| treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | to review the literature related to the treatment and infection control of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2002 | 12398575 |
| mechanism of clostridium difficile toxin a-induced apoptosis in t84 cells. | this study is an investigation into the mechanism of clostridium difficile toxin a-induced apoptosis in human intestinal epithelial cells. toxin a induced apoptosis of t84 cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. toxin a-induced apoptosis was completely inhibited by blocking toxin enzymatic activity on rho gtpases with uridine 5'-diphosphate-2',3'-dialdehyde by a nonspecific caspase inhibitor and was partially inhibited by caspase-1, -3, -6, -8, and -9 inhibitors. caspases 3, 6, 8, and 9 and ... | 2002 | 12404159 |
| conjugative transfer of clostridial shuttle vectors from escherichia coli to clostridium difficile through circumvention of the restriction barrier. | progress towards understanding the molecular basis of virulence in clostridium difficile has been hindered by the lack of effective gene transfer systems. we have now, for the first time, developed procedures that may be used to introduce autonomously replicating vectors into this organism through their conjugative, orit-based mobilization from escherichia coli donors. successful transfer was achieved through the use of a plasmid replicon isolated from an indigenous c. difficile plasmid, pcd6, a ... | 2002 | 12406220 |
| variation in human intestinal microbiota with age. | the large intestinal microbiota plays an important role in normal bowel function and the maintenance of host health, through the formation of short chain fatty acids, modulation of immune system reactivity and development of colonisation resistance. however, the effects of ageing on bacterial community structure in the colon are not well documented. aim of this study is to assess bacterial species diversity in the human faecal microbiota with respect to age and clostridium difficile infection. b ... | 2002 | 12408433 |
| new therapeutic approach in the management of intestinal disease: probiotics in intestinal disease in paediatric age. | current evidence supports the view that oral administration of probiotics may be of therapeutic usefulness in several clinical disorders by reestablishing normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract. these entities include inflammatory and infectious diseases of the gut as well as extraintestinal disorders (such as atopic eczema) in which a defective intestinal permeability plays a role. the probiotic effects are attributed to restoration to normal of increased intestinal permeability, unbalanced ... | 2002 | 12408439 |
| probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | antibiotic-associated diarrhoea is a common event. in some cases, it could represent a life-threatening event. clostridium difficile colitis is a further distinct complication of antibiotic administration. treatment options for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and clostridium difficile colitis include supplementation with several types of probiotics, as overviewed in this paper. three randomised, double-blind, controlled clinical trials show a therapeutic effect of saccharomyces boulardii in anti ... | 2002 | 12408447 |
| evaluation of a routine diagnostic fecal panel for dogs with diarrhea. | to assess the diagnostic yield of a routine fecal panel and determine whether clostridium perfringens or c difficile toxin production is associated with acute hemorrhagic diarrheal syndrome (ahds) in dogs. | 2002 | 12420824 |
| fulminant clostridium difficile colitis without diarrhea: lack of emphasis in diagnostic guidelines. | | 2002 | 12425579 |
| clostridium difficile, atopy and wheeze during the first year of life. | differences have been suggested to occur in the composition of intestinal microflora from allergic and non-allergic children. in this study we used a semi-quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the measurement of clostridium difficile-specific immunoglobulin g (igg) (cdigg). cdigg was excellent in differentiating between adults with or without cl. difficile colitis (absorbance levels, positive vs. negative controls: geometric mean (gm) 0.301, 95% ci: 0.289-0.314 vs. gm 0.167, ... | 2002 | 12431195 |
| clostridium difficile-associated enteric disease. | clostridium difficile was identified as the putative agent of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis in 1978 and is now recognized as the major identifiable cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. this microbe causes a spectrum of enteric disease ranging from nuisance diarrhea to life-threatening colitis. risk factors include increasing age, exposure to antibiotics, colonization or acquisition of toxin-producing strains of c. difficile, and lack of circulating antibody to c. difficile t ... | 2002 | 12433321 |
| [late infectious complications after high-dose therapy and autologous blood stem cell transplantation]. | only a few data on frequency and character of late infectious complications after high-dose therapy (hdt) and autologous blood stem cell transplantation (asct) have been published. this prospective study was carried out to identify potential predictive factors for late infections (occurring after discharge following hdt) and to clarify the usefulness of prophylactic measures. | 2002 | 12434273 |
| [detection of lactoferrin in feces for differential diagnosis in diarrhea]. | routine stool culture is used to evaluate patients with diarrheal illness. however, the results are often delayed, and the tests are very expensive. therefore a rapid, simple method for screening would be a helpful adjunct in a diagnostic algorithm. fecal leukocytes are found in diarrhea patients with diffuse colonic inflammation but missing in non-inflammatory cases, and are most commonly identified in infectious diarrheas of bacterial origin. it supports the use of immediate empiric therapy in ... | 2002 | 12434630 |
| [clostridium difficile infection in a department of internal medicine. a consecutive series of 45 patients]. | a retrospective study of 45 patients with clostridium difficile infection over a 4-year period in a department of internal medicine. | 2002 | 12442074 |
| the uptake machinery of clostridial actin adp-ribosylating toxins--a cell delivery system for fusion proteins and polypeptide drugs. | several bacterial protein toxins, including clostridium botulinum c2 toxin, clostridum perfringens iota toxin, clostridium difficile adp-ribosyltransferase, and the bacillus-produced vegetative insecticidal proteins, target the cytoskeleton by adp-ribosylation of actin. all these toxins are binary in structure and consist of an enzyme component, possessing adp-ribosyltransferase activity and a separated binding and translocation component, which is involved in the delivery of the enzyme componen ... | 2002 | 12444490 |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: how good are nurses at identifying the disease? | | 2002 | 12446303 |
| pseudomembranous (clostridium difficile) colitis. | | 2002 | 12447310 |
| colonization for the prevention of clostridium difficile disease in hamsters. | studies suggest that asymptomatic colonization with clostridium difficile (cd) decreases the risk of cd-associated disease (cdad) in humans. a hamster model was used to test the efficacy of colonization with 3 nontoxigenic cd strains for preventing cdad after exposure to toxigenic cd. groups of 10 hamsters were given 10(6) nontoxigenic cd spores 2 days after receiving a single dose of clindamycin. five days later, the hamsters were given 100 spores of 1 of 3 toxigenic cd strains previously shown ... | 2002 | 12447764 |
| ciprofloxacin and clostridium difficile--associated diarrhea. | | 2002 | 12452287 |
| what's lurking under the bed? persistence and predominance of particular clostridium difficile strains in a hospital and the potential role of environmental contamination. | | 2002 | 12452289 |
| difference in the incidence of clostridium difficile among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus admitted to a public hospital and a private hospital. | to compare the occurrence of clostridium difficile among inpatients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in two different hospitals. | 2002 | 12452290 |
| predominance of a single restriction endonuclease analysis group with intrahospital subgroup diversity among clostridium difficile isolates at two chicago hospitals. | to determine the epidemiology and relatedness of clostridium difficile isolates in two geographically separated hospitals in a large metropolitan area, each with unique patients and personnel design: observational descriptive molecular epidemiology of clinical c. difficile isolates. | 2002 | 12452291 |
| underlying disease severity as a major risk factor for nosocomial clostridium difficile diarrhea. | to determine the diagnostic accuracy of an index of underlying disease severity (horn's index) in identifying patients with a high probability of having nosocomial clostridium difficile diarrhea as a complication of antimicrobial therapy. | 2002 | 12452292 |
| the role of clostridium difficile and viruses as causes of nosocomial diarrhea in children. | we report surveillance of nosocomial diarrhea in children at our institution during the past decade and note different epidemiology of diarrhea due to viruses and clostridium difficile. | 2002 | 12452293 |
| clostridium difficile in long-term-care facilities for the elderly. | antimicrobial agents are among the most frequently prescribed medications in long-term-care facilities (ltcfs). therefore, it is not surprising that clostridium difficile colonization and c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) occur commonly in elderly ltcf residents. c. difficile has been identified as the most common cause of non-epidemic acute diarrheal illness in nursing homes, and outbreaks of cdad in ltcfs have also been recognized. this position paper reviews the epidemiology and clinica ... | 2002 | 12452300 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile colitis. tackling a tenacious nosocomial infection. | c difficile infection recurs in about 20% of previously treated hospitalized patients. the elderly and patients with underlying colonic disease who have recently used antibiotics are at high risk. signs and symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and leukocytosis. diagnosis is dependent on a high degree of clinical suspicion and elisa testing of a stool sample for toxins. recurrence is thought to be due to the persistence of c difficile spores. treatment can be difficult. oral vancomycin or m ... | 2002 | 12462185 |
| probiotics up-regulate muc-2 mucin gene expression in a caco-2 cell-culture model. | enteral probiotics such as lactobacillus casei gg (lgg) have been used in the treatment of a variety of intestinal disorders in infants and children, including diarrhea, malabsorption, and clostridium difficile colitis. previous studies have identified the gene locus for mucin (muc-2) and its expression in caco-2 cells. others have demonstrated that mucin, located on the surface of the intestinal epithelium, inhibits bacterial translocation (bt). we previously demonstrated that both mucin and th ... | 2002 | 12471471 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: epidemiological data from western australia associated with a modified antibiotic policy. | the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) has increased dramatically in hospitals worldwide during the past 2 decades. in western australia, this increase was most obvious during the 1980s, when there was also an increase in the use of third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics. a study of the epidemiology of cdad and the use of third-generation cephalosporins during 1993-2000 was undertaken. from 1993 through 1998, the incidence of cdad remained relatively stable (2-3 ca ... | 2002 | 12471563 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in patients with hiv: a 4-year survey. | | 2002 | 12473844 |
| cooperation of gq, gi, and g12/13 in protein kinase d activation and phosphorylation induced by lysophosphatidic acid. | to examine the contribution of different g-protein pathways to lysophosphatidic acid (lpa)-induced protein kinase d (pkd) activation, we tested the effect of lpa on pkd activity in murine embryonic cell lines deficient in galpha(q/11) (galpha(q/11) ko cells) or galpha(12/13) (galpha(12/13) ko cells) and used cells lacking rhodopsin kinase (rk cells) as a control. in rk and galpha(12/13) ko cells, lpa induced pkd activation through a phospholipase c/protein kinase c pathway in a concentration-dep ... | 2003 | 12477719 |
| a case if infant botulism due to neurotoxigenic clostridium butyricum type e associated with clostridium difficile colitis. | reported here is the sixth case of intestinal toxemia botulism caused by clostridium butyricum type e in italy since 1984. in this case, the patient was concomitantly affected with colitis due to clostridium difficile toxin. a review of previously reported cases revealed that some of these patients may also have had intestinal toxemia botulism associated with clostridium difficile colitis, based on the reported symptoms. given that this association has been shown to exist not only in italy but a ... | 2002 | 12479171 |
| neuroimmune and epithelial interactions in intestinal inflammation. | the gastrointestinal tract contains the most extensive immune system in the body as well as the largest and most diverse collection of nerves outside of the central nervous system. these systems are continuously involved in ongoing physiological activities of the bowel and they play an active role in pathophysiological processes. it is becoming increasingly clear that intestinal inflammation involves a dynamic interplay between at least three different cell systems: immune cells, neurons and muc ... | 2002 | 12482729 |
| protective role of hsp72 against clostridium difficile toxin a-induced intestinal epithelial cell dysfunction. | we determined whether the cytoprotective heat shock protein hsp72 protects against the injurious effects of clostridium difficile toxin a (txa) on intestinal epithelial cells. colonic epithelial caco-2/bbe (c2) cells were stably transfected with hsp72 antisense (c2as) or vector only (c2vc), resulting in low and high hsp72 expression, respectively. measurements of epithelial barrier integrity, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis activation were assessed after txa exposure. hsp72 and rhoa intera ... | 2003 | 12490434 |
| production of alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase-deficient pigs. | the enzyme alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3gt or ggta1) synthesizes alpha1,3-galactose (alpha1,3gal) epitopes (galalpha1,3galbeta1,4glcnac-r), which are the major xenoantigens causing hyperacute rejection in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. complete removal of alpha1,3gal from pig organs is the critical step toward the success of xenotransplantation. we reported earlier the targeted disruption of one allele of the alpha1,3gt gene in cloned pigs. a selection procedure based on a bacteria ... | 2003 | 12493821 |
| general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease (iid) in hospitals, england and wales, 1992-2000. | between 1992 and 2000, 26.6% (1,396/5,257) of all general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease (iid) reported to the public health laboratory service (phls) communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc) occurred in hospitals. over 29,000 patients and staff were affected and the mortality risk was higher than for outbreaks in other settings [relative risk 2.00 (95% ci: 1.52-2.63) p<0.001]. person-to-person spread was the predominant mode of transmission. the mortality risk was highest in ... | 2003 | 12495678 |
| r-ras glucosylation and transient rhoa activation determine the cytopathic effect produced by toxin b variants from toxin a-negative strains of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile induces antibiotic-associated diarrhea through the production of toxin a and toxin b; the former toxin has been assumed to be responsible for the symptoms of the disease. several toxin a-negative strains from c. difficile have recently been isolated from clinical cases and have been reported to produce toxin b variants eliciting an atypical cytopathic effect. ultrastructural analysis indicated these toxins induce a rounding cytopathic effect and filopodia-like structures. t ... | 2003 | 12496290 |
| gut changes attributed to ageing: effects on intestinal microflora. | there is increased evidence of several impaired gastrointestinal functions with ageing. in the elderly, however, most gastrointestinal functions remain relatively intact because of the large reserve capacity of the intestine and the great secretion capacity of the pancreas. this review will focus on changes in gut microflora observed in the elderly and on the potential benefit of probiotics in this population. | 2003 | 12496680 |
| in vitro activities of daptomycin, vancomycin, quinupristin- dalfopristin, linezolid, and five other antimicrobials against 307 gram-positive anaerobic and 31 corynebacterium clinical isolates. | the activities of daptomycin, a cyclic lipopeptide, and eight other agents were determined against 338 strains of gram-positive anaerobic bacteria and corynebacteria by the nccls reference agar dilution method with supplemented brucella agar for the anaerobes and mueller-hinton agar for the corynebacteria. the daptomycin mics determined on ca(2+)-supplemented (50 mg/liter) brucella agar plates were one- to fourfold lower than those determined in unsupplemented media. daptomycin was highly active ... | 2003 | 12499210 |
| the complete receptor-binding domain of clostridium difficile toxin a is required for endocytosis. | clostridium difficile toxin a, the chief pathogenicity factor of the antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, is an intracellular acting cytotoxin that reaches its targets, the rho gtpases, after receptor-mediated endocytosis. the c-terminal part, constructed of repetitive peptide elements, is thought to bind to a lot of carbohydrate containing receptor molecules to induce clustering and endocytosis. to study which part of the receptor-binding domain is in charge of addressing toxin a int ... | 2003 | 12507507 |
| how strictly should a patient with c. difficile be isolated? | | 2002 | 12512485 |
| clostridium difficile brain empyema after prolonged intestinal carriage. | clostridium difficile, the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, is occasionally isolated from extraintestinal sites and is usually found as part of a polymicrobial flora. we report a case of brain empyema that occurred after the recurrent intestinal carriage of a nontoxigenic strain of c. difficile. brain abscess cultures contained both toxigenic and nontoxigenic isolates. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that nontoxigenic isolates from the intestine and from the brain wer ... | 2003 | 12517909 |
| in vitro anti-anaerobic activity of the cephalosporin derivative rwj 54428, compared to seven other compounds. | agar dilution mic was used to test the activity of rwj 54428, a new cephalosporin derivative, compared to imipenem, meropenem, ceftriaxone, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, clindamycin and metronidazole against 363 anaerobes isolated from clinical specimens. rwj 54428 had low mics against most beta-lactamase-negative gram-negative rods, and all gram-positive strains except clostridium difficile. imipenem and meropenem had the lowest mics (mic50s of 0.125 mg/l and mic90s of 1.0 mg/l). piper ... | 2002 | 12519357 |
| clinical usefulness of components of the triage immunoassay, enzyme immunoassay for toxins a and b, and cytotoxin b tissue culture assay for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile diarrhea. | we studied 557 nonduplicate fresh stool specimens from adult patients clinically suspected of having clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. all samples were tested in parallel with an in-house cytotoxin b tissue culture assay (cta), the c difficile tox a/b ii test (ta/b; techlab, blacksburg, va), and the triage micro c difficile panel (biosite diagnostics, san diego, ca). the triage device detects toxin a (ta) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) simultaneously. of the specimens, 350 were negat ... | 2003 | 12520696 |
| [clostridium difficile small intestinal involvement occurring after total colectomy]. | | 2002 | 12534128 |
| endocannabinoids induce ileitis in rats via the capsaicin receptor (vr1). | intraluminal administration of the endocannabinoids n-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-ag) causes inflammation similar to that caused by clostridium difficile toxin a in the rat ileum. the effects of anandamide and 2-ag were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with the specific capsaicin receptor (vanilloid receptor subtype 1; vr1) antagonist capsazepine. pretreatment with the cb1 and cb2 cannabinoid receptor antagonists n-piperidino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-( ... | 2003 | 12538826 |
| clostridium difficile infections in animals with special reference to the horse. a review. | in human medicine, clostridium (c.) difficile is since many years a well-known cause of nosocomial diarrhea induced by antibiotic treatment. in horses, c. difficile was recently suggested as a possible enteric pathogen. the bacterium is associated with acute colitis in mature horses following treatment with antibiotics. c. difficile, and/or its cytotoxin, is also associated with acute colitis in mares when their foals are being treated with erythromycin and rifampicin for rhodococcus equi pneumo ... | 2002 | 12540137 |
| epidemiology and outcome of clostridium difficile infection and diarrhea in hiv infected inpatients. | clostridium difficile causes diarrhea in hiv infected patients but reports of prevalence, risk factors, and outcome vary. we studied the impact of c. difficile in 161 hiv infected inpatients admitted to cook county hospital. patients with c. difficile had more hospital admissions in the previous 6 months (p =.04), spent more days in the hospital in the previous 3 months (p =.02), more often had previously received h2 blockers or treatment for pneumocystis carinii (p <.05), and had a more frequen ... | 2002 | 12543536 |
| clostridium difficile infection and concurrent vancomycin-resistant enterococcus stool colonization in a health care worker: case report and review of the literature. | clostridium difficile diarrhea was noted in a previously healthy health care worker from the study institution after receiving oral clindamycin therapy; the worker also had vancomycin-resistant enterococcus stool colonization. health care workers should be aware that antibiotic therapy may place them at increased risk for colonization and infection with nosocomial pathogens such as clostridium difficile and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. | 2003 | 12548259 |
| development potential of rifalazil. | rifalazil represents a new generation of ansamycins that contain a unique four-ring structure. originally rifalazil was developed as a therapeutic agent to replace rifampin as part of a multiple drug regimen in the treatment of tuberculosis. as a result of its superior antimicrobial activity and high intracellular levels, rifalazil has potential to treat indications caused by the intracellular pathogen, chlamydia trachomatis, which causes non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, often leading t ... | 2003 | 12556219 |
| the effects of storage conditions on viability of clostridium difficile vegetative cells and spores and toxin activity in human faeces. | clostridium difficile is a common nosocomial pathogen and as such diagnostic and research methods may necessitate storage of faecal specimens for long periods, followed by subsequent re-examination. this study investigated the effects of storage conditions upon the viability of this organism and its toxin. | 2003 | 12560391 |
| resonance assignment and topology of a clostridial repetitive oligopeptide (crop) region of toxin a from clostridium difficile. | | 2003 | 12567004 |
| clostridium difficile colitis after forced anal-receptive intercourse. | colitis caused by clostridium difficile toxin has been reported in homosexual men. we report a case of c. difficile colitis that occurred in an immunocompetent heterosexual man after forced anal-receptive intercourse. | 2003 | 12567322 |
| the clostridial mobilisable transposons. | mobilisable transposons are transposable genetic elements that also encode mobilisation functions but are not in themselves conjugative. they rely on coresident conjugative elements to facilitate their transfer to recipient cells. clostridial mobilisable transposons include tn4451 and tn4452 from clostridium perfringens, and tn4453a and tn4453b from clostridium difficile, all of which are closely related, and tn5398 from c. difficile. the tn4451 group of elements encodes resistance to chloramphe ... | 2002 | 12568329 |
| clostridium difficile testing: after 20 years, still challenging. | | 2003 | 12574241 |
| six rapid tests for direct detection of clostridium difficile and its toxins in fecal samples compared with the fibroblast cytotoxicity assay. | clostridium difficile is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial gastrointestinal disease. risk factors include prior antibiotic therapy, bowel surgery, and the immunocompromised state. direct fecal analysis for c. difficile toxin b by tissue culture cytotoxin b assay (cba), while only 60 to 85% sensitive overall, is a common laboratory method. we have used 1,003 consecutive, nonduplicate fecal samples to compare six commercially available immunoassays (ia) for c. difficile detection with ... | 2003 | 12574264 |
| rapid detection of clostridium difficile in feces by real-time pcr. | clostridium difficile is the major causative agent of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea, colitis, and pseudomembranous colitis. the pathogenicity of c. difficile is closely related to the production of toxins a and b. toxigenic c. difficile detection by a tissue culture cytotoxin assay is often considered the "gold standard." however, this assay is time consuming, as it implies an incubation period of at least 24 h. we have developed a rapid real-time fluorescence-based multiplex pcr ass ... | 2003 | 12574274 |
| [antibiotic induced diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis]. | the spore-forming anaerobic bacterium clostridium difficile has become a serious enteropathogen. oral and parenteral administration of antibiotics can cause ecological disturbances in the normal intestinal microflora. suppression of the normal microflora may lead to reduced colonization resistance with subsequent overgrowth by pre-existing, naturally resistant microorganisms, such as c. difficile. c. difficile infection shows a range of clinical presentations between an asymptomatic carrier stat ... | 2003 | 12574886 |
| [hospital hygiene is important]. | | 2003 | 12574887 |
| clostridium difficile infection--an unusual cause of refractory pouchitis: report of a case. | ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the surgical procedure of choice for selected patients with severe ulcerative colitis. pouchitis is a common complication of this procedure, with most cases responding to treatment with metronidazole, possibly with the addition of 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs and steroids. can frequently colonize the colon after treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, giving rise to diarrhea or colitis. the aim of this report was to describe the first case of -associated diarrhe ... | 2003 | 12576902 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with inflammatory pseudotumor in a liver transplant recipient. | the aim of this report is to describe a rare complication of clostridium difficile (cd) disease, the occurrence of an inflammatory pseudotumor that caused intestinal obstruction in a liver transplant recipient. a 9-month-old girl underwent liver transplantation for biliary atresia. she was given tacrolimus as primary immunosuppressive therapy. three months after liver transplantation, she presented with febrile protracted bloody diarrhea and failure to thrive. a diagnosis of post-transplant lymp ... | 2003 | 12581333 |
| limited value of routine microbiological diagnostics in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. | current guidelines recommend microbiological diagnostic procedures as a part of the management of patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia (cap), but the value of such efforts has been questioned. patients hospitalized for cap were studied retrospectively, focusing on the use of aetiological diagnostic methods and their clinical impact. adult patients, without known human immunodeficiency virus infection, admitted to hospital for cap during 12 months, were evaluated with regard to ... | 2002 | 12587618 |
| association of clostridium difficile infection with collagenous colitis. | | 2003 | 12590248 |
| effectiveness and appropriateness of empiric metronidazole for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | although clostridium difficile is the most common infectious etiology of nosocomial diarrhea, noninfectious causes are far more common. empiric initiation of therapy for all patients is of unknown value. the aim of this study was to determine benefits of empiric metronidazole for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2003 | 12591054 |
| [role of clostridium difficile infection in the relapse of ulcerative colitis]. | a case of nosocomial diarrhea by clostridium difficile in an older woman with an old history of increasing stool frequency, is reported. colonoscopy and biopsy was performed due to an incomplete response to vancomicyn, and the diagnosis of underlying ulcerative colitis was made. the incidence of clostridium difficile infection associated with the relapse of ulcerative colitis is nearly 10%. in patients with ulcerative colitis, macroscopic pseudomembranes and the usual predisposing factors for cl ... | 2002 | 12593034 |
| faecal lactoferrin assay as an adjunct to clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | inflammation is the hallmark of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea and lactoferrin is produced by inflammatory cells. the aim of this study was to find out whether faecal lactoferrin latex agglutination (flla) assay done simultaneously with clostridium difficile toxin (cdt) assay would help in the diagnosis of c. difficile infection in paediatric patients. one hundred and fifty faecal samples were obtained from paediatric group of patients. both flla and cdt assays were done in conjuncti ... | 2002 | 12593568 |
| divergence of mechanisms regulating respiratory burst in blood and sputum eosinophils and neutrophils from atopic subjects. | eosinophil respiratory burst is an important event in asthma and related inflammatory disorders. however, little is known concerning activation of the respiratory burst nadph oxidase in human eosinophils. conversely, neutrophils are known to assemble nadph oxidase in intracellular and plasma membranes. we hypothesized that eosinophils and neutrophils translocate nadph oxidase to distinct intracellular locations, consistent with their respective functions in o(2)(-)-mediated cytotoxicity. pma-ind ... | 2003 | 12594296 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile colitis: case series involving 18 patients treated with donor stool administered via a nasogastric tube. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis have emerged as major complications associated with use of systemic antimicrobials. in this study, the medical records for 18 subjects who received donor stool by nasogastric tube for recurrent c. difficile infection during a 9-year period at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. during the period between the initial diagnosis of c. difficile colitis and the stool treatments, the 18 subjects received a total of 64 courses of ant ... | 2003 | 12594638 |
| differential actions of par2 and par1 in stimulating human endothelial cell exocytosis and permeability: the role of rho-gtpases. | endothelial cell proteinase activated receptors (pars) belong to a family of heterotrimeric g protein-coupled receptors that are implicated in leukocyte accumulation and potentiation of reperfusion injury. we characterized the effect and the signal transduction pathways recruited after stimulation of endothelial par2. we used von willebrand factor (vwf) release and monolayer permeability to peroxidase to report weibel-palade body (wpb) exocytosis and pore formation, respectively. human umbilical ... | 2003 | 12595338 |
| clostridium difficile vaccine and serum immunoglobulin g antibody response to toxin a. | there is a strong association between serum antibody responses to toxin a and protection against clostridium difficile diarrhea. a parenteral c. difficile toxoid vaccine induced very-high-level responses to anti-toxin a immunoglobulin g (igg) in the sera of healthy volunteers. after vaccination, the concentrations of anti-toxin a igg in the sera of all 30 recipients exceeded the concentrations that were associated with protection in previous clinical studies. furthermore, the median concentratio ... | 2003 | 12595488 |
| gastrointestinal complications in the neutropenic patient: characterization and differentiation with abdominal ct. | to characterize the computed tomographic (ct) findings of gastrointestinal complications in neutropenic patients and to identify ct features that can help differentiate these complications. | 2003 | 12601214 |
| effects of large clostridial cytotoxins on activation of rbl 2h3-hm1 mast cells indicate common and different roles of rac in fcepsilonri and m1-receptor signaling. | using rho gtpases-inhibiting clostridial cytotoxins, we showed recently in rbl cells that the gtpase rac is involved in fcepsilonri (high-affinity receptor for ige) signaling and receptor-mediated calcium mobilization, including influx via calcium release-activated calcium channels. here, we studied the role of rho gtpases in muscarinic m1 receptor signaling in rbl 2h3-hm1 cells. clostridium difficile toxin b, which inactivates rho, rac, and cdc42, and clostridium sordellii lethal toxin, which i ... | 2003 | 12604702 |
| ccr7 ligands induce rapid endocytosis in mature dendritic cells with concomitant up-regulation of cdc42 and rac activities. | although chemokines are well known to function in chemotaxis, additional roles for these molecules in the immune system are not well understood. dendritic cells (dcs) developmentally regulate the expression of chemokine receptors to facilitate their migration from the peripheral tissues to regional lymph nodes. expressions of ccr1 and ccr5 on immature dcs are down-regulated on maturation, whereas ccr7 is selectively expressed on mature dcs. in the present study, we examined the effects of ccl19 ... | 2003 | 12609829 |
| colonic pseudo-obstruction: the dilated colon in the icu. | acute colonic pseudo-obstruction is a syndrome of massive dilation of the colon without mechanical obstruction that develops in hospitalized patients with serious underlying medical and surgical conditions. increasing age, cecal diameter, delay in decompression, and status of the bowel significantly influence mortality, which is approximately 40% when ischemia or perforation is present. evaluation of the markedly distended colon in the intensive care unit setting involves excluding mechanical ob ... | 2003 | 12610851 |
| leptin mediates clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis in mice. | leptin regulates energy homeostasis and participates in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. although hyperleptinemia is described in experimental colitis, its role in the pathophysiology of enterotoxin-mediated diarrhea and inflammation remains unclear. we examined the role of leptin in the inflammatory diarrhea induced by toxin a from clostridium difficile, the causative agent of antibiotic-related colitis. | 2003 | 12612907 |
| rapid detection of clostridium difficile in stool using the vidasr c. difficile toxin a ii assay. | a rapid laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is important in patient management and in the administration of appropriate therapeutic modalities. the vidas(r) c. difficile toxin a ii (cda 2) assay (biomerieux, inc., hazelwood, mo) was compared with the cell culture cytotoxicity assay (cca) for the rapid detection of c. difficile in stool from patients in whom c. difficile infection was suspected. thirty-eight consecutively collected cca-positive stool specimens ... | 2003 | 12614982 |
| pitavastatin-induced thrombomodulin expression by endothelial cells acts via inhibition of small g proteins of the rho family. | 3-hydroxyl-3-methyl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors (statins) can function to protect the vasculature in a manner that is independent of their lipid-lowering activity. the main feature of the antithrombotic properties of endothelial cells is an increase in the expression of thrombomodulin (tm) without induction of tissue factor (tf) expression. we investigated the effect of statins on the expression of tm and tf by endothelial cells. | 2003 | 12615662 |
| prevalence and association of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mls(b)) resistance with resistance to moxifloxacin in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile remains the leading cause of nosocomially acquired diarrhoea. c. difficile usually exhibits resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics, whereas susceptibility to other drugs may vary. this study investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility of c. difficile to different antibiotics over a period of time and characterizes molecular mechanisms for resistance. one hundred and seventy-three toxigenic and 19 non-toxigenic c. difficile strains, recovered from patients in two unive ... | 2003 | 12615860 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in patients with community-acquired lower respiratory infection being treated with levofloxacin compared with beta-lactam-based therapy. | the aim of the study was to compare the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) following treatment of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in hospitalized patients with levofloxacin or a beta-lactam-based therapy. nine hundred and thirty-eight patients were included in the prospective open-labelled "randomized" trial. this included 490 patients treated with levofloxacin and 448 patients treated with beta-lactams such as cefuroxime or amoxicillin. th ... | 2003 | 12615873 |
| in vitro activity of linezolid against clostridium difficile. | | 2003 | 12615885 |
| changes in sensitivity patterns to selected antibiotics in clostridium difficile in geriatric in-patients over an 18-month period. | clostridium difficile-associated disease continues to be a major problem in hospitals and long-term care facilities throughout the developed world. administration of certain antibiotics such as amoxycillin, oral cephalosporins and clindamycin is associated with the greatest risk of developing c. difficile disease. the two antibiotics used for treatment of c. difficile disease are vancomycin and metronidazole, to which there is currently very little resistance. randomly selected isolates (186) fr ... | 2003 | 12621092 |
| metabotropic glutamate receptors activate phospholipase d in astrocytes through a protein kinase c-dependent and rho-independent pathway. | metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) are g protein-coupled receptors that mediate phospholipase d (pld) activation in brain, but the mechanism underlying this response remains unclear. here we used primary cultures of astrocytes as a cell model to explore the mechanism that links mglurs to pld. glutamate activated both phospholipase c (plc) and pld with equal potency and this effect was mimicked by l-cysteinesulfinic acid, a putative neurotransmitter previously shown to activate mglurs coup ... | 2003 | 12623215 |
| outbreak of clostridium difficile-related diarrhoea in an adult oncology unit: risk factors and microbiological characteristics. | we describe the risk factors and microbiological findings of an outbreak of clostridium difficile (cd)-related diarrhoea in the medical oncology department of the curie institute. screening for cd in stools was performed on 59 patients with diarrhoea and 146 patients without diarrhoea. toxin secretion, serotyping (enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay) and genotyping (ap-polymerase chain reaction) were performed on 39 cd strains from 32 patients. the risk factors for toxigenic cd-positive diarrhoea ... | 2003 | 12623319 |
| new types of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive strains among clostridium difficile isolates from asia. | a total of 56 c. difficile strains were selected from 310 isolates obtained from different hospitals in japan and korea and from healthy infants from indonesia. strains that had been previously typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and pcr ribotyping, were characterized by toxinotyping and binary toxin gene detection. when toxinotyped, 35 strains were determined to be toxinotype 0, whereas 21 strains showed variations in toxin genes and could be grouped into 11 variant toxinotypes. six of th ... | 2003 | 12624039 |
| clostridium difficile toxin b, an inhibitor of the small gtpases rho, rac and cdc42, influences spiral ganglion neurite outgrowth. | neurotrophins and extracellular matrix (ecm) molecules are involved in neurite guidance during the development of spiral ganglion (sg) neurons. several intracellular signaling molecules can be activated by ecms and neurotrophins via their cognate receptors. in other systems these include the rho small gtpases, which influence reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton that is required for axon growth. the aim of this study was to determine whether neurotrophin-3 (nt-3)-mediated sg neurite outgrowt ... | 2003 | 12625568 |
| moxifloxacin-induced clostridium difficile diarrhea. | | 2003 | 12639182 |
| camp-induced aqp2 translocation is associated with rhoa inhibition through rhoa phosphorylation and interaction with rhogdi. | we have recently demonstrated that inhibition of rho gtpase with clostridium difficile toxin b, or with clostridium botulinum c3 toxin, causes actin depolymerization and translocation of aquaporin 2 (aqp2) in renal cd8 cells in the absence of hormonal stimulation. here we demonstrate that rho inhibition is part of the signal transduction cascade activated by vasopressin leading to aqp2 insertion into the apical membrane. quantitation of active rhoa (gtp-bound) by selective pull down experiments ... | 2003 | 12640036 |
| bacterial hemorrhagic enterocolitis. | bacterial diarrhea can be classified into two clinical entities, noninflammatory diarrhea and inflammatory diarrhea syndromes. the latter type of diarrhea is characterized by bloody and puruloid mucus stool, and is often accompanied by fever, tenesmus, and severe abdominal pain. pathogenic bacteria causing the inflammatory diarrhea syndrome include salmonella, vibrio, shigella, enteroinvasive and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, campylobacter, yersinia, chlamydia, and clostridium difficile. t ... | 2003 | 12640523 |
| [cultivation of fungi from fecal specimens in cases of antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad)]. | the aim of performed examinations was to isolate, identify and determine a drug susceptibility of fungi cultured from faecal specimens submitted for detection of clostridium difficile in cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad). one hundred samples of diarrhoeic faeces were examined using routine bacteriological methods (isolation and identification of c. difficile), serological test (detection of c. difficile toxins a/b) and mycological methods (isolation, identification and drug suscepti ... | 2002 | 12650060 |
| corticosteroid treatment of severe, non-responsive clostridium difficile induced colitis. | clostridium difficile can cause inflammatory diarrhoea and colitis by disrupting normal colonic flora. corticosteroids are effective against diarrhoea associated with inflammatory bowel disease, but their effectiveness in treating inflammatory diarrhoea of c difficile has not been reported. in this preliminary report, we describe the use of corticosteroids in a child with severe c difficile diarrhoea and colitis refractory to standard treatments. | 2003 | 12651766 |
| expression of clostridium difficile toxins a and b and their sigma factor tcdd is controlled by temperature. | growth temperature was found to control the expression of toxins a and b in clostridium difficile vpi 10463, with a maximum at 37 degrees c and low levels at 22 and 42 degrees c in both peptone yeast (py) and defined media. the up-regulation of toxin a and b mrna and protein levels upon temperature upshift from 22 to 37 degrees c followed the same kinetics, showing that temperature control occurred at the level of transcription. experiments with clostridium perfringens using gusa as a reporter g ... | 2003 | 12654792 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and clostridium difficile in the community. | clostridium difficile is the main cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhoea and the causative agent of antibiotic-associated colitis. the involvement of c. difficile infection in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in the community is poorly documented. | 2003 | 12656693 |
| identification and screening for antimicrobial activity against clostridium difficile of bifidobacterium and lactobacillus species isolated from healthy infant faeces. | the antimicrobial activity against clostridium difficile of 109 lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from 32 healthy korean infants was measured. the ability to show similar activity against escherichia coli o157:h7 and staphylococcus aureus was also looked for. twelve of the 109 lab showed activity against c. difficile and 19 strains were active against e. coli o157:h7, but none against s. aureus. four strains had antimicrobial activity against both c. difficile and e. coli o157:h7. of the 12 st ... | 2003 | 12672580 |
| sudden increase of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections in a korean tertiary care hospital: possible consequences of increased use of oral vancomycin. | a sudden increase in vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) infections was noted in 1998 in a tertiary care hospital in korea. all of the vre isolated in 1998 in the hospital were vana type and most were multidrug-resistant enterococcus faecium. the increase in vre was probably due to the increased use of oral vancomycin to treat clostridium difficile infections and clonal as well as horizontal spread. more restricted oral vancomycin use and stricter infection control measures are required to ac ... | 2003 | 12673410 |
| the effect of an enhanced infection-control policy on the incidence of clostridium difficile infection and methicillin-resistant staphyloccocus aureus colonization in acute elderly medical patients. | clostridium difficile (cd) infection and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) colonization are increasingly common in elderly patients, are associated with cephalosporin or prolonged aminopenicillin courses and can be transmitted by direct contact. management is by side-room isolation. ward closure may be required to control outbreaks. | 1998 | 12675094 |
| nondigestible oligosaccharides enhance bacterial colonization resistance against clostridium difficile in vitro. | clostridium difficile is the principal etiologic agent of pseudomembranous colitis and is a major cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea. a limited degree of success in controlling c. difficile infection has been achieved by using probiotics; however, prebiotics can also be used to change bacterial community structure and metabolism in the large gut, although the effects of these carbohydrates on suppression of clostridial pathogens have not been well characterized. the aims of this ... | 2003 | 12676665 |
| cholestatic jaundice and pseudomembranous colitis following combination therapy with doxorubicin and docetaxel. | we report a case of cholestatic jaundice and pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) following combination therapy with docetaxel and doxorubicin. this clinical syndrome has not been previously reported with this combination. in particular, this is the first report of non-clostridium difficile-associated pmc with docetaxel-based chemotherapy. docetaxel is principally metabolized by the hepatic cytochrome p450 mixed-function oxidases, in particular by the isoform cyp3a. this patient was on long-term eryth ... | 2003 | 12679738 |
| characterization of clostridium difficile isolates from foals with diarrhea: 28 cases (1993-1997). | to determine molecular characteristics of clostridium difficile isolates from foals with diarrhea and identify clinical abnormalities in affected foals. | 2002 | 12680451 |
| international typing study of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile variants. | clinically important strains of clostridium difficile that do not produce toxin a but produce toxin b and are cytotoxic (a(-)/b(+)) have been reported from multiple countries. in order to compare the relatedness of these strains, we typed 23 a(-)/b(+) c. difficile isolates from the united kingdom (6 isolates), belgium (11 isolates), and the united states (6 isolates) by three well-described typing methods. restriction endonuclease analysis (rea), pcr ribotyping, and serogrouping differentiated 1 ... | 2003 | 12682143 |
| genotypic and phenotypic characterization of clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile in diarrheic and healthy dogs. | | 2003 | 12683608 |
| clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the most commonly identified infective cause of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. broad spectrum antibiotics, are most frequently incriminated, although short (<3 day) antibiotic courses cause fewer episodes. gold standard cell-culture based cytotoxin assays have been compared to rapid immunoassays, which are less effective, especially since toxin a negative, toxin b positive strains have been shown to be truly virulent. details of colonization and adherence mechanisms ha ... | 2002 | 12686885 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | | 2003 | 12687790 |