| reflections: neurology and the humanities. the girl with the dromedary gait. | | 2012 | 22435115 |
| epidural ketamine in the dromedary camel. | to evaluate the clinical and physiological effects of epidural injection of ketamine in camels. | 2012 | 22420374 |
| dental health in northern chile's atacama oases: evaluating the middle horizon (ad 500-1000) impact on local diet. | as one of the few areas apt for horticulture in northern chile's arid landscape, the prehistory of the atacama oases is deeply enmeshed with that of the inter-regional networks that promoted societal development in the south central andes. during the middle horizon (ad 500-1000), local populations experienced a cultural apex associated with a substantial increase in inter-regional interaction, population density, and quantity and quality of mortuary assemblages. here, we test if this cultural pe ... | 2012 | 22411074 |
| mandibular fracture in single-humped camels. | to report the causes and classification of mandibular fractures in dromedary camels and outcome after treatment. | 2011 | 22380676 |
| molecular imprint of enzyme active site by camel nanobodies: rapid and efficient approach to produce abzymes with alliinase activity. | screening of inhibitory ab1 antibodies is a critical step for producing catalytic antibodies in the anti-idiotypic approach. however, the incompatible surface of the active site of the enzyme and the antigen-binding site of heterotetrameric conventional antibodies become the limiting step. because camelid-derived nanobodies possess the potential to preferentially bind to the active site of enzymes due to their small size and long cdr3, we have developed a novel approach to produce antibodies wit ... | 2012 | 22374998 |
| prevalence of cryptosporidium-like infection in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) of northwestern iran. | cryptosporidium is a ubiquitous enteropathogen protozoan infection affecting livestock worldwide. the present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium infection in different age groups of dromedary camels in northwestern iran from november 2009 to july 2010. a total number of 170 fecal samples were collected and examined using modified ziehl-neelsen (mzn) staining under light microscope. examination of stained fecal smears revealed that 17 camels (10%) were positive f ... | 2012 | 22314242 |
| oxidative stress and trace elements in camel (camelus dromedarius) with liver cystic echinococcosis. | status of certain oxidative stress indices and zinc, copper and iron concentrations in blood were estimated in camel with liver cystic echinococcosis. in comparison to healthy control, the index of serum lipid peroxidation assessed by the malondialdehyde (mda) level was significantly higher in the parasitized group. however, mean serum total antioxidant status (tas) and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (gpx) were significantly lower in the parasitized group. serum zinc concentration in camels ... | 2012 | 22293149 |
| single domain antibodies: a new concept for epidermal growth factor receptor and egfrviii targeting. | epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) is one of the major molecular targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy. egfr and egfrviii, mutated form of egfr, have been identified as participating in pathogenesis of some forms of human cancers. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) targeting egfr/egfrviii have been shown to suppress the signal transduction pathways controlling tumor cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. until now, different types of mabs or antibody fragments against egfr family have been ... | 2012 | 22277093 |
| histological and immunohistochemical studies on the epididymal duct in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | this study was conducted to underscore the spatial distribution of some biologically active proteins within the epididymal duct in the dromedary camel. paraffin-embedded sections from different regions of epididymis were stained by conventional histological techniques and by immunohistochemistry. a battery of primary antibodies against six proteins (s100, alpha smooth muscle actin [α-sma], connexin-43 [cx43], galactosyltransferase [galtase], angiotensin converting enzyme [ace], and vascular endo ... | 2011 | 22254157 |
| surgical replacement of iatrogenically prolapsed penis in a dromedary camel. | prolapse of the penis through an iatrogenic incision on the right side of the preputial base in a five year old dromedary camel was handled surgically and the organ was successfully replaced into the preputial cavity. the condition occurred as a result of draining an abscess at the base of the prepuce by a quack about eight months earlier. the reason to report this case lies in its peculiarity that although the penis remained outside the preputial cavity for about eight months exposed to the ext ... | 2012 | 26623303 |
| castration of dromedary camel through prescrotal midline incision. | a total of 165 camels of different ages were castrated through a small, prescrotal midline incision between january, 2010 and december, 2011. the incision was closed with one interrupted, horizontal mattress suture using usp-2 chromic catgut. in 14/165 animals (8.5%) postoperative infection (sepsis) developed, which healed in two to three weeks after open wound management. the remaining 151 animals had an uneventful recovery, but a slight edematous swelling of the scrotum was observed in 8 of th ... | 2012 | 26623301 |
| rare congenital absence of tail (anury) and anus (atresia ani) in male camel (camelus dromedarius) calf. | a one-day old male camel calf was presented to the al-qattara veterinary hospital with complaints of abdominal straining and lack of defecation. on examination it was found that the calf had no tail, the posterior sacral margin was blunt and the anal opening was absent. the case was diagnosed as congenital anury with atresia ani. the animal was sedated with 0.1 mg/kg of xylazine administered intramuscularly and under local infiltration with 2% lidocaine a circular incision was made at the anal a ... | 2012 | 26623295 |
| ankyloglossia and its surgical correction by frenuloplasty in a she-camel calf (camelus dromedarius). | a rare case of ankyloglossia in a one-humped camel and its successful surgical correction by horizontal to vertical frenuloplasty is reported. seven-month-old she-camel calf, with a history of excessive salivation and inability to chew and swallow hay, was referred to al qattara veterinary hospital. solid food was regurgitated, whereas milk and water could be swallowed. on examination; the animal could not protrude its tongue which was attached by a thin tissue band between the ventral surface o ... | 2012 | 26623287 |
| determination of testicular blood flow in camelids using vascular casting and color pulsed-wave doppler ultrasonography. | we describe the vasculature of the camelid testis using plastic casting. we also use color pulsed-wave doppler ultrasonography to measure testicular blood flow and compare the differences between testicular blood flow in fertile and infertile camelids. the testicular artery originates from the ventral surface of the aorta, gives rise to an epididymal branch, and becomes very tortuous as it approaches the testis. within the supratesticular arteries, peak systolic velocity (psv) was higher in fert ... | 2011 | 21941690 |
| nanobody stabilization of g protein-coupled receptor conformational states. | remarkable progress has been made in the field of g protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) structural biology during the past four years. several obstacles to generating diffraction quality crystals of gpcrs have been overcome by combining innovative methods ranging from protein engineering to lipid-based screens and microdiffraction technology. the initial gpcr structures represent energetically stable inactive-state conformations. however, gpcrs signal through different g protein isoforms or g protei ... | 2011 | 21782416 |
| transmigration of beta amyloid specific heavy chain antibody fragments across the in vitro blood-brain barrier. | previously selected amyloid beta recognizing heavy chain antibody fragments (vhh) affinity binders derived from the camelid heavy chain antibody repertoire were tested for their propensity to cross the blood-brain barrier (bbb) using an established in vitro bbb co-culture system. of all tested vhh, ni3a showed highest transmigration efficiency which is, in part, facilitated by a three amino acid substitutions in its n-terminal domain. additional studies indicated that the mechanism of transcellu ... | 2011 | 21683126 |
| an anti-hapten camelid antibody reveals a cryptic binding site with significant energetic contributions from a nonhypervariable loop. | conventional anti-hapten antibodies typically bind low-molecular weight compounds (haptens) in the crevice between the variable heavy and light chains. conversely, heavy chain-only camelid antibodies, which lack a light chain, must rely entirely on a single variable domain to recognize haptens. while several anti-hapten vhhs have been generated, little is known regarding the underlying structural and thermodynamic basis for hapten recognition. here, an anti-methotrexate vhh (anti-mtx vhh) was ge ... | 2011 | 21557375 |
| analysis and modeling of the variable region of camelid single-domain antibodies. | camelids have a special type of ab, known as heavy chain abs, which are devoid of classical ab light chains. relative to classical abs, camelid heavy chain abs (cabs) have comparable immunogenicity, ag recognition diversity and binding affinities, higher stability and solubility, and better manufacturability, making them promising candidates for alternate therapeutic scaffolds. rational engineering of cabs to improve therapeutic function requires knowledge of the differences of sequence and stru ... | 2011 | 21525384 |
| ptaa and b10: new approaches to amyloid detection in tissue-evaluation of amyloid detection in tissue with a conjugated polyelectrolyte and a fibril-specific antibody fragment. | we analysed the suitability of two little known substances for the detection of amyloid in surgical pathology specimens, that is the conjugated polyelectrolyte polythiophene acetic acid (ptaa) and the camelid antibody domain b10. | 2011 | 21401323 |
| ophthalmology of south american camelids. | in the past 10 years, information about south american camelid anatomy, physiology, medicine, and surgery has increased exponentially, including information about the eye. although trauma-related diseases are the most common eye problems for which camelids are presented to veterinarians, there have recently been many anecdotal reports and published case reports of camelids having ocular malignancies and potentially hereditary ocular abnormalities. the increased number of ocular diseases being re ... | 2010 | 21056800 |
| examination techniques and therapeutic regimens for the ruminant and camelid eye. | a step-wise procedure and necessary equipment for examination of the ruminant and camelid eye are detailed. restraint techniques and usage of local anesthetics to facilitate examination are described. common examination findings and their significance are discussed. finally, therapeutic options for keratoconjunctivitis and uveitis are explored. a complete ocular examination of ruminants is often not performed in the field because of lack of time, lack of appropriate facilities, and/or lack of eq ... | 2010 | 21056794 |
| structure and properties of a complex of α-synuclein and a single-domain camelid antibody. | the aggregation of the intrinsically disordered protein α-synuclein to form fibrillar amyloid structures is intimately associated with a variety of neurological disorders, most notably parkinson's disease. the molecular mechanism of α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity is not yet understood in any detail, not least because of the paucity of structural probes through which to study the behavior of such a disordered system. here, we describe an investigation involving a single-domain camelid antib ... | 2010 | 20620148 |
| effect of ovary preservation period on recovery rate and categories of dromedary camel oocytes. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different periods of ovary preservation at 25-30 °c for 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 and 24 h on recovery rate and oocyte categories of dromedary camel oocytes. camel ovaries were collected from el-bassatein slaughterhouse, cairo. the collected ovaries were placed immediately after slaughtering into thermos in saline solution (0.9% nacl) supplemented with antibiotics (100 iu penicillin and 100 μg streptomycin/ml) at 25-30 °c and transported to the laboratory ... | 2010 | 23961083 |
| effect of age, pubertal stage and season on testosterone concentration in male dromedary camel. | the present study was conducted in the laboratory of animal physiology and biotechnology, department of animal production, faculty of agriculture, mansoura university, egypt. the present investigation aimed at studying effects of ages, pubertal stages and seasons of the year on testosterone concentrations in blood plasma and tissue homogenate of the testes. the testes used in the current study were collected from a total of 104 one-humped male camels (camelus dromedarius). samples were taken fro ... | 2010 | 23961082 |
| top-down de novo protein sequencing of a 13.6 kda camelid single heavy chain antibody by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | the primary structure of a 13.6 kda single heavy chain camelid antibody (v(h)h) was determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight/time-of-flight (maldi-tof/tof) top-down sequence analysis. the majority of the sequence was obtained by mass spectrometric de novo sequencing, with the n-terminal 14 amino acid residues being determined using t(3)-sequencing and database interrogation. the determined sequence was confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (l ... | 2010 | 20329751 |
| generation and characterization of inhibitory nanobodies towards thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. | as activated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (tafia) is a potent antifibrinolytic enzyme, the development of tafi inhibitors is a new promising approach in the development of profibrinolytic drugs. we, therefore, aimed to generate nanobodies, camelid-derived single-domain antibodies towards tafi. | 2010 | 20180900 |
| evaluation of antidiphtheria toxin nanobodies. | nanobodies are the smallest fragments of naturally occurring single-domain antibodies that have evolved to be fully functional in the absence of a light chain. conventional antibodies are glycoproteins comprising two heavy and two light chains. surprisingly, all members of the camelidae family possess a fraction of antibodies devoid of both light chains and the first constant domain. these types of antibodies are known as heavy-chain antibody (hcab) nanobodies. there are three subclasses of igg ... | 2010 | 24198468 |
| one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) infestation with linguatula serrata in tabriz, iran. | linguatula serrata is one of well known members of pentastomida which infects both human and animals. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of l. serrata in mesenteric lymph nodes, livers and lungs of camels slaughtered in tabriz area, iran. | 2010 | 22808389 |
| modulation of protein properties in living cells using nanobodies. | protein conformation is critically linked to function and often controlled by interactions with regulatory factors. here we report the selection of camelid-derived single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) that modulate the conformation and spectral properties of the green fluorescent protein (gfp). one nanobody could reversibly reduce gfp fluorescence by a factor of 5, whereas its displacement by a second nanobody caused an increase by a factor of 10. structural analysis of gfp-nanobody complexes r ... | 2010 | 20010839 |
| application of a novel affinity adsorbent for the capture and purification of recombinant factor viii compounds. | recombinant factor viii (fviii) therapies have been created to provide treatment for hemophilia a, an inherited bleeding disorder caused by mutation in the fviii gene. a major challenge in the purification of recombinant fviii molecules is the development of an affinity chromatography step. such a step must be highly specific and selective for the fviii molecule, but also must be designed appropriately to ensure the fviii molecule can be effectively recovered without resorting to harsh elution c ... | 2009 | 19800068 |
| hapten-induced dimerization of a single-domain vhh camelid antibody. | antibodies that recognize small molecule ligands (haptens) provide unique insight into the immune response and frequently serve as biological reagents for the detection of small molecules. while conventional antibodies typically recognize haptens using two variable domains (vl and vh), much less is known regarding how antibodies with a single variable domain recognize small ligands. here we investigate the binding thermodynamics for an anti-caffeine camelid (vhh) antibody. surprisingly, a noncon ... | 2009 | 19572722 |
| engineering properties of a camelid antibody affinity sorbent for immunoglobulin g purification. | an igg-specific camelid antibody matrix (bac, naarden, the netherlands), developed from an immune phage display library, was characterized regarding engineering properties including mass transfer characteristics. uptake kinetics and equilibrium binding capacity were determined by a finite bath method. adsorption kinetic parameters were also determined using a real time biosensor. slightly different properties to conventional staphylococcal protein a affinity media were shown; especially a 2-2.5 ... | 2009 | 19524934 |
| camelid cardiology. | cardiovascular disorders, although not thoroughly described in the literature, are frequently diagnosed in south american camelids, causing morbidity, mortality, and loss of production. definitive confirmation concerning the heritability of cardiac defects in these species is lacking; however, this potential exists and should be taken into account when counseling breeders and owners. this article describes the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in llamas and alpacas and reviews t ... | 2009 | 19460649 |
| approach to the critically ill camelid. | the estimation of fluid deficits in camelids is challenging. however, early recognition and treatment of shock and hypovolemia is instrumental to improve morbidity and mortality of critically ill camelids. early goal-directed fluid therapy requires specific knowledge of clinical indicators of hypovolemia and assessment of resuscitation endpoints, but may significantly enhance the understanding, monitoring, and safety of intravenous fluid therapy in south american camelids (sac). it is important ... | 2009 | 19460648 |
| disorders of carbohydrate or lipid metabolism in camelids. | camelids develop a number of disturbances related to energy metabolism. some are similar to disorders seen in other species, but most relate to camelids' unusual characteristics of poor glucose tolerance, partial insulin resistance, and low concentrations of circulating insulin. camelids are especially prone to abnormalities related to stimuli that inhibit insulin release or activity, or that promote activities normally antagonized by insulin. these include stimuli that mobilize glycogen or fat ... | 2009 | 19460644 |
| viral diseases of new world camelids. | the increased popularity and population of new world camelids in the united states requires the development of a broader base of knowledge of the health and disease parameters for these animals by the veterinary livestock practitioner. although our knowledge regarding infectious diseases of camelids has increased greatly over the past decade, the practice of camelid medicine is a relatively new field in north america, so it is important to seek out seasoned colleagues and diagnostic laboratories ... | 2009 | 19460643 |
| camelid herd health. | the area of herd health is particularly important when considering camelid operations because of the high frequency of travel for exhibition, breeding, and boarding. this article outlines the considerations for routine husbandry, facility and animal maintenance, and infectious disease control in the form of biosecurity, vaccination, and health testing that should be included in any farm's herd-health plan. veterinary input into the design of programs for biosecurity and infectious disease preven ... | 2009 | 19460638 |
| brightness of venous blood in south american camelids: implications for jugular catheterization. | to compare the brightness of south american camelid venous blood to that of equidae. | 2009 | 19121160 |
| ricin detection using phage displayed single domain antibodies. | phage-displayed single domain antibodies (sdab) were compared to monomeric solubly expressed sdab and llama polyclonal antibodies for the detection of ricin. sdab are comprised of the variable domain derived from camelid heavy chain only antibodies (hcab). although hcab lack variable light chains, they as well as their derivative sdab are able to bind antigens with high affinity. the small size of sdab (∼16 kda), while advantageous in many respects, limits the number of labels that can be incorp ... | 2009 | 22389616 |
| conserved amino acid networks involved in antibody variable domain interactions. | engineered antibodies are a large and growing class of protein therapeutics comprising both marketed products and many molecules in clinical trials in various disease indications. we investigated naturally conserved networks of amino acids that support antibody v(h) and v(l) function, with the goal of generating information to assist in the engineering of robust antibody or antibody-like therapeutics. we generated a large and diverse sequence alignment of v-class ig-folds, of which v(h) and v(l) ... | 2009 | 19089973 |
| artificial insemination in south american camelids and wild equids. | an overview of the present status of the use of artificial insemination (ai) in south american camelids and wild equids is offered. technical aspects of semen collection, dilution and cryopreservation have limited the development and use of ai in camelid and equid species. to-date, efficiency is low but progress has been made and viable offspring have been produced through the use of ai in domestic south american camelids using both fresh and frozen semen. the origin, composition, and function o ... | 2009 | 18922569 |
| reproductive emergencies in camelids. | emergencies in theriogenology practice go beyond just saving the life of the patient, but also preserving its reproductive abilities. camelid emergency medicine is a relatively new field. this paper discusses the most common reproductive emergencies, their diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in male and female camelids. the conclusions drawn are based primarily on clinical observations by the authors over the last 25 years. special consideration is given to peculiarities of the species, particul ... | 2008 | 18514807 |
| combining txrf, ft-ir and gc-ms information for identification of inorganic and organic components in black pigments of rock art from alero hornillos 2 (jujuy, argentina). | archaeological samples are complex in composition since they generally comprise a mixture of materials submitted to deterioration factors largely dependent on the environmental conditions. therefore, the integration of analytical tools such as txrf, ft-ir and gc-ms can maximize the amount of information provided by the sample. recently, two black rock art samples of camelid figures at alero hornillos 2, an archaeological site located near the town of susques (jujuy province, argentina), were inv ... | 2008 | 18498024 |
| directed selection of a conformational antibody domain that prevents mature amyloid fibril formation by stabilizing abeta protofibrils. | the formation of amyloid fibrils is a common biochemical characteristic that occurs in alzheimer's disease and several other amyloidoses. the unifying structural feature of amyloid fibrils is their specific type of beta-sheet conformation that differentiates these fibrils from the products of normal protein folding reactions. here we describe the generation of an antibody domain, termed b10, that recognizes an amyloid-specific and conformationally defined epitope. this antibody domain was select ... | 2007 | 18042730 |
| tooth root abscesses in llamas and alpacas: 123 cases (1994-2005). | to determine features, outcome, and complications of surgical treatment of camelid tooth root abscesses. | 2007 | 17630900 |
| rapid evolution of cytochrome c oxidase subunit ii in camelids (tylopoda, camelidae). | within cetartiodactyl species, both new and old world camelids are uniquely adapted to the extremely hot and dry climates of african-asian territories and to the high altitude cold and hypoxic environment of the whole andean area. in order to investigate the potential association between these particular adaptations and mitochondrial aerobic energy production, we examined the camelid genes of cytochrome c oxidase subunits i, ii, and iii and the replacement of amino acids inferred. we found that ... | 2006 | 17151935 |
| efficient inhibition of egfr signaling and of tumour growth by antagonistic anti-efgr nanobodies. | the development of a number of different solid tumours is associated with over-expression of erbb1, or the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr), and this over-expression is often correlated with poor prognosis of patients. therefore, this receptor tyrosine kinase is considered to be an attractive target for antibody-based therapy. indeed, antibodies to the egfr have already proven their value for the treatment of several solid tumours, especially in combination with chemotherapeutic treatment ... | 2007 | 16738850 |
| evolutionary differentiation of cetartiodactyl placentae in the light of the viviparity-driven conflict hypothesis. | we analysed the evolution of placental traits in the novel mammalian clade cetartiodactyla (cetaceans and artiodactyls) by a parsimony-based computer program (macclade). a diffuse epitheliochorial placenta was identified as the stem species pattern of this clade. trophoblast giant cells (tgcs) independently evolved in camelids and ruminants. the polycotyledonary placenta is an apomorphic character for pecora (higher ruminants) and the oligocotyledonary placenta developed as a further step on the ... | 2007 | 16712927 |
| [south american camelids in switzerland. i. population, management and health problems]. | at the beginning of 2000, a population of 1622 south american camelids in 257 herds was living in switzerland. the origin of the animals, their age, the management systems, their feeding habits, their use as well as the observed medical conditions and the indications for treatment were assessed with a questionnaire. results of this study show that 60% of the south american camelid population in switzerland consisted of llamas (999 animals) and 40% of alpacas (623), and that females younger than ... | 2005 | 16128437 |
| antibody repertoire development in camelids. | the humoral immune response of the camelidae is unique as these animals are the only known mammals that seem to possess functional homodimeric heavy-chain antibodies besides the classical heteromeric antibodies composed of heavy (h) and light (l) chains. by definition, the heavy-chain antibodies lack the l-chain, and it was noticed that their h-chain is devoid of the typical first constant domain (ch1) and contains a dedicated variable domain, referred to as vhh. the vhh exon is assembled from s ... | 2006 | 16051357 |
| highlights of camelid diagnoses from necropsy submissions to the animal health laboratory, university of guelph, from 1998 to 2004. | | 2005 | 15943116 |
| crystal structure of a shark single-domain antibody v region in complex with lysozyme. | cartilaginous fish are the phylogenetically oldest living organisms known to possess components of the vertebrate adaptive immune system. key to their immune response are heavy-chain, homodimeric immunoglobulins called new antigen receptors (ignars), in which the variable (v) domains recognize antigens with only a single immunoglobulin domain, akin to camelid heavy-chain v domains. the 1.45 angstrom resolution crystal structure of the type i ignar v domain in complex with hen egg-white lysozyme ... | 2004 | 15319492 |
| eradication of the camelid biting louse, bovicola breviceps. | | 2004 | 15149072 |
| phage-displayed antibody libraries of synthetic heavy chain complementarity determining regions. | a structure-based approach was used to design libraries of synthetic heavy chain complementarity determining regions (cdrs). the cdr libraries were displayed as either monovalent or bivalent single-chain variable fragments (scfvs) with a single heavy chain variable domain scaffold and a fixed light chain variable domain. using the structure of a parent antibody as a guide, we restricted library diversity to cdr positions with significant exposure to solvent. we introduced diversity with tailored ... | 2004 | 15066433 |
| hydroxyproline concentrations in ocular tissues of arabian camel (camelus dromedarius linn.). | hydroxyproline (hyp) concentrations (total, free, peptide-bound and protein-bound) in camel eye tissues were determined. total hyp concentration was highest in iris, followed by ciliary body, sclera, cornea, lens and retina; the difference between total hyp concentration of iris and sclera (p < 0.05) and cornea, lens and retina (p < 0.001) was statistically significant. cornea had the highest concentration of free hyp, followed by ciliary body, retina, iris, sclera and lens (p < 0.001). peptide- ... | 2003 | 22900375 |
| developmental changes in localization of steroid synthesis enzymes in camelid placenta. | the uninucleate trophoblast of epitheliochorial camelid placenta produces multinucleate giant cells starting between day 30 and day 35 of pregnancy. the giant cells are found scattered along the trophoblast at similar frequency throughout gestation. light microscope immunocytochemistry indicates that the four steroid synthesis enzymes (cholesterol side chain cleavage, 3beta-hydroxysteroid de-hydrogenase, 17alpha-hydroxylase and aromatase) are present in all uninucleate trophoblast cells between ... | 2003 | 12887280 |
| density of corneal endothelial cells, corneal thickness, and corneal diameters in normal eyes of llamas and alpacas. | to determine density of corneal endothelial cells, corneal thickness, and corneal diameters in normal eyes of llamas and alpacas. | 2002 | 11911565 |
| camelid immunoglobulins and their importance for the new-born--a review. | camelid immunoglobulins differ from all other known antibodies and contradict all common theories on antibody diversity. it was demonstrated that up to 75% of all serum proteins are immunoglobulin g (igg) molecules lacking light chains. igg2 and igg3, which only consist of heavy chains, have a low molecular weight which improves their biodistribution and allows a better tissue penetration. of special importance is the long complementary determining region (cdr) loop which inserts deep into the a ... | 2001 | 11708675 |
| evaluation of insulin resistance in two kinds of south american camelids: llamas and alpacas. | insulin resistance was evaluated in south american camelids, llamas and alpacas, by use of the minimal model test and the insulin tolerance test. animals were catheterized for long-term studies and tamed to minimize stress during evaluation. results indicated a low insulin sensitivity index (si) = 0 to 0.97, median = 0.39 x 10(-4) min/uiu x ml, about a fifth the value in other mammals and humans. the kitt was between 1.43 and 3.19 %/min, also significantly lower than that reported for humans. gl ... | 2000 | 11099130 |
| [characterization of swiss new world camelid breeds using microsatellite markers]. | molecular markers allow a characterization of animal populations on dna level. they help to estimate the genetic variability, they are useful in paternity control, to diagnose hereditary diseases, in epidemiology and last but not least support traditional tools to take breeding decisions. seventy-six new-world camelids in switzerland were genetically typed for six microsatellite markers and their parentage controlled. calculation of allele frequencies, heterozygosity, polymorphism information co ... | 2000 | 10748711 |
| south american camelids in the united kingdom: reproductive failure, pregnancy diagnosis and neonatal care. | the results of a postal questionnaire survey conducted between december 1992 and march 1993 indicated that a third of mated female south american camelids in the united kingdom failed to produce offspring. this failure did not include abortions or stillbirths, which accounted for up to 4 per cent and up to 3 per cent of further reproductive losses respectively. the most common method of pregnancy diagnosis was observation (40 to 70 per cent). plasma progesterone estimations and ultrasonography w ... | 1998 | 9533292 |
| reproductive physiology of the male camelid. | the physiology of reproduction with emphasis on endocrinology of llamas and alpacas is addressed. information regarding male anatomy, puberty, testicular function, semen description, and sexual behavior is also included. | 1994 | 7953959 |
| preceramic animal utilization in the central peruvian andes. | the analysis of animal bones recovered from preceramic period deposits at uchcumachay cave and other sites in the puna of junín has documented the development of an economy involving primary camelid utilization beginning around 5,500 b.c. and culminating with the appearance of domestic forms between 2,500 and 1,750 b.c. a model that can be used to explain this process in both the puna of junín and the central andes has been presented. | 1976 | 17783654 |
| [not available]. | | 1947 | 20246957 |
| parasitic diseases of camels in iran (1931-2017) - a literature review. | parasitic diseases of camels are major causes of impaired milk and meat production, decreases in performance or even death. some camel parasites also represent a threat to human health. about 171,500 one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) and 100-300 two-humped camels (camelus bactrianus) live in iran. knowledge of the biodiversity of their parasites is still limited. the present review covers all information about camel parasitic diseases in iran published as dissertations and in both iranian ... | 2017 | 28617666 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus experimental transmission using a pig model. | dromedary camels are the main reservoir of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), but other livestock species (i.e., alpacas, llamas, and pigs) are also susceptible to infection with mers-cov. animal-to-animal transmission in alpacas was reported, but evidence for transmission in other species has not been proved. this study explored pig-to-pig mers-cov transmission experimentally. virus was present in nasal swabs of infected animals, and limited amounts of viral rna, but no in ... | 2017 | 28653496 |
| longitudinal study of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camel herds in saudi arabia, 2014-2015. | two herds of dromedary camels were longitudinally sampled with nasal and rectal swabs and serum, between september 2014 and may 2015, and the samples were tested for middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus rna and antibodies. evidence of mers-cov infection was confirmed in one herd on the basis of detection of virus rna in nasal swabs from three camels and significant increases in the antibody titers from three others. the three viruses were genetically identical, thus indicating int ... | 2017 | 28634355 |
| dromedary camels in northern mali have high seropositivity to mers-cov. | a high percentage (up to 90%) of dromedary camels in the middle east as well as eastern and central africa have antibodies to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). here we report comparably high positivity of mers-cov antibodies in dromedary camels from northern mali. this extends the range of mers-cov further west in africa than reported to date and cautions that mers-cov should be considered in cases of severe respiratory disease in the region. | 2017 | 28616502 |
| mers-coronavirus: from discovery to intervention. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) still causes outbreaks despite public awareness and implementation of health care measures, such as rapid viral diagnosis and patient quarantine. here we describe the current epidemiological picture of mers-cov, focusing on humans and animals affected by this virus and propose specific intervention strategies that would be appropriate to control mers-cov. one-third of mers-cov patients develop severe lower respiratory tract infection and su ... | 2017 | 28616497 |
| two novel dromedary camel bocaparvoviruses from dromedaries in the middle east with unique genomic features. | the recent emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus and its discovery from dromedary camels has boosted interest in the search for novel viruses in dromedaries. while bocaparvoviruses are known to infect various animals, it was not known that they exist in dromedaries. in this study, we describe the discovery of two novel dromedary camel bocaparvoviruses (dbovs), dbov1 and dbov2, from dromedary faecal samples in dubai. among 667 adult dromedaries and 72 dromedary calves, ... | 2017 | 28613145 |
| chadox1 and mva based vaccine candidates against mers-cov elicit neutralising antibodies and cellular immune responses in mice. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has infected more than 1900 humans, since 2012. the syndrome ranges from asymptomatic and mild cases to severe pneumonia and death. the virus is believed to be circulating in dromedary camels without notable symptoms since the 1980s. therefore, dromedary camels are considered the only animal source of infection. neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are approved for veterinary or medical use despite active research on this area. here, we ... | 2017 | 28579232 |
| molecular aspects of mers-cov. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a betacoronavirus which can cause acute respiratory distress in humans and is associated with a relatively high mortality rate. since it was first identified in a patient who died in a jeddah hospital in 2012, the world health organization has been notified of 1735 laboratory-confirmed cases from 27 countries, including 628 deaths. most cases have occurred in saudi arabia. mers-covancestors may be found in oldworld bats of the vespertili ... | 2017 | 28500431 |
| tissue distribution of the mers-coronavirus receptor in bats. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has been shown to infect both humans and dromedary camels using dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (dpp4) as its receptor. the distribution of dpp4 in the respiratory tract tissues of humans and camels reflects mers-cov tropism. apart from dromedary camels, insectivorous bats are suggested as another natural reservoir for mers-like-covs. in order to gain insight on the tropism of these viruses in bats, we studied the dpp4 distribution in the respirator ... | 2017 | 28446791 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines: current status and novel approaches. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a cause of severe respiratory infection in humans, specifically the elderly and people with comorbidities. the re-emergence of lethal coronaviruses calls for international collaboration to produce coronavirus vaccines, which are still lacking to date. ongoing efforts to develop mers-cov vaccines should consider the different target populations (dromedary camels and humans) and the correlates of protection. extending on our current knowle ... | 2017 | 28412285 |
| absence of mers-cov antibodies in feral camels in australia: implications for the pathogen's origin and spread. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infections continue to be a serious emerging disease problem internationally with well over 1000 cases and a major outbreak outside of the middle east region. while the hypothesis that dromedary camels are the likely major source of mers-cov infection in humans is gaining acceptance, conjecture continues over the original natural reservoir host(s) and specifically the role of bats in the emergence of the virus. dromedary camels were importe ... | 2015 | 28616468 |
| supplementation of tris-based extender with plasma egg yolk of six avian species and camel skim milk for chilled preservation of dromedary camel semen. | the present study was conducted to investigate a suitable source (expt. 1) and concentration (expt. 2) of plasma egg yolk (pey) and concentration of camel skim milk (csm; expt. 3) to supplement tris based extender for chilled storage of dromedary camel semen. in expt. 1, pey (20%) of six avian species (domestic chicken, domestic duck, japanese quail, partridge, pigeon and guinea fowl) was added to semen extender. in expt. 2, different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) of selected pey from e ... | 2017 | 28709736 |
| epidemiological study of common diseases and their risk factors in camels in south punjab, pakistan. | bacteriological study of mastitis along with common blood protozoan diseases were studied in dromedary camels in cholistan, dera ismail khan and rahim yar khan districts in south punjab, pakistan. for this purpose 300 camels were sampled randomly at different common grazing and watering point. for study of blood parasites clinically suspected and apparently healthy camels, 150 each, were sampled. an overall prevalence of 15%and 5% was recorded for trypanosomiasis and anaplasmosis respectively. t ... | 2017 | 28428133 |
| crimean congo hemorrhagic fever among the one-humped camel (camelus dromedaries) in central sudan. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a tick-borne viral zoonotic disease caused by crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv), a member of the genus nairovirus in the family bunyaviridae. cchf is typically asymptomatic in animals but can be highly fatal in humans approaching case fatality rate of approximately 30%. in the present investigation, a cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of cchf and to identify the potential risk factors associated with cchfv seropo ... | 2017 | 28774342 |
| camelus dromedarius glucose transporter 4: in silico analysis, cloning, expression, purification and characterisation in e. coli. | camels have exceptional carbohydrate metabolism as their plasma glucose level is high and have low whole body insulin sensitivity, similar to that observed in type 2 diabetes patients. we aimed at studing an important component of insulin signalling pathway, the glut4, in camel. camelus dromedarius glut4 (cdglut4) cds is 1530 nucleotide in length that encodes for a 55kda protein. cdglut4 has 23 amino acid substitutions and 3n-glycosylation sites, compared to 2 in human glut4. 3 d structures of c ... | 2017 | 28440667 |
| serological evidence of hepatitis e virus infection in dromedary camels in ethiopia. | the genome of dromedary camel hepatitis e virus (dchev) has been detected in stool and serum samples from dromedary camels, but the sero-epidemiological information of dchev infection remains unclear. a total of 246 serum samples collected from dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in ethiopia, and 40 serum samples from bactrian camels (camelus ferus) in mongolia were examined for the detection of anti-dchev igg antibody by a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) by using dc ... | 2017 | 28438608 |
| hepatitis e virus genotypes and evolution: emergence of camel hepatitis e variants. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of viral hepatitis globally. zoonotic hev is an important cause of chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. the rapid identification of novel hev variants and accumulating sequence information has prompted significant changes in taxonomy of the family hepeviridae. this family includes two genera: orthohepevirus, which infects terrestrial vertebrates, and piscihepevirus, which infects fish. within orthohepevirus, there are four species, a-d, with w ... | 2017 | 28425927 |
| selection of nanobodies with broad neutralizing potential against primary hiv-1 strains using soluble subtype c gp140 envelope trimers. | broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnabs) against hiv-1 protect from infection and reduce viral load upon therapeutic applications. however no vaccine was able so far to induce bnabs demanding their expensive biotechnological production. for clinical applications, nanobodies (vhh) derived from heavy chain only antibodies from camelidae, may be better suited due to their small size, high solubility/stability and extensive homology to human vh3 genes. here we selected broadly neutralizing nanobodies ... | 2017 | 28827559 |
| serologic evidence for influenza c and d virus among ruminants and camelids, africa, 1991-2015. | influenza d virus has been identified in america, europe, and asia. we detected influenza d virus antibodies in cattle and small ruminants from north (morocco) and west (togo and benin) africa. dromedary camels in kenya harbored influenza c or d virus antibodies, indicating a potential new host for these viruses. | 2017 | 28820371 |
| molecular study on pasteurella multocida and mannheimia granulomatis from kenyan camels (camelus dromedarius). | outbreaks of a haemorrhagic septicaemia (hs) like disease causing large mortalities in camels (camelus dromedarius) in asia and in africa have been reported since 1890. yet the aetiology of this condition remains elusive. this study is the first to apply state of the art molecular methods to shed light on the nasopharyngeal carrier state of pasteurellaceae in camels. the study focused on hs causing pasteurella multocida capsular types b and e. other pasteurellaceae, implicated in common respirat ... | 2017 | 28830429 |
| a46 mers-cov in arabian camels in africa and central asia. | | 2017 | 28845242 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: five years later. | in the past five years, there have been 1,936 laboratory-confirmed cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 27 countries, with a mortality rate of 35.6%. most cases have arisen in the middle east, particularly the kingdom of saudi arabia, however there was a large hospital-associated outbreak in the republic of korea in 2015. exposure to dromedary camels has been recognized by the world health organization (who) as a risk factor in primary cases, but the exact mechanis ... | 2017 | 28826284 |
| correction: serological evidence of mers-cov antibodies in dromedary camels (camelus dromedaries) in laikipia county, kenya. | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140125.]. | 2017 | 28542448 |
| prevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum in the serum of camels (camelus dromedarius) from central punjab, pakistan. | infection with the apicomplexan parasite neospora caninum occurs in domestic and wild animals worldwide. this parasite causes significant economic losses in the dairy industry worldwide. the current study was designed to assess the prevalence of n. caninum antibodies in the sera of camels (camelus dromedarius) from rakh mahni, bhakkar, pakistan, to better understand the epidemiology of this important cause of bovine abortion in pakistan. eighty-one sera samples collected from apparently healthy ... | 2017 | 28470581 |
| draft genome sequences of seven streptococcus agalactiae strains isolated from camelus dromedarius at the horn of africa. | we present draft whole-genome sequences of seven streptococcus agalactiae strains isolated from camelus dromedarius in kenya and somalia. these data are an extension to the group b streptococcus (gbs) pangenome and might provide more insight into the underlying mechanisms of pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of camel gbs. | 2017 | 28705964 |
| trypanosoma evansi infection and major risk factors for iranian one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius). | trypanosoma evansi is a cosmopolitan protozoan which affects camelids and may cause illness and economic losses. the present study was aimed to determine the prevalence and geographic distribution of t. evansi in iranian one-humped camels of south east iran. a total of 369 camels were randomly examined from three parts of southeastern iran from march to september 2015. blood samples were taken from jugular vein and examined by using thin blood smear and mercuric chloride test. ninety-five out of ... | 2017 | 28848291 |
| trypanosoma vivax is the second leading cause of camel trypanosomosis in sudan after trypanosoma evansi. | this study was conducted in response to recurring reports from eastern sudan of camel trypanosomosis that can no longer be treated by currently available trypanocidal drugs. one hundred and eighty-nine blood samples were obtained from camels in different herds and local markets in the western part of sudan, and a cross-sectional study was carried out between december 2015 and february 2016 to identify the causative agents and possible circulating genotypes. | 2017 | 28403897 |
| detection of candida species by nested pcr method in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius). | systemic fungal diseases are the infections caused by false treatment protocols and generally are not taken into consideration especially in the veterinary field. one-humped camels are found in the western side of the aegean region of our country and bred for wrestling. the aim of this study is the application of diagnosing systemic fungi infection from camel blood samples by the pcr method. in this study, specific primers for dna topoisomerase ii gene sequences were used. as a result, a systemi ... | 2018 | 29080936 |
| bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine leukemia virus (blv) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infections in algerian dromedary camels (camelus dromaderius). | this study was performed to investigate the presence of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine leukemia virus (blv) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infections in dromedary camels (camelus dromaderius) kept in mixed herds with sheep and goats in algeria, since the prevalence of bhv-1, bvdv, and blv infections among dromedary camels in algeria is unknown. totally, 111 camel sera were collected from two provinces (laghouat and ghardaia) in algeria. the sera were analyzed for bhv-1 specific ant ... | 2017 | 29134541 |
| the association between glutamine repeats in the androgen receptor gene and personality traits in dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | temperament traits such as fearfulness are important as they define an animal's responses to its environment and handling. the increasing automation of daily tasks and growing population limits contact between camels and humans. such limitations contribute to fear of humans and changes in physical environment. monoamine oxidase a (maoa) and androgen receptor (ar) genes are important candidates associated with mammal personality. in our analysis, maoa exon 15 showed no polymorphism but a novel po ... | 2018 | 29415053 |
| the prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection in livestock and temporal relation to locations and seasons. | the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) has been reported for the first time infecting a human being since 2012. the who was notified of 27 countries have reported cases of mers, the majority of these cases occur in the arabian peninsula, particularly in saudi arabia. dromedary camels are likely to be the main source of middle east respiratory syndrome virus (mers-cov) infection in humans. | 2018 | 29396257 |
| protective efficacy of a novel simian adenovirus vaccine against lethal mers-cov challenge in a transgenic human dpp4 mouse model. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a novel zoonotic virus that causes severe respiratory disease in humans with a case fatality rate close to 40%, but for which no vaccines are available. here, we evaluated the utility of chadox1, a promising replication-deficient simian adenovirus vaccine vector platform with an established safety profile in humans and dromedary camels, for mers-cov vaccine development. using a transgenic lethal balb/c mers-cov mouse model we showed that ... | 2017 | 29263883 |
| diversity of middle east respiratory syndrome coronaviruses in 109 dromedary camels based on full-genome sequencing, abu dhabi, united arab emirates. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was identified on the arabian peninsula in 2012 and is still causing cases and outbreaks in the middle east. when mers-cov was first identified, the closest related virus was in bats; however, it has since been recognized that dromedary camels serve as a virus reservoir and potential source for human infections. a total of 376 camels were screened for mers-cov at a live animal market in the eastern region of the emirate of abu dhabi, uae. i ... | 2017 | 29116217 |
| cross-sectional study of mers-cov-specific rna and antibodies in animals that have had contact with mers patients in saudi arabia. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a newly emerged coronavirus that is associated with a severe respiratory disease in humans in the middle east. the epidemiological profiles of the mers-cov infections suggest zoonotic transmission from an animal reservoir to humans. | 2017 | 28993171 |
| hepatitis e virus and related viruses in wild, domestic and zoo animals: a review. | hepatitis e is a human disease mainly characterized by acute liver illness, which is caused by infection with the hepatitis e virus (hev). large hepatitis e outbreaks have been described in developing countries; however, the disease is also increasingly recognized in industrialized countries. mortality rates up to 25% have been described for pregnant women during outbreaks in developing countries. in addition, chronic disease courses could be observed in immunocompromised transplant patients. wh ... | 2018 | 28944602 |
| identification of sialic acid-binding function for the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike glycoprotein. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) targets the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract both in humans and in its natural host, the dromedary camel. virion attachment to host cells is mediated by 20-nm-long homotrimers of spike envelope protein s. the n-terminal subunit of each s protomer, called s1, folds into four distinct domains designated s1athrough s1dbinding of mers-cov to the cell surface entry receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4) occurs via s1bwe now demonstrate ... | 2017 | 28923942 |