| pharmacokinetics and distribution of ceftazidime to milk after intravenous and intramuscular administration to lactating female dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | to determine the plasma disposition kinetics, absolute bioavailability, and milk concentrations of ceftazidime in healthy lactating female dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) following iv and im administration of a single dose of 10 mg/kg (4.5 mg/lb). | 2013 | 23865886 |
| microbiological quality and somatic cell count in bulk milk of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius): descriptive statistics, correlations, and factors of variation. | the objectives of the present study were to monitor the microbiological quality and somatic cell count (scc) of bulk tank milk at the world's first large-scale camel dairy farm for a 2-yr period, to compare the results of 2 methods for the enumeration of scc, to evaluate correlation among milk quality indicators, and to determine the effect of specific factors (year, season, stage of lactation, and level of production) on milk quality indicators. the study was conducted from january 2008 to janu ... | 2013 | 23849636 |
| physiological and behavioral responses to different watering intervals in lactating camels (camelus dromedarius). | during drought periods camels are watered at long intervals, but effects on body fluid homeostasis of lactating camels are not known. it was hypothesized that camels store water after drinking and minimize water losses by diurnal variation in body temperature, changes in behavior, and release of vasopressin. the aim was to find a sustainable watering interval for lactating camels. seven lactating camels were studied in a cross-over trial in which they were watered once daily (w1), every fourth d ... | 2013 | 23842680 |
| neutralizing nanobodies targeting diverse chemokines effectively inhibit chemokine function. | chemokine receptors and their ligands play a prominent role in immune regulation but many have also been implicated in inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, allograft rejection after transplantation, and also in cancer metastasis. most approaches to therapeutically target the chemokine system involve targeting of chemokine receptors with low molecular weight antagonists. here we describe the selection and characterization of an unprecedented large and diverse pa ... | 2013 | 23836909 |
| through the eye of an electrospray needle: mass spectrometric identification of the major peptides and proteins in the milk of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | the milk of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) reportedly offers medicinal benefits, perhaps because of its unique bioactive components. milk proteins were determined by (1) two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide mass mapping and (2) liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms) following one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. over 200 proteins were identified: some known camel proteins including heavy-chain immunoglobulins and others exhibiting regions ... | 2013 | 23832934 |
| ultrasonographic fetometry and prenatal fetal sex assessment in camels (camelus dromedarius). | the aims of this study were to determine the developmental patterns of some fetal parts to achieve a high accuracy level in the assessment of gestational age and to assess the feasibility and accuracy of ultrasonic prenatal fetal sex assessment in camels. serial ultrasonographic examinations were carried out on seven pregnant dromedary camels. a total of 329 ultrasonographic examinations were conducted between the second and the 54th weeks of pregnancy. intrauterine fluid accumulation was detect ... | 2013 | 23830233 |
| a re-description of physocephalus dromedarii stat. nov. (nematoda: spirocercidae), an abomasal nematode of dromedaries (camelus dromedarius). | physocephalus dromedarii stat. nov. was found in the abomasum of two adult female dromedaries originating from a farm in dubai. previously, this nematode has been misidentified as a subspecies of ph. sexalatus but morphological differences are striking enough for it to be upgraded to a species. physocephalus dromedarii is larger than ph. sexalatus and has longer spicules. there are 20-22 oblique crests at the ventral surface between the caudal alae of the male compared to 7-8 in the case of ph. ... | 2014 | 23827046 |
| plasma leptin, glucose and non-esterified fatty acid variations in dromedary camels exposed to prolonged periods of underfeeding or dehydration. | the involvement of plasma leptin in the adaptation of dromedary camels to harsh conditions such as food or water shortages was studied through 2 experiments. in experiment 1, fourteen female camels were either fed at 68% of maintenance energy requirements (mer) during 112d (n=4) or overfed at 134% of mer during the first 56d and then underfed at 17% of mer the next 56d (ov-un, n=5), or underfed and then overfed for the same durations and energy intake levels (un-ov, n=5). weekly plasma samples s ... | 2013 | 23747566 |
| evaluation of four point-of-care glucose meters in alpacas. | hospitalized alpacas are often hyperglycemic requiring frequent blood glucose testing. | 2016 | 23734626 |
| prenatal development of the eye tunics in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | studies of ocular development in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) have not been reported previously. the aim of the present investigation was therefore to document the major landmarks and the time course in the prenatal development of the eye tunics in dromedary camel and its accommodation with the surrounding hard environment of the desert. serial histological sections of dromedary camel embryos and foetuses were used. age estimation was made on the basis of gestational size, crown ver ... | 2014 | 23731123 |
| nanobodies and their potential applications. | nanobodies are recombinant, antigen-specific, single-domain, variable fragments of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies. the innate supremacy of nanobodies as a renewable source of affinity reagents, together with their high production yield in a broad variety of expression systems, minimal size, great stability, reversible refolding and outstanding solubility in aqueous solutions, and ability to specifically recognize unique epitopes with subnanomolar affinity, have combined to make them a usefu ... | 2013 | 23730699 |
| mapping the conformational space accessible to bace2 using surface mutants and cocrystals with fab fragments, fynomers and xaperones. | the aspartic protease bace2 is responsible for the shedding of the transmembrane protein tmem27 from the surface of pancreatic β-cells, which leads to inactivation of the β-cell proliferating activity of tmem27. this role of bace2 in the control of β-cell maintenance suggests bace2 as a drug target for diabetes. inhibition of bace2 has recently been shown to lead to improved control of glucose homeostasis and to increased insulin levels in insulin-resistant mice. bace2 has 52% sequence identity ... | 2013 | 23695257 |
| camelid single-domain antibody-fragment engineering for (pre)clinical in vivo molecular imaging applications: adjusting the bullet to its target. | molecular imaging is a fast developing field and there is a growing need for specific imaging tracers in the clinic. camelid single-domain antibody-fragments (sdabs) recently emerged as a new class of molecular imaging tracers. | 2013 | 23675652 |
| in vivo neutralization of botulinum neurotoxins serotype e with heavy-chain camelid antibodies (vhh). | ingestion of botulinum neurotoxin (bont) results in botulism, a severe and frequent fatal disease known in the world. current treatments rely on antitoxins, such as equine antitoxin and human botulism immunoglobulin. in some cases, side effects have been reported, including early anaphylactic shock and late serum sickness. thus, diagnosis and treatment measure of bont are necessary and crucial. in the present study, a single-domain variable heavy-chain (vhh) antibody fragment was obtained from a ... | 2013 | 23666874 |
| gastrointestinal helminths of camels (camelus dromedarius) in center of iran. | camels are multipurpose animals in iran. as parasitic diseases are the major cause of impaired meat and milk production in this animal, the present study aimed at determining gastrointestinal helminthic infections of iranian camels in the center of the country. gastrointestinal (gi) tract of 144 carcasses of one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) slaughtered in yazd, esfahan and kerman provinces' abattoirs were examined for adult helminths. camels were from both sexes and different ages. recove ... | 2013 | 23665708 |
| evaluation of methods to improve the diagnosis of systemic inflammation in alpacas. | the stoic nature of alpacas and limitations of current diagnostic tests make early recognition of inflammatory diseases in this species challenging. | 2016 | 23662652 |
| nanopad: an integrated platform for bacterial production of camel nanobodies aimed at detecting environmental biomarkers. | the presence of given antigens in environmental samples (e.g. biodegradative enzymes) reports the quality and catalytic vigor of particular soils or aquatic ecosystems. in this context, we have developed the nanopad system consisting of a complete platform for isolation, amplification, and extracellular production of specific antibodies against antigens that diagnose the occurrence of protein markers in crude environmental samples. the workflow starts with the inoculation of camels (camelus drom ... | 2013 | 23661305 |
| purification and biochemical characterization of membrane-bound neutral ceramidase from camel brain (camelus dromedarius). | ceramidases cleave the n-acyl linkages of ceramide to generate sphingosine and its subsequent product sphingosine-1-phosphate (s1p). ceramide and s1p are important bioactive lipids, and ceramidases are important in regulating the availability of these lipids. in this study, we report the purification and characterization of camel brain neutral ceramidase (cbcdase). the novel cbcdase was purified from camel brain using sequential chromatography of deae-sepharose, phenyl-sepharose, superdex, and m ... | 2013 | 23638321 |
| characterization of hachi (camelus dromedarius) fat extracted from the hump. | in this work, the characteristics of fat from the hump of young camels (hachi) were evaluated. the physicochemical properties of the fat were as follows: melting point, 45°c; saponification value, 202.3 mg koh/g oil; refractive index (60°c), 1.468; unsaponifiable matter, 1.37%; free fatty acids (as the percentage of oleic acid), 0.96%; and peroxide value, 3.37 mequiv. o2/kg oil. high-resolution (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)h nmr) was used for the direct determination of the iodine value o ... | 2013 | 23561157 |
| nanobodies raised against monomeric α-synuclein distinguish between fibrils at different maturation stages. | nanobodies are single-domain fragments of camelid antibodies that are emerging as versatile tools in biotechnology. we describe here the interactions of a specific nanobody, nbsyn87, with the monomeric and fibrillar forms of α-synuclein (αsyn), a 140-residue protein whose aggregation is associated with parkinson's disease. we have characterized these interactions using a range of biophysical techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy, isothermal titratio ... | 2013 | 23557833 |
| generation of single-domain antibody multimers with three different self-associating peptides. | conventional y-shaped antibodies have been widely used in research, diagnostics and therapeutics. their large size result in disadvantages in certain applications, which makes production difficult. different parts of an antibody have been used to replace the whole antibody to make it smaller. single-domain antibodies (sdabs) derived from the camelid heavy chain antibodies are among the smallest antibody fragments engineered for various applications. to improve the affinity of these single- sdabs ... | 2013 | 23538432 |
| expression of orexin a and its receptor 1 in the epididymis of the south american camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos). | orexins a (ox a) and b are two peptides originally discovered in neurons of rat hypothalamus, and later found in different cellular types of the gastrointestinal and genital tracts. they arise from the proteolytic cleavage of a common precursor molecule, prepro-orexin, and bind to two receptors, namely receptor 1 (ox1r) and receptor 2 for orexins, that show different binding affinity. the central role of the two peptides has been extensively studied, whereas their activity in the periphery is st ... | 2014 | 23521689 |
| anp and bnp responses to dehydration in the one-humped camel and effects of blocking the renin-angiotensin system. | the objectives of this study were to investigate and compare the responses of atrial natriuretic peptide (anp) and b-type natriuretic peptide (bnp) in the circulation of hydrated, dehydrated, and dehydrated losartan - treated camels; and to document the cardiac storage form of b-type natriuretic peptide in the camel heart. eighteen male camels were used in the study: control or hydrated camels (n = 6), dehydrated camels (n = 6) and dehydrated losartan-treated camels (n = 6) which were dehydrated ... | 2013 | 23516417 |
| purification, characterization and bactericidal activities of phospholipase a₂ from the dromedary intestine. | we purified a protein from the dromedary small intestine that displayed potent bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria, and identified it as group-iia phospholipase a₂ (drpla₂-iia) by nh₂-terminal sequencing and enzymatic measurements. in fact, our findings revealed that the purified pla₂-iia was a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of about 14 kda. pure enzyme has a specific activity of 329 ± 25 u/mg at optimal conditions (ph 9.5 and 45 °c) in the presence of 6 mm nadc and 7 m ... | 2013 | 23500664 |
| entrainment of the circadian clock by daily ambient temperature cycles in the camel (camelus dromedarius). | in mammals the light-dark (ld) cycle is known to be the major cue to synchronize the circadian clock. in arid and desert areas, the camel (camelus dromedarius) is exposed to extreme environmental conditions. since wide oscillations of ambient temperature (ta) are a major factor in this environment, we wondered whether cyclic ta fluctuations might contribute to synchronization of circadian rhythms. the rhythm of body temperature (tb) was selected as output of the circadian clock. after having ver ... | 2013 | 23485867 |
| a highly specific gold nanoprobe for live-cell single-molecule imaging. | single molecule tracking in live cells is the ultimate tool to study subcellular protein dynamics, but it is often limited by the probe size and photostability. because of these issues, long-term tracking of proteins in confined and crowded environments, such as intracellular spaces, remains challenging. we have developed a novel optical probe consisting of 5 nm gold nanoparticles functionalized with a small fragment of camelid antibodies that recognize widely used green fluorescent proteins (gf ... | 2013 | 23458263 |
| the global sequence signature algorithm unveils a structural network surrounding heavy chain cdr3 loop in camelidae variable domains. | a large fraction of camelid (camels and llamas) antibodies is composed of heavy chain-only homodimers, able to recognise antigens with their variable domain. events in somatic assembly and maturation of antibodies such as hypermutations and rearrangement of variable loops (cdrs - complementary determining regions) and selection among a wide range of framework variants are generally considered to be random processes. | 2013 | 23454650 |
| milk production, raw milk quality and fertility of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) under intensive management. | in many arid countries, dromedaries play an important role as a milk source in rural areas. however, the milk and meat production potential of this species is not well understood and documented. a large-scale camel dairy farm was established in 2006 in the united arab emirates. this study summarises the most important data on milk production, raw milk quality and reproductive efficiency collected on this farm during the first three years of operation. the average daily milk production, the mean ... | 2013 | 23439293 |
| effect of racing on the serum concentrations of cardiac troponin i and creatine kinase myocardial band in racing camels (camelus dromedarius). | this study was designed to investigate the effect of racing on the serum concentrations of cardiac troponin i (ctni) and creatine kinase myocardial (ck-mb) in healthy racing camels (camelus dromedarius). twenty-three racing camels scheduled for a 5 km race were investigated in this study. from each camel, 3 blood samples were collected: 24 h before racing (t0), within 2 h after the race (t1) and 24 h post-race (t2). following the 5 km race, 91.3 % of the racing camels had increases in serum ctni ... | 2013 | 23435840 |
| cardiac biomarker changes in camels (camelus dromedarius) secondary to road transportation. | little is known about cardiac biomarkers in camels despite their extensive use as draft animals. this study was designed to establish reference ranges for the cardiac biomarkers cardiac troponin i (ctni) and creatine kinase myocardial b fraction (ck-mb) in healthy camels and to investigate their changes in response to road transportation. | 2013 | 23434241 |
| assessment of adrenocortical activity by non-invasive measurement of faecal cortisol metabolites in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | the aim of this study was to determine whether glucocorticoid production could be monitored non-invasively in dromedary camels by measuring faecal cortisol metabolites (fcms). five sudanese dromedaries, two males and three females, were injected with a synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) analogue. blood samples were collected pre- and post-acth injection. faeces were sampled after spontaneous defecation for five consecutive days (2 days before and 3 days after acth injection). baseline ... | 2013 | 23430659 |
| sonographic monitoring of early follicle growth induced by melatonin implants in camels and the subsequent fertility. | the present study examined the effect of melatonin implants on follicle growth in dromedary camels two months ahead of their natural breeding season (december to march). female camels (n = 6) were treated with melatonin implants at the dose rate of 1 implant per 28 kg body weight sc. control camels (n = 6) were administered an sc placebo implant of 8 ml vitamin a. ovarian ultrasonography was performed at weekly interval upto 7 weeks. camels were mated with virile stud when a follicle (≥10 mm) wa ... | 2012 | 23396356 |
| comparison of three immunoglobulin g assays for the diagnosis of failure of passive transfer of immunity in neonatal alpacas. | measurement of serum immunoglobulin g (igg) is used for the assessment of passive transfer of immunity in neonatal crias, with an igg concentration <10 g/l being suggestive of failure of passive transfer (fpt). the purpose of the current study was to determine whether 3 commercially available immunologic assays yielded comparable results for igg in alpacas. serum samples from 91 alpacas were used and were stored frozen until batch analysis on the same day with the 3 assays. immunoglobulin g was ... | 2013 | 23345272 |
| habitual diet and ascorbic acid status in sudanese camels. | there is suggestive evidence that a low status of ascorbic acid in camels enhances their risk for infectious diseases. this study was carried out to find clues as to the role of diet in affecting ascorbic acid status. in a crossover trial with feeding periods of 3 weeks each, six camels (camelus dromedarius) were fed either a composite of their habitual diet or alfalfa. the simulated habitual diet contained grass (hummra), acacia mellifera and blepharis persica. the habitual diet significantly l ... | 2013 | 23345066 |
| 'everybody knows', but the rest of the world: the case of a caterpillar-borne reproductive loss syndrome in dromedary camels observed by sahrawi pastoralists of western sahara. | the traditional knowledge of local communities throughout the world is a valuable source of novel ideas and information to science. in this study, the ethnoveterinary knowledge of sahrawi pastoralists of western sahara has been used in order to put forward a scientific hypothesis regarding the competitive interactions between camels and caterpillars in the sahara ecosystem. | 2013 | 23305273 |
| isolation, characterization, and mesodermic differentiation of stem cells from adipose tissue of camel (camelus dromedarius). | adipose-derived stem cells are an attractive alternative as a source of stem cells that can easily be extracted from adipose tissue. isolation, characterization, and multi-lineage differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells have been described for human and a number of other species. here we aimed to isolate and characterize camel adipose-derived stromal cell frequency and growth characteristics and assess their adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation potential. samples were o ... | 2013 | 23299319 |
| pathologic and immunophenotypic characterization of 26 camelid malignant round cell tumors. | lymphoma and/or leukemia was diagnosed in 26 camelids (20 alpacas and 6 llamas) out of 110 camelid neoplasia archived january 1995 through january 2012 at the colorado state veterinary diagnostic laboratories (csu-vdl). some of the tumors presented a diagnostic challenge because they could not be distinguished on the basis of gross or microscopic morphology. immunohistochemistry using a t-cell marker (cluster of differentiation [cd]3), a b-cell marker (paired box protein [pax]-5), a leukocyte in ... | 2013 | 23293163 |
| comparison of some biochemical and hormonal constituents of oversized follicles and preovulatory follicles in camels (camelus dromedarius). | the current study was carried out to compare some biochemical and hormonal constituents in follicular fluids from oversized follicles, preovulatory follicles, and serum in camels (camelus dromedarius). follicular fluids from oversized follicles (n = 10), preovulatory follicles (n = 10), and sera were harvested from 20 dromedaries. the follicular fluids and sera were subjected to biochemical and hormonal analysis. the results indicated no significant differences in the concentrations of ascorbic ... | 2013 | 23290312 |
| allosteric inhibition of vim metallo-β-lactamases by a camelid nanobody. | mβl (metallo-β-lactamase) enzymes are usually produced by multi-resistant gram-negative bacterial strains and have spread worldwide. an approach on the basis of phage display was used to select single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs, also called nanobodies) that would inhibit the clinically relevant vim (verona integron-encoded mβl)-4 mβl. out of more than 50 selected nanobodies, only the nbvim_38 nanobody inhibited vim-4. the paratope, inhibition mechanism and epitope of the nbvim_38 nanobody w ... | 2013 | 23289540 |
| normal radiographic and ultrasonographic appearance of the adult dromedary camel tarsus (one humped camel). | six cadaver pelvic limbs were obtained from clinically sound dromedary camels and examined radiographically and ultrasonographically using a 7.5 mhz convex transducer. radiographic examination was performed in dorsoplantar, lateromedial, dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique and plantarolateral-dorsomedial oblique projections, and the bony structures and articulations of the tarsal joint were outlined. the tarsus was ultrasonographically investigated in four planes (dorsal, medial, lateral and pla ... | 2013 | 23278186 |
| chemical composition, quality and histochemical characteristics of individual dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) muscles. | this study characterized the chemical composition, quality and histological traits of six muscles from 10 dromedary carcasses. there were significant differences in moisture, fat, protein, mineral, saturated and unsaturated fatty acid contents between muscles. the longissimus thoracis (lt) had the highest cooking loss (33.5%) and triceps brachii (tb) the lowest (29.2%). the shear force value of semitendinosus (st), semimembranosus (sm) and biceps femoris (bf) were significantly higher than infra ... | 2013 | 23273465 |
| occurrence and surgical repair of third degree perineal lacerations in adult female camels (camelus dromedarius) by one-stage (goetz) technique. | retrospective analysis of third degree perineal lacerations in 7 female camels (6-17 yrs of age) that were surgically corrected by one stage repair (goetz technique) is presented. majority (3/7) of the camels was primiparous and all parturitions had a history of calving assistance. six (6/7) camels recovered by first intention of healing. dehiscence of perineal structure occurred in only one camel due to infection and healed by second intention. subsequent matings resulted in pregnancy in four c ... | 2013 | 26623316 |
| frequency and type of toenail tumors in the dromedary camel. | a total of 275 dromedary camels (16 males and 259 females) of local "arabiyat" breed suffering from different types and degrees of severity of toenail tumors were surgically treated. histopathological examination of the tissue samples removed from 50 tumor-like growths (2 males and 48 females) revealed three types of tumors; squamous cell carcinoma (70%), spiny keratoderma (22%) and fibroma (8%). an increased incidence of tumors was recorded in the medial when compared to the lateral toenails in ... | 2013 | 26623314 |
| fixation of metatarsal fracture with bone plate in a dromedary heifer. | an oblique fracture of the distal third of the right metatarsus in a three-year-old dromedary heifer weighing about 300 kilograms was immobilized with a 4.5 mm broad-webbed 12-hole dynamic compression bone plate and two interfragmental compression screws. the animal showed slight lameness after 16 weeks of surgery that disappeared after removal of the plate. the result was quite encouraging and the fracture healed in 16 weeks without major complications. it is concluded that the fracture of this ... | 2013 | 26623307 |
| profile of some trace elements in the liver of camels, sheep, and goats in the sudan. | one hundred camels (camelus dromedaries) and fifty sheep and goats being adult, male, and apparently healthy field animals were studied to provide data regarding the normal values of some hepatic trace elements. liver samples were collected during postmortem examination, digested, and analyzed for cu, zn, fe, co, and mn using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. the results showed that the differences in mean liver concentrations of cu, zn, fe, and co between camels, sheep, and goats were statis ... | 2013 | 26464909 |
| density but not climate affects the population growth rate of guanacos ( lama guanicoe) (artiodactyla, camelidae). | we analyzed the effects of population density and climatic variables on the rate of population growth in the guanaco ( lama guanicoe), a wild camelid species in south america. we used a time series of 36 years (1977-2012) of population sampling in tierra del fuego, chile. individuals were grouped in three age-classes: newborns, juveniles, and adults; for each year a female population transition matrix was constructed, and the population growth rate (λ) was estimated for each year as the matrix h ... | 2013 | 25187878 |
| evaluation of insulin secretion and action in new world camelids. | to measure and compare insulin secretion and sensitivity in healthy alpacas and llamas via glucose clamping techniques. | 2013 | 23270352 |
| camel heavy chain antibodies against prostate-specific membrane antigen. | prostate-specific membrane antigen (psma), a type ii integral membrane glycoprotein, is highly overexpressed in all forms of prostate cancer tissues. it has also been demonstrated in a wide range of neovasculature of non-prostatic solid tumors, including bladder, pancreas, lung, kidney, colorectal, and gastric cancers. given the unique expression of psma, it is considered an alluring target for antibody-based imaging and therapy of cancer. in the present study, the production and characterizatio ... | 2012 | 23244321 |
| lactation curves of dairy camels in an intensive system. | weekly milk records of 47 she-camels in a multibreed dairy camel herd were collected for over a period of 5 years. a total of 72 lactation curves were defined, and relationships with parity, calving season, lactation length, milk production level, following lactations, and dam weight were analyzed. overall mean values were milk yield up to 12 months, 1,970 ± 790 l; lactation length, 12.5 months; persistency, 94.7 %; weekly peak yield, 50.7 l; monthly peak yield, 220 ± 90 l; and the number of wee ... | 2013 | 23212839 |
| selection and characterization of recombinant dromedary antiovalbumin antibody fragments that do not cross-react with ovalbumin-related protein x: use for immunoaffinity. | ovalbumin-related protein x (ovax) and ovalbumin are two very close ovalbumin-related serpins. as primary data on ovax remain recent, information about possible cross-reaction of available antiovalbumin antibodies with ovax is still missing. using labeled purified ovax and dot ligand blotting, we identified 49 recombinant dromedary antiovalbumin single domain antibody (sdab) fragments that were unable to bind ovax. discrimination between ovax and ovalbumin was confirmed for two of the correspond ... | 2012 | 23181906 |
| rumen-protected methionine supplementation and fibre production in alpacas (vicugna pacos). | sulphur-containing amino acids are a crucial requirement for fibre production and may be supplemented in the diet of fibre-producing animals to stimulate fibre growth. the alpaca fibre industry is a developing industry in australia with high variability in fibre production. to date, there is no evidence whether supplementing the diet of alpacas with sulphur amino acids improves fibre production. we hypothesised that supplementation with the rumen-protected sulphur amino acid, methionine would in ... | 2013 | 23173603 |
| artificial insemination in dromedary camels. | artificial insemination (ai) is an important technique in all domestic species to ensure rapid genetic progress. the use of ai has been reported in camelids although insemination trials are rare. this could be because of the difficulties involved in collecting as well as handling the semen due to the gelatinous nature of the seminal plasma. in addition, as all camelids are induced ovulators, the females need to be induced to ovulate before being inseminated. this paper discusses the different me ... | 2013 | 23153625 |
| use of assisted reproduction for the improvement of milk production in dairy camels (camelus dromedarius). | despite their production potential and ability to survive on marginal resources in extreme conditions, dromedaries have not been exploited as an important food source. camels have not been specifically selected for milk production, and genetic improvement has been negligible. high individual variation in milk production both within the population and within breeds provides a good base for selection and genetic progress. in this paper, we discuss the possibilities and constraints of selective bre ... | 2013 | 23146200 |
| morphological characteristics of the vallate papillae of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | in this study, the morphology of the vallate papillae of camel was investigated using gross, light and scanning electron microscopy as well as immunohistochemistry. vallate papillae were arranged along an identical line on each side of the lingual torus and revealed remarkable individual differences. however, each papilla - round or flat, small or large, single or paired - was surrounded by a prominent groove and an annular pad. based on our findings, postnatal development and formation of new p ... | 2012 | 23137354 |
| prevalence of cryptosporidium spp. in camels and involved people in yazd province, iran. | although infection of dromedary camels with cryptosporidium spp. is rare in iran, it is considered a zoonotic threat to the keepers and herders of camels. thus we investigated the prevalence of cryptosporidium in these two hosts in yazd province, a semi-arid region in center of iran. | 2012 | 23133476 |
| clinical, ultrasonographic, and pathologic findings in 70 camels (camelus dromedarius) with johne's disease. | this study evaluated the use of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of johne's disease in camels (camelus dromedarius). seventy camels with confirmed johne's disease were examined by ultrasonography and subsequent necropsy; 15 healthy camels were included as controls. the most outstanding findings were visible enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes in 52 (74%) camels. lesions had either echogenic (26%; n = 18) or anechoic (69%; n = 48) capsule and the contents were either anechoic (21%; n = 15) ... | 2012 | 23115369 |
| development and application of camelid molecular cytogenetic tools. | cytogenetic chromosome maps offer molecular tools for genome analysis and clinical cytogenetics and are of particular importance for species with difficult karyotypes, such as camelids (2n = 74). building on the available human-camel zoo-fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) data, we developed the first cytogenetic map for the alpaca (lama pacos, lpa) genome by isolating and identifying 151 alpaca bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clones corresponding to 44 specific genes. the genes were ... | 2016 | 23109720 |
| surface display of a single-domain antibody library on gram-positive bacteria. | combinatorial protein engineering for selection of proteins with novel functions, such as enzymes and affinity reagents, is an important tool in biotechnology, drug discovery, and other biochemical fields. bacterial display is an emerging technology for isolation of new affinity proteins from such combinatorial libraries. cells have certain properties that are attractive for directed evolution purposes, in particular the option to use quantitative flow-cytometric cell sorting for selection of bi ... | 2013 | 23064703 |
| computed tomography and cross-sectional anatomy of the normal dromedary camel tarsus (one humped camel). | the purpose of this study was to provide a detailed computed tomographic (ct) anatomic reference for the dromedary camel tarsus. six cadaver pelvic limbs, obtained from three clinically and radiographically sound dromedary camels, were scanned in both soft tissue and bone windows starting from the calcaneal tuber towards the proximal metatarsus. limbs were frozen at -20°c and sectioned transversely via an electric bone saw. the ct images were evaluated and correlated with their corresponding cry ... | 2013 | 23050765 |
| a preliminary microbiological assessment of process hygiene of traditional outdoor camel slaughter in sahrawi refugee camps. | the aim of this study was to investigate the hygiene performance of a camel (camelus dromedarius) slaughtering process as carried out with the traditional method in the sahrawi refugee camps located in southwestern algeria. the camel slaughtering process in this region differs significantly from that carried out in commercial abattoirs. slaughtering is performed outdoors in desert areas, and dehiding of the carcass is approached via the dorsoventral route rather than the classic ventrodorsal rou ... | 2012 | 23043838 |
| haematological and biochemical alterations caused by epidural and intramuscular administration of xylazine hydrochloride in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | this study was conducted in 16 healthy immature dromedary camels weighing 120-150 kg to evaluate and compare the effects of epidural and intramuscular injections of xylazine administered at 0.1 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg. haematological parameters included haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count and total leukocyte count. biochemical parameters included alkaline phosphates, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and glucose. parameters wer ... | 2016 | 23038078 |
| development of oligoclonal nanobodies for targeting the tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 antigen. | the tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (tag-72) is a membrane mucin whose over-expression is correlated with advanced tumor stage and increased invasion and metastasis. in this study, we identified a panel of four nanobodies, single variable domains of dromedary heavy-chain antibodies that specifically recognize the tag-72 antigen. all selected nanobodies were shown to selectively bind to this cancer-related molecule with low-nanomolar affinities and do not cross-react with other antigens, such as ... | 2013 | 23015323 |
| ovarian dysgenesis in an alpaca with a minute chromosome 36. | a 4-year-old female alpaca (lama pacos [lpa]) was presented to the oregon state veterinary teaching hospital for failure to display receptive behavior to males. although no abnormalities were found on physical examination, transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive tract revealed uterine hypoplasia and ovarian dysgenesis. cytogenetic analysis demonstrated a normal female 74,xx karyotype with 1 exceptionally small (minute) homologue of autosome lpa36. chromosome analysis by giem ... | 2014 | 23008444 |
| survey of the camel urinary proteome by shotgun proteomics using a multiple database search strategy. | we report the first survey of the dromedary camel urinary proteome. proteins retained from ultrafiltration of urine were analysed by gelc-ms/ms (sds-page followed by lc-ms/ms). in the absence of a complete camel genome sequence, the number of protein identifications was maximised by searching three primary sequence databases: swiss-prot, alpaca and camel est. this search strategy enabled the identification of 1274 peptide sequences, of which 735 were found in at least two independent samples. fu ... | 2012 | 23001906 |
| nanobody-induced perturbation of lfa-1/l-plastin phosphorylation impairs mtoc docking, immune synapse formation and t cell activation. | the t cell integrin receptor lfa-1 orchestrates adhesion between t cells and antigen-presenting cells (apcs), resulting in formation of a contact zone known as the immune synapse (is) which is supported by the cytoskeleton. l-plastin is a leukocyte-specific actin bundling protein that rapidly redistributes to the immune synapse following t cell-apc engagement. we used single domain antibodies (nanobodies, derived from camelid heavy-chain only antibodies) directed against functional and structura ... | 2013 | 23001012 |
| generation of diversity by somatic mutation in the camelus dromedarius t-cell receptor gamma variable domains. | in jawed vertebrates the v-(d)-j rearrangement is the main mechanism generating limitless variations of antigen-specific receptors, immunoglobulins (igs), and t-cell receptors (tcrs) from few genes. once the initial diversity is established in primary lymphoid organs, further diversification occurs in igs by somatic hypermutation, a mechanism from which rearranged tcr genes were thought to be excluded. here, we report the locus organization and expression of the t-cell receptor gamma (tcrg) gene ... | 2012 | 22961631 |
| disulfide linkage engineering for improving biophysical properties of human vh domains. | to enhance their therapeutic potential, human antibody heavy chain variable domains (v(h)s) would benefit from increased thermostability. the highly conserved disulfide linkage that connects cys23 and cys104 residues in the core of v(h) domains is crucial to their stability and function. it has previously been shown that the introduction of a second disulfide linkage can increase the thermostability of camelid heavy-chain antibody variable domains (v(h)hs). using four model domains we demonstrat ... | 2012 | 22942392 |
| resolution of an immunodiagnostic dilemma: heavy chain chimeric antibodies for species in which plasmocytomas are unknown. | the immunoglobulin (ig) genes of many vertebrates have been characterized but igg subclasses, igd and ige proteins are only available for three species in which plasmacytomas occur. this creates a major problem in the production and specificity verification of diagnostic anti-ig reagents for the vast majority of mammals. we describe a novel solution using the swine system with its eleven different variants of igg. it involves the in vitro synthesis of chimeric porcine-camelid heavy chain antibod ... | 2013 | 22922509 |
| generation and characterization of non-competitive furin-inhibiting nanobodies. | the pc (proprotein convertase) furin cleaves a large variety of proproteins and hence plays a major role in many pathologies. therefore furin inhibition might be a good strategy for therapeutic intervention, and several furin inhibitors have been generated, although none are entirely furin-specific. to reduce potential side effects caused by cross-reactivity with other proteases, dromedary heavy-chain-derived nanobodies against catalytically active furin were developed as specific furin inhibito ... | 2012 | 22920187 |
| presence, distribution and steroidogenic effect of the peptides orexin a and receptor 1 for orexins in the testis of the south american camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos). | the orexins a (oxa) and b are peptides discovered in the rat hypothalamus and successively found in some peripheral organs of the mammalian body. they binds two protein g-coupled receptors defined receptor 1 (ox1r) and 2 for orexins, the first of which is highly specific for oxa while the second binds both the peptides with equal affinity. this work aimed to detect the presence of oxa and ox1r in the testis of the south american camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos) and investigate the role played by t ... | 2012 | 22909972 |
| generation of single domain antibody fragments derived from camelids and generation of manifold constructs. | immunizing a camelid (camels and llamas) with soluble, properly folded proteins raises an affinity-matured immune response in the unique camelid heavy-chain only antibodies (hcabs). the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the immunized animal are used to clone the antigen-binding antibody fragment from the hcabs in a phage display vector. a representative aliquot of the library of these antigen-binding fragments is used to retrieve single domain antigen-specific binders by successive rounds of panni ... | 2012 | 22907350 |
| genetically engineered t cells bearing chimeric nanoconstructed receptors harboring tag-72-specific camelid single domain antibodies as targeting agents. | despite the preclinical success of adoptive therapy with t cells bearing chimeric nanoconstructed antigen receptors (cars), certain limitations of this therapeutic approach such as the immunogenicity of the antigen binding domain, the emergence of tumor cell escape variants and the blocking capacity of soluble antigen still remain. here, we address these issues using a novel car binding moiety based on the oligoclonal camelid single domain antibodies. a unique set of 13 single domain antibodies ... | 2013 | 22902507 |
| nanobodies as structural probes of protein misfolding and fibril formation. | the deposition of peptides and proteins as amyloid fibrils is a common feature of nearly 50 medical -disorders affecting the brain or a variety of other organs and tissues. these disorders, which include alzheimer's disease, parkinson's disease, the prion diseases, and type ii diabetes, have an enormous impact on the public health and economy of the modern world. extensive research is therefore taking place to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms and determinants of the pathological con ... | 2012 | 22886275 |
| nanobody-based chromatin immunoprecipitation. | chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip), followed by microarray hybridization (chip-chip) or high-throughput sequencing (chip-seq), is becoming a widely used powerful method for the analysis of the in vivo dna-protein interactions at genomic scale.the success of chip largely depends on the quality of antibodies. although polyclonal antibodies have been successfully used for chip, their production requires regular immunization and they exhibit high aspecificity and batch to batch variability. these ... | 2012 | 22886272 |
| characterization of single-domain antibodies with an engineered disulfide bond. | camelidae single-domain antibodies (vhhs) represent a unique class of emerging therapeutics. similar to other recombinant antibody fragments (e.g., fabs, scfvs), vhhs are amenable to library screening and selection, but benefit from superior intrinsic biophysical properties such as high refolding efficiency, high solubility, no tendency for aggregation, resistance to proteases and chemical denaturants, and high expression, making them ideal agents for antibody-based drug design. despite these fa ... | 2012 | 22886266 |
| improvement of single domain antibody stability by disulfide bond introduction. | the successful medical application of single domain antibodies largely depends on their functionality. this feature is partly determined by the intrinsic stability of the single domain. therefore a lot of research has gone into the elucidation of rules to uniformly increase stability of antibodies. recently, a novel intra-domain disulfide bond was independently discovered by two research groups, after either rational design or careful investigation of the naturally occurring camelid antibody rep ... | 2012 | 22886265 |
| stable expression of chimeric heavy chain antibodies in cho cells. | camelid single domain antibodies fused to noncamelid fc regions, also called chimeric heavy chain antibodies (chcab), offer great potential as therapeutic and diagnostic candidates due to their relatively small size (80 kda) and intact fc. in this chapter, we describe two approaches, limiting dilution and minipools, for generating nonamplified chinese hamster ovary cell lines stably expressing chcab in suspension and serum-free cultures using a stringent antibiotic selection. neither of the prot ... | 2012 | 22886259 |
| preparation of a naïve library of camelid single domain antibodies. | the preparation of antibody libraries starting from lymphocytes recovered from immunized members of the camelidae enables to collect binders that underwent somatic maturation. however, the time and costs necessary to prepare a library for each new antigen may urge to look for alternatives such as those offered by large one-pot libraries. here we describe how to obtain a suitable naïve library using material from nonimmunized llamas. despite the lack of somatic maturation, the selection based on ... | 2012 | 22886246 |
| introduction to heavy chain antibodies and derived nanobodies. | the immune response of infected or immunized dromedaries contains a diverse repertoire of conventional and heavy chain-only antibodies, both functional in antigen binding. by definition, a heavy chain antibody is devoid of a light chain and in the case of the heavy chain antibodies in camelids the ch1 domain is also missing. consequently a camelid heavy chain antibody associates with its cognate antigen via a single domain, the variable heavy chain domain of a heavy chain antibody or vhh. an ant ... | 2012 | 22886243 |
| echocardiography of the normal camel (camelus dromedaries) heart: technique and cardiac dimensions. | echocardiography and intra-cardiac dimensions have not previously been reported in adult camels despite its potential application for medical purpose. the aim of this study was to describe the results of a prospective study, aiming to report normal cardiac appearance and normal chamber dimensions in adult camels (camelus dromedarius). | 2012 | 22862855 |
| seminal plasma components in camelids and comparisons with other species. | camelid semen is characterized by a highly viscous, low-volume ejaculate with a low concentration of spermatozoa that exhibit low progressive motility. the viscous seminal plasma is currently the major impediment to the development of assisted reproductive technologies (arts) in camelids. to advance arts such as sperm cryopreservation and artificial insemination in camelids, it is necessary to identify the cause of the viscosity and gain an understanding of the role of seminal plasma components ... | 2012 | 22827394 |
| characterization of ovarian follicular dynamics in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | ovarian follicular dynamics was monitored by transrectal ultrasonography, for a period of 60 to 90 days, and its correlation with plasma estradiol-17β (e2) and progesterone (p4) were studied in seventeen, multiparous, non-lactating, 12 to 20-year-old dromedary camels. the average number of follicles recruited (12.77 ± 0.93) in each wave between animals varied (p < 0.001). the number of follicles recruited during different follicular waves was highly repeatable (0.95) within individual animals. t ... | 2012 | 22819287 |
| morphological analysis and osteometry of the foramen magnum of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | the foramen magnum (fm) has been an integral component of studies on the ontogeny and evolutionary transformation of the skull. while its shape is variable in different species and breeds, the morphological variations and metrical indices of the foramen have scarcely been studied in camels. a total of 30 adult camel heads with equal sex disparity from three different locations of northern nigeria were used in this study for determining the morphological characteristics and osteometry of their fo ... | 2013 | 22783991 |
| regional and circadian variations of sweating rate and body surface temperature in camels (camelus dromedarius). | it was the aim of this study to investigate the regional variations in surface temperature and sweating rate and to visualize body thermal windows responsible for the dissipation of excess body heat in dromedary camels. this study was conducted on five dromedary camels with mean body weight of 450 ± 20.5 kg and 2 years of age. sweating rate, skin and body surface temperature showed significant (p < 0.001) circadian variation together with the variation in ambient temperature. however, daily mean ... | 2012 | 22776794 |
| computed tomography and cross-sectional anatomy of the metatarsus and digits of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) and buffalo ( bos bubalis). | the purpose of the present study was to provide a detailed computed tomography (ct) and cross-sectional anatomic reference of the normal metatarsus and digits for the camel and buffalo, as well as to compare between metatarsus and digits in these animals to outstand a basis for diagnosis of their diseases. advantages, including depiction of detailed cross-sectional anatomy, improved contrast resolution and computer reformatting, make it a potentially valuable diagnostic technique. the hind limbs ... | 2013 | 22776073 |
| adaptation of camelus dromedarius pars nervosa of the hypophysis to winter and summer living conditions. | the aim of this work is to study the characteristics of the dromedary nervous lobe and determine how the seasons condition its organization. to this end, electron microscopy was performed and examined quantitatively on animals from winter and summer periods. the results show a higher number of cells in the nervous lobe in summer than in winter. the most abundant glial elements in winter are light pituicytes engulfing neurosecretory nerve fibers making neuroglial contact, and dark pituicytes cont ... | 2012 | 22763958 |
| immunization against gnrh in the male camel (camelus dromedarius): effects on sexual behavior, testicular volume, semen characteristics and serum testosterone concentrations. | the effect of immunization against gonadotrophin releasing hormone (gnrh) on sexual behavior, total scrotal size, semen characteristics and serum concentrations of testosterone, was evaluated for 24 wks in sexually mature camels (camelus dromedarius). eight bull camels were randomly divided into a treatment and control group. four male camels were immunized using 2 mg gnrh - tandem-dimer conjugated to ovalbumin, (pepscan systems, the netherlands) administered subcutaneously, 4 wks apart. control ... | 2012 | 22763075 |
| effect of progesterone from induced corpus luteum on the characteristics of a dominant follicle in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | the present study was carried out to elucidate the effect of progesterone (p4) from the induced corpus luteum (cl) on the characteristics of the dominant follicle (df) in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). ovarian follicular and induced cl dynamics were monitored by transrectal ultrasonography in eight camels during the peak breeding season. the characteristics of the df were monitored daily from the day of emergence into a wave, until it appeared to lose its dominance and the df of a subse ... | 2012 | 22727034 |
| fertility after ovarian follicular wave synchronization and fixed-time natural mating compared to random natural mating in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | the objective of the study was to compare the efficiency of two ovarian follicular wave synchronization protocols coupled with fixed-time natural mating with that of random mating in dromedary camels. dromedaries were assigned randomly to one of the three treatment groups. group 1 animals (rm; n = 46) were mated randomly. group 2 camels (1×gnrh-ftm; n = 46) were given a gnrh analog (buserelin, 20 μg/animal, i.v.; receptal, intervet, holland) at random, then were mated 14 days later. in group 3 a ... | 2012 | 22683027 |
| diagnosis and surgical treatment of an intracranial cyst in an alpaca cria. | a 7-day-old female alpaca was examined because of an acute onset of diffuse central neurologic deficits. | 2012 | 22657935 |
| unilateral seminoma in a dromedary camel. | a 10-year-old, clinically healthy, male dromedary camel had presented a history of progressive unilateral testicular enlargement over the past 5 years. the animal had mated with 32 females during that period; all had conceived. the sex ratio of his offspring was one male to 31 females. ultrasound examination of the right testicle revealed a diffusely heterogeneous parenchyma with no identifiable normal testicular tissue. the enlarged testicle was surgically removed. macroscopically, the testicle ... | 2013 | 22646829 |
| analysis of mitochondrial dna in bolivian llama, alpaca and vicuna populations: a contribution to the phylogeny of the south american camelids. | the objectives of this work were to assess the mtdna diversity of bolivian south american camelid (sac) populations and to shed light on the evolutionary relationships between the bolivian camelids and other populations of sacs. we have analysed two different mtdna regions: the complete coding region of the mt-cyb gene and 513 bp of the d-loop region. the populations sampled included bolivian llamas, alpacas and vicunas, and chilean guanacos. high levels of genetic diversity were observed in the ... | 2013 | 22640259 |
| adaptive functional specialisation of architectural design and fibre type characteristics in agonist shoulder flexor muscles of the llama, lama glama. | like other camelids, llamas (lama glama) have the natural ability to pace (moving ipsilateral limbs in near synchronicity). but unlike the old world camelids (bactrian and dromedary camels), they are well adapted for pacing at slower or moderate speeds in high-altitude habitats, having been described as good climbers and used as pack animals for centuries. in order to gain insight into skeletal muscle design and to ascertain its relationship with the llama's characteristic locomotor behaviour, t ... | 2012 | 22625659 |
| responses to dehydration in the one-humped camel and effects of blocking the renin-angiotensin system. | our objectives were to compare the levels of circulating electrolytes, hormones, and renal function during 20 days of dehydration in camels versus the level in non-dehydrated camels and to record the effect of blocking angiotensin ii at1 receptors with losartan during dehydration. dehydration induced significant increments in serum sodium, creatinine, urea, a substantial fall in body weight, and a doubling in plasma arginine vasopressin (avp) levels. plasma aldosterone, however, was unaltered co ... | 2012 | 22624009 |
| studies on dentition and oral disorders of camels in maiduguri abattoir, borno state, nigeria. | camelus dromedarius dental disorders were surveyed using abattoir samples from maiduguri, nigeria. a total of 313 heads, were randomly examined. the age and sex of the heads were estimated using standard methods and disorders were observed following the split of the oral commissure. heads with multiple disorders were counted once and of 313 heads, 114 (41.67 %) and 199 (58.33 %) were males and females, respectively. heads aged <5 years was 18.21 %; 5-10 years, 44.41 %; and >15 years was 37.38 %. ... | 2012 | 22573007 |
| recombinant iga production: single step affinity purification using camelid ligands and product characterization. | immunoglobulins of isotype a (iga) mediate a key role in mucosal immunity and are promising new immunotherapeutic candidates, but difficulties in obtaining enough material often hamper their in vivo exploration. we established recombinant chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells which stably expressed two iga1 antibodies under serum-free conditions. the two cell lines achieved significantly different specific productivities of 16 pg per cell and day and 100 times less, a common phenomenon in recombinan ... | 2012 | 22570865 |
| computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging features of the temporomandibular joint in two normal camels. | computed tomography (ct) and magnetic resonance (mr) image features of the temporomandibular joint (tmj) and associated structures in two mature dromedary camels were obtained with a third-generation equipment ct and a superconducting magnet rm at 1.5 tesla. images were acquired in sagittal and transverse planes. medical imaging processing with imaging software was applied to obtain postprocessing ct and mr images. relevant anatomic structures were identified and labelled. the resulting images p ... | 2012 | 22567308 |
| eimeria infection in camels (camelus dromedarius) in yazd province, central iran. | this study was carried out during the winter of 2008 to the summer 2010 to determine the rate of infection of eimeria spp. in dromedary camels in yazd province, iran at that period. a total of 305 faecal samples were taken per recta from live and slaughtered, apparently healthy camels 9 months to 23 years old. using saturated zinc sulfate solution floatation technique, samples were prepared and investigated microscopically to detect eimeria spp. oocysts. results revealed that the overall frequen ... | 2012 | 22543606 |
| arthroscopic approach and intraarticular anatomy of the stifle in south american camelids. | to describe a cranial arthroscopic approach to the stifle of south american camelids and to report our clinical experience with camelid stifle arthroscopy. | 2012 | 22463108 |
| arthroscopy of the fetlock joint of the dromedary camel. | to describe a technique for arthroscopy of the fetlock joint of the dromedary camel, and the problems that could occur during and after arthroscopy. | 2012 | 22450956 |