| a-to-i rna editing alters less-conserved residues of highly conserved coding regions: implications for dual functions in evolution. | the molecular mechanism and physiological function of recoding by a-to-i rna editing is well known, but its evolutionary significance remains a mystery. we analyzed the rna editing of the kv2 k(+) channel from different insects spanning more than 300 million years of evolution: drosophila melanogaster, culex pipiens (diptera), pulex irritans (siphonaptera), bombyx mori (lepidoptera), tribolium castaneum (coleoptera), apis mellifera (hymenoptera), pediculus humanus (phthiraptera), and myzus persi ... | 2008 | 18567816 |
| ests from the microsporidian edhazardia aedis. | microsporidia are a group of parasites related to fungi that infect a wide variety of animals and have gained recognition from the medical community in the past 20 years due to their ability to infect immuno-compromised humans. microsporidian genomes range in size from 2.3 to 19.5 mbp, but almost all of our knowledge comes from species that have small genomes (primarily from the human parasite encephalitozoon cuniculi and the locust parasite antonospora locustae). we have conducted an est survey ... | 2008 | 18570666 |
| novel peptide marker corresponding to salivary protein gsg6 potentially identifies exposure to anopheles bites. | in order to improve malaria control, and under the aegis of who recommendations, many efforts are being devoted to developing new tools for identifying geographic areas with high risk of parasite transmission. evaluation of the human antibody response to arthropod salivary proteins could be an epidemiological indicator of exposure to vector bites, and therefore to risk of pathogen transmission. in the case of malaria, which is transmitted only by anopheline mosquitoes, maximal specificity could ... | 2008 | 18575604 |
| natural vertical transmission of dengue viruses by aedes aegypti in chennai, tamil nadu, india. | dengue viruses are spread and maintained in an aedes aegypti-human- ae. aegypti cycle in urban areas of the tropics. dengue viruses are also maintained in nature by vertical transmission by ae. aegypti. a study was undertaken in chennai, a known endemic city in south india, to comprehend the natural vertical transmission dynamics in ae. aegypti and to assess its epidemiological importance. | 2008 | 18577796 |
| production of concentrates of bacterial bio-insecticide bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis by flocculation/sedimentation. | flocculation/sedimentation of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) using flocculating agents has been studied. batch cell production was performed in an agitated tank, and the flocculation assays were carried out in jar tests. flocculent suspensions were characterized based on diameter of flocs and density. the best results were obtained with cacl(2).2h(2)o, fecl(3).6h(2)o, al(2)(so(4))(3) and tannin, with optimal flocculation concentrations of 2500, 2500, 3500 and 1000 mg l(-1), respec ... | 2008 | 18582843 |
| temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of west nile virus by culex pipiens mosquitoes. | the distribution and intensity of transmission of vector-borne pathogens can be strongly influenced by the competence of vectors. vector competence, in turn, can be influenced by temperature and viral genetics. west nile virus (wnv) was introduced into the united states of america in 1999 and subsequently spread throughout much of the americas. previously, we have shown that a novel genotype of wnv, wn02, first detected in 2001, spread across the us and was more efficient than the introduced gen ... | 2008 | 18584026 |
| closing the door on flaviviruses: entry as a target for antiviral drug design. | with the emergence and rapid spread of west nile virus in the united states since 1999, and the 50-100 million infections per year caused by dengue virus globally, the threat of flaviviruses as re-emerging human pathogens has become a reality. to support the efforts that are currently being pursued to develop effective vaccines against these viruses, researchers are also actively pursuing the development of small molecule compounds that target various aspects of the virus life cycle. recent adva ... | 2008 | 18585795 |
| describing the geographic spread of dengue disease by traveling waves. | dengue is a human disease transmitted by the mosquito aedes aegypti. for this reason geographical regions infested by this mosquito species are under the risk of dengue outbreaks. in this work, we propose a mathematical model to study the spatial dissemination of dengue using a system of partial differential reaction-diffusion equations. with respect to the human and mosquito populations, we take into account their respective subclasses of infected and uninfected individuals. the dynamics of the ... | 2008 | 18590749 |
| entomological studies for surveillance and prevention of dengue in arid and semi-arid districts of rajasthan, india. | rajasthan is one of the dengue endemic states of india. very few studies have been published on entomological aspects of dengue in this state. owing to water scarcity, inhabitants in desert areas overstore domestic water which leads to the persistence of dengue vectors within the domestic premises. area specific knowledge on breeding, key containers and seasonal rhythms of vector population is essential for preparing an effective prevention plan against dengue. present paper reports results of e ... | 2008 | 18592841 |
| investigation of an outbreak of chikungunya in malegaon municipal areas of nasik district, maharashtra (india) and its control. | an outbreak of chikungunya fever occurred in malegaon town of nasik district of maharashtra state, india during february and march 2006. a total of 4530 fever cases were reported during this period including 1781 cases which were admitted in different hospitals of the town. an entomological and epidemiological investigation was carried out in the affected villages during the outbreak to study the possible causes of the outbreak and to isolate the virus responsible. | 2008 | 18592845 |
| increased pathogenicity against coffee berry borer, hypothenemus hampei (coleoptera: curculionidae) by metarhizium anisopliae expressing the scorpion toxin (aait) gene. | coffee berry borer (cbb) is the worlds most devastating coffee pest causing an estimated us$500 million worth of losses annually through damage and control costs. beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae have been employed to control this pest but their low virulence (slow kill and large inoculums) is an important factor constraining their use. m. anisopliae (aait-ma549) has been modified to express the scorpion toxin (aait) in insect hemolymph and this greatly increased pathogenicity again ... | 2008 | 18597773 |
| outbreak of dengue and chikungunya fevers, toamasina, madagascar, 2006. | an outbreak of dengue-like syndrome occurred in toamasina from january through march 2006. dengue type l or chikungunya viruses were detected in 38 of 55 patients sampled. aedes albopictus was the only potential vector collected. of 4,242 randomly selected representative residents interviewed retrospectively, 67.5% reported a dengue-like syndrome during this period. | 2008 | 18598641 |
| a preliminary study of the bioactivity of vegetative proteins extracted from malaysian bacillus thuringiensis isolates. | vegetative proteins from malaysian strains of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis strains (bt 11, bt 12, bt 15, bt 16, bt 17, bt 21 and bt 22) and bacillus sphaericus h-25 strains (bs 1 and bs 2) were screened for haemolytic, cytotoxic and larvicidal activity. sds-page profiles of the bacillus thuringiensis strains studied consistently showed major bands of 33-37 kda and 47 kda. bt 16 also showed two bands of 66 kda and 45 kda similar to the previously reported binary vegetative protein, vip1ac ( ... | 2008 | 18600206 |
| the aedes aegypti toll pathway controls dengue virus infection. | aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of dengue viruses, utilizes its innate immune system to ward off a variety of pathogens, some of which can cause disease in humans. to date, the features of insects' innate immune defenses against viruses have mainly been studied in the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster, which appears to utilize different immune pathways against different types of viruses, in addition to an rna interference-based defense system. we have used the recently released whole-genome s ... | 2008 | 18604274 |
| identification of bacteria and bacteria-associated chemical cues that mediate oviposition site preferences by aedes aegypti. | the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, the global vector of dengue and yellow fever, is inexorably linked to water-filled human-made containers for egg laying and production of progeny. oviposition is stimulated by cues from water containers, but the nature and origin of these cues have not been elucidated. we showed that mosquito females directed most of their eggs to bamboo and white-oak leaf infusions, and only a small fraction of the eggs were laid in plain water containers. in binary cho ... | 2008 | 18607006 |
| chitinase is stored and secreted from the inner body of microfilariae and has a role in exsheathment in the parasitic nematode brugia malayi. | chitinase expression in microfilariae of the parasitic nematode brugia malayi (b. malayi, bm) is coincidental with the onset of their infectivity to mosquitoes. an antibody raised to onchocerca volvulus (o. volvulus, ov) infective-stage larval chitinase (ov-chi-1) was specifically reactive against b. malayi microfilarial chitinase and was used to study the localization of chitinase in b. malayi during microfilarial development and transmission to the insect vector. immuno-electron microscopy (ie ... | 2008 | 18611418 |
| discovering regulatory motifs in the plasmodium genome using comparative genomics. | understanding gene regulation in plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, is an important step in deciphering its complex life cycle as well as leading to possible new targets for therapeutic applications. very little is known about gene regulation in plasmodium, and in particular, few regulatory elements have been identified. such discovery has been significantly hampered by the high a-t content of some of the genomes of plasmodium species, as well as the challenge in associating discovered ... | 2008 | 18611947 |
| the secreted dictyostelium protein cfad is a chalone. | dictyostelium discoideum cells secrete cfad, a protein that is similar to cathepsin proteases. cells that lack cfad proliferate faster and reach a higher stationary-phase density than wild-type cells, whereas cells that overexpress cfad proliferate slowly and reach the stationary phase when at a low density. on a per-nucleus basis, cfad affects proliferation but not growth. the drawback of not having cfad is a reduced spore viability. recombinant cfad has no detectable protease activity but, whe ... | 2008 | 18611962 |
| dolichol biosynthesis and its effects on the unfolded protein response and abiotic stress resistance in arabidopsis. | dolichols are long-chain unsaturated polyisoprenoids with multiple cellular functions, such as serving as lipid carriers of sugars used for protein glycosylation, which affects protein trafficking in the endoplasmic reticulum. the biological functions of dolichols in plants are largely unknown. we isolated an arabidopsis thaliana mutant, lew1 (for leaf wilting1), that showed a leaf-wilting phenotype under normal growth conditions. lew1 encoded a cis-prenyltransferase, which when expressed in esc ... | 2008 | 18612099 |
| immunity related genes in dipterans share common enrichment of at-rich motifs in their 5' regulatory regions that are potentially involved in nucleosome formation. | understanding the transcriptional regulation mechanisms in response to environmental challenges is of fundamental importance in biology. transcription factors associated to response elements and the chromatin structure had proven to play important roles in gene expression regulation. we have analyzed promoter regions of dipteran genes induced in response to immune challenge, in search for particular sequence patterns involved in their transcriptional regulation. | 2008 | 18613977 |
| the enigma of yellow fever in east africa. | despite a safe and effective vaccine, there are approximately 200,000 cases, including 30,000 deaths, due to yellow fever virus (yfv) each year, of which 90% are in africa. the natural history of yfv has been well described, especially in west africa, but in east africa yellow fever (yf) remains characterised by unpredictable focal periodicity and a precarious potential for large epidemics. recent outbreaks of yf in kenya (1992-1993) and sudan (2003 and 2005) are important because each of these ... | 2008 | 18615782 |
| mouse models of dengue virus infection and disease. | dengue virus (denv) causes the most significant mosquito-borne viral disease in the world in terms of illness, death, and economic cost, due to the lack of an approved vaccine or antiviral. infections with one of the four serotypes of denv (denv1-4) can result in diseases ranging from an acute, self-limiting febrile illness (dengue fever, df) to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) or dengue shock syndrome (dss), yet exactly how viral and host factors contribute to the severe disease ... | 2008 | 18619493 |
| density-dependent competitive suppression of sylvatic dengue virus by endemic dengue virus in cultured mosquito cells. | mosquito-borne dengue viruses are maintained in two discrete transmission cycles: a sylvatic cycle between nonhuman primates and sylvatic aedes mosquitoes, and an endemic cycle between humans and peridomestic aedes (primarily ae. aegypti and ae. albopictus). most sylvatic strains are genetically distinct from endemic strains, and human infections with sylvatic strains have been detected only rarely. interestingly, sylvatic strains replicate as well as endemic strains in ae. aegypti and experimen ... | 2008 | 18620509 |
| potential vectors of rift valley fever virus in the mediterranean region. | we evaluated the ability of three mosquito species (aedes caspius, aedes detritus, culex pipiens), collected in southern france and tunisia, and of different laboratory-established colonies (aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, aedes vexans, anopheles gambiae, culex pipiens, culex quinquefasciatus) to disseminate two strains of rift valley fever virus (rvfv), the virulent zh548 and the avirulent clone 13. after feeding on an infectious blood meal at 10(8.5) plaque-forming units/ml, females were main ... | 2008 | 18620510 |
| substrate specificity and structure of human aminoadipate aminotransferase/kynurenine aminotransferase ii. | kat (kynurenine aminotransferase) ii is a primary enzyme in the brain for catalysing the transamination of kynurenine to kyna (kynurenic acid). kyna is the only known endogenous antagonist of the n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. the enzyme also catalyses the transamination of aminoadipate to alpha-oxoadipate; therefore it was initially named aadat (aminoadipate aminotransferase). as an endotoxin, aminoadipate influences various elements of glutamatergic neurotransmission and kills primary astrocyt ... | 2008 | 18620547 |
| specific genetic markers for detecting subtypes of dengue virus serotype-2 in isolates from the states of oaxaca and veracruz, mexico. | dengue (den) is an infectious disease caused by the den virus (denv), which belongs to the flavivirus genus in the family flaviviridae. it has a (+) sense rna genome and is mainly transmitted to humans by the vector mosquito aedes aegypti. dengue fever (df) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) are caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes (denv-1, denv-2, denv-3 and denv-4). epidemiological and evolutionary studies have indicated that host and viral factors are involved in determining ... | 2008 | 18625078 |
| a dengue receptor as possible genetic marker of vector competence in aedes aegypti. | vector competence refers to the intrinsic permissiveness of an arthropod vector for infection, replication and transmission of a virus. notwithstanding studies of quantitative trait loci (qtl) that influence the ability of aedes aegypti midgut (mg) to become infected with dengue virus (denv), no study to date has been undertaken to identify genetic markers of vector competence. furthermore, it is known that mosquito populations differ greatly in their susceptibility to flaviviruses. differences ... | 2008 | 18625079 |
| evaluation of the function of a type i peritrophic matrix as a physical barrier for midgut epithelium invasion by mosquito-borne pathogens in aedes aegypti. | in addition to modulating blood meal digestion and protecting the midgut epithelial cells from mechanical and chemical damage, a biological function attributed to the mosquito type i peritrophic matrix (pm) is preventing or reducing pathogen invasion, especially from plasmodium spp. previously, we demonstrated that chitin is an essential component of the pm and is synthesized de novo in response to blood feeding in aedes aegypti. therefore, knocking down chitin synthase expression by rna interfe ... | 2008 | 18627241 |
| competency of anopheles stephensi mysorensis strain for plasmodium vivax and the role of inhibitory carbohydrates to block its sporogonic cycle. | despite the abundance of studies conducted on the role of mosquitoes in malaria transmission, the biology and interaction of plasmodium with its insect host still holds many mysteries. this paper provides the first study to follow the sporogonic cycle of plasmodium vivax in a wild insecticide-resistant mysorensis strain of anopheles stephensi, a major vector of vivax malaria in south-eastern iran. the study subsequently demonstrates that host-parasite sugar binding interactions are critical to t ... | 2008 | 18627630 |
| relationship between transmission intensity and incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in thailand. | dengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne virus, and potentially fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) occurs mainly in secondary infections. it recently was hypothesized that, due to the presence of cross-immunity, the relationship between the incidence of dhf and transmission intensity may be negative at areas of intense transmission. we tested this hypothesis empirically, using vector abundance as a surrogate of transmission intensity. | 2008 | 18628986 |
| introduction of aedes albopictus in gabon: what consequences for dengue and chikungunya transmission? | the 2007 outbreak of chikungunya in gabon has indicated the potential of this disease to spread beyond its usual range ensuing from the expansion of the mosquito aedes albopictus. a few cases of dengue (den) infection were also detected. because little is known about the potential for gabonese mosquito species to transmit both chikungunya and den viruses (denv), we conducted studies to determine the susceptibility of ae. albopictus and aedes aegypti collected in libreville to both viruses by exp ... | 2008 | 18631309 |
| analyses of volatile organic compounds from human skin. | human skin emits a variety of volatile metabolites, many of them odorous. much previous work has focused upon chemical structure and biogenesis of metabolites produced in the axillae (underarms), which are a primary source of human body odour. nonaxillary skin also harbours volatile metabolites, possibly with different biological origins than axillary odorants. | 2008 | 18637798 |
| the molecular forms of anopheles gambiae: a phenotypic perspective. | the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae is undergoing speciation, being split into the m and s molecular forms. speciation is the main process promoting biological diversity, thus, new vector species might complicate disease transmission. genetic differentiation between the molecular forms has been extensively studied, but phenotypic differences between them, the evolutionary forces that generated divergence, and the mechanisms that maintain their genetic isolation have only recently been ... | 2008 | 18640289 |
| [presence of haemagogus equinus theobald, 1903 (diptera: culicidae), in soledad and malambo, in the province of atlántico, colombia]. | yellow fever is a serious illness public health importance and is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genera haemagogus and sabethes in the rural and forest environments, and by aedes aegypti in the urban setting. in colombia, haemagogus janthinomys and h. equinus are considered efficient vectors of this viral disease. | 2008 | 18645665 |
| structural conservation versus functional divergence of maternally expressed micrornas in the dlk1/gtl2 imprinting region. | micrornas play an important functional role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. one of the largest known microrna clusters is located within the imprinted dlk1/gtl2 region on human chromosome 14 and mouse chromosome 12. this cluster contains more than 40 microrna genes that are expressed only from the maternal chromosome in mouse. | 2008 | 18651963 |
| efficacy of local neem extracts for sustainable malaria vector control in an african village. | larval control of malaria vectors has been historically successful in reducing malaria transmission, but largely fell out of favour with the introduction of synthetic insecticides and bed nets. however, an integrated approach to malaria control, including larval control methods, continues to be the best chance for success, in view of insecticide resistance, the behavioural adaptation of the vectors to changing environments and the difficulties of reaching the poorest populations most at risk. la ... | 2008 | 18651964 |
| viral replication and paracrine effects result in distinct, functional responses of dendritic cells following infection with dengue 2 virus. | dengue virus (denv), a re-emerging arbovirus, readily infects dendritic cells (dc) in culture and in vivo. however, there have been contradictory reports regarding the effect of denv infection on dc activation and maturation. dc undergo a series of functional changes following exposure to infectious agents, including cytokine production and costimulatory and mhc molecule induction, culminating in stimulation of adaptive immune responses. immunological memory to primary denv infection critically ... | 2008 | 18653464 |
| a physiological time analysis of the duration of the gonotrophic cycle of anopheles pseudopunctipennis and its implications for malaria transmission in bolivia. | the length of the gonotrophic cycle varies the vectorial capacity of a mosquito vector and therefore its exact estimation is important in epidemiological modelling. because the gonotrophic cycle length depends on temperature, its estimation can be satisfactorily computed by means of physiological time analysis. | 2008 | 18655724 |
| application of different downstream processing methods and their comparison for the large-scale preparation of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis after fermentation for mosquito control. | bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, a gram positive, spore-forming bacillus, produces parasporal crystal protein during sporulation, which is toxic in the mosquito larvae gut. an efficient downstream processing method for separating the spore crystal complex (scc) from the fermented broth of b. thuringiensis var. israelensis is required to achieve maximum mosquitocidal activity. the different downstream processing methods, viz., tangential flow ultra-filtration, continuous centrifugation an ... | 2008 | 18657445 |
| pupal surveys for aedes aegypti surveillance and potential targeted control in residential areas of mérida, méxico. | a mosquito larval-pupal survey was conducted in 1,160 households of the mexican city of mérida during the rainy season of 2003 to determine their differential productivity for aedes aegypti. larvae and pupae were detected in 15 broad categories of container types. all breeding sites were found in the patios (backyards) and were potentially rain filled. ae. aegypti pupae were produced from all categories of breeding site, and no single container type was predominately responsible for pupal produc ... | 2008 | 18666538 |
| beta-secretase: structure, function, and evolution. | the most popular current hypothesis is that alzheimer's disease (ad) is caused by aggregates of the amyloid peptide (abeta), which is generated by cleavage of the abeta protein precursor (app) by beta-secretase (bace-1) followed by gamma-secretase. bace-1 cleavage is limiting for the production of abeta, making it a particularly good drug target for the generation of inhibitors that lower abeta. a landmark discovery in ad was the identification of bace-1 (a.k.a. memapsin-2) as a novel class of t ... | 2008 | 18673212 |
| characterization of the multicopper oxidase gene family in anopheles gambiae. | the multicopper oxidase (mco) family of enzymes includes laccases, which oxidize a broad range of substrates including diphenols, and several oxidases with specific substrates such as iron, copper or ascorbic acid. we have identified five putative mco genes in the genome of anopheles gambiae and have cloned cdnas encompassing the full coding region for each gene. mco1 mrna was detected in all developmental stages and in all of the larval and adult tissues tested. we observed an increase in mco1 ... | 2008 | 18675911 |
| the capsid-coding region hairpin element (chp) is a critical determinant of dengue virus and west nile virus rna synthesis. | dengue virus (denv) and west nile virus (wnv) are members of the flavivirus genus of positive-strand rna viruses. rna sequences and structures, primarily in the untranslated regions, have been shown to modulate flaviviral gene expression and genome replication. previously, we demonstrated that a structure in the denv coding region (chp) enhances translation start codon selection and is required for viral replication. here we further characterize the role of the chp in the denv life cycle. we dem ... | 2008 | 18676000 |
| the solution structure of the amino-terminal domain of human dna polymerase epsilon subunit b is homologous to c-domains of aaa+ proteins. | dna polymerases alpha, delta and epsilon are large multisubunit complexes that replicate the bulk of the dna in the eukaryotic cell. in addition to the homologous catalytic subunits, these enzymes possess structurally related b subunits, characterized by a carboxyterminal calcineurin-like and an aminoproximal oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding-fold domain. the b subunits also share homology with the exonuclease subunit of archaeal dna polymerases d. here, we describe a novel domain specific ... | 2008 | 18676977 |
| genetic and serologic properties of zika virus associated with an epidemic, yap state, micronesia, 2007. | zika virus (zikv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus first isolated in uganda from a sentinel monkey in 1947. mosquito and sentinel animal surveillance studies have demonstrated that zikv is endemic to africa and southeast asia, yet reported human cases are rare, with <10 cases reported in the literature. in june 2007, an epidemic of fever and rash associated with zikv was detected in yap state, federated states of micronesia. we report the genetic and serologic properties of the zikv associated wit ... | 2008 | 18680646 |
| two imported chikungunya cases, taiwan. | | 2008 | 18680674 |
| schistosoma mansoni: identification of smnr4a, a member of nuclear receptor subfamily 4. | a cdna encoding a member of nuclear receptor subfamily 4 (smnr4a) was isolated from the trematode schistosoma mansoni. the open reading frame (orf) of smnr4a cdna is 2481 base pairs long encoding an 827 amino acid protein. alignment of the deduced protein sequence showed the dna binding domain (dbd) of smnr4a is highly conserved. like human and drosophila members in nr subfamily 4, smnr4a possess an atypical ligand binding domain (lbd), the conserved lysine in helix h3 is replaced by a glutamic ... | 2008 | 18682251 |
| ethnobotanical study of some of mosquito repellent plants in north-eastern tanzania. | the use of plant repellents against nuisance biting insects is common and its potential for malaria vector control requires evaluation in areas with different level of malaria endemicity. the essential oils of ocimum suave and ocimum kilimandscharicum were evaluated against malaria vectors in north-eastern tanzania. | 2008 | 18687119 |
| aedes aegypti in senegal: genetic diversity and genetic structure of domestic and sylvatic populations. | aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue viruses. the epidemiology of dengue fever remains poorly understood in senegal. a sylvatic transmission seems to predominate. however, despite the sylvatic circulation of the dengue virus and the presence of vectors in urban areas, only sporadic cases have been reported. ae. aegypti is a polytypic species. in senegal, a purely sylvatic form is found in the forest gallery areas and a domestic form is found in the villages in savannah and sahelian areas a ... | 2008 | 18689628 |
| spatial and temporal patterns in pupal and adult production of the dengue vector aedes aegypti in kamphaeng phet, thailand. | we investigated how temporal and spatial effects confound the functional relationship between pupal and adult populations of aedes aegypti and thus the value of pupal numbers as predictors of dengue transmission risk in kamphaeng phet, thailand. we found considerable seasonal shifts in productivity of key containers. tires contained much less pupae in the dry season than in the wet season. earthenware jars and cement tanks for washing purposes were consistent producers over the entire study peri ... | 2008 | 18689629 |
| the effects of midgut serine proteases on dengue virus type 2 infectivity of aedes aegypti. | dengue viruses (denv) cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and are transmitted by the mosquito aedes aegypti. mosquitoes become infected after ingesting a viremic bloodmeal, and molecular mechanisms involved in bloodmeal digestion may affect the ability of denv to infect the midgut. we used rna interference (rnai) to silence expression of four midgut serine proteases and assessed the effect of each rnai phenotype on denv-2 infectivity of aedes aegypti. silencing resulted in signif ... | 2008 | 18689635 |
| canine vector-borne diseases in brazil. | abstract: canine vector-borne diseases (cvbds) are highly prevalent in brazil and represent a challenge to veterinarians and public health workers, since some diseases are of great zoonotic potential. dogs are affected by many protozoa (e.g., babesia vogeli, leishmania infantum, and trypanosoma cruzi), bacteria (e.g., anaplasma platys and ehrlichia canis), and helminths (e.g., dirofilaria immitis and dipylidium caninum) that are transmitted by a diverse range of arthropod vectors, including tick ... | 2008 | 18691408 |
| the 2005 dengue epidemic in singapore: epidemiology, prevention and control. | we investigated the 2005 outbreak of dengue fever (df)/dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf) to determine its epidemiological, virological and entomological features to further understand the unprecedented resurgence. | 2008 | 18695764 |
| a geographical sampling method for surveys of mosquito larvae in an urban area using high-resolution satellite imagery. | entomological surveys in urban areas are often biased by selecting houses or locations with known high vector densities. a sampling strategy was developed for puntarenas, costa rica, using high-resolution satellite imagery. grids from the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer and a quickbird classified land cover map were used to determine the optimal final grid area for surveys. a random sample (10% of cells) was selected, and sample suitability was assessed by comparin ... | 2008 | 18697301 |
| assessment of entomological indicators of aedes aegypti (l.) from adult and egg collections in são paulo, brazil. | we compared the presence and mean number of eggs from oviposition traps with the mean number of aedes aegypti females captured by manual aspirators and by mosquitraps to determine the sensitivity of each method and to standardize each indicator. the collections of adults and eggs were performed over 23 weeks in six neighborhoods of mirassol, state of são paulo, brazil. a better assessment of indicators required larger number of mosquitraps, but to quantify the number of females per house, one tr ... | 2008 | 18697302 |
| seasonal profiles of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) larval habitats in an urban area of costa rica with a history of mosquito control. | dengue is the most important arboviral disease worldwide and the principal vector-borne disease in costa rica. control of aedes aegypti populations through source reduction is still considered the most effective way of prevention and control, although it has proven ineffective or unsustainable in many areas with a history of mosquito control. in this study, seasonal profiles and productivity of aedes aegypti were analyzed in the city of puntarenas, costa rica, where vector control has been pract ... | 2008 | 18697310 |
| abundance of immature anopheles and culicines (diptera: culicidae) in different water body types in the urban environment of malindi, kenya. | in this study we 1) describe the abundance of anopheles and culicine immatures in different water body types in urban malindi, kenya, 2) compare anopheles immature density in relation to culicine immature density, and 3) identify characteristics that influence the likelihood of water bodies being co-colonized by anopheles and culicines. entomological and environmental cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2001 and 2002 were used in the analysis. a total of 889 anopheles and 7,217 culicine immatur ... | 2008 | 18697313 |
| community-based use of the larvivorous fish poecilia reticulata to control the dengue vector aedes aegypti in domestic water storage containers in rural cambodia. | a community-based study of the distribution of larvivorous fish, poecilia reticulata (common name: guppy), in water storage containers for dengue control was undertaken in 14 villages and approximately 1,000 households in cambodia. community volunteers reared guppies and distributed them in water jars and tanks in households for which they were responsible. a nearby control area received no intervention. one year after project commencement, 56.9% of eligible containers contained guppies and ther ... | 2008 | 18697316 |
| responses of anopheles gambiae, anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti, and culex pipiens mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) to cool and humid refugium conditions. | like all terrestrial arthropods, mosquitoes must cope with the threat of desiccation. to gain insight into their survival strategies, we recorded the behavioral responses of anopheles gambiae, anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti, and culex pipiens offered zones of different microclimatic conditions in laboratory cages. the cooled refugium was at 25.6 degrees c, 86% rh and the control was at 28.5 degrees c, 75% rh, i.e., a difference in saturation deficit of 3.9 mm hg between the two zones. we sho ... | 2008 | 18697317 |
| conservation and variability of dengue virus proteins: implications for vaccine design. | genetic variation and rapid evolution are hallmarks of rna viruses, the result of high mutation rates in rna replication and selection of mutants that enhance viral adaptation, including the escape from host immune responses. variability is uneven across the genome because mutations resulting in a deleterious effect on viral fitness are restricted. rna viruses are thus marked by protein sites permissive to multiple mutations and sites critical to viral structure-function that are evolutionarily ... | 2008 | 18698358 |
| identification, expression and characterisation of a major salivary allergen (cul s 1) of the biting midge culicoides sonorensis relevant for summer eczema in horses. | salivary proteins of culicoides biting midges are thought to play a key role in summer eczema (se), a seasonal recurrent allergic dermatitis in horses. the present study describes the identification, expression and clinical relevance of a candidate allergen of the north american midge culicoides sonorensis. immunoblot analysis of midge saliva revealed a 66 kda protein (cul s 1) that was bound by ige from several se-affected (se+) horses. further characterisation by fragmentation, mass spectromet ... | 2009 | 18708061 |
| evaluation of two new commercial tests for the diagnosis of acute dengue virus infection using ns1 antigen detection in human serum. | we compared the performance of two new commercial tests for the detection of dengue ns1 protein during the clinical phase of dengue virus (denv) infection-an immunochromatographic test allowing rapid detection of the ns1 antigen, dengue ns1 ag strip (bio-rad laboratories - marnes la coquette, france), and a two-step sandwich-format microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), pan-e dengue early elisa (panbio - brisbane, australia)-with a one-step sandwich-format microplate elisa, the pl ... | 2008 | 18714359 |
| assessment of alternative mating strategies in anopheles gambiae: does mating occur indoors? | mating in anopheles gambiae has been observed only in outdoor swarms. here we evaluate whether mating also occurs indoors. mark-release-recapture of virgin males and females in natural houses showed that mating occurred over a single day even when mosquitoes can leave the house through exit traps and without adaptation to laboratory conditions. in these experiments, insemination rate in the m molecular form of an. gambiae (and an. arabiensis) was higher than that of the s form (15 versus 6%). un ... | 2008 | 18714863 |
| establishment of a large semi-field system for experimental study of african malaria vector ecology and control in tanzania. | medical entomologists increasingly recognize that the ability to make inferences between laboratory experiments of vector biology and epidemiological trends observed in the field is hindered by a conceptual and methodological gap occurring between these approaches which prevents hypothesis-driven empirical research from being conducted on relatively large and environmentally realistic scales. the development of semi-field systems (sfs) has been proposed as the best mechanism for bridging this ga ... | 2008 | 18715508 |
| efficacy of topical permethrin as repellent against aedes aegypti's bites. | mosquitoes are the most important vectors of infectious diseases and their bites are related to several adverse skin reactions. permethrin impregnated clothes are an efficient strategy against arthropods' bites; however, its topical efficacy as a repellent has not been well established. we studied the response to permethrin lotion 5 percent and n,n-diethyl-meta-toluamide (deet) spray 50 percent applied to the unprotected forearms of 10 volunteers. each arm was exposed to 20 female mosquitoes of ... | 2008 | 18718185 |
| identification and characterization of the catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti. | we characterized the catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in aedes aegypti (aaegp110). aaegp110 is an essential component of the insulin/ insulin growth factor i signaling (iis) cascade, which regulates aging, reproduction, and other physiological processes in diverse organisms. the aaegp110 gene encodes five putative domains (adapter binding, ras binding, c2, helical, and pi3-kinase) identified by sequence homology with other p110 proteins. aaegp110 transcript was expressed during ... | 2008 | 18718536 |
| [evaluation of the triflumuron and the mixture of bacillus thuringiensis plus bacillus sphaericus for control of the immature stages of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) in catch basins]. | introduction: in cali, colombia, catch basins (streetside storm drains) are one of the main larval habitats of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus. since 1999, these mosquitoes have been controlled by the secretaría de salud municipal (secretary of municipal public health) using the larvicide triflumuron. because of high densities of these mosquitoes that remain in the city, treatment failure was suspected -possibly insecticide resistance of the target species. objectives: the efficacy of t ... | 2008 | 18719724 |
| [population dynamics of aedes aegypti (l) in an urban area with high incidence of dengue]. | aspects of the population dynamics of aedes aegypti were investigated from collections over a two-year period in the urban area of uberlândia, state of minas gerais. the population dynamics of this mosquito were influenced by physical factors such as temperature and rainfall. high larval densities also had an influence on mosquito development. | 2008 | 18719816 |
| insertion polymorphisms of sine200 retrotransposons within speciation islands of anopheles gambiae molecular forms. | sines (short interspersed elements) are homoplasy-free and co-dominant genetic markers which are considered to represent useful tools for population genetic studies, and could help clarifying the speciation processes ongoing within the major malaria vector in africa, anopheles gambiae s.s. here, we report the results of the analysis of the insertion polymorphism of a nearly 200 bp-long sine (sine200) within genome areas of high differentiation (i.e. "speciation islands") of m and s a. gambiae mo ... | 2008 | 18724871 |
| an insight into the salivary transcriptome and proteome of the soft tick and vector of epizootic bovine abortion, ornithodoros coriaceus. | the salivary glands of blood-sucking arthropods contain a redundant 'magic potion' that counteracts their vertebrate host's hemostasis, inflammation, and immunity. we here describe the salivary transcriptome and proteomics (sialome) of the soft tick ornithodoros coriaceus. the resulting analysis helps to consolidate the classification of common proteins found in both soft and hard ticks, such as the lipocalins, kunitz, cystatin, basic tail, hebraein, defensin, til domain, metalloprotease, 5'-nuc ... | 2008 | 18725333 |
| viral paratransgenesis in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | paratransgenesis, the genetic manipulation of insect symbiotic microorganisms, is being considered as a potential method to control vector-borne diseases such as malaria. the feasibility of paratransgenic malaria control has been hampered by the lack of candidate symbiotic microorganisms for the major vector anopheles gambiae. in other systems, densonucleosis viruses (dnvs) are attractive agents for viral paratransgenesis because they infect important vector insects, can be genetically manipulat ... | 2008 | 18725926 |
| evolutionary and transmission dynamics of reassortant h5n1 influenza virus in indonesia. | h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses have seriously affected the asian poultry industry since their recurrence in 2003. the viruses pose a threat of emergence of a global pandemic influenza through point mutation or reassortment leading to a strain that can effectively transmit among humans. in this study, we present phylogenetic evidences for the interlineage reassortment among h5n1 hpai viruses isolated from humans, cats, and birds in indonesia, and identify the potential gene ... | 2008 | 18725937 |
| reverse and conventional chemical ecology approaches for the development of oviposition attractants for culex mosquitoes. | synthetic mosquito oviposition attractants are sorely needed for surveillance and control programs for culex species, which are major vectors of pathogens causing various human diseases, including filariasis, encephalitis, and west nile encephalomyelitis. we employed novel and conventional chemical ecology approaches to identify potential attractants, which were demonstrated in field tests to be effective for monitoring populations of cx. p. quinquefasciatus in human dwellings. immunohistochemis ... | 2008 | 18725946 |
| cyanobacterial toxins as allelochemicals with potential applications as algaecides, herbicides and insecticides. | cyanobacteria ("blue-green algae") from marine and freshwater habitats are known to produce a diverse array of toxic or otherwise bioactive metabolites. however, the functional role of the vast majority of these compounds, particularly in terms of the physiology and ecology of the cyanobacteria that produce them, remains largely unknown. a limited number of studies have suggested that some of the compounds may have ecological roles as allelochemicals, specifically including compounds that may in ... | 2008 | 18728763 |
| larvicidal activity of lectins from myracrodruon urundeuva on aedes aegypti. | aedes aegypti transmits etiologic agents of yellow fever and dengue. vaccine for dengue virus is not available and vector control is essential to minimize dengue incidence. this report deals with the larvicidal activity of lectins isolated from myracrodruon urundeuva bark (mubl) and heartwood (muhl). the lectins were isolated by ammonium sulphate treatment of crude extracts followed by chromatography on chitin. mubl and muhl were evaluated by electrophoresis under native (page) and denaturing co ... | 2009 | 18761426 |
| reverse genetics screen identifies six proteins important for malaria development in the mosquito. | transmission from the vertebrate host to the mosquito vector represents a major population bottleneck in the malaria life cycle that can successfully be targeted by intervention strategies. however, to date only about 25 parasite proteins expressed during this critical phase have been functionally analysed by gene disruption. we describe the first systematic, larger scale generation and phenotypic analysis of plasmodium berghei knockout (ko) lines, characterizing 20 genes encoding putatively sec ... | 2008 | 18761621 |
| expression of chironomus riparius serine-type endopeptidase gene under di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (dehp) exposure. | environmental stressors can induce changes in gene expression that can be useful as biomarkers. to identify potential biomarkers of water quality, we characterized full-length cdna sequences of the serine-type endopeptidase (sp) gene from chironomus riparius. their expression was analyzed during different life-history stages and in response to treatment with various concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dehp) for short and long periods of time. a comparative molecular and phylogenetic in ... | 2008 | 18762262 |
| [a community education strategy to promote participation in dengue prevention in cuba]. | to document the process and analyze the results of implementing a strategy aimed at increasing community participation in the fight against the dengue mosquito vector. | 2008 | 18764996 |
| an age-structured model to evaluate the potential of novel malaria-control interventions: a case study of fungal biopesticide sprays. | it has recently been proposed that mosquito vectors of human diseases, particularly malaria, may be controlled by spraying with fungal biopesticides that increase the rate of adult mortality. though fungal pathogens do not cause instantaneous mortality, they can kill mosquitoes before they are old enough to transmit disease. a model is developed (i) to explore the potential for fungal entomopathogens to reduce significantly infectious mosquito populations, (ii) to assess the relative value of th ... | 2009 | 18765347 |
| spread, establishment & prevalence of dengue vector aedes aegypti (l.) in konkan region, maharashtra, india. | aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) was surveyed in the residential biotopes of sindhudurg, ratnagiri and raigadh districts, maharashtra state during dry (january-may & november- december) and wet (june-october) months in 2002 to update information on its distribution, to analyse post invasion establishment, and to study its prevalence. | 2008 | 18765879 |
| infiltration of aedes aegypti into peri-urban areas in south andaman. | | 2008 | 18765884 |
| celery-based topical repellents as a potential natural alternative for personal protection against mosquitoes. | celery-based products were investigated for chemical composition, skin irritation, and mosquito repellency in comparison to commercial repellents and the standard chemical, n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet), with a goal to develop a natural alternative to synthetic repellents for protection against mosquitoes. chemical identification by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry discovered that the major constituents of apium graveolens hexane extract (ahe) were 3-n-butyl-tetrahydropht ... | 2008 | 18766378 |
| two patched protein subtypes and a conserved domain of group i proteins that regulates turnover. | patched (ptc) is a 12-cross membrane protein that binds the secreted hedgehog protein. its regulation of the hedgehog signaling pathway is critical to normal development and to a number of human diseases. this report analyzes features of sequence similarity and divergence in the ptc protein family and identifies two subtypes distinguished by novel conserved domains. we used these results to propose a rational basis for classification. we show that one of the conserved sequence regions in the c-t ... | 2008 | 18768465 |
| strategies to improve the insecticidal activity of cry toxins from bacillus thuringiensis. | bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins have been widely used in the control of insect pests either as spray products or expressed in transgenic crops. these proteins are pore-forming toxins with a complex mechanism of action that involves the sequential interaction with several toxin-receptors. cry toxins are specific against susceptible larvae and although they are often highly effective, some insect pests are not affected by them or show low susceptibility. in addition, the development of resistanc ... | 2009 | 18773932 |
| natural odor ligands for olfactory receptor neurons of the female mosquito aedes aegypti: use of gas chromatography-linked single sensillum recordings. | female aedes aegypti are vectors of dengue and yellow fever. odor volatiles are the predominant cues that drive the host-seeking behavior of ae. aegypti. odorant molecules are detected and discriminated by olfactory receptor neurons (orns) housed in sensory hairs, sensilla, located on the antennae and maxillary palps. in a previous study, we used odor volatiles that are behaviorally and/or electrophysiologically active for ae. aegypti and other mosquito species to show that antennal orns of fema ... | 2008 | 18775939 |
| biogeography of the fauna of french polynesia: diversification within and between a series of hot spot archipelagos. | the islands of french polynesia cover an area the size of europe, though total land area is smaller than rhode island. each hot spot archipelago (societies, marquesas, australs) is chronologically arranged. with the advent of molecular techniques, relatively precise estimations of timing and source of colonization have become feasible. we compile data for the region, first examining colonization (some lineages dispersed from the west, others from the east). within archipelagos, blackflies (simul ... | 2008 | 18782725 |
| two clustering diffusion patterns identified from the 2001-2003 dengue epidemic, kaohsiung, taiwan. | this study analyzed the spatio-temporal patterns of 4,587 (94% of the total) confirmed dengue cases in kaohsiung and fengshan cities (a two-city area) that occurred in taiwan from 2001 to 2003. the epidemic had two simultaneous distinct diffusion patterns. one was a contiguous pattern, mostly limited to 1 km from an initial cluster, reflecting that there was a rapid dispersal of infected aedes aegypti and viremic persons. the second followed a relocation pattern, involving clusters of cases that ... | 2008 | 18784225 |
| use of a drosophila model to identify genes regulating plasmodium growth in the mosquito. | we performed a forward genetic screen, using drosophila as a surrogate mosquito, to identify host factors required for the growth of the avian malaria parasite, plasmodium gallinaceum. we identified 18 presumed loss-of-function mutants that reduced the growth of the parasite in flies. presumptive mutation sites were identified in 14 of the mutants on the basis of the insertion site of a transposable element. none of the identified genes have been previously implicated in innate immune responses ... | 2008 | 18791251 |
| trypanosoma cruzi infection is enhanced by vector saliva through immunosuppressant mechanisms mediated by lysophosphatidylcholine. | trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of chagas disease, is transmitted by bug feces deposited on human skin during a blood meal. however, parasite infection occurs through the wound produced by insect mouthparts. saliva of the triatominae bug rhodnius prolixus is a source of lysophosphatidylcholine (lpc). here, we tested the role of both triatomine saliva and lpc on parasite transmission. we show that vector saliva is a powerful inducer of cell chemotaxis. a massive number of inflammatory ce ... | 2008 | 18794282 |
| malaria transmission in dakar: a two-year survey. | according to entomological studies conducted over the past 30 years, there was low malaria transmission in suburb of dakar but little evidence of it in the downtown area. however; there was some evidence of local transmission based on reports of malaria among permanent residents. an entomological evaluation of malaria transmission was conducted from may 2005 to october 2006 in two areas of dakar. | 2008 | 18796138 |
| impact of climate change and other factors on emerging arbovirus diseases. | while some skeptics remain unconvinced that global climate change is a reality, there is no doubt that during the past 50 years or so, patterns of emerging arbovirus diseases have changed significantly. can this be attributed to climate change? climate is a major factor in determining: (1) the geographic and temporal distribution of arthropods; (2) characteristics of arthropod life cycles; (3) dispersal patterns of associated arboviruses; (4) the evolution of arboviruses; and (5) the efficiency ... | 2009 | 18799177 |
| development and application of a simple colorimetric assay reveals widespread distribution of sodium channel mutations in thai populations of aedes aegypti. | dengue fever and its more serious complications dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome are growing public health problems in tropical and subtropical countries. in the absence of a vaccine, most dengue control programmes rely heavily on the use of insecticides to target the aedes mosquito vectors. as a limited number of insecticides are routinely used in control, monitoring for the presence of resistance is an essential component of dengue prevention programmes. the pyrethroid insec ... | 2008 | 18801327 |
| clinical and laboratory features that distinguish dengue from other febrile illnesses in endemic populations. | clinicians in resource-poor countries need to identify patients with dengue using readily-available data. the objective of this systematic review was to identify clinical and laboratory features that differentiate dengue fever (df) and/or dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf) from other febrile illnesses (ofi) in dengue-endemic populations. | 2008 | 18803612 |
| localisation of laminin within plasmodium berghei oocysts and the midgut epithelial cells of anopheles stephensi. | abstract: | 2008 | 18808667 |
| expression of defensin, cecropin, and transferrin in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) infected with wuchereria bancrofti (spirurida: onchocercidae), and the abnormal development of nematodes in the mosquito. | the temporal expression of defensin, cecropin and transferrin was assessed in aedes aegypti naturally refractory to wuchereria bancrofti upon infection with this worm, in parallel to analysis of filarial development in the insect. compared to controls, transcription of defensin and cecropin was higher in infected mosquitoes as soon as 2h post infection and peaked before 48h. transferrin transcription was higher in infected mosquitoes at 24h, and at 48h was almost leveled to controls. at 72h and ... | 2008 | 18809401 |
| characterization and expression of the odorant-binding protein 7 gene in anopheles stephensi and comparative analysis among five mosquito species. | odorant-binding proteins (obps) are important molecular players in insect olfaction, which has a great influence on the host-seeking behaviour of mosquitoes and other disease vectors. the mrna level of the anopheles gambiae obp7 gene (agam-obp7) is higher in the adult female antennae and is slightly reduced in the female heads after blood-feeding. here we report the cloning, sequencing, chromosomal mapping and transcript analysis of aste-obp7, the obp7 gene from the asian malaria mosquito anophe ... | 2008 | 18811600 |
| semliki forest virus strongly reduces mosquito host defence signaling. | the alphavirus genus within the togaviridae family contains several important mosquito-borne arboviruses. other than the antiviral activity of rnai, relatively little is known about alphavirus interactions with insect cell defences. here we show that semliki forest virus (sfv) infection of aedes albopictus-derived u4.4 mosquito cells reduces cellular gene expression. activation prior to sfv infection of pathways involving stat/imd, but not toll signaling reduced subsequent virus gene expression ... | 2008 | 18811601 |
| [first evidence for breeding aedes aegypti l in the area of greater sochi and in some towns of abkhasia]. | a preliminary survey of some widely spaced settlements in greater sochi (and in the city of sochi) in a period of late july to early october 2007 has revealed man-biting females and swarming males of aedes aegypti females indoors and outdoors. man-biting ae. aegypti females, like males swarming nearby, were also present in the town of gudauta under study in september (the males and females of this species were found on one-day youngsters in the animal houses) and in the suburbs of the town of su ... | 2008 | 18819428 |
| anti-plasmodium activity of angiotensin ii and related synthetic peptides. | plasmodium species are the causative agents of malaria, the most devastating insect-borne parasite of human populations. finding and developing new drugs for malaria treatment and prevention is the goal of much research. angiotensins i and ii (ang i and ang ii) and six synthetic related peptides designated vaniceres 1-6 (vc1-vc6) were assayed in vivo and in vitro for their effects on the development of the avian parasite, plasmodium gallinaceum. ang ii and vc5 injected into the thoraces of the i ... | 2008 | 18820728 |
| hyaluronidase of bloodsucking insects and its enhancing effect on leishmania infection in mice. | salivary hyaluronidases have been described in a few bloodsucking arthropods. however, very little is known about the presence of this enzyme in various bloodsucking insects and no data are available on its effect on transmitted microorganisms. here, we studied hyaluronidase activity in thirteen bloodsucking insects belonging to four different orders. in addition, we assessed the effect of hyaluronidase coinoculation on the outcome of leishmania major infection in balb/c mice. | 2008 | 18820742 |