| tissue distribution and depuration of the extracted hepatotoxic cyanotoxin microcystins in crucian carp (carassius carassius) intraperitoneally injected at a sublethal dose. | an acute toxicity experiment was conducted by intraperitoneal injection with a sublethal dose of extracted microcystins (mcs), 50 microg mc-lr (where l = leucine and r = arginine) equivalent/kg body weight (bw), to examine tissue distribution and depuration of mcs in crucian carp (carassius carassius). liver to body weight ratio increased at 3, 12, 24, and 48 h postinjection compared with that at 0 h (p < 0.05). mc concentrations in various tissues and aquaria water were analyzed at 1, 3, 12, 24 ... | 2008 | 18677427 |
| cardiac survival in anoxia-tolerant vertebrates: an electrophysiological perspective. | certain vertebrates, such as freshwater turtles of the genus chrysemys and trachemys and crucian carp (carassius carassius), have anoxia-tolerant hearts that continue to function throughout prolonged periods of anoxia (up to many months) due to successful balancing of cellular atp supply and demand. in the present review, we summarize the current and limited understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying this cardiac anoxia tolerance. what emerges is that cold temperature substantially modi ... | 2008 | 18589002 |
| effect of anoxia on the electroretinogram of three anoxia-tolerant vertebrates. | to survive anoxia, neural atp levels have to be defended. reducing electrical activity, which accounts for 50% or more of neural energy consumption, should be beneficial for anoxic survival. the retina is a hypoxia sensitive part of the central nervous system. here, we quantify the in vivo retinal light response (electroretinogram; erg) in three vertebrates that exhibit varying degrees of anoxia tolerance: freshwater turtle (trachemys scripta), epaulette shark (hemiscyllium ocellatum) and leopar ... | 2008 | 18579424 |
| a novel inwardly rectifying k+ channel, kir2.5, is upregulated under chronic cold stress in fish cardiac myocytes. | a new member of the inward-rectifier k(+) channel subfamily kir2 was isolated and characterised from the crucian carp (carassius carassius) heart. when expressed in cos-1 cells this 422 amino acid protein produced an inward-rectifying channel with distinct single-channel conductance, mean open time and open probability. phylogenetic sequence comparisons indicate that it is not homologous to any known vertebrate kir channel, yet belongs to the kir2 subfamily. this novel crucian carp channel incre ... | 2008 | 18552306 |
| seasonal acclimatization of brain lipidome in a eurythermal fish (carassius carassius) is mainly determined by temperature. | crucian carp (carassius carassius) is an excellent vertebrate model for studies on temperature adaptation in biological excitable membranes, since the species can tolerate temperatures from 0 to +36 degrees c. to determine how temperature affects the lipid composition of brain, the fish were acclimated for 4 wk at +30, +16, or +4 degrees c in the laboratory, or seasonally acclimatized individuals were captured from the wild throughout the year (temperature = +1 to +23 degrees c), and the brain g ... | 2008 | 18305022 |
| improved normalization of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction data using an external rna control. | no golden standard exists for normalization of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt pcr) data and procedures used are often not validated. numerous studies have indicated that current approaches are inadequate. here, we report the development of an external rna control approach. it is the first to add external rna to tissue on a per unit weight basis, and we demonstrate its accuracy, suitability, and necessity in experiments involving severe physiological challenges. we ... | 2008 | 18294949 |
| evaluation of estrogenicity of sewage effluent and reclaimed water using vitellogenin as a biomarker. | to evaluate the quality of reclaimed water, the estrogenicity of effluent from a sewage treatment plant and of reclaimed water treated with coagulation-sedimentation-filtration using the effluent as raw water was assessed using vitellogenin (vtg) as a biomarker. after a three-week exposure, significant (p < 0.05) induction of vtg occurred in female crucian carp (carassius carassius) exposed continuously to the secondary effluent and reclaimed water with different dilutions (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 ... | 2008 | 18092868 |
| the changes of serum testosterone level and hepatic microsome enzyme activity of crucian carp (carassius carassius) exposed to a sublethal dosage of pentachlorophenol. | pentachlorophenol (pcp), which was reported to be a typical persistent organic pollutant and environmental endocrine disruptor, may cause threat to aquatic species. in this study, serum testosterone concentration, activity of liver microsome ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase (erod) and glutathione s-transferases (gst) of crucian carp (carassius carassius) exposed to pcp for 7 and 15 d, respectively, were examined. the results showed that testosterone concentration was induced remarkably after 7 d (p< ... | 2008 | 18063032 |
| predator-induced morphology enhances escape locomotion in crucian carp. | fishes show a remarkable diversity of shapes which have been associated with their swimming abilities and anti-predator adaptations. the crucian carp (carassius carassius) provides an extreme example of phenotypic plasticity in body shape which makes it a unique model organism for evaluating the relationship between body form and function in fishes. in crucian carp, a deep body is induced by the presence of pike (esox lucius), and this results in lower vulnerability to gape-limited predators, su ... | 2008 | 17971327 |
| the toxicity of copper to crucian carp (carassius carassius) in soft water. | crucian carp (carassius carassius) were exposed to a cu rich medium (ph 6.6, conductivity 25 micros/cm, 2.91 mg ca(2+)/l, approximately 300 microg cu(2+)/l). untreated department water (ph 6.6, conductivity 25 micros/cm, 2.91 mg ca(2+)/l) acted as control. mortality in crucian carp was first observed after 13 days of exposure to the cu rich medium. there were, however, significant changes in haematocrit, plasma chloride, plasma sodium and water content in muscle in fish exposed to the cu rich me ... | 2007 | 17628637 |
| gill remodeling in fish--a new fashion or an ancient secret? | while a large respiratory surface area is good for gas exchange, it also poses several problems, including energetically unfavorable fluxes of water and ions. as a result, fishes appear to have a respiratory surface area that is matched to their oxygen demands. when faced with changes in their need for oxygen uptake, e.g. through altered physical activity or altered ambient oxygen levels, fishes have long been known to make two different adjustments: (1) to change the water flow over the gills o ... | 2007 | 17601943 |
| adenosine does not save the heart of anoxia-tolerant vertebrates during prolonged oxygen deprivation. | despite adenosine being regarded as an important signaling molecule capable of coordinating atp supply and demand during periods of oxygen deprivation in anoxia-intolerant mammals, the importance of adenosinergic cardiovascular control in anoxia-tolerant vertebrates is poorly understood. here, we report on adenosinergic cardiovascular control during normoxia and prolonged (hours to days) oxygen deprivation for three vertebrate species tolerant of severe hypoxia/anoxia, the closely related common ... | 2007 | 17433747 |
| seasonal changes in glycogen content and na+-k+-atpase activity in the brain of crucian carp. | changes in the number of na+-k+-atpase alpha-subunits, na+-k+-atpase activity and glycogen content of the crucian carp (carassius carassius) brain were examined to elucidate relative roles of energy demand and supply in adaptation to seasonal anoxia. fish were collected monthly around the year from the wild for immediate laboratory assays. equilibrium dissociation constant and hill coefficient of [3h]ouabain binding to brain homogenates were 12.87+/-2.86 nm and -1.18+/-0.07 in june and 11.93+/-2 ... | 2006 | 16741142 |
| development of elisa for metallothionein-ii allows determination of heavy metal pollution of fresh water. | metallothionein (mt), a metal-binding protein induced primarily by heavy metals in vertebrates, is considered a biomarker for environmental heavy-metal contamination. to investigate heavy metal pollution in the freshwater environment, mt-i and mt-ii were purified from livers of crucian carp (carassius carassius) by gel exclusion chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. to detect the purified mt-ii, a specific monoclonal antibody (mab) against crucian carp mt-ii was produced from the hybri ... | 2006 | 16720298 |
| interactions between predator- and diet-induced phenotypic changes in body shape of crucian carp. | predator cues and diet, when studied separately, have been shown to affect body shape of organisms. previous studies show that the morphological responses to predator absence/presence and diet may be similar, and hence could confound the interpretation of the causes of morphological differences found between groups of individuals. in this study, we simultaneously examined the effect of these two factors on body shape and performance in crucian carp in a laboratory experiment. crucian carp (caras ... | 2006 | 16615209 |
| temperature regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (hif-1) in a poikilothermic vertebrate, crucian carp (carassius carassius). | hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 (hif-1) is a master regulator of hypoxia-induced gene responses. to find out whether hif-1 function is involved in gene expression changes associated with temperature acclimation as well as in hypoxia adaptation in poikilotherms, we studied hif-1 dna binding activity and hif-1alpha expression in normoxia and during hypoxia (0.7 mg l(-1) o2) in crucian carp at temperatures of 26, 18 and 8 degrees c. temperature had a marked influence on hif-1 in normoxia. ... | 2006 | 16513925 |
| gender distinction in neural discrimination of sex pheromones in the olfactory bulb of crucian carp, carassius carassius. | studies on projection of the sensory neurons onto the olfactory bulb in fish have revealed a clear subdivision into spatially different areas that each responded specifically to different classes of odorants. amino acids induce activity in the lateral part, bile salts induce activity in the medial part, and alarm substances induce activity in the posterior part of the medial olfactory bulb. in the present study, we demonstrate a new feature of the bulbar chemotopy showing that neurons specifical ... | 2006 | 16322086 |
| specific projection of the sensory crypt cells in the olfactory system in crucian carp, carassius carassius. | to study the projection of a special type of sensory neuron called crypt cells in the olfactory system in crucian carp, carassius carassius, we applied the neural tracer 1,1-dilinoleyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (dii) in the olfactory bulb (ob). small crystals of dii were applied in a small area at the synaptic region at the ventral part of the ob, where a population of secondary neurons specific for sex pheromones has been identified. in those samples (4 out of 24) where ... | 2006 | 16306315 |
| estrogenic effects in crucian carp (carassius carassius) exposed to treated sewage effluent. | to assess the estrogenicity of a municipal sewage treatment plant, sexually mature crucian carp of both sexes were exposed for 28 days to domestic treated sewage effluent running with a constant flow of water, with tap water and with different concentrations of the sewage effluent (25%, 50% and 100%). vitellogenin (vtg), gonadosomatic index (gsi), hepatosomatic index (hsi), and histological abnormalities were used to assess the estrogenic potency of the effluent. results show a significant (p<0. ... | 2005 | 16216638 |
| maintained cardiac pumping in anoxic crucian carp. | like most vertebrates, humans die within minutes when deprived of molecular oxygen (anoxia), in part because of cardiac failure. in contrast, some freshwater turtles can survive anoxia for months at low temperatures, but to do so, they drastically suppress cardiac activity and autonomic cardiovascular control. although carassius carassius, the crucian carp, shares this anoxia tolerance, we show that it has a unique ability among vertebrates to retain normal cardiac performance and autonomic card ... | 2004 | 15459381 |
| hypoxic survival strategies in two fishes: extreme anoxia tolerance in the north european crucian carp and natural hypoxic preconditioning in a coral-reef shark. | especially in aquatic habitats, hypoxia can be an important evolutionary driving force resulting in both convergent and divergent physiological strategies for hypoxic survival. examining adaptations to anoxic/hypoxic survival in hypoxia-tolerant animals may offer fresh ideas for the treatment of hypoxia-related diseases. here, we summarise our present knowledge of two fishes that have evolved to survive hypoxia under very different circumstances. the crucian carp (carassius carassius) is of part ... | 2004 | 15299034 |
| vertebrate brains at the pilot light. | while the brains of most vertebrates are unable to tolerate more than a few minutes of anoxia, some freshwater turtles (trachemys and chrysemys), crucian carp (carassius carassius) and frogs (rana pipens and rana temporaria) can survive anoxia for hours to months. obviously, anoxia tolerance has evolved separately several times and this is also reflected in the divergent strategies these animals utilize to survive without oxygen. the turtles and crucian carp defend their brain atp levels and avo ... | 2004 | 15288600 |
| seasonality of dihydropyridine receptor binding in the heart of an anoxia-tolerant vertebrate, the crucian carp (carassius carassius l.). | prolonged anoxia tolerance of facultative anaerobes is based on metabolic depression and thus on controlled reduction of energy-utilizing processes. one proposed survival mechanism is the closing of ion channels to decrease energetic cost of ion pumping (hochachka pw. science 231: 234-241, 1986). to test this hypothesis, the involvement of l-type ca2+ channels in seasonal anoxia tolerance of the vertebrate heart was examined by determining the number of [methyl-3h]pn200-110 (a ligand of l-type c ... | 2004 | 15242827 |
| metabolic responses to low temperature in fish muscle. | for most fish, body temperature is very close to that of the habitat. the diversity of thermal habitats exploited by fish as well as their capacity to adapt to thermal change makes them excellent organisms in which to examine the evolutionary and phenotypic responses to temperature. an extensive literature links cold temperatures with enhanced oxidative capacities in fish tissues, particularly skeletal muscle. closer examination of inter-species comparisons (i.e. the evolutionary perspective) in ... | 2004 | 15191230 |
| neurophysiologic detector-a selective and sensitive tool in high-performance liquid chromatography. | in the present study neurons from the olfactory system of the fish crucian carp, carassius carassius l. were used as components in an in-line neurophysiologic detector (npd) to measure physiological activities following the separation of substances by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). the skin of crucian carp, c. carassius l. contains pheromones that induce an alarm reaction in conspecifics. extra-cellular recordings were made from neurons situated in the posterior part of the media ... | 2004 | 14698234 |
| the thermal contribution to photoactivation in a2 visual pigments studied by temperature effects on spectral properties. | effects of temperature on the spectral properties of visual pigments were measured in the physiological range (5-28 degrees c) in photoreceptor cells of bullfrog (rana catesbeiana) and crucian carp (carassius carassius). absorbance spectra recorded by microspectrophotometry (msp) in single cells and sensitivity spectra recorded by electroretinography (erg) across the isolated retina were combined to yield accurate composite spectra from ca. 400 nm to 800 nm. the four photoreceptor types selected ... | 2014 | 14658769 |
| regulation of action potential duration under acute heat stress by i(k,atp) and i(k1) in fish cardiac myocytes. | the mechanism underlying temperature-dependent shortening of action potential (ap) duration was examined in the fish (carassius carassius l.) heart ventricle. acute temperature change from +5 to +18 degrees c (heat stress) shortened ap duration from 2.8 +/- 0.3 to 1.3 +/- 0.1 s in intact ventricles. in 56% (18 of 32) of enzymatically isolated myocytes, heat stress also induced reversible opening of atp-sensitive k+ channels and increased their single-channel conductance from 37 +/- 12 ps at +8 d ... | 2004 | 14592934 |
| effects of chronic hypoxia on inward rectifier k(+) current ( i(k1)) in ventricular myocytes of crucian carp (carassius carassius) heart. | some ectothermic vertebrates show unusually good tolerance to oxygen shortage and it is therefore assumed that they might, as a defense mechanism, decrease number or activity of ion channels in order to reduce membrane leakage and thereby atp-dependent ion pumping in hypoxia. although several studies have provided indirect evidence in favor of this 'channel arrest' hypothesis, only few experiments have examined activity of ion channels directly from animals exposed to chronic hypoxia or anoxia i ... | 2003 | 14502436 |
| hypoxia induces adaptive and reversible gross morphological changes in crucian carp gills. | we show that crucian carp (carassius carassius) living in normoxic (aerated) water have gills that lack protruding lamellae, the primary site of o(2) uptake in fish. such an unusual trait leads to a very small respiratory surface area. histological examination showed that the lamellae (secondary lamellae) of these fish were embedded in a cell mass (denoted embedded lamellae). when the fish were kept in hypoxic water, a large reduction in this cell mass occurred, making the lamellae protrude and ... | 2003 | 12966058 |
| does the lateral bundle of the medial olfactory tract mediate reproductive behavior in male crucian carp? | the olfactory tract in crucian carp (carassius carassius) is divided into three distinct bundles: the lateral tract (lot) and the lateral (lmot) and medial (mmot) bundles of the medial tract. the lot has been shown to mediate information associated with feeding behavior, whereas the mmot mediates information associated with alarm response. the role of the medial olfactory tract (lmot and mmot) in reproductive behavior is still under debate. in the present experiment, male reproductive behavior t ... | 2003 | 12771016 |
| sensitivity and selectivity of neurons in the medial region of the olfactory bulb to skin extract from conspecifics in crucian carp, carassius carassius. | to examine the functional subdivision of the teleost olfactory bulb, extracellular recordings were made from the posterior part of the medial region of the olfactory bulb in the crucian carp, carassius carassius. bulbar units classified as type i or type ii were frequently and simultaneously encountered at a recording site. type i units displayed a diphasic action potential (ap) with a relatively small amplitude, a short duration (rise time approximately 1 ms) and high spontaneous activity (2.5 ... | 2003 | 12714440 |
| [zinc modulation of gaba receptors expressed in xenopus oocytes injected with carp brain poly(a)+ rna]. | two types of gaba receptors, gabaa receptors (approximately 85%) and gabac-like receptors (approximately 15%), were expressed in xenopus oocytes after injection of poly(a)+ rna with carp (carassius carassius) brain. using voltage-clamp technique and pharmacological methods, the effects of zinc on the two receptors were studied. it was found that zinc modulation of both gabaa and gabac-like receptors by zinc was inhibitory and reversible with the former being stronger than the latter as indicated ... | 1998 | 11324566 |
| brain blood flow during hypercapnia in fish: no role of nitric oxide. | very little is known about the regulation of cerebral blood flow (cbf) in lower vertebrates, especially fish. in mammals, hypercapnia causes cerebral vasodilation and increased cbf through mechanisms that involve the production of nitric oxide (no). we have used epi-illumination microscopy in vivo to observe effects of hypercapnia on venular erythrocyte velocity, used as an index of cbf velocity, in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and crucian carp (carassius carassius). rainbow trout exposed ... | 2000 | 10700569 |
| alarm reaction in the crucian carp is mediated by the medial bundle of the medial olfactory tract. | experiments were performed to determine which bundles of the olfactory tracts were essential for mediating alarm reaction in crucian carp (carassius carassius l.). the fish were maintained in physiological saline after surgery to preserve the remaining tracts and postoperative inspections revealed the functionality of the intact tracts. operations on the tracts were performed symmetrically on both sides. sham-operated and non-operated fish showed the typical alarm behaviour of fast swimming to t ... | 2000 | 10668000 |
| enantiomeric composition of the polycyclic musks hhcb and ahtn in different aquatic species | synthetic polycyclic musk fragrances are mainly represented by the compounds hhcb (galaxolide(tm)) and ahtn (tonalide(tm)). because of their volume of use and their bioaccumulation potential, there is concern with respect to their environmental safety. hhcb and ahtn are chiral compounds, and gas chromatography using modified cyclodextrins as chiral stationary phases coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry enabled enantioselective analysis even under unfavorable matrix conditions. the gas ch ... | 1999 | 10561711 |
| energetic consequences of an inducible morphological defence in crucian carp. | crucian carp (carassius carassius) increases in body depth in response to chemical cues from piscivores and the deeper body constitutes a morphological defence against gape-limited piscivores. in the field, deep-bodied individuals suffer a density-dependent cost when competing with shallow-bodied conspecifics. here, we use hydrodynamic theory and swimming respirometry to investigate the proposed mechanism underlying this effect, high drag caused by the deep-bodied morphology. our study confirms ... | 1999 | 28307880 |
| effects of acute anoxia on heart function in crucian carp: importance of cholinergic and purinergic control. | the objective of this study was to characterize the effects of acute anoxia on contractile and electrical activity in the heart of an anoxia-tolerant fish species, the crucian carp (carassius carassius l.). responses of atrial and ventricular tissue or isolated cells to nacn, adenosine, and carbachol were determined to examine the effects of anoxia on cardiac performance and to clarify the possible role of local purinergic modulation and parasympathetic nervous control in the function of the ano ... | 1999 | 10444553 |
| na+/ca2+ exchange current in ventricular myocytes of fish heart: contribution to sarcolemmal ca2+ influx | influx of extracellular ca2+ plays a major role in the activation of contraction in fish cardiac cells. the relative contributions of na+/ca2+ exchange and l-type ca2+ channels to ca2+ influx are, however, unknown. using a physiological action potential as the command pulse in voltage-clamped heart cells, we examined sarcolemmal ca2+ influx through na+/ca2+ exchange and l-type ca2+ channels in crucian carp (carassius carassius l.) ventricular myocytes. when other cation conductances were blocked ... | 1999 | 10359679 |
| l-type ca2+ current in fish cardiac myocytes: effects of thermal acclimation and beta-adrenergic stimulation. | a patch-clamp analysis of l-type ca2+ current in ventricular myocytes of cold- and warm-acclimated rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and crucian carp (carassius carassius) hearts was performed. trout were acclimated at 4 and 17 degrees c and carp at 4 and 24 degrees c for a minimum of 4 weeks. ventricular myocytes were isolated by enzymatic dissociation using collagenase and trypsin. marked species-specific differences were noted in ca2+ current density and its ss-adrenergic regulation. the de ... | 1998 | 9438829 |
| brain na+/k+-atpase activity in two anoxia tolerant vertebrates: crucian carp and freshwater turtle. | the crucian carp (carassius carassius) and freshwater turtles (trachemys scripta) are among the very few vertebrates that can survive extended periods of anoxia. the major problem for an anoxic brain is energy deficiency. in the brain, the na+/k+-atpase is the single most atp consuming enzyme, being responsible for maintaining ion gradients. we here show that the na+/k+-atpase activity in the turtle brain is reduced by 31% in telencephalon and by 34% in cerebellum after 24 h of anoxia. both chan ... | 1997 | 9389603 |
| sarcolemmal ca influx through l-type ca channels in ventricular myocytes of a teleost fish. | the whole cell patch clamp method was used to measure ca current through l-type ca channels in enzymatically isolated ventricular myocytes of crucian carp (carassius carassius l.) heart. fish were acclimated to 22 degrees c for more than 4 wk, and properties of ca current were measured at room temperature (21 +/- 1 degrees c). depolarizing voltage steps from -50 mv evoked rapidly activating ca currents, which exhibited a bell-shaped voltage dependence with peak amplitude at 0 mv. the currents we ... | 1997 | 9176334 |
| electron-microscopy observations on an intracellular mastigophoran in the gills of crucian carp, carassius carassius. | | 1997 | 9272571 |
| [studies on glutamate and gaba receptor expressed in amphibian oocytes after injection of carp retina mrna]. | using voltage clamp and perfusion technique, the types and characteristics of amino acid receptors of carp (carassius carassius) retinas were studied by expressed response of amphibian oocytes previous injected with the retinal mrna. the results were as follows: (1) glu receptor: diazoxide could potentiated ka induced depolarization, suggesting that some of the retinal glu receptors may be ampa-preferring subtype. (2) gaba receptor: bicuculine could greatly suppress the gaba induced inward rapid ... | 1996 | 9389205 |
| anoxia tolerant animals from a neurobiological perspective. | this paper discusses the mechanisms for brain anoxia survival seen in crucian carp (carassius carassius) and a few species of freshwater turtle (chrysemys and trachemys species). comparisons are made with the hypoxic tolerant mammalian neonate brain. in the anoxic tolerant species the basic strategy for anoxia survival appears to be the maintenance of ion gradients, and thereby the avoidance of anoxic depolarization. important facilitating factors involve having huge glycogen stores, increased b ... | 1996 | 8936038 |
| benefits of a predtor-induced morphology in crucian carp. | crucian carp (carassius carassius) develop a deeper body in response to chemical cues from piscivores. this change in body morphology has been suggested to be a predator-induced defence. here we investigate the possible benefits of the induced body morphology in laboratory experiments. pike foraging behaviour when feeding on crucian carp of different body depths was recorded using video. further, in a preference experiment pike were allowed to choose between shallow-bodied and deep-bodied crucia ... | 1995 | 28307584 |
| evidence that acetylcholine mediates increased cerebral blood flow velocity in crucian carp through a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. | nitric oxide (no)-dependent regulation of brain blood flow has not been proved to exist in fish or other ectothermic vertebrates. using epi-illumination microscopy on the brain surface (optic lobes) of crucian carp (carassius carassius), we show that superfusing the brain with acetylcholine (ach) induces an increase in cerebral blood flow velocity that can be completely blocked by the no synthase inhibitors ng-nitro-l-arginine methylester (l-name) and ng-nitro-l-arginine. also, sodium nitropruss ... | 1995 | 7536198 |
| endocrine, gonadal and behavioral responses of male crucian carp to the hormonal pheromone 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. | the olfactory-mediated responses to the sex hormone 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17 alpha,20 beta-p) were studied in spermiated and regressed male crucian carp (carassius carassius l.). the position and spontaneous locomotor activity of single male crucian carp were continuously recorded in an artificial stream. 17 alpha,20 beta-p (final concentration 10(-11) m) was supplied to one half and its ethanol carrier to the other half of the test area. milt volume and gonadotropin (gth-i ... | 1995 | 7583015 |
| [amino acid neurotransmitter receptors of carp brain expressed in amphibian oocytes]. | gaba receptor and inotropic glutamate receptors were expressed in amphibian oocytes and studied with the voltage-clamp technique and pharmacological method after injection of mrna from carp (carassius carassius) brains. it was found that about 90% of the response to gaba was mediated by gabaa receptor, but there was also about 10% of the response which was insensitive to bicuculline, a selective antagonist to gabaa receptor, baclofen, a selective agonist to gabab receptor, had no effect on the i ... | 1995 | 7784891 |
| roles of energy status, katp channels and channel arrest in fish brain k+ gradient dissipation during anoxia | the crucian carp (carassius carassius l.) is one of the most anoxia-tolerant vertebrates known, being able to maintain ion homeostasis in its brain for many hours of anoxia. this study aims to clarify the importance of glycolysis during anoxia and also to investigate whether the extreme tolerance to anoxia could be due to down-regulation of k+ permeability ('channel arrest') and/or activation of atp-sensitive k+ (katp) channels. the latter was also tested in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). ... | 1995 | 9320504 |
| effects of anoxia on energy metabolism in crucian carp brain slices studied with microcalorimetry | crucian carp (carassius carassius l.) is an exceptionally anoxia-tolerant vertebrate. to determine whether isolated crucian carp brain tissue survives anoxia and whether it displays anoxic metabolic depression, heat production (using microcalorimetry), lactate production, ethanol production and the maintenance of atp, adp and amp levels and energy charge were measured in telencephalic brain slices during anoxia. in response to anoxia, heat output decreased by 37 %, corresponding to a 31 % fall i ... | 1995 | 9318635 |
| seasonal and temperature-induced changes in myosin heavy chain composition of crucian carp hearts. | myosin heavy chain isoforms of the ventricular myocardium from crucian carp (carassius carassius l.) hearts were analyzed in different times of the year by gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [k. a. esser, m. o. boluyt, and t. p. white, am. j. physiol. 255 (heart circ. physiol. 24): h659-h663, 1988]. in winter only one myosin heavy chain type was present, but in summer about one-half of the winter myosin was replaced by more slowly moving summer myosin. the occurre ... | 1994 | 7810767 |
| anoxia and adenosine induce increased cerebral blood flow rate in crucian carp. | the crucian carp (carassius carassius) has the rare ability to survive prolonged anoxia, indicating an extraordinary capacity for glycolytic atp production, especially in a highly energy-consuming organ like the brain. for the brain to be able to increase its glycolytic flux during anoxia and profit from the large liver glycogen store, an increased glucose delivery from the blood would be expected. nevertheless, the effect of anoxia on brain blood flow in crucian carp has never been studied prev ... | 1994 | 8067472 |
| trading off safety against food: state dependent habitat choice and foraging in crucian carp. | the influence of hunger level and predation risk on habitat choice and foraging in crucian carp, carassius carassius, were studied in a laboratory experiment. experiments were carried out in aquaria with or without a predator (pike, esox lucius). habitat use and foraging activity of three-fish foraging groups of either fed or hungry crucian carp were studied. fish were allowed to choose between an open (risky) habitat with tubifex worms and a habitat with dense vegetation (safe) without food. ha ... | 1993 | 28314010 |
| brain sensitivity to anoxia in fish as reflected by changes in extracellular k+ activity. | most vertebrates have a very limited tolerance to anoxia. the only exceptions to this rule are found among ectothermic species, notably crucian carp (carassius carassius) and freshwater turtles. it has been assumed that the brains of these species are less sensitive to anoxia than ectothermic brains in general. however, it has not been possible to exclude that anoxia-intolerant species like rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) die from heart failure rather than brain failure during anoxia, and th ... | 1993 | 8447481 |
| influence of seasonal adaptation on the distribution of cytochemically detectable endogenous calcium in synaptic terminals of the optic tectum of crucian carp (carassius carassius l.). | crucian carps were seasonally adapted to high (23 degrees c) or low (4 degrees c) temperatures and synaptic regions in the optic tectum were analyzed by means of energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy (eftem). the amount of cytochemically detectable endogenous calcium in synaptic clefts was quantified by means of image analysis and the amount of glycogen granules in synaptic regions was assessed. in cold-adapted fish, glycogen is increased, especially in glial cells, while the calcium ... | 1993 | 8270788 |
| predator-induced phenotypical change in body morphology in crucian carp. | in a field experiment where the presence or absence of piscivorous pike (esox lucius) in ponds was manipulated, the morphology of crucian carp (carassius carassius) diverged, such that individuals became deeper bodied in pond sections with pike. a laboratory experiment confirmed that the presence of this predator induced a change in body morphology in the carp. estimation of prey vulnerability to predation by pike, a gape-limited predator, revealed that this increase in body depth resulted in cr ... | 1992 | 17778362 |
| summertime and early autumn activity of some enzymes in the carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism of the crucian carp. | in june, july, and september the activities of five enzymes involved in the carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism, namely phosphofructokinase (pfk), lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), citrate synthase (cs), cytochrome oxidase (cyt ox) and 3-hydroxy-acyl-coa dehydrogenase (had), were measured in the heart, liver, red muscle, white muscle, and gill lamellae of crucian carp (carassius carassius). ldh activity was measured in both reducing (ldhr) and oxidizing (ldho) directions.the pfk activity in red an ... | 1992 | 24213818 |
| the adenosine receptor blocker aminophylline increases anoxic ethanol excretion in crucian carp. | by depressing energy consumption, anoxia-tolerant animals are thought to compensate for a reduced ability to produce energy during anoxia. adenosine is an inhibitory neuromodulator in vertebrates and, hence, has the potential ability to depress energy consumption. ethanol is the main metabolic end product in anoxic carassius, and the present study shows that the rate of ethanol excretion in anoxic crucian carp (carassius carassius l.) can be increased threefold by treatment with the adenosine re ... | 1991 | 1928423 |
| turnover of serotonin in brain of an anoxia-tolerant vertebrate, the crucian carp. | serotonin (5-ht) is a neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. estimates of 5-ht turnover times range between 1 h (mammals) and 10 h (goldfish). synthesis and catabolism of 5-ht are dependent on molecular oxygen, hence, 5-ht turnover comes to a halt during anoxia. nevertheless, a few vertebrates, such as the crucian carp (carassius carassius l.), tolerate anoxia for several weeks. to assess the ability of the crucian carp brain to tolerate a stop in 5-ht turnover during anoxia, it is essential ... | 1990 | 1694412 |
| long-term anoxia in crucian carp: changes in the levels of amino acid and monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain, catecholamines in chromaffin tissue, and liver glycogen. | crucian carp (carassius carassius l.), which are extremely anoxia-tolerant, were exposed to 17 days of anoxia at 8 degrees c. one group of fish was transferred to normoxic water for 1-8 h immediately after the anoxic period. all the eight amino acids measured in brain (including four putative neurotransmitters) were more or less strongly affected by anoxia. gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) displayed a nearly fivefold increase during anoxia. it is hypothesized that the increased level of this inhib ... | 1990 | 1972385 |
| conversion of 11-ketoandrostenedione to 11-ketotestosterone by blood cells of six fish species. | blood cells from baltic salmon, salmo salar, three-spined stickleback, gasterosteus aculeatus, eel pout, zoarces viviparus, crucian carp, carassius carassius, african catfish, clarias gariepinus, and reedfish, calamoichthys calabaricus, were incubated with tritiated 11 beta-hydroxyandrostenedione (oha) or 11-ketoandrostenedione (oa). in all fish there was conversion of oa to 11-ketotestosterone (ot), indicating that 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was present in the blood cells. on ... | 1990 | 2295425 |
| effects of anoxia on catecholamine levels in brain and kidney of the crucian carp. | catecholamine synthesis requires o2. crucian carp (carassius carassius l.), which are extremely anoxia tolerant, were exposed to anoxia for 76 or 160 h. the brain levels of dopamine and norepinephrine (no epinephrine was found in brain) remained relatively constant even after nearly 1 wk of anoxia, indicating very well-functioning transmitter reuptake mechanisms and/or the absence of o2-independent degradation. in contrast, in the kidney (which contains chromaffin tissue), the catecholamine cont ... | 1989 | 2750953 |
| pituitary gland of the exotic carp, carassius carassius linn., with reference to the histocytology of the adenohypophysis in conjunction to male and female rhythms of reproduction. | the pituitaries of the exotic carp (carassius carassius) are studied at the light microscopic level, for the characterization of the adenohypophysial cell-types with particular emphasis to the gonadotropic potency of the pituitary in relation to the annual reproductive patterns. the gland in the fish is of the cranioleptobasic type. based on the classical staining methods and localization of the differential cell-types, the adenohypophysis of the fish can be subdivided into the rostral (rpd) and ... | 1986 | 3803862 |
| anaerobic wintering of crucian carp (carassius carassius l.)--ii. metabolic products. | in long-term experimental anoxia (up to 140 days) crucian carp excreted ethanol and acetic acid. the maximum concentration of ethanol found in fish blood was ca 0.1%. the excretion rate of ethanol at temperatures from -0.5 to +5 degrees c was ca 25 micrograms/g fish wet wt/hr, but increased rapidly with increasing temperature. at 2 and 5 degrees c the ethanol excretion rate was independent of fish size, but at 12 and 18 degrees c a higher rate was observed in smaller fish. the decrease of water ... | 1986 | 2869864 |
| an extensive projection of fish dorsolateral tegmental cells to the optic tectum revealed by intra-axonal dye marking. | the cells of the dorsolateral tegmental (dlt) nucleus in the crucian carp (carassius carassius) were physiologically identified and marked with lucifer dye. all the identified dlt cells receive both visual and rhombencephalic inputs. these cells project their axons into the contralateral tectum via the tectal commissure as well as into the ipsilateral tectum. the most striking characteristic of the dlt cells was the wide distribution of their axonal branching in the ipsilateral tectum. | 1984 | 6207471 |
| an electron microscopic study of two types of muscle fibers in the pharyngeal pad of crussian carp, carassius carassius. | in the pharyngeal pad on the roof of the anterior pharynx of carassius carassius two types of thin striated muscle fibers (1.5-10 micron in diameter) were found. no pattern was discerned in the orientation of muscle fibers which form a loose tissue as a whole. one of them (z fiber) is characterized by position of triads at the level of z lines, and in the other type (a-i fiber) they were seen at the junction of the a and i bands. three types of intermyofibrous junction are noted between muscle f ... | 1984 | 6476414 |
| cytoarchitecture and topographic projections of the gustatory centers in a teleost, carassius carassius. | the neuronal connections in the central gustatory system of the crucian carp were examined by means of degeneration and hrp methods. cell morphology in the primary gustatory lobes was studied in golgi-impregnated material. medium-sized neurons of the facial lobe emit axons which project to the secondary gustatory nucleus. the nucleus intermedius facialis of herrick ('05) projects bilaterally. large neurons send axons through the spinal trigeminal tract to terminate in the spinal trigeminal nucle ... | 1983 | 6619321 |
| capillarisation, oxygen diffusion distances and mitochondrial content of carp muscles following acclimation to summer and winter temperatures. | many species of fish show a partial or complete thermal compensation of metabolic rate on acclimation from summer to winter temperatures. in the present study crucian carp (carassius carassius l.) were acclimated for two months to either 2 degrees c or 28 degrees c and the effects of temperature acclimation on mitochondrial content and capillary supply to myotomal muscles determined. mitochondria occupy 31.4% and 14.7% of slow fibre volume in 2 degrees c- and 28 degrees c-acclimated fish, respec ... | 1982 | 7083305 |
| fine structure and metabolism of multiply innervated fast muscle fibres in teleost fish. | both the fast and slow muscle fibres of advanced teleost fish are multiply innervated. the fraction of slow-fibre volume occupied by mitochondria is 31.3%, 25.5%, and 24.6%, respectively, for the myotomal muscles of brook trout (salvelinus fontinalis), crucian carp (carassius carassius), and plaice (pleuronectes platessa), respectively. the corresponding figures for the fast muscles of these species are 9.3%, 4.6% and 2.0%, respectively. cytochrome-oxidase and citrate-synthetase activities in th ... | 1981 | 7285101 |
| central gustatory paths in the crucian carp, carassius carassius. | the central fiber connections of the gustatory system (vii, ix, and x nerves) in th crucian carp were examined by the fink-heimer method and its modification. the sensory and recurrence roots of the vii enter th brainstem separately and terminate in teh ipsilateral half of the facial lobe (l-vii). afferent fibers of the ix terminate in the glossopharyngeal lobe (l-ix). most afferent fibers of the x terminate in the sensory layer of the vagal lobe (l-x), in which degenerating terminals occur in s ... | 1980 | 7400389 |
| studies on putative neurotransmitters in the distal retina. | histochemical and cytochemical studies of the retinas of the teleosts carassius carassius and eugerres plumieri revealed that acetylcholinesterase, besides its main localization in the inner retinal layers, can be also found in the outer plexiform and inner nuclear layers, and between the apposed processes of horizontal cells of a given layer. similar studies of catecholamine (ca) containing cells in cyprinus carpio and eugerres plumieri have identified cells with bodies located in the inner ple ... | 1980 | 20487732 |
| retinal ganglion cells in the crucian carp (carassius carassius). i. size and number of somata in eyes of different size. | ganglion cell somata were drawn, measured and counted in flat-mounted crucian carp and goldfish retinas stained with cresyl violet or methylene blue. some diameter histograms suggest that the ganglion cells can be divided into two populations with overlapping soma sizes: a large group of small cells and a small group of large cells, the latter constituting 2.5-5% of all ganglion cells. with increasing distance from the optic disc the mean soma diameter increases while the ganglion cell density d ... | 1978 | 76639 |
| [morphology of the endocrine portion of the teleost pancreas]. | endocrine component of the crucian (carassius carassius), carp (cyprinus carpio), tench (tinca tinca) and silurus (silurus glanis) pancreas is structurally organized in the form of pancreatic islets. gorbusha (oncorhynchus gorbuscha) has, besides the islets, some brockman's bodies. endocrine component of the pancreas of teleostei possesses a-, b-, d and acinar-islet cells "b". all types of cells are shoot-shaped and all have contacts with the capillaries. extrusion of the hormones from the endoc ... | 1978 | 343755 |
| an electron microscopic study of the ultimobranchial body of the crucian carp (carassius carassius). | | 1977 | 917462 |
| genetic polymorphism and isoenzyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenase in tench (tinca tinca), crucian carp (carassius carassius) and carp (cyprinus carpio). | isoenzyme patterns and the polymorphism of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) were investigated in 3 fish species of family cyprinidae, i.e. tench (tinca tinca), crucian carp (carassius carassius) and carp (cyprinus carpio). the isoenzyme patterns were tissue and species specific. in crucian carp subunits with different electrophoretic mobility are present, which are genetically controlled from the b1, b2, a1, a2 and c loci, while the set of loci in carp is b1, b2, a, c1 and c2 and in tench b, a, c. th ... | 1977 | 567944 |
| ultrastructural localization of synaptic input to the optic lobe of carp (carassius carassius). | | 1975 | 1204704 |
| anaerobic metabolism in the carp (carassius carassius l.). | | 1975 | 1139891 |
| long-lived photoproducts of porphyropsin in the retina of the crucian carp (carassius carassius). | | 1974 | 4446366 |
| the effect of starvation on the ultrastructure of the red and white myotomal muscles of the crucian carp (carassius carassius). | | 1973 | 4779167 |
| new cell types of the pancreatic islets in the crucian carp, carassius carassius. | | 1973 | 4591797 |
| oxidation of pyruvate and octonoate by red and white myotomal muscles of the crucian carp (carassius carassius). | | 1973 | 4730314 |
| effects of hypophysectomy and thyroxine on volume and biochemistry of orbital tissue in the crucian carp (carassius carassius l.). | | 1968 | 4237750 |
| glycosaminoglycans of retrobulbar tissue of the crucian carp (carassius carassius l.). | | 1967 | 4225811 |
| meiosis completion and various sperm responses lead to unisexual and sexual reproduction modes in one clone of polyploid carassius gibelio. | unisexual polyploid vertebrates are commonly known to reproduce by gynogenesis, parthenogenesis, or hybridogenesis. one clone of polyploid carassius gibelio has been revealed to possess multiple modes of unisexual gynogenesis and sexual reproduction, but the cytological and developmental mechanisms have remained unknown. in this study, normal meiosis completion was firstly confirmed by spindle co-localization of β-tubulin and spindlin. moreover, three types of various nuclear events and developm ... | 2015 | 26042995 |
| does interspecies hybridization affect the host specificity of parasites in cyprinid fish? | host specificity varies among parasite species. some parasites are strictly host-specific, others show a specificity for congeneric or non-congeneric phylogenetically related host species, whilst some others are non-specific (generalists). two cyprinids, cyprinus carpio and carassius gibelio, plus their respective hybrids were investigated for metazoan parasites. the aim of this study was to analyze whether interspecies hybridization affects host specificity. the different degrees of host specif ... | 2013 | 23587287 |
| mass mortality of pond-reared carassius gibelio caused by myxobolus ampullicapsulatus in china. | from june to august 2009, allogynogenetic silver crucian carp carassius gibelio (bloch) pond-cultured at the nanquan experimental station, china, were found to be heavily infected with myxosporeans, which caused mortalities ranging from 33% (13/40) to 90% (36/40) in the cages. the pharynxes of infected fish were swollen, nodular, and severely damaged. based on morphological characters and 18s small subunit ribosomal dna sequence similarity, the myxosporean was identified as myxobolus ampullicaps ... | 2011 | 21516979 |
| [participation of ca2+ -atpase in calcium homeostasis of cerebellar neurons in crucian carp]. | in our experiments the participation ofendoplasmic reticulum ca2+ -atpase (serca) was studied as a separate intracellular participant of calcium homeostasis in neurons of cerebellum from hypoxia-tolerant fish species--crucian carassius gibelio. the serca's blockers cyclopiazonic acid and tapsigargin were used. intracellular ca2+ concentration ([ca2+]i) was measured by ca2+ -sensitive dye fura-2am and microfluorescent method for measuring free ca2+ concentration. we established that cerebellar ne ... | 2009 | 19827627 |
| daily and seasonal expression profile of serum melatonin and its biosynthesizing enzyme genes (tph1, aanat1, aanat2, and hiomt) in pineal organ and retina: a study under natural environmental conditions in a tropical carp, catla catla. | the tropical carp catla catla is gaining importance for the studies of the impact of environmental changes on aquatic animals due to its surface dwelling habitat. to date, no information is available on the transcriptional profile of melatonin biosynthesizing enzyme genes in any tropical carp under either natural or artificial photothermal conditions in pineal and retina. the present study is an attempt to demonstrate the temporal pattern of expression of melatonin biosynthesizing enzyme genes, ... | 2016 | 28198154 |
| comparative assessment of physico-chemical characteristics and fibril formation capacity of thermostable carp scales collagen. | collagen and collagen fibers have been widely documented as a potential and competitive biomaterial for medical applications. however, the searches for safe and realistic new collagen sources are still underway. currently, fishery by-products (scales), a promising collagen source are usually discarded. in the present study, in vitro fibril-forming ability of the extracted fish scale collagen is reported. the aim of the investigation was to evaluate the concomitant comparison of fibril-forming ab ... | 2017 | 27770898 |
| influences of exogenous melatonin on the oocyte growth and oxidative status of ovary during different reproductive phases of an annual cycle in carp catla catla. | the present study aimed to evaluate antioxidant role of melatonin in determining seasonality of ovarian growth in adult carp catla catla. accordingly, an identical regimen of exogenous melatonin administration (100 μg/100 g body weight per day for 15 days) was followed during the preparatory, prespawning, and spawning phases of an annual reproductive cycle. the study did not include postspawning phase, when the ovaries were completely regressed and devoid of any healthy growing follicles. the ov ... | 2017 | 27743691 |
| melatonin actions on ovaprim (synthetic gnrh and domperidone)-induced oocyte maturation in carp. | the major objective of the present study was to demonstrate the actions of exogenous melatonin on ovaprim (synthetic gnrh and domperidone)-induced final oocyte maturation focusing on the oxidative status of pre-ovulatory follicles in the carp catla catla. accordingly, gravid carp during the early spawning phase of the reproductive cycle were injected with melatonin and/or ovaprim at different time intervals or luzindole (a pharmacological blocker of melatonin receptors) before their administrati ... | 2016 | 26729919 |
| new host record of five flavobacterium species associated with tropical fresh water farmed fishes from north india. | yellow pigmented, filamentous, gram-negative bacteria belonging to genus flavobacterium are commonly associated with infections in stressed fish. in this study, inter-species diversity of flavobacterium was studied in apparently healthy freshwater farmed fishes. for this, ninety one yellow pigmented bacteria were isolated from skin and gill samples (n = 38) of three farmed fish species i.e. labeo rohita, catla catla and cyprinus carpio. among them, only twelve bacterial isolates (13.18%) were id ... | 2017 | 26691454 |
| effects of starvation, re-feeding and timing of food supply on daily rhythm features of gut melatonin in carp (catla catla). | influences of starvation, re-feeding and time of food supply on daily rhythm features of melatonin (5-methoxy-n-acetyltryptamine) and its key regulator aanat (arylalkylamine n-acetyltransferase) protein in the gut tissues were separately evaluated in carp catla catla. the first experiment was aimed at demonstration of duration dependent effects of starvation and re-feeding after starvation on the daily profiles and rhythm features of gut melatonin and aanat. accordingly, juvenile carp were rando ... | 2015 | 26513010 |
| molecular and phylogenetic characterization of thelohanellus qadrii (myxozoa, myxosporea, bivalvulida) infecting the secondary gill epithelium of indian major carp, catla catla (hamilton, 1822). | myxosporean taxonomy which is traditionally based on the morphology of the myxospore stage, is in a state of flux given new insights provided by the expanding dataset of dna sequences. to date, more than 40 species of thelohanellus from india have been described according to morphometric characteristics. nevertheless, molecular data on these histozoic myxosporean parasites of freshwater fish are scarce. in the present study, molecular characterizations of thelohanellus qadrii infecting the secon ... | 2015 | 27844000 |
| modulation of tlr2, tlr4, tlr5, nod1 and nod2 receptor gene expressions and their downstream signaling molecules following thermal stress in the indian major carp catla (catla catla). | toll-like receptors (tlrs) and nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (nod) receptors are pattern recognition receptors (prrs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) and play crucial role in innate immunity. in addition to pamps, prrs recognize endogenous molecules released from damaged tissue or dead cells [damage-associated molecular patterns (damps)] and activate signaling cascades to induce inflammatory processes. in the aquatic environment, large variation in s ... | 2015 | 28324409 |
| genomic cloning and sequence analysis of interleukin-10 from labeo rohita. | interleukin-10 (il-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine and plays an important role in inflammation, immunoregulation and the pathogenesis of various diseases. therefore, it is our interest to isolate, clone, sequence and characterize il-10 gene from the fish labeo rohita (lr). the gene was amplified using genomic dna isolated from head kidney with primers designed on conserved sequence homologues of fishes belonging to cyprinidae family. the glril-10 is 1467 nucleotides long with five exons and four i ... | 2014 | 25489171 |
| melatonin concentrations in relation to oxidative status and oocyte dynamics in the ovary during different reproductive phases of an annual cycle in carp catla catla. | the present study on carp catla catla is the first attempt to search for a relationship between the concentrations of melatonin, oxidative status, and oocyte dynamics in the ovary of any fish. we measured the levels of melatonin, different antioxidative agents, and the marker of intracellular stress along with the profiles of different developmental stages of oocyte in the ovary of adult carp during four distinct phases in an annual reproductive cycle. ovarian melatonin titers displayed signific ... | 2014 | 25201351 |
| first evidence of comparative responses of toll-like receptor 22 (tlr22) to relatively resistant and susceptible indian farmed carps to argulus siamensis infection. | toll-like receptor 22 (tlr22) is present in teleost but not in mammals. among indian farmed carps, catla catla is relatively more resistant than labeo rohita to argulus siamensis lice infection. tlr22 is believed to be associated with innate immunity against ectoparasite infection. to investigate the tlr22 mediated immunity against argulosis, we have cloned and characterized tlr22 genes of l. rohita (rtlr22) and c. catla (ctlr22). the full-length cdnas of rtlr22 and ctlr22 contained an open read ... | 2014 | 24998226 |
| cross-priming of microsatellite loci in subfamily cyprininae (family cyprinidae): their utility in finding markers for population genetic analysis in three indian major carps. | this study is aimed to identify polymorphic microsatellite markers and establish their potential for population genetics studies in three carp (family cyprinidae; subfamily cyprininae) species, labeo rohita, catla catla and cirrhinus mrigala through use of cyprinid primers. these species have high commercial value and knowledge of genetic variation is important for management of farmed and wild populations. we tested 108 microsatellite primers from 11 species belonging to three different cyprini ... | 2014 | 24792330 |
| genotoxicity evaluation of 1,2 dichlorobenzene in the indian major carp, catla catla l. using alkaline comet assay. | the genotoxic effect of 1,2 dichlorobenzene (1,2 dcb), a volatile organic compound in the indian major carp, catla catla l. was assessed using the alkaline comet assay in the gills and blood. fish were exposed to various sub-lethal concentrations of 1,2 dcb in vivo. at 24 h, dna damage scores (expressed as arbitrary units) increased at 0.35 and 0.7 mg/l whereas at 28 days, there was a statistically significant increase in the dna damage score at all the doses tested (0.175, 0.23, 0.35 and 0.7 mg ... | 2013 | 24114273 |