of the domestic red deer (cervus elaphus) of new zealand and its phylogenic position within the family cervidae. | we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the semidomestic red deer (cervus elaphus) of new zealand. the genome was 16,357 bp long and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 12srrna, 16srrna, 22 trnas and a d-loop as found in other mammals. database homology searches showed that the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequence from the new zealand semidomestic deer was similar to partial mtdna sequences from the european, norwegian (c. e. atlanticus) and spanish red deer (c ... | 2010 | 20887306 |
| analysis of salazinic, norstictic, and usnic acids in xanthoparmelia chlorochroa by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. | the lichen species xanthoparmelia chlorochroa is toxic when consumed by domestic sheep, cattle, and rocky mountain elk. clinical signs exhibited by poisoned animals include red urine, ataxia, and muscular weakness that rapidly progresses to recumbency. elk are unable to recover once becoming recumbent; however, most affected cattle can recover if offered suitable feed shortly following the onset of signs. at present, the pathogenesis and specific toxin(s) are unknown. as part of an effort to elu ... | 2010 | 20922944 |
| elaphostrongylus cervi in a population of red deer ( cervus elaphus) and evidence of cerebrospinal nematodiasis in small ruminants in the province of varese, italy. | thirty-one faecal samples were collected from red deer in the northern area of varese, in the italian region of lombardy, between august and october 2008. the animals had either been hunted or accidently killed. examination for internal parasites showed a prevalence of 45.2% for elaphostrongylus cervi larvae and species identification was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). ninety-seven faecal samples were also collected from two goat flocks grazing in the same area between december 20 ... | 2010 | 20923583 |
| first seropositive cases of coxiella burnetii in red deer populations in the southwest iberian peninsula. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of coxiella burnetii in different red deer populations and to investigate role of red deer densities, livestock, and habitat on seroprevalence. the serosurvey revealed 5 positive cases out of 137 sera (3.64%) that occurred in two of the three study areas. this study documents the first cases of coxiella burnetii in red deer in the southwest iberian peninsula. a relationship between deer density and coxiella seroprevalence was not found. re ... | 2010 | 20945645 |
| epizootic hemorrhagic disease outbreak in a captive facility housing white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), bison (bison bison), elk (cervus elaphus), cattle (bos taurus), and goats (capra hircus) in colorado, u.s.a. | an ungulate research facility in fort collins, colorado, u.s.a., experienced mortality in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) because of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) infection from 20 august 2007 through 26 september 2007. epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation from the spleen and lung tissues of two white-tailed deer. virus neutralization tests were performed on pre- and postoutbreak ser ... | 2010 | 20945651 |
| characterization of pathogen-specific expression of host immune response genes in anaplasma and mycobacterium species infected ruminants. | anaplasma and mycobacterium species are among the most prevalent bacterial pathogens in european red deer (cervus elaphus) in south-central spain and are known to modify gene expression in ruminants. in this study, we used microarray hybridization and real-time rt-pcr analyses to characterize global gene expression profiles in red deer in response to anaplasma ovis and a. ovis/mycobacterium bovis/mycobacterium avium sub. paratuberculosis (map) infections, compare the expression of immune respons ... | 2010 | 20952064 |
| regulation of syk by phosphorylation on serine in the linker insert. | the syk protein-tyrosine kinase is phosphorylated on multiple tyrosines after the aggregation of the b cell antigen receptor. however, metabolic labeling experiments indicate that syk is inducibly phosphorylated to an even greater extent on serine after receptor ligation. a combination of phosphopeptide mapping and mass spectrometric analyses indicates that serine 291 is a major site of phosphorylation. serine 291 lies within a 23-amino acid insert located within the linker b region that disting ... | 2010 | 20956537 |
| are wolves saving yellowstone's aspen? a landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade. | behaviorally mediated trophic cascades (bmtcs) occur when the fear of predation among herbivores enhances plant productivity. based primarily on systems involving small-bodied predators, bmtcs have been proposed as both strong and ubiquitous in natural ecosystems. recently, however, synthetic work has suggested that the existence of bmtcs may be mediated by predator hunting mode, whereby passive (sit-and-wait) predators have much stronger effects than active (coursing) predators. one bmtc that h ... | 2010 | 20957967 |
| retrospective study of pestivirus infection in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica) and other ungulates in the pyrenees (ne spain). | in 2001 a new pestivirus (family flaviviridae) was associated with an outbreak of a previously unreported disease in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica) in the pyrenees (ne spain). molecular characterization assigned this virus to the border disease virus (bdv) cluster, bdv-4 genotype. a retrospective study was performed in archived sera and spleen of 74 pyrenean chamois and in archived sera of 28 mouflon (ovis ammon), 56 red deer (cervus elaphus), 43 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and 29 fal ... | 2010 | 20961710 |
| isolation of bartonella capreoli from elk. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of bartonella infections in elk populations. we report the isolation of four bartonella strains from 55 elk blood samples. sequencing analysis demonstrated that all four strains belong to bartonella capreoli, a bacterium that was originally described in the wild roe deer of europe. our finding first time demonstrated that b. capreoli has a wide geographic range, and that elk may be another host for this bacterium. further investigation ... | 2010 | 20961711 |
| total intravenous anesthesia with midazolam, ketamine, and xylazine or detomidine following induction with tiletamine, zolazepam, and xylazine in red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) undergoing surgery. | sixteen captive female red deer were successfully anesthetized to surgically implant a telemetry system. the deer were immobilized with (mean±sd) 1.79±0.29 mg/kg xylazine and 1.79±0.29 mg/kg tiletamine/zolazepam given intramuscularly with a dart gun. anesthesia was maintained for 69±2 min using a total intravenous protocol with a catheter placed in the jugular vein. group x received xylazine (0.5±0.055 mg/kg/hr) and group d, detomidine (2±0.22 μg/kg/hr), both in combination with ketamine (2±0.02 ... | 2010 | 20966270 |
| monitoring for bovine viral diarrhea virus in austrian red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) by using ear-notch samples. | during 2007-09, ear-notch samples from free-living (n=527) and farmed (n=237) austrian red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) were tested for bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (bvdv-1) and type 2 (bvdv-2) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and single-tube real-time reverse transcription pcr. ear-notch samples were collected by applying modified ear tags from randomly selected hunter-harvested red deer and from individuals originating from deer holdings. all samples tested negative for bvdv-1 and b ... | 2010 | 20966278 |
| effects of 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(5-methyl-furan-2-y-l) propenone (hmp) upon signalling pathways of lipopolysaccharide-induced inos synthesis in raw 264.7 cells. | we previously showed that 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(5-methyl-furan-2-y-l)propenone (hmp), suppressed the synthesis of various proinflammatory mediators. in this study, hmp showed a dose-dependent inhibition of no synthesis in the raw 264.7 murine macrophage line. the inhibition of no synthesis was related to inhibition of p38 phosphorylation and kinase activity that led to significant inhibition of phosphorylation of atf-2. this effect in turn caused inhibition of ap-1-dna binding which partially e ... | 2010 | 21035434 |
| effect of storage temperature during transport of ovaries on in vitro embryo production in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus). | the aim of this work was to study the effect of storage temperature during the transport of ovaries on cleavage and blastocyst rates in iberian red deer, because wild populations of this subspecies are usually far from laboratories. a total of 472 ovaries from 236 iberian hinds were recovered and maintained in saline solution at 5-8 °c or 20-25 °c for 12 h. after storage, aspirated oocytes were matured with fsh/lh or egf and the developed embryos were cultured with oviduct epithelial cells monol ... | 2010 | 21040958 |
| variances and covariances of phenological traits in a wild mammal population. | in a seasonal environment, there are multiple aspects of timing, or phenology, that contribute to an individual's fitness. several studies have shown a genetic basis to variation between individuals in breeding time, but we know little about the heritability of other phenological traits in wild populations. furthermore, the presence of genetic correlations between phenological variables could act to constrain or promote any response to selection, but less is known of the multivariate genetic rel ... | 2010 | 21044060 |
| erk/ribosomal s6 kinase (rsk) signaling positively regulates death receptor 5 expression through co-activation of chop and elk1. | death receptor 5 (dr5) is a death domain-containing transmembrane receptor that triggers apoptosis upon binding to its ligand or when overexpressed. its expression is induced by certain small molecule drugs, including celecoxib, through mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. the current study has revealed a novel erk/ribosomal s6 kinase (rsk)-dependent mechanism that regulates dr5 expression primarily using celecoxib as a dr5 inducer. both c/ebp homologous protein (chop) and elk1 are re ... | 2010 | 21044953 |
| morphology and ultrastructure of antler velvet hair and body hair from red deer (cervus elaphus). | we provide a detailed description of the ultrastructure of deer hair fibers. guard hairs and underhairs from the winter coat of red deer (cervus elaphus), and antler velvet hairs from the same species were examined. all fibers displayed the typical keratin fiber morphology of overlapping cuticle cells surrounding a core of cortex cells, and often a centrally-located medulla, but there were considerable differences in the diameter, cuticle thickness, and scale pattern, and in the relative amounts ... | 2010 | 21061275 |
| association of thromboxane a2 receptor (tbxa2r) gene polymorphism in patients with aspirin-intolerant acute urticaria. | the thromboxane a2 receptor (tbxa2r) is a potent broncho- and vaso-constrictor and is associated with leukotriene synthesis. polymorphisms in the tbxa2r gene have been linked to atopy, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. this study evaluated the association between genetic tbxa2r variants and the development of acetyl salicylic acid (asa)-intolerant acute urticaria (aiau). | 2010 | 21070398 |
| differing contributions of limk and rock to tgfβ-induced transcription, motility and invasion. | the ability of transforming growth factor β (tgfβ) to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (emt) is mediated by smad-dependent and smad-independent pathways such as the activation of rho gtpase signalling. upon activation, gtp-bound rho stimulates the rock kinases, which in turn phosphorylate numerous substrates including the lim kinases (limk). the net result of rock activation is increased actin-myosin contractile force generation, with a contribution from limk-induced actin filament stabi ... | 2010 | 21074289 |
| seroprevalence of neospora caninum in free living and farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in poland. | serum samples from 47 free living and 106 farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) from the mazurian lake district in north-east poland were investigated for the presence of antibodies to neospora caninum. a modified neospora iscom-elisa was used for initial screening. all sera with optical density (od) values exceeding 0.400 absorbance units were further investigated by western blot analysis. eighteen sera were positive in both tests. six of these were from free living and 12 from farmed animals giving ... | 2010 | 21077439 |
| relationship between il-6/erk and nf-κb: a study in normal and pathological human prostate gland. | there is growing evidence that inflammation is a causal factor in cancer, where pro-inflammatory cytokines such as il-6, il-1 or tnf-α could induce cellular proliferation by activation of nf-κb. this study focuses on the il-6/erk transduction pathway, its relationship with nf-κb, and the consequences of dysregulation in the development of prostate pathologies such as benign prostate hyperplasia (bph), prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (pin) and prostate cancer (pc). | 2010 | 21081304 |
| key roles of endothelin-1 and p38 mapk in the regulation of atrial stretch response. | mechanisms regulating stretch response in the left ventricle are investigated in detail but not well understood in atrial myocardium. hypertrophic growth of atrial myocardium contributes to the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. in this study, we sought to elucidate mechanisms of stretch-induced activation of key signaling pathways and hypertrophy-associated genes in rat atria. stretching of isolated atria induced a rapid increase in phosphorylation of p38 mapk and erk and induced a p38 mapk-d ... | 2010 | 21084678 |
| association analysis of prnp gene region with chronic wasting disease in rocky mountain elk. | abstract: | 2010 | 21087518 |
| detection of specific antibodies anti-neospora caninum in the fallow deer (dama dama). | sera from 335 farmed fallow deer (dama dama) at the breeding station in kosewo górne in the mazurian lake district, north-east poland, were investigated for the presence of antibodies against neospora caninum. the distribution of age groups was as follow: >4years - 154 animals; 2years - 76 animals; 1year - 105 animals. ten sera with the optical density exceeding 0.159 absorbance units (i.e., cut-off value) in elisa test were also analyzed by western blot. western blot analysis revealed seroreact ... | 2010 | 21087781 |
| acceptance and palatability for domestic and wildlife hosts of baits designed to deliver a tuberculosis vaccine to wild boar piglets. | tuberculosis (tb) caused by mycobacterium bovis, a member of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is an important health problem worldwide. the control of tb through vaccination of wildlife reservoirs may potentially have advantages over other management strategies. the most practical approach to deliver vaccines to wildlife is using oral baits that are stable under field conditions and effective in reaching the target species. baits were developed in our laboratory to deliver oral vaccines t ... | 2010 | 21093082 |
| hplc-ms/ms shotgun proteomic research of deer antlers with multiparallel protein extraction methods. | deer antlers mature rapidly in 60 days, and subsequently shed in 5 days with rapid ossification. during this procedure, the function of deer antlers changes significantly. therefore, the profiling of antler proteome is helpful to discover important growing and shedding regulation proteins, which might be of great significance for studying development and regeneration. in this study, a parallel protein extraction strategy was developed to extract proteins from antlers of red deer with five differ ... | 2010 | 21093389 |
| tec protein tyrosine kinase is involved in the erk signaling pathway induced by hgf. | tec, a member of the tec family of non-receptor type protein tyrosine kinases, has recently been suggested to play a role in hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration. this study aims to investigate the putative mechanisms of tec kinase regulation of hepatocyte differentiation, i.e. to explore which signaling pathway tec is involved in, and how tec is activated in hepatocyte after hepatectomy and hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) stimulation. | 2010 | 21094130 |
| quantitative analysis of erk2 interactions with substrate proteins: roles for kinase docking domains and activity in determining binding affinity. | extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (erk1/2) proteins regulate a variety of cellular functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, by interacting with and phosphorylating substrate proteins. two docking sites, common docking (cd/ed) domain and f-site recruitment site (frs), on erk proteins have been identified. specific interactions with the cd/ed domain and the frs occur with substrates containing a docking site for erk and jnk, lxl (dejl) motif (d-domain) and a dockin ... | 2010 | 21098038 |
| alterations in mglur5 expression and signaling in lewy body disease and in transgenic models of alpha-synucleinopathy--implications for excitotoxicity. | dementia with lewy bodies (dlb) and parkinson's disease (pd) are neurodegenerative disorders of the aging population characterized by the abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn). previous studies have suggested that excitotoxicity may contribute to neurodegeneration in these disorders, however the underlying mechanisms and their relationship to alpha-syn remain unclear. for this study we proposed that accumulation of alpha-syn might result in alterations in metabotropic glutamate re ... | 2010 | 21103359 |
| the effects of a synthetic curcuminoid analogue, 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine)cyclohexanone on proinflammatory signaling pathways and clp-induced lethal sepsis in mice. | we previously showed that 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine)cyclohexanone (bhmc), suppressed the synthesis of various proinflammatory mediators. in this study we explain the mechanism of action of bhmc in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced u937 monocytes and further show that bhmc prevents lethality of clp-induced sepsis. bhmc showed dose-dependent inhibitory effects on p38, jnk and erk 1/2 activity as determined by inhibition of phosphorylation of downstream transcription factors atf-2, c- ... | 2010 | 21114991 |
| increasing contact with hepatitis e virus in red deer, spain. | to describe the epidemiology of hepatitis e virus (hev) in red deer in mainland spain, we tested red deer for hev rna and antibodies. overall, 10.4% and 13.6% of serum samples were positive by elisa and reverse transcription-pcr, respectively. the increasing prevalence suggests a potential risk for humans. | 2010 | 21122241 |
| management practices and their association with mycobacterium tuberculosis complex prevalence in red deer populations in southwestern spain. | intensification of game management may increase the prevalence of tuberculosis (tb) in wildlife despite eradication programs implemented in cattle herds in the same areas. in this cross-sectional study, we investigated the association between wild game management practices and the presence of tuberculosis in red deer populations in southwestern spain. five hundred and fifty-one animals were examined by necropsy to detect tuberculosis-like lesions in the main lymph nodes. prevalence, as determine ... | 2010 | 21131079 |
| a large survey of croatian wild mammals for giardia duodenalis reveals a low prevalence and limited zoonotic potential. | abstract wild mammals are considered an important source of potentially zoonotic giardia duodenalis parasites, yet surprisingly little information is available on the actual prevalence and the genetic identity of the species they harbor. a large survey was conducted in croatia by collecting 832 fecal samples from red deer (cervus elaphus, n = 374), roe deer (capreolus capreolus, n = 21), wild boars (sus scrofa, n = 144), foxes (vulpes vulpes, n = 66), bears (ursus arctos, n = 19), wolves (canis ... | 2010 | 21142957 |
| individual differences in reproductive costs examined using multi-state methods. | 1. trade-offs among life-history traits are common because individuals have to partition limited resources between multiple traits. reproductive costs are generally assumed to be high, resulting in reduced survival and fecundity in the following year. however, it is common to find positive rather than negative correlations between life-history traits. 2. here, we use a data set from the individual-based study of red deer on the isle of rum to examine how these costs vary between individuals and ... | 2010 | 21182522 |
| barbituric acid derivative bas 02104951 inhibits pkcε, pkcη, pkcε/rack2 interaction, elk-1 phosphorylation in hela and pkcε and η translocation in pc3 cells following tpa-induction. | protein kinase c (pkc) is a family of at least 10 isozymes involved in the activation of different signal transduction pathways. the exact function of these isozymes is not known at present. isozyme-selective inhibitors would be important to explain the function of the different pkcs and are anticipated to have pharmaceutical potential. here we report that the small organic molecule bas 02104951 [5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethylene)-1-(phenylmethyl)-2,4,6(1h,3h,5h)-pyrimidinetrion], a barbituric ac ... | 2010 | 21186251 |
| gene expression of axon growth promoting factors in the deer antler. | the annual regeneration cycle of deer (cervidae, artiodactyla) antlers represents a unique model of epimorphic regeneration and rapid growth in adult mammals. regenerating antlers are innervated by trigeminal sensory axons growing through the velvet, the modified form of skin that envelopes the antler, at elongation velocities that reach one centimetre per day in the common deer (cervus elaphus). several axon growth promoters like nt-3, ngf or igf-1 have been described in the antler. to increase ... | 2010 | 21187928 |
| a regional inventory and monitoring setup to evaluate bark peeling damage by red deer (cervus elaphus) in coniferous plantations in southern belgium. | bark peeling by red deer (cervus elaphus l.) has become a serious issue for productive forests in western europe. the damage is particularly severe on species such as spruce, as these become vulnerable to fungus attacks that result in considerably depreciated timber. this article presents a monitoring setup for recent bark peeling damage in spruce plantings in wallonia (southern part of belgium). this setup implies to collect data annually from a survey involving cluster sampling. it has been em ... | 2010 | 21188508 |
| effect of melatonin implants on the incidence and timing of puberty in female red deer (cervus elaphus). | a study was conducted to test the hypotheses that exogenous melatonin treatment of 11-13 month-old red deer hinds: (1) advances the timing of first ovulation, (2) increases the proportion of individuals attaining puberty at ∼16 months of age, and (3) reduces the live-weight threshold for attainment of first pregnancy. a total of 3901 rising-2-year-old (r₂) hinds within two herds (a and b) across two years either received single melatonin implants on two occasions in summer (n=1399) or were untre ... | 2010 | 21190800 |
| no difference between the sexes in fine-scale spatial genetic structure of roe deer. | data on spatial genetic patterns may provide information about the ecological and behavioural mechanisms underlying population structure. indeed, social organization and dispersal patterns of species may be reflected by the pattern of genetic structure within a population. | 2010 | 21203388 |
| evidence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in dutch farmed red deer. | paratuberculosis is a chronic disease in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). most economic losses due to map occur in the dairy industry. however, the infection is not restricted to cattle, but also occurs in other ruminants, such as sheep, goat, and deer. although deer are of minimal economic importance in the netherlands, they may constitute a source of infection for the dairy industry. this pilot study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of johne's dise ... | 2010 | 21207913 |
| generation of a new form of human prp(sc) in vitro by interspecies transmission from cervid prions. | prion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals and that result from the conversion of normal prion protein (prp(c)) into the misfolded prion protein (prp(sc)). chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disorder of increasing prevalence within the united states that affects a large population of wild and captive deer and elk. determining the risk of transmission of cwd to humans is of utmost importance, considering that people can be infected by animal pri ... | 2011 | 21209079 |
| eph family receptors and ligands in vascular cell targeting and assembly. | members of the eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases determine neural cell aggregation and targeting behavior, functions that are also critical in vascular assembly and remodeling. among this class of diverse receptors, epha2 (eck) and ephb1 (elk) represent prototypes for two receptor subfamilies distinguished by high-affinity interaction with either glycerophosphatidylinositol (gpi)-linked or transmembrane ligands, respectively. epha2 participates in angiogenic responses to tumor necrosis fac ... | 1997 | 21235905 |
| toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in wildlife: common parasites in belgian foxes and cervidae? | sera from cervidae were tested for the presence of antibodies against neospora caninum using elisa; and against toxoplasma gondii using sag1-elisa and a commercially available agglutination test. the t. gondii seroprevalence was 52% (38/73) in roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 0% in bred fallow deer (0/4) (dama dama) and red deer (0/7) (cervus elaphus). we found 2.7% of the roe deer samples and none of the bred deer samples positive for n. caninum. brain samples from wild roe deer, red deer and re ... | 2010 | 21236577 |
| methanogen community structure in the rumens of farmed sheep, cattle and red deer fed different diets. | development of inhibitors and vaccines that mitigate rumen-derived methane by targeting methanogens relies on knowledge of the methanogens present. we investigated the composition of archaeal communities in the rumens of farmed sheep (ovis aries), cattle (bos taurus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) to generate fingerprints of archaeal 16s rrna genes. the total archaeal communities were relatively constant across species and diets, and were less ... | 2011 | 21255054 |
| antlers of cervus elaphus as biomonitors of ⁹⁰sr in the environment. | adequate radioprotection of the environment requires the identification of biomonitors sensitive to the variation of its radionuclide content. due to the chemical similarities between calcium and strontium, calcified tissues of mammals are considered to be good ⁹⁰sr biomonitors. this work considered cervus elaphus antlers which, being shed annually, can give information about the importance of radiostrontium contamination in an ecosystem in the time period required for the growth of the antler. ... | 2011 | 21255884 |
| signal transduction of pregnenolone sulfate in insulinoma cells: activation of egr-1 expression involving trpm3, voltage-gated calcium channels, erk, and ternary complex factors. | the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate acts on the nervous system by modifying neurotransmission and receptor functions, thus influencing synaptic strength, neuronal survival, and neurogenesis. here we show that pregnenolone sulfate induces a signaling cascade in insulinoma cells leading to enhanced expression of the zinc finger transcription factor egr-1 and egr-1-responsive target genes. pharmacological and genetic experiments revealed that influx of ca(2+) ions via transient receptor potential ... | 2011 | 21257751 |
| epidermal growth factor regulates mcl-1 expression through the mapk-elk-1 signalling pathway contributing to cell survival in breast cancer. | myeloid cell leukaemia-1 (mcl-1) is an anti-apoptotic member of the bcl-2 family that is elevated in a variety of tumour types including breast cancer. in breast tumours, increased mcl-1 expression correlates with high tumour grade and poor patient survival. we have previously demonstrated that her-2 levels correspond to increased mcl-1 expression in breast tumours. epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor signalling is frequently deregulated in breast cancer and leads to increased proliferation a ... | 2011 | 21258408 |
| ontogenesis of the rumen: a comparative analysis of the merino sheep and iberian red deer. | the aim of this study is to describe differences in the ontogenesis of the rumen in the sheep (domestic ruminant) and deer (wild ruminant). a total of 50 embryos and fetuses of merino sheep and 50 of iberian deer were used, from the first stages of prenatal life until birth. for the study, the animals were divided into five experimental groups according to the most relevant histological characteristics. the appearance of the rumen from the primitive gastric tube was earlier in the sheep (22% ges ... | 2010 | 21269368 |
| sparse prp(sc) accumulation in the placentas of goats with naturally acquired scrapie. | domestic goats (capra hircus) are a natural and experimental host of scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy, the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) of sheep and cattle. goats are also susceptible to experimental infection with the agents of tses of deer and elk (chronic wasting disease) and humans (creutzfeldt jakob disease). distribution of prpsc, the abnormal prion protein, is similar in the tissues of scrapie-infected sheep and goats but no data are available on the potenti ... | 2011 | 21284878 |
| a phospholipase c?1-activated pathway regulates transcription in human vascular smooth muscle cells. | growth factor-induced repression of smooth muscle (sm) cell marker genes is an integral part of vascular sm (vsm) cell proliferation. this is partly regulated via translocation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (erk1/2) to the nucleus which activates the transcription factor elk-1. the mediators involved in erk1/2 nuclear translocation in vsm cells are unknown. the aim of this study is to examine the mechanisms which regulate growth factor-induced nuclear translocation of erk1/2 and g ... | 2011 | 21285289 |
| indirect genetics effects and evolutionary constraint: an analysis of social dominance in red deer, cervus elaphus. | by determining access to limited resources, social dominance is often an important determinant of fitness. thus, if heritable, standard theory predicts mean dominance should evolve. however, dominance is usually inferred from the tendency to win contests, and given one winner and one loser in any dyadic contest, the mean proportion won will always equal 0.5. here, we argue that the apparent conflict between quantitative genetic theory and common sense is resolved by recognition of indirect genet ... | 2011 | 21288272 |
| fine-tuning the space, time, and host distribution of mycobacteria in wildlife. | we describe the diversity of two kinds of mycobacteria isolates, environmental mycobacteria and mycobacterium bovis collected from wild boar, fallow deer, red deer and cattle in doñana national park (dnp, spain), analyzing their association with temporal, spatial and environmental factors. | 2011 | 21288321 |
| gnrh induces the c-fos gene via phosphorylation of srf by the calcium/calmodulin kinase ii pathway. | despite extensive studies on gnrh regulation of the gonadotropin subunit genes, very little is known about mechanism of induction of intermediary immediate early genes, such as c-fos, that are direct targets of gnrh signaling and that upon induction, activate transcription of gonadotropin genes. although c-fos is induced by a variety of stimuli in other cell types, in the gonadotropes, only gnrh induces c-fos and through it fshß. thus, understanding the specificity of c-fos induction by gnrh wil ... | 2011 | 21292826 |
| prioritizing conservation of ungulate calving resources in multiple-use landscapes. | conserving animal populations in places where human activity is increasing is an ongoing challenge in many parts of the world. we investigated how human activity interacted with maternal status and individual variation in behavior to affect reliability of spatially-explicit models intended to guide conservation of critical ungulate calving resources. we studied rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) that occupy a region where 2900 natural gas wells have been drilled. | 2011 | 21297866 |
| lead poisoning of bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles in the u.s. inland pacific northwest region--an 18-year retrospective study: 1991-2008. | to determine risk factors and seasonal trends of lead poisoning in bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles, blood lead levels were evaluated in eagles admitted from the inland pacific northwest region of the united states to the raptor rehabilitation program, college of veterinary medicine at washington state university from 1991 to 2008. admissions were from washington (32 bald eagles, 27 golden eagles), northern idaho (21 bald eagles, 25 golden eagles), northeaste ... | 2010 | 21302758 |
| development of in-situ measurement for 90 sr specific activity by ß-ray survey meter combined with sensitivity correction by monte carlo calculation. | the objective of this study was to develop an in-situ measurement technique for the instant detection of the (90)sr contamination. a numerical method to correct the detection efficiency of the ß survey meter was applied for an elk antler sample from the vicinity of the mayak facility. the estimated (90)sr specific activity of 0.21±0.04 bq/g agrees within the factor of two to the value 0.11±0.06 bq/g evaluated with the imaging plate, which was previously validated. also, the dependence of the det ... | 2011 | 21310623 |
| babesias of red deer (cervus elaphus) in ireland. | abstract: blood samples were obtained from 38 wild red deer (cervus elaphus) at two sites in ireland and subjected to pcr analysis of the 18s rrna gene followed by sequencing. two fragments of the 18s rrna gene were generated by two different pcr protocols and subsequent sequencing suggested that at least six of the deer were infected by a babesia that, in those loci, is indistinguishable from babesia divergens, an important tick-borne pathogen of cattle and of zoonotic significance. additionall ... | 2011 | 21314977 |
| immunoregulatory cytokines are associated with protection from immunopathology following mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in red deer. | although the causative agent of johne's disease, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, is well known, the etiology of disease and the immune responses generated in response to infection are still poorly understood. knowledge of definitive markers of protective immunity, infection, and the establishment of chronic granulomatous johne's disease is necessary to advance vaccine and diagnostic development. we sought to profile the immune responses occurring within jejunal lymph nodes of experi ... | 2011 | 21321071 |
| genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild caprine and cervid ungulates from the alps in tyrol, austria. | the occurrence of genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum was studied in wild ungulates from the northern and central eastern alps in tyrol, austria. for this purpose, spleen samples collected from 53 game animals during the hunting season 2008/2009 (16 roe deer [capreolus capreolus], 10 red deer [cervus elaphus], 16 alpine chamois [rupicapra r. rupicapra], 7 alpine ibex [capra i. ibex], and 4 european mouflons [ovis orientalis musimon]) were analyzed. thirty-five animals originated from t ... | 2011 | 21323423 |
| iron storage disease in red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) is not associated with mutations in the hfe gene. | iron storage diseases are rare conditions of dysregulated iron metabolism in man and animals. a genetic basis has been confirmed only for human haemochromatosis. iron storage disease was diagnosed in six related, 2-year-old male red deer of the same herd. these animals presented with weight loss and rough hair coats. haematological examination was unremarkable. at necropsy examination, gross lesions were restricted to cachexia. microscopical examination revealed severe, diffuse hepatocellular ne ... | 2011 | 21334004 |
| effect of sitagliptin plus metformin on ß-cell function, islet integrity and islet gene expression in zucker diabetic fatty rats. | the combination of metformin and a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp-4) inhibitor has been shown to be an effective, safe, and well-tolerated treatment for type 2 diabetes. we evaluated ß-cell function and morphological changes in islets in zucker diabetic fatty (zdf) rats following combined therapy with sitagliptin and metformin and investigated the expression of potentially relevant genes using cdna microarrays. | 2011 | 21345512 |
| regulation of heart rate and rumen temperature in red deer: effects of season and food intake. | red deer, cervus elaphus, like other temperate-zone animals, show a large seasonal fluctuation in energy intake and expenditure. many seasonal phenotypic adjustments are coordinated by endogenous signals entrained to the photoperiod. the cues determining variation in the resting metabolism of ungulates remain equivocal, however, largely because of the confounding effects of food intake and thus the heat increment of feeding. to distinguish endogenous seasonal and environmental effects on metabol ... | 2011 | 21346124 |
| molecular biogeography of red deer cervus elaphus from eastern europe: insights from mitochondrial dna sequences. | european red deer are known to show a conspicuous phylogeographic pattern with three distinct mtdna lineages (western, eastern and north-african/sardinian). the western lineage, believed to be indicative of a southwestern glacial refuge in iberia and southern france, nowadays covers large areas of the continent including the british isles, scandinavia and parts of central europe, while the eastern lineage is primarily found in southeast-central europe, the carpathians and the balkans. however, l ... | 2010 | 21350595 |
| seasonal variations in red deer (cervus elaphus) hematology related to antler growth and biometrics measurements. | the aim of the study was to relate seasonal hematology changes with the rest of physiological variations suffered by red deer, such as antler and biometrics cycle, and to assess the relationship between hematology and the effort performed in antler development. blood samples were taken from 21 male red deer every 4 weeks during 18 months. samples were analyzed for the main hematological parameters. simultaneously, biometrics measurements were taken, such as antler length, body weight, body condi ... | 2011 | 21351240 |
| expression profile analysis of the inflammatory response regulated by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a. | hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a (hnf4a), a liver-specific transcription factor, plays a significant role in liver-specific functions. however, its functions are poorly understood in the regulation of the inflammatory response. in order to obtain a genomic view of hnf4a in this context, microarray analysis was used to probe the expression profile of an inflammatory response induced by cytokine stimulation in a model of hnf4a knock-down in hepg2 cells. | 2011 | 21352552 |
| ets-domain transcription factor elk-1 mediates neuronal survival: smn as a potential target. | elk-1 belongs to the ternary complex factors (tcfs) subfamily of the ets domain proteins, and plays a critical role in the expression of immediate-early genes (iegs) upon mitogen stimulation and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade. the association of tcfs with serum response elements (sres) on ieg promoters has been widely studied and a role for elk-1 in promoting cell cycle entry has been determined. however, the presence of the ets domain transcription factor elk- ... | 2011 | 21362474 |
| sprouty2 and spred1-2 proteins inhibit the activation of the erk pathway elicited by cyclopentenone prostanoids. | sprouty and spred proteins have been widely implicated in the negative regulation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor-extracellular regulated kinase (erk) pathway. in considering the functional role of these proteins, we explored their effects on erk activation induced by cyclopentenone prostanoids, which bind to and activate ras proteins. we therefore found that ectopic overexpression in hela cells of human sprouty2, or human spred1 or 2, inhibits erk1/2 and elk-1 activation triggered by t ... | 2011 | 21364986 |
| characteristics of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli from meat and milk products of different origins and association with food producing animals as main contamination sources. | shiga toxin-producing strains of escherichia coli (stec) cause diarrhoea and haemorrhagic colitis in humans. most human infections are attributed to consumption of stec contaminated foodstuff. food producing animals constitute important reservoirs of stec and serve as source of food contamination. in this study, we have analyzed 593 foodborne stec strains for their serotypes and for nine virulence genes (stx1, stx1c, stx1d, stx2, stx2b, stx2e, stx2g, e-hly and eae). the 593 stec strains grouped ... | 2011 | 21371769 |
| regulation of cancer cell proliferation by caveolin-2 down-regulation and re-expression. | we investigated whether altering caveolin-2 (cav-2) expression affects the proliferation of cancer cells. cav-2 was not detected in hepg2, sh-sy5y and ln-cap cells, and the loss of cav-2 expression was not restored by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment. in contrast, c6, hela, a549, mcf7 and pc3m cells expressed cav-2. effects of re-expression of exogenous cav-2 in hepg2, sh-sy5y and ln-cap cells, and sirna-mediated down-regulation of endogenous cav-2 in c6, hela, a549, mcf7 and pc3m cells on cance ... | 2011 | 21373752 |
| prevalence, distribution, and diversity of salmonella enterica in a major produce region of california. | a survey was initiated to determine the prevalence of salmonella enterica in the environment in and around monterey county, ca, a major agriculture region of the united states. trypticase soy broth enrichment cultures of samples of soil/sediment (n = 617), water (n = 252), wildlife (n = 476), cattle feces (n = 795), and preharvest lettuce and spinach (n = 261) tested originally for the presence of pathogenic escherichia coli were kept in frozen storage and later used to test for the presence of ... | 2011 | 21378057 |
| molecular dynamic simulation of wild type and mutants of the polymorphic amyloid nnqntf segments of elk prion: structural stability and thermodynamic of association. | a hexapeptide with amino acid sequence nnqntf from the elk prion protein forms amyloid fibrils. here we use molecular dynamic simulations of the oligomers and their single point glycine mutants to study their stability. in an effort to probe the structural stability and association thermodynamic in a realistic environment, all wildtype of nnqntf polymorphic forms with different size and their corresponding double layer 5 strands single point glycine mutants were subjected to a total of 500 ns of ... | 2011 | 21384336 |
| spg4 gene promoter regulation via elk1 transcription factor. | the most common cause of autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia, that is characterized with axonal degeneration in corticospinal tracts and posterior columns, is known to be caused by mutations in the spg4 gene which encodes spastin, a microtubule severing atpase belonging to aaa family. spastin promotes the formation of microtubule networks that are essential for axon growth and branching which are important for neuronal plasticity. mutations observed in spg4 gene of hereditary spasti ... | 2011 | 21395583 |
| use of the intradermal tuberculin test in a herd of captive elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis. | in the united states, tuberculosis of captive cervids, caused by mycobacterium bovis, attracted attention in 1991 when investigations, prompted by the identification of a tuberculous elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) of u.s. origin exported to canada, revealed tuberculosis in 10 different elk herds in 8 different states. based on methods used in cattle, official regulations pertaining to testing and eradication of tuberculosis in captive cervids were added to the u.s. department of agriculture bovine ... | 2011 | 21398465 |
| a feedback loop between androgen receptor and erk signaling in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. | estrogen receptor (er)-negative breast cancer is heterogeneous, and the biology of this disease has remained poorly understood. molecular apocrine is a subtype of er-negative breast cancer that is characterized by the overexpression of steroid-response genes such as ar and a high rate of erbb2 amplification. in this study, we have identified a positive feedback loop between the ar and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling pathways in molecular apocrine breast cancer. in this proc ... | 2011 | 21403841 |
| requirement of osteopontin in the migration and protection against taxol-induced apoptosis via the atx-lpa axis in sgc7901 cells. | autotaxin (atx) possesses lysophospholipase d (lyso pld) activity, which converts lysophosphatidylcholine (lpc) into lysophosphatidic acid (lpa). the atx-lpa signaling axis has been implicated in angiogenesis, chronic inflammation and tumor progression. osteopontin (opn) is an important chemokine involved in the survival, proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells. the focus of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the atx-lpa axis and opn. | 2011 | 21406114 |
| btv infection in wild ruminants, with emphasis on red deer: a review. | the distribution of bluetongue virus has changed, possibly related to climate change. vaccination of domestic ruminants is taking place throughout europe to control bt expansion. the high density of wild red deer (cervus elaphus) in some european regions has raised concerns about the potential role that unvaccinated european wild ungulates might play in maintaining or spreading the virus. most species of wild ruminants are susceptible to btv infection, although frequently asymptomatically. the r ... | 2011 | 21411246 |
| vaccination with brucella abortus recombinant in vivo-induced antigens reduces bacterial load and promotes clearance in a mouse model for infection. | current vaccines used for the prevention of brucellosis are ineffective in inducing protective immunity in animals that are chronically infected with brucella abortus, such as elk. using a gene discovery approach, in vivo-induced antigen technology (iviat) on b. abortus, we previously identified ten loci that encode products up-regulated during infection in elk and consequently may play a role in virulence. in our present study, five of the loci (d15, 0187, virj, mdh, afua) were selected for fur ... | 2011 | 21412420 |
| descended and mobile larynx, vocal tract elongation and rutting roars in male goitred gazelles (gazella subgutturosa güldenstaedt, 1780). | similar to male humans, homo sapiens, the males of a few polygynous ruminants - red deer cervus elaphus, fallow deer dama dama and mongolian gazelle procapra gutturosa- have a more or less enlarged, low-resting larynx and are capable of additional dynamic vocal tract elongation by larynx retraction during their rutting calls. the vocal correlates of a large larynx and an elongated vocal tract, a low fundamental frequency and low vocal tract resonance frequencies, deter rival males and attract re ... | 2011 | 21413987 |
| glutathione peroxidase (gshpx) activity in the liver of red deer in relation to hepatic selenium concentrations, sex, body weight and season of the year. | the purpose of this study was to determine glutathione peroxidase (gshpx) activity in the liver of red deer in relation to selenium concentrations in the liver, as well as to evaluate changes in gshpx activity according to sex, body weight and season of the year. total selenium concentration in the liver of red deer averaged 0.095?±?0.018 µg/g of wet weight. gshpx activity in the liver of red deer ranged widely from 4.4 to 45.8 u/g of protein. females were characterized by higher gshpx activity ... | 2011 | 21416340 |
| selenium and 17 other largely essential and toxic metals in muscle and organ meats of red deer (cervus elaphus)--consequences to human health. | concentrations, composition and interrelationships of selenium and metallic elements (ag, ba, cd, co, cr, cs, cu, ga, mn, mo, pb, rb, sb, sr, tl, v and zn) have been examined in muscle and organ meats of red deer hunted in poland. the analytical data obtained were also discussed in terms of se supplementation and deficit to deer as well as the benefits and risk to humans associated with the essential and toxic metals intake resulting from consumption of deer meat and products. these elements wer ... | 2011 | 21429582 |
| replication efficiency of soil-bound prions varies with soil type. | prion sorption to soil is thought to play an important role in the transmission of scrapie and chronic wasting disease (cwd) via the environment. sorption of prp to soil and soil minerals is influenced by the strain and species of prp(sc) and by soil characteristics. however, the ability of soil-bound prions to convert prp(c) to prp(sc) under these wide-ranging conditions remains poorly understood. we developed a semiquantitative protein misfolding cyclic amplification (pmca) protocol to evaluat ... | 2011 | 21430062 |
| quantitative ultrasound and vertebral fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes. | patients with type 2 diabetes (t2dm) are known to have increased risks of femoral neck and vertebral fractures, although their bone mineral density (bmd) is normal or even slightly increased compared to non-dm controls. this observation suggests that bone fragility not reflected by bmd, possibly deterioration of bone quality, may participate in their fracture risks. quantitative ultrasound (qus), unlike bmd, could possibly evaluate bone quality, especially the microarchitecture, and therefore ma ... | 2011 | 21437613 |
| the testing season affects red deer skinfold increase in response to phytohaemagglutinin. | red deer (cervus elaphus) have a pronounced seasonality in their physiology. the aim of this study was to assess the effect of the season on red deer responsiveness to skin testing with the phytohaemagglutinin (pha) mitogen. study subjects included 270 farmed adult red deer (19 stags and 251 hinds). the skin testing was carried out between january 2009 and august 2010. the animals were injected intradermally with a 0.1 ml volume containing 250 µg of pha diluted in phosphate buffered saline. the ... | 2011 | 21440317 |