| effects of nutrient levels and average culture ph on the glycosylation pattern of camelid-humanized monoclonal antibody. | the impact of operating conditions on the glycosylation pattern of humanized camelid monoclonal antibody, eg2-hfc produced by chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells has been evaluated by a combination of experiments and modeling. cells were cultivated under different levels of glucose and glutamine concentrations with the goal of investigating the effect of nutrient depletion levels and ammonia build up on the cell growth and the glycoprofiles of the monoclonal antibody (mab). the effect of average p ... | 2014 | 25014402 |
| reply to "concerns about misinterpretation of recent scientific data implicating dromedary camels in epidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)". | | 2014 | 25006235 |
| concerns about misinterpretation of recent scientific data implicating dromedary camels in epidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers). | | 2014 | 25006231 |
| development and utilization of camelid vhh antibodies from alpaca for 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether detection. | an antibody-based analytical method for the detection of a chemical flame retardant using antibody fragments isolated from an alpaca has been developed. one specific chemical flame retardant congener, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (bde-47), is often the major poly-bde (pbde) congener present in human and environmental samples and that which is the most frequently detected. an alpaca was immunized with a surrogate of bde-47 covalently attached to a carrier protein. the resulting mrna c ... | 2014 | 25005746 |
| mers coronavirus in dromedary camel herd, saudi arabia. | a prospective study of a dromedary camel herd during the 2013-14 calving season showed middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of calves and adults. virus was isolated from the nose and feces but more frequently from the nose. preexisting neutralizing antibody did not appear to protect against infection. | 2014 | 24964193 |
| plasma steroid hormone concentrations and blood flow of the ovarian structures of the female dromedary (camelus dromedarius) during growth, dominance, spontaneous ovulation, luteinization and regression of the follicular wave. | the objectives of this study were to investigate the ovarian follicular waves and their corresponding hormonal changes in she-camels and to elucidate blood perfusion of the ovarian structures. three reproductively sound, non-pregnant female camels were examined daily using b-mode and color doppler to detect changes in their ovarian structures and blood vasculature for 22 follicular waves. blood area (ba) and percentage (ba%) were determined for the ovarian structures. three phases of follicular ... | 2014 | 24957969 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) rna and neutralising antibodies in milk collected according to local customs from dromedary camels, qatar, april 2014. | antibodies to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) were detected in serum and milk collected according to local customs from 33 camels in qatar, april 2014. at one location, evidence for active virus shedding in nasal secretions and/or faeces was observed for 7/12 camels; viral rna was detected in milk of five of these seven camels. the presence of mers-cov rna in milk of camels actively shedding the virus warrants measures to prevent putative food-borne transmission of mers-c ... | 2014 | 24957745 |
| seroepidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus in saudi arabia (1993) and australia (2014) and characterisation of assay specificity. | the pseudoparticle virus neutralisation test (ppnt) and a conventional microneutralisation (mn) assay are specific for detecting antibodies to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) when used in seroepidemiological studies in animals. genetically diverse mers-cov appear antigenically similar in mn tests. we confirm that mers-cov was circulating in dromedaries in saudi arabia in 1993. preliminary data suggest that feral australian dromedaries may be free of mers-cov but larger co ... | 2014 | 24957744 |
| [middle-east coronavirus: new menace; questions about dromedary]. | | 2014 | 24941691 |
| multiphoton imaging of tumor biomarkers with conjugates of single-domain antibodies and quantum dots. | an ideal multiphoton fluorescent nanoprobe should combine a nanocrystal with the largest possible two-photon absorption cross section (tpacs) and the smallest highly specific recognition molecules bound in an oriented manner. cdse/zns quantum dots (qds) conjugated to 13-kda single-domain antibodies (sdabs) derived from camelid igg or streptavidin have been used as efficient two-photon excitation (tpe) probes for carcinoembryonic antigen (cea) imaging on normal human appendix and colon carcinoma ... | 2014 | 24941465 |
| adenoviral targeting using genetically incorporated camelid single variable domains. | the unique ability of human adenovirus serotype 5 (ad5) to accomplish efficient transduction has allowed the use of ad5-based vectors for a range of gene therapy applications. several strategies have been developed to alter tropism of ad vectors to achieve a cell-specific gene delivery by using fiber modifications via genetic incorporation of targeting motifs. in this study, we have explored the utility of novel anti-human carcinoembryonic antigen (hcea) single variable domains derived from heav ... | 2014 | 24933423 |
| differential neutralizing activities of a single domain camelid antibody (vhh) specific for ricin toxin's binding subunit (rtb). | ricin, a member of the a-b family of ribosome-inactivating proteins, is classified as a select toxin by the centers for disease control and prevention because of its potential use as a biothreat agent. in an effort to engineer therapeutics for ricin, we recently produced a collection of alpaca-derived, heavy-chain only antibody vh domains (vhh or "nanobody") specific for ricin's enzymatic (rta) and binding (rtb) subunits. we reported that one particular rtb-specific vhh, rtb-b7, when covalently ... | 2014 | 24918772 |
| metrical analysis of dromedary digital bones. | dromedary camels are large even-toed ungulates which are well adapted to life in large deserts. examinations of their feet have revealed many structural peculiarities. we have measured the digital bones of the dromedary in order to determine whether there are morphometric variations in the digital bones between the lateral and medial sides in individual limbs and/or in the right and left thoracic and pelvic limbs, with the aim to clarify whether there are anatomical differences in the digital bo ... | 2015 | 24908273 |
| evidence for camel-to-human transmission of mers coronavirus. | we describe the isolation and sequencing of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) obtained from a dromedary camel and from a patient who died of laboratory-confirmed mers-cov infection after close contact with camels that had rhinorrhea. nasal swabs collected from the patient and from one of his nine camels were positive for mers-cov rna. in addition, mers-cov was isolated from the patient and the camel. the full genome sequences of the two isolates were identical. serologic da ... | 2014 | 24896817 |
| a camelid antibody candidate for development of a therapeutic agent against hemiscorpius lepturus envenomation. | hemiscorpius lepturus scorpionism poses one of the most dangerous health problems in many parts of the world. the common therapy consists of using antivenom antibody fragments derived from a polyclonal immune response raised in horses. however, this immunotherapy creates serious side effects, including anaphylactic shock sometimes even leading to death. thus, many efforts have been made to introduce new replacement therapeutics that cause less adverse reactions. one of the most attractive approa ... | 2014 | 24891523 |
| targeted radionuclide therapy with a 177lu-labeled anti-her2 nanobody. | rit has become an attractive strategy in cancer treatment, but still faces important drawbacks due to poor tumor penetration and undesirable pharmacokinetics of the targeting vehicles. smaller radiolabeled antibody fragments and peptides feature highly specific target accumulation, resulting in low accumulation in healthy tissue, except for the kidneys. nanobodies are the smallest (mw<15 kda) functional antigen-binding fragments that are derived from heavy chain-only camelid antibodies. here, we ... | 2014 | 24883121 |
| development of nanobody-based flow injection chemiluminescence immunoassay for sensitive detection of human prealbumin. | nanobodies, derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies, have novel and impactful applications in clinical diagnostics. our objective is to develop a nanobody-based chemiluminescence immunoassay for sensitive detection of human prealbumin (pa). in this context, a phage display nanobody library is constructed via immunizing dromedary camel with human prealbumin. three nanobodies have been identified by five successive bio-panning steps. based on their high expression level and good affinity, two ... | 2014 | 24874660 |
| authors reply: middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in dromedary camels: are dromedary camels a reservoir for mers-cov? | | 2014 | 24871760 |
| letter to the editor: middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in dromedary camels: are dromedary camels a reservoir for mers-cov? | | 2014 | 24871759 |
| potential candidate camelid antibodies for the treatment of protein-misfolding diseases. | protein-misfolding diseases (pmds), including alzheimer's disease would potentially reach epidemic proportion if effective ways to diagnose and treat them were not developed. the quest for effective therapy for pmds has been ongoing for decades and some of the technologies developed so far show great promise. we report here the development of antibodies by immunization of camelids with prion (priov3) and alzheimer's (prioad12, 13 & 120) disease-derived brain material. we show that anti-prp antib ... | 2014 | 24864011 |
| human infection with mers coronavirus after exposure to infected camels, saudi arabia, 2013. | we investigated a case of human infection with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) after exposure to infected camels. analysis of the whole human-derived virus and 15% of the camel-derived virus sequence yielded nucleotide polymorphism signatures suggestive of cross-species transmission. camels may act as a direct source of human mers-cov infection. | 2014 | 24857749 |
| mers coronaviruses in dromedary camels, egypt. | we identified the near-full-genome sequence (29,908 nt, >99%) of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) from a nasal swab specimen from a dromedary camel in egypt. we found that viruses genetically very similar to human mers-cov are infecting dromedaries beyond the arabian peninsula, where human mers-cov infections have not yet been detected. | 2014 | 24856660 |
| molecular profiling of neurons based on connectivity. | the complexity and cellular heterogeneity of neural circuitry presents a major challenge to understanding the role of discrete neural populations in controlling behavior. while neuroanatomical methods enable high-resolution mapping of neural circuitry, these approaches do not allow systematic molecular profiling of neurons based on their connectivity. here, we report the development of an approach for molecularly profiling projective neurons. we show that ribosomes can be tagged with a camelid n ... | 2014 | 24855954 |
| [mers-cov: a new virus from saudi arabia]. | since about a year, a new pulmonary pathology occurred in saudi arabia and some cases are imported in europa. this disease is due to a coronavirus named mers-cov (middle east respiratory syndome coronavirus). the main symptoms are fever, pulmonary and digestive troubles, with a risk of nosocomial transmission and a mortality of about 42%. the reservoir is probably the dromedary camel and the bat is the vector. there is no specific treatment or vaccine. | 2014 | 24855771 |
| characteristics of the somatic hypermutation in the camelus dromedarius t cell receptor gamma (trg) and delta (trd) variable domains. | in previous reports, we had shown in camelus dromedarius that diversity in t cell receptor gamma (trg) and delta (trd) variable domains can be generated by somatic hypermutation (shm). in the present paper, we further the previous finding by analyzing 85 unique spleen cdna sequences encoding a total of 331 mutations from a single animal, and comparing the properties of the mutation profiles of dromedary trg and trd variable domains. the transition preference and the significant mutation frequenc ... | 2014 | 24836674 |
| caudal epidural analgesia using lidocaine alone or in combination with ketamine in dromedary camels camelus dromedarius. | this study was performed to investigate the analgesic effect of lidocaine and a combination of lidocaine and ketamine following epidural administration in dromedary camels. ten 12-18-month-old camels were randomly divided into two equal groups. in group l, the animals received 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) and in group lk the animals received a mixture of 10% ketamine (1 mg/kg) and 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) administered into the first intercoccygeal (co1-co2) epidural space while standing. onset tim ... | 2014 | 24830566 |
| site-specific labeling of cysteine-tagged camelid single-domain antibody-fragments for use in molecular imaging. | site-specific labeling of molecular imaging probes allows the development of a homogeneous tracer population. the resulting batch-to-batch reproducible pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties are of great importance for clinical translation. camelid single-domain antibody-fragments (sdabs)-the recombinantly produced antigen-binding domains of heavy-chain antibodies, also called nanobodies-are proficient probes for molecular imaging. to safeguard their intrinsically high binding specificit ... | 2014 | 24815083 |
| impact of feeding on growth performance, blood biochemical and mineral profiles of pre-pubescent camels under pastoral management in arid western rajasthan. | the experiment was undertaken on 20 pre-pubescent dromedary camels of 300 ± 7.0 kg average bodyweight (bw) and 1.5-2 years of age to determine change in body weight, blood biochemical and mineral profiles and morphometric parameters on rangeland grazing (gr) and supplementary stall feeding (gs) at arid northwestern part of rajasthan over a period of 80 days. gr camels were maintained only on grazing, while gs camels were fed semi-intensively ad-lib groundnut haulms along with formulated concentr ... | 2014 | 24811371 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in dromedary camels, oman, 2013. | a countrywide survey in oman revealed middle eastrespiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) nucleicacid in five of 76 dromedary camels. camel-derivedmers-cov sequences (3,754 nucleotides assembled from partial sequences of the open reading frame (orf)1a, spike, and orf4b genes) from oman and qatar were slightly different from each other, but closely related to human mers-cov sequences from the same geographical areas, suggesting local zoonotic transmission. high viral loads in nasal and conjunc ... | 2014 | 24786259 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus quasispecies that include homologues of human isolates revealed through whole-genome analysis and virus cultured from dromedary camels in saudi arabia. | abstract complete middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) genome sequences were obtained from nasal swabs of dromedary camels sampled in the kingdom of saudi arabia through direct analysis of nucleic acid extracts or following virus isolation in cell culture. consensus dromedary mers-cov genome sequences were the same with either template source and identical to published human mers-cov sequences. however, in contrast to individual human cases, where only clonal genomic sequences ... | 2014 | 24781747 |
| heat-induced irreversible denaturation of the camelid single domain vhh antibody is governed by chemical modifications. | the variable domain of camelid heavy chain antibody (vhh) is highly heat-resistant and is therefore ideal for many applications. although understanding the process of heat-induced irreversible denaturation is essential to improve the efficacy of vhh, its inactivation mechanism remains unclear. here, we showed that chemical modifications predominantly governed the irreversible denaturation of vhh at high temperatures. after heat treatment, the activity of vhh was dependent only on the incubation ... | 2014 | 24739391 |
| review of laboratory submissions from new world camelids in england and wales (2000-2011). | sample submissions to the animal health and veterinary laboratories agency's (ahvla's) diagnostic laboratory network in england and wales were reviewed for diseases affecting new world camelids (nwcs). in the years 2000-2011, 6757 submissions were analysed, including 5154/6757 (76.3%) for diagnosing a disease problem and 1603/6757 (23.7%) for monitoring (no clinical disease). wasting (weight loss, ill-thrift) was the most commonly reported clinical sign across all age groups. a diagnosis was rea ... | 2014 | 24721312 |
| pituitary null cell adenoma in a domestic llama (lama glama). | pituitary gland neoplasia has been reported rarely in camelids. a 12-year-old neutered male llama (lama glama) presented with lethargy, inappetence and neurological signs. on physical examination, the llama was mentally dull and exhibited compulsive pacing and circling to the left. complete blood count and serum biochemistry revealed haemoconcentration, mild hypophosphataemia, hyperglycaemia, hypercreatininaemia and hyperalbuminaemia. humane destruction was elected due to rapid clinical deterior ... | 2014 | 24720914 |
| severe whipworm (trichuris spp.) infection in the dromedary (camelus dromedarius). | one adult (13-yr-old) and two young (3-4-yr-old) male dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) from the seoul zoo displayed anorexia and chronic diarrhea for 2 wk. direct fecal smear examination revealed trichuris spp. infection. after confirmation of the infection, fenbendazole was orally administered as a suspension; this was repeated two times at 3-wk intervals. a high initial dose (20 mg/kg) was followed by administration at the recommended dose (10 mg/kg). starting on the day following the fi ... | 2014 | 24712184 |
| construction of naïve camelids vhh repertoire in phage display-based library. | camelids have unique antibodies, namely hcabs (vhh) or commercially named nanobodies(®) (nb) that are composed only of a heavy-chain homodimer. as libraries based on immunized camelids are time-consuming, costly and likely redundant for certain antigens, we describe the construction of a naïve camelid vhhs library from blood serum of non-immunized camelids with affinity in the subnanomolar range and suitable for standard immune applications. this approach is rapid and recovers vhh repertoire wit ... | 2014 | 24702893 |
| generation and characterization of nanobodies targeting psma for molecular imaging of prostate cancer. | nanobodies show attractive characteristics for tumor targeting in cancer diagnosis and therapy. a radiolabeled nanobody binding the prostate-specific membrane antigen (psma) could offer a noninvasive strategy to select prostate cancer patients eligible for psma-targeted therapies. we here describe the generation, production and in vivo evaluation of anti-psma nanobodies. nanobodies were derived from heavy-chain-only antibodies, raised in immunized dromedaries. binding characteristics were evalua ... | 2017 | 24700748 |
| specific targeting of atherosclerotic plaques in apoe(-/-) mice using a new camelid sdab binding the vulnerable plaque marker lox-1. | molecular imaging has the potential to provide quantitative information about specific biological aspects of developing atherosclerotic lesions. this requires the generation of reliable, highly specific plaque tracers. this study reports a new camelid single-domain antibody fragment (sdab) targeting the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (lox-1), a biomarker for the detection and molecular phenotyping of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. | 2014 | 24687730 |
| molecular cloning and cdna characterization of camelus dromedarius putative cytochrome p450s 1a, 2c, and 3a. | the domesticated one-humped arabian camel, camelus dromedarius, is one of the most important animals in the arabian peninsula. most of its life, this animal is exposed to both intrinsic and extrinsic genotoxic factors that are known to cause gross metabolic alterations in many organisms. this study determined the full length coding sequence of 3 cytochrome p450s cdnas; namely, cyp450 1a1, cyp450 2c and cyp450 3a using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. the c. dromedarius cyp450s 1a ... | 2014 | 24682982 |
| morphological and glycan features of the camel oviduct epithelium. | this study describes regional differences in the oviduct of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) during the growth phase (gp) and the mature phase (mp) of the follicular wave by means of morphometry, scanning electron microscopy (sem) and glycohistochemistry investigations. epithelium height significantly increased in the ampulla and decreased in the isthmus passing from the gp to the mp. under sem, non-ciliated cells displayed apical blebs (secretory) or short microvilli. cilia glycocalyx ... | 2014 | 24680377 |
| thermal stability and refolding capability of shark derived single domain antibodies. | single-domain antibodies (sdab) from camelids and sharks represent the smallest immunoglobulin-based functional binding domains, and are known for their thermal stability and ability to refold after denaturation. whereas target-binding sdab have been derived from both immunized and naïve sharks and camelids, the stability of camelid-derived sdab have been evaluated much more extensively. to address this disparity we characterized 20 sdab derived from spiny dogfish shark and smooth dogfish shark ... | 2014 | 24667069 |
| maintenance of genetic diversity in an introduced island population of guanacos after seven decades and two severe demographic bottlenecks: implications for camelid conservation. | fifteen guanacos were introduced to staats island in the falklands/malvinas archipelago from patagonia in the 1930s. twenty five years later, the population was culled from 300 to 10-20 individuals, but quickly rebounded to a population of almost 400 animals that today retain the genetic signature of the founding event and later bottleneck. the goals of this study were to (i) make a genetic assessment of this island population through comparisons with mainland populations and simulations, and (i ... | 2014 | 24663026 |
| presence and distribution of urocortin and its receptors in the epididymis of alpaca (vicugna pacos). | urocortin 1 (ucn) is a 40-amino acid peptide belonging to the corticotrophin-releasing hormone (crh) family. the biological effects of this peptide are modulated by binding two g-coupled receptors named crh receptor 1 (crhr1) and crh receptor 2 (crhr2). crhr2 has high affinity for ucn. the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and distribution of ucn, crhr1 and crhr2 in the epididymis of the south america camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos) by western blotting analysis and immunohi ... | 2015 | 24661003 |
| effect of different management systems on rutting behavior and behavioral repertoire of housed maghrebi male camels (camelus dromedarius). | camel management has been changing in recent years from an extensive to a semi-intensive or intensive system, particularly for breeding bulls and dairy dromedary camels. captivity may affect animal welfare, and low libido is the major complaint for housed breeding bulls. since welfare status could also affect reproductive performance, the aim of this study was to evaluate different management practices on behavior, particularly on sexual behavior, and to identify some behavioral needs of male dr ... | 2014 | 24659302 |
| novel betacoronavirus in dromedaries of the middle east, 2013. | in 2013, a novel betacoronavirus was identified in fecal samples from dromedaries in dubai, united arab emirates. antibodies against the recombinant nucleocapsid protein of the virus, which we named dromedary camel coronavirus (dccov) uae-hku23, were detected in 52% of 59 dromedary serum samples tested. in an analysis of 3 complete dccov uae-hku23 genomes, we identified the virus as a betacoronavirus in lineage a1. the dccov uae-hku23 genome has g+c contents; a general preference for g/c in the ... | 2014 | 24655427 |
| computed tomography and gross anatomical studies on the head of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | the current study aimed to document by computed tomography (ct) the anatomical structures of the one-humped camel head relative to their adaptability to living environments. seven adult one-humped camels' heads were used in this study. the structures of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, orbit, and cranium were investigated using computed tomographic scans, cross, and sagittal sections of the head cadavers, and skulls. the study showed the nasal conchae had special properties wher ... | 2014 | 24639077 |
| caffeine supplementation during ivm improves frequencies of nuclear maturation and preimplantation development of dromedary camel oocytes following ivf. | caffeine supplementation during oocyte ivm has been reported to improve preimplantation embryo development and the quality of in vitro-produced blastocysts in a range of species; but no studies have been done in camels. the present study investigated the effect of caffeine supplementation during dromedary camel oocyte ivm on nuclear maturation rates, ivf events, and subsequent preimplantation development. cumulus-oocyte complexes obtained at slaughter were matured in vitro in caffeine supplement ... | 2014 | 24630529 |
| first description of milk flow traits in tunisian dairy dromedary camels under an intensive farming system. | in order to evaluate milking ability in dromedary camels, 124 milk flow curves were registered during morning milking of 20 dairy maghrebi dromedary camels. animals were in lactations 1-8, were 6-19 years old and were 4-15 months of their current lactation. milk flow curves were recorded using an electronic milk flow meter (lactocorder®). milk flow curves were classified in three typical patterns: type 1 represents curves with one high and short peak of milk flow; type 2 represents curves with a ... | 2014 | 24622212 |
| could dromedary camels develop stereotypy? the first description of stereotypical behaviour in housed male dromedary camels and how it is affected by different management systems. | dromedary camel husbandry has recently been evolving towards a semi-intensive system, due to the changes in use of the animal and the settlement of nomadic populations. captivity could restrict its social activities, limiting the expression of various behavioural needs and causing the manifestation of stereotypy. the aims of this trial were, firstly, to identify and describe some stereotypical behaviours in captive male dromedary camels used for artificial insemination and, secondly, to study th ... | 2014 | 24586522 |
| mers: emergence of a novel human coronavirus. | a novel coronavirus (cov) that causes a severe lower respiratory tract infection in humans, emerged in the middle east region in 2012. this virus, named middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)-cov, is phylogenetically related to bat covs, but other animal species like dromedary camels may potentially act as intermediate hosts by spreading the virus to humans. although human to human transmission has been demonstrated, analysis of human mers clusters indicated that chains of transmission were not ... | 2014 | 24584035 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in saudi arabia. | the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is proposed to be a zoonotic disease; however, the reservoir and mechanism for transmission of the causative agent, the mers coronavirus, are unknown. dromedary camels have been implicated through reports that some victims have been exposed to camels, camels in areas where the disease has emerged have antibodies to the virus, and viral sequences have been recovered from camels in association with outbreaks of the disease among humans. nonetheless, whet ... | 2014 | 24570370 |
| caudal epidural analgesia using lidocaine alone or in combination with ketamine in dromedary camels (<i>camelus dromedarius</i>). | this study was performed to investigate the analgesic effect of lidocaine and a combination of lidocaine and ketamine following epidural administration in dromedary camels. ten 12-18-month-old camels were randomly divided into two equal groups. in group l, the animals received 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) and in group lk the animals received a mixture of 10% ketamine (1 mg/kg) and 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) administered into the first intercoccygeal (co1-co2) epidural space while standing. onset tim ... | 2014 | 28235299 |
| fine structures of the oocyte in relation to serum, follicular fluid steroid hormones and igf-i in the ovulatory-sized follicles in one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | the following study was carried out to determine the ultrastructural features of the oocyte of the ovulatory-sized follicles in relation to concentrations of steroids and igf-i in the follicular fluid (ff) and serum in the dromedary camel. | 2014 | 24551433 |
| confocal fluorescence assessment of bioenergy/redox status of dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) oocytes before and after in vitro maturation. | reproductive biotechnologies in dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) are less developed than in other livestock species. the in vitro maturation (ivm) technology is a fundamental step for in vitro embryo production (ivp), and its optimization could represent a way to increase the success rate of ivp. the aim of the present study was to investigate the bioenergy/oxidative status of dromedary camel oocytes before and after ivm by confocal microscopy 3d imaging. | 2014 | 24548378 |
| [middle east respiratory syndrome (mers): bats or dromedary, which of them is responsible?]. | in 2012 a new viral emergent human disease appeared in the middle east. this entity was named mers for' middle east respiratory syndrome'. by january 9, 2014, the disease had already struck 178 persons of whom 75 died from respiratory failure and diarrhoea. as the new disease was very similar to the deadly sars (2002-2003) and since it was provoked by a betacoronavirus, chiroptera were first suspected to be at the origin of this infection. morever, recent studies performed in saudi arabia showed ... | 2014 | 24532303 |
| sectional anatomic and computed tomography features of the nasal and oral cavities of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | the purpose of the study was to provide a description of normal cross-sectional anatomy of the camel nasal and oral cavities using computed tomography (ct) and macroscopic cross-sections. transverse images of two isolated camel cadaver heads were obtained by an axial ct equipment. computed tomography scans were processed with a detailed algorithm using nasal and soft tissue windows settings and compared with the corresponding frozen cross-sections of the heads, to assist in the accurate identifi ... | 2015 | 24527752 |
| combining proteomic tools to characterize the protein fraction of llama (lama glama) milk. | llamas belong to the camelidae family along with camels. while dromedary camel milk has been broadly characterized, data on llama milk proteins are scarce. the objective of this study was thus to investigate the protein composition of llama milk. skimmed llama milk proteins were first characterized by a 2d separation technique coupling rp-hplc in the first dimension with sds-page in the second dimension (rp-hplc/sds-page). llama milk proteins, namely caseins (αs1 -, αs2 -, β-, and κ-caseins), α- ... | 2014 | 24519815 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov): evidence and speculations. | in 2012, a novel human coronavirus emerged and was tentatively named "middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus" (mers-cov). the high mortality rate of mers-cov focused attention on the ecology of the virus. it has been found that mers-cov belongs to the group c lineage of the genus betacoronavirus. coronavirus surveillance studies in different populations of bats have suggested that they are probable reservoirs for this novel virus, and phylogenetic analysis of both the spike (s1) and rna-de ... | 2014 | 24515532 |
| single-domain antibodies and their utility. | engineered monoclonal antibody fragments have gained market attention due to their versatility and tailor-made potential and are now considered to be an important part of future immunobiotherapeutics. single-domain antibodies (sdabs), also known as nanobodies, are derived from vhhs [variable domains (v) of heavy-chain-only antibodies (hcab)] of camelid heavy-chain antibodies. these nature-made sdabs are well suited for various applications due to their favorable characteristics such as small siz ... | 2013 | 24510545 |
| dipetalonema evansi infection in camels of iran's central area. | totally 294 dromedary camels of different ages and both sexes slaughtered at slaughterhouses in yazd, isfahan and kerman provinces were inspected for infection with dipetalonema evansi. blood smears of all camels and carcasses of 125 of them (100 from isfahan and 25 from yazd) were studied for larva and adult forms of the parasite. microfilariae were found in peripheral blood smears of 38 out of 294 (12.92%) tested camels, while 20 out of 125 camels (13.89%) harbored d. evansi adult worms in at ... | 2013 | 24505989 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibody reactors among camels in dubai, united arab emirates, in 2005. | we tested, using a low starting dilution, sequential serum samples from dromedary camels, sheep and horses collected in dubai from february/april to october of 2005 and from dromedary camels for export/import testing between canada and usa in 2000-2001. using a standard middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) neutralization test, serial sera from three sheep and three horses were all negative while sera from 9 of 11 dromedary camels from dubai were positive for antibodies support ... | 2014 | 24456414 |
| common gastrointestinal parasites of indigenous camels (camelus dromedarius) with traditional husbandry management (free-ranging system) in central deserts of iran. | gastrointestinal parasites of domesticated animals, especially in animals with traditional husbandry management cause reduction in production and performance of them. aim of our study was to determine prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in indigenous camels, with traditional husbandry management that have no direct contact with other livestock. this study was carried out between kerman and yazd provinces of iran, midsummer 2011. fecal samples of 100 randomly selected camels of all age and s ... | 2013 | 24431575 |
| prevalence and distribution patterns of sarcocystis in camels (camelus dromedarius) in yazd province, iran. | sarcocystis spp., are zoonotic cyst-forming coccidian parasites that cause sarcocystosis. this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence as well as distribution patterns of sarcocystis spp. infection in slaughtered one-humped camels of yazd province, iran. muscles of 130 camels were investigated for either macroscopic or microscopic sarcocysts during summer 2009. no macroscopic cyst was observed in the animals at naked eye inspection. of examined camels, 67 (51.5 %) were positive for bra ... | 2013 | 24431561 |
| lipid profile and thyroid hormone status in the last trimester of pregnancy in single-humped camels (camelus dromedarius). | changes in lipid metabolism have been shown to occur during pregnancy. the thyroid hormones affect lipid metabolism. the present study was carried out to find out whether the last trimester of pregnancy affects thyroid hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh), lipid, and lipoprotein profile in healthy dromedary camels. twenty clinical healthy dromedary camels aged between 4-5 years were divided into two equal groups: (1) pregnant camels in their last trimester of pregnancy and (2) non-pregnan ... | 2014 | 24429808 |
| use of fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to quantify immunoglobulin g concentrations in alpaca serum. | rapid, economical, and quantitative assays for measurement of camelid serum immunoglobulin g (igg) are limited. in camelids, failure of transfer of maternal immunoglobulins has a reported prevalence of up to 20.5%. an accurate method for quantifying serum igg concentrations is required. | 2017 | 24417433 |
| stratifying fascin and cortactin function in invadopodium formation using inhibitory nanobodies and targeted subcellular delocalization. | invadopodia are actin-rich protrusions arising through the orchestrated regulation of precursor assembly, stabilization, and maturation, endowing cancer cells with invasive properties. using nanobodies (antigen-binding domains of camelid heavy-chain antibodies) as perturbators of intracellular functions and/or protein domains at the level of the endogenous protein, we examined the specific contribution of fascin and cortactin during invadopodium formation in mda-mb-231 breast and pc-3 prostate c ... | 2014 | 24414419 |
| a general strategy for antibody library screening via conversion of transient target binding into permanent reporter deposition. | we report here a generally applicable method for the selective covalent attachment of a reporter molecule to a replicating entity that allows one to obtain specific binders from a single round of library screening. we show that selective biotinylation of phage particles displaying a binder to any given target can be achieved by application of a coupled enzyme reaction on the surface of the target-binding phage particles that includes a peroxidase, an oxidase and a catalase. due to the covalent l ... | 2014 | 24402333 |
| computed tomographic and radiographic examination of dental structures in south american camelid specimen of different ages. | tooth root problems and periodontal diseases are common in south american camelids (sac). the objective was to evaluate and optimize the imaging technique for dental radiography in sac and to describe the radiographic and computed tomographic (ct) anatomy of normal teeth at different ages. in this study, the heads of 20 healthy sac slaughtered for meat production or euthanized for reasons not related to dental problems included 7 female and 10 male llamas and 3 male alpacas. using a standardized ... | 2014 | 24393365 |
| retroviral transduction of fluonanobody and the variable domain of camelid heavy-chain antibodies to chicken embryonic cells. | single domain antibodies from camel heavy chain antibodies (vhh or nanobody), are advantages due to higher solubility, stability, high homology with human antibody, lower immunogenicity and low molecular weight. these criteria make them candidates for production of engineered antibody fragments particularly in transgenic animals. | 2013 | 24375066 |
| liver abscesses in dromedary camels: pathological characteristics and aerobic bacterial aetiology. | the study was carried out at nyala abattoirs, south darfur state, sudan during a period from 2009 to 2011. slaughtered camels (822) were examined for pathological changes of liver abscesses and identification of the involved aerobic bacteria. grossly, a total of 111 (13.5%) liver abscesses were recorded in different camel ages; 90 (81.1%) were less than seven years old and 21 (18.9%) were more than seven years old. histopathology of sectioned tissues revealed necrotic abscesses with infiltration ... | 2014 | 26623351 |
| comparison of effects of age and sex on serum protein electrophoretic pattern in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) in semnan, iran. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of age and sex on the concentration of total serum protein measured by the biuret method and protein fractions determined using cellulose acetate electrophoresis in apparently healthy camels (camelus dromedarius). blood samples were collected from 21 camels (12 males and 9 females). the camels were further divided into two groups: 12 young camels at the age of 3 months to 2 years and 9 adult camels at the age of 3-15 years. cellulose acetate el ... | 2014 | 26623331 |
| identification of mers-cov in dromedary camels. | | 2014 | 24355867 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe lower respiratory tract infection in people. previous studies suggested dromedary camels were a reservoir for this virus. we tested for the presence of mers-cov in dromedary camels from a farm in qatar linked to two human cases of the infection in october, 2013. | 2014 | 24355866 |
| chemical composition and structural characteristics of arabian camel (camelus dromedarius) m. longissimus thoracis. | saudi arabian camels of four breeds (6 animals per breed) were used to evaluate characteristics and quality of their meat. chemical composition, fibre cross sectional area, collagen content, muscle metabolism, cooking loss, ph at 24 h post mortem, colour values (except redness) and shear force of longissimus thoracis (lt) muscle did not differ between the breeds. elevated ph values and short sarcomeres reduced overall tenderisation, with a difference between myofibril fragmentation index (p<0.00 ... | 2014 | 24334045 |
| ultrasonographic characterization of follicle deviation in follicular waves with single dominant and codominant follicles in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | follicular wave emergence was synchronized by treating camels with gnrh when a dominant follicle (df) was present in the ovaries. animals were scanned twice a day from day 0 (day of gnrh treatment) to day 10, to characterize emergence and deviation of follicles during the development of the follicular wave. follicle deviation in individual animals was determined by graphical method. single dfs were found in 16, double dfs in 9 and triple dfs in two camels. the incidence of codominant (double and ... | 2014 | 24325149 |
| retinal ganglion cell distribution and visual acuity in alpacas (vicugna pacos). | to investigate the distribution of retinal ganglion cells (rgcs) and visual acuity in alpacas (vicugna pacos) through brn-3a immunofluorescent labeling. | 2015 | 24320877 |
| regulation of β2-adrenergic receptor function by conformationally selective single-domain intrabodies. | the biologic activity induced by ligand binding to orthosteric or allosteric sites on a g protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) is mediated by stabilization of specific receptor conformations. in the case of the β2 adrenergic receptor, these ligands are generally small-molecule agonists or antagonists. however, a monomeric single-domain antibody (nanobody) from the camelid family was recently found to allosterically bind and stabilize an active conformation of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2ar). here, ... | 2014 | 24319111 |
| identification and in vitro characterization of phage-displayed vhhs targeting vegf. | vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) is a potential target for cancer treatment because of its role in angiogenesis and its overexpression in most human cancers. currently, anti-vegf antibodies have been shown to be promising tools for therapeutic applications. however, large size, poor tumor penetration, immunogenicity, and production in cost- and labor-intensive conditions are major drawbacks of such agents. the antigen-binding regions of camelid single-chain antibodies (vhhs), due to the ... | 2014 | 24297044 |
| seasonal plasticity of the pituitary pars intermedia of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | the pituitary pars intermedia of camelus dromedarius is well developed and completely surrounds the pars nervosa. two major groups of cells are present: endocrine (ec) and glial-like cells (glc). the ec group is composed of three morphologically distinct cell types. type i, or polyhedral light cells (lc-i) and type ii, or polyhedral dark cells (dc-ii), have secretory granules of heterogeneous electron density whose size ranges from 170 to 300nm. type iii cells are elongated with homogeneous elec ... | 2014 | 24295886 |
| unveiling current guanaco distribution in chile based upon niche structure of phylogeographic lineages: andean puna to subpolar forests. | niche description and differentiation at broad geographic scales have been recent major topics in ecology and evolution. describing the environmental niche structure of sister taxa with known evolutionary trajectories stands out as a useful exercise in understanding niche requirements. here we model the environmental niche structure and distribution of the recently resolved phylogeography of guanaco (lama guanicoe) lineages on the western slope of the southern andes. using a maximum entropy fram ... | 2013 | 24265726 |
| effects of dehydration and blockade of angiotensin ii at1 receptor on stress hormones and anti-oxidants in the one-humped camel. | the objective of this study was to provide for the first time data on plasma catecholamines, cortisol, glutathione and malondialdehyde after long term dehydration (20 days) in the presence and absence of angiotensin ii (ang ii) at1 receptor blocker (losartan) versus levels in time-matched, non-dehydrated control camels and to record the responses of glutathione and malondialdehyde activity in liver and kidney homogenates in control, dehydrated-losartan treated and dehydrated camels. eighteen mal ... | 2013 | 24252635 |
| l-plastin nanobodies perturb matrix degradation, podosome formation, stability and lifetime in thp-1 macrophages. | podosomes are cellular structures acting as degradation 'hot-spots' in monocytic cells. they appear as dot-like structures at the ventral cell surface, enriched in f-actin and actin regulators, including gelsolin and l-plastin. gelsolin is an ubiquitous severing and capping protein, whereas l-plastin is a leukocyte-specific actin bundling protein. the presence of the capping protein capg in podosomes has not yet been investigated. we used an innovative approach to investigate the role of these p ... | 2013 | 24236012 |
| stepwise engineering of heterodimeric single domain camelid vhh antibodies that passively protect mice from ricin toxin. | in an effort to engineer countermeasures for the category b toxin ricin, we produced and characterized a collection of epitopic tagged, heavy chain-only antibody vh domains (vhhs) specific for the ricin enzymatic (rta) and binding (rtb) subunits. among the 20 unique ricin-specific vhhs we identified, six had toxin-neutralizing activity: five specific for rta and one specific for rtb. three neutralizing rta-specific vhhs were each linked via a short peptide spacer to the sole neutralizing anti-rt ... | 2013 | 24202178 |
| contributions of the complementarity determining regions to the thermal stability of a single-domain antibody. | single domain antibodies (sdabs) are the recombinantly-expressed variable domain from camelid (or shark) heavy chain only antibodies and provide rugged recognition elements. many sdabs possess excellent affinity and specificity; most refold and are able to bind antigen after thermal denaturation. the sdab a3, specific for the toxin staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb), shows both sub-nanomolar affinity for its cognate antigen (0.14 nm) and an unusually high melting point of 85°c. understanding the ... | 2013 | 24143255 |
| evaluation of sexual behavior of housed male camels (camelus dromedarius) through female parades: correlation with climatic parameters. | camels are seasonal breeders, and their sexual behavior is influenced by environmental conditions, but the relationship between climatic factors and sexual behavior has been poorly described in the available literature. nowadays, the male camel living habit is shifting towards captivity; thus, this study was carried out to evaluate the sexual behavior of housed male dromedary camel through female's parades and to correlate it with climatic parameters. four housed sires, reared for semen collecti ... | 2014 | 24122649 |
| novel therapy based on camelid nanobodies. | nanobodies (nbs) are small antibody fragments derived from camelid heavy chain antibodies through recombinant gene technology. their exceptional physicochemical properties, possibility of humanization and unique antigen recognition properties make them excellent candidates for targeted delivery of biologically active components. several different therapeutic approaches based on the novel camelid nbs have been developed to treat a wide range of diseases ranging from immune, bone, blood and neurol ... | 2013 | 24116915 |
| seroepidemiology for mers coronavirus using microneutralisation and pseudoparticle virus neutralisation assays reveal a high prevalence of antibody in dromedary camels in egypt, june 2013. | we describe a novel spike pseudoparticle neutralisation assay (ppnt) for seroepidemiological studies on middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (merscov) and apply this assay together with conventional microneutralisation (mn) tests to investigate 1,343 human and 625 animal sera. the sera were collected in egypt as a region adjacent to areas where mers has been described, and in hong kong, china as a control region. sera from dromedary camels had a high prevalence of antibody reactive to me ... | 2013 | 24079378 |
| t cells expressing vhh-directed oligoclonal chimeric her2 antigen receptors: towards tumor-directed oligoclonal t cell therapy. | adoptive cell therapy with engineered t cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (cars) originated from antibodies is a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy. several unsuccessful trials, however, highlight the need for alternative conventional binding domains and the better combination of costimulatory endodomains for car construction to improve the effector functions of the engineered t cells. camelid single-domain antibodies (vhhs), which are the smallest single domain antibodies, can ... | 2014 | 24076235 |
| serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, cholesterol and triglyceride, and their correlations together in clinically healthy camels (camelus dromedarius): effects of season, sex and age. | to evaluate the effects of season, sex and age on serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, cholesterol and triglyceride, and their correlations together in dromedarian camels, these parameters were measured in 180 clinically healthy dromedary camels. no significant difference was detected for the measured serum parameters between the two sexes and among the different age groups of camels and none of them had significant correlation with the age of the animals. there was a significant correlatio ... | 2013 | 25568678 |
| adrenaline-activated structure of β2-adrenoceptor stabilized by an engineered nanobody. | g-protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) are integral membrane proteins that have an essential role in human physiology, yet the molecular processes through which they bind to their endogenous agonists and activate effector proteins remain poorly understood. so far, it has not been possible to capture an active-state gpcr bound to its native neurotransmitter. crystal structures of agonist-bound gpcrs have relied on the use of either exceptionally high-affinity agonists or receptor stabilization by mu ... | 2013 | 24056936 |
| ejaculate fractioning effect on llama sperm head morphometry as assessed by the isas(®) casa system. | south american camelid sperm characteristics are poorly known compared with those of other domestic animals. the long-term duration of ejaculation makes difficult to gather all the seminal fluid, implying possible ejaculation portion losses. thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the characteristics of the morphology and morphometry of the spermatozoa change during ejaculation. the morphometric characterization was tested on nine specimens of the lanuda breed, using a special artificial ... | 2014 | 24007277 |
| the effect of tick infestation on the serum concentrations of the cardiac biomarker troponin i, acid-base balance and haematobiochemical profiles in camels (camelus dromedarius). | the aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum concentration of cardiac troponin i (ctni) in camels with tick infestation as a marker of potential myocardial injury and its prognostication. the effects of acid-base and electrolyte balance and haematobiochemical profiles were also investigated. twenty-three camels (camelus dromedarius) with tick infestation and suffering from anorexia, incoordination of movement, unsteady gait, recumbency, opisthotonus, anaemia and reduced production were ... | 2014 | 24002539 |
| population dynamics of ticks infesting the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) in central tunisia. | a tick population was monitored on 30 camels (camelus dromedarius) over one year in kairouan region, central tunisia. a total of 1630 ticks was collected and identified resulting in an estimate of different parasitological indicators. the ticks belonged to 2 genera and 5 species: hyalomma impeltatum (53%) and hyalomma dromedarii (45%) were the dominant species followed by hyalomma excavatum (1%), hyalomma marginatum (0.5%), and rhipicephalus turanicus (0.5%) (p<0.001). mean infestation prevalenc ... | 2013 | 23999226 |
| generation of a phage-display library of single-domain camelid vh h antibodies directed against chlamydomonas reinhardtii antigens, and characterization of vh hs binding cell-surface antigens. | single-domain antibodies (sdabs) are powerful tools for the detection, quantification, purification and subcellular localization of proteins of interest in biological research. we have generated camelid (lama pacos) heavy chain-only variable vh domain (vh h) libraries against antigens in total cell lysates from chlamydomonas reinhardtii. the sdabs in the sera from immunized animals and vh h antibody domains isolated from the library show specificity to c. reinhardtii and lack of reactivity to an ... | 2013 | 23980604 |
| use of the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) for comparing apoptotic effect of conventional antibodies versus nanobodies. | the large molecular size of antibodies is considered one major factor preventing them from becoming more efficient therapeutically. it is well established that all camelids have unique antibodies circulating in their blood called heavy-chain antibodies (hcabs). unlike antibodies from other species, these hcabs contain a single variable domain and two constant domains (ch2 and ch3). hcabs are a novel type of immunoglobulin-like, antigen binding protein with beneficial pharmacokinetic properties t ... | 2012 | 23960797 |
| a nanobody-based system using fluorescent proteins as scaffolds for cell-specific gene manipulation. | fluorescent proteins are commonly used to label cells across organisms, but the unmodified forms cannot control biological activities. using gfp-binding proteins derived from camelid antibodies, we co-opted gfp as a scaffold for inducing formation of biologically active complexes, developing a library of hybrid transcription factors that control gene expression only in the presence of gfp or its derivatives. the modular design allows for variation in key properties such as dna specificity, trans ... | 2013 | 23953120 |
| ultrasonography of the lungs and pleura in healthy camels (camelus dromedarius). | this study describes ultrasonography of the lungs and pleura in healthy camels (camelus dromedarius). the different layers of the thoracic wall appeared as narrow bands of variable echogenicity. reverberation artefacts appeared as lines of variable echogenicity that ran parallel to the pulmonary surface medial to the pleura. because of its air content, the pulmonary parenchyma was not visualised in all camels. on the right side, the pulmonary surface was seen in the 5th through the 10th intercos ... | 2013 | 23921343 |
| a nanobody binding to non-amyloidogenic regions of the protein human lysozyme enhances partial unfolding but inhibits amyloid fibril formation. | we report the effects of the interaction of two camelid antibody fragments, generally called nanobodies, namely cab-hul5 and a stabilized and more aggregation-resistant variant cab-hul5g obtained by protein engineering, on the properties of two amyloidogenic variants of human lysozyme, i56t and d67h, whose deposition in vital organs including the liver, kidney, and spleen is associated with a familial non-neuropathic systemic amyloidosis. both nmr spectroscopy and x-ray crystallographic studies ... | 2013 | 23919586 |
| affinity maturation of a cdr3-grafted vhh using in silico analysis and surface plasmon resonance. | a requirement for advancing antibody-based medicine is the development of proteins that can bind with high affinity to a specific epitope related to a critical protein activity site. as a part of generating such proteins, we have succeeded in creating a binding protein without changing epitope by complementarity-determining region 3 (cdr3) grafting (inoue et al., affinity transfer to a human protein by cdr3 grafting of camelid vhh. protein sci. 20, 1971-1981). however, the affinity of the target ... | 2013 | 23902829 |
| effects of gestational age on physical findings of immaturity, body weight, and survival in neonatal alpacas (2002-2010). | gestational duration is highly variable in camelids (reference range 330-360 days), and a definition for prematurity has not been established. anecdotally, it is suggested that crias born outside of this have increased incidence of physical findings of immaturity (tendon laxity, floppy ears, and unerupted teeth) and need increased intensive support in the neonatal period. | 2016 | 23870011 |
| osseous sequestration in alpacas and llamas: 36 cases (1999-2010). | to describe clinical findings, treatments, and outcome in camelids treated for osseous sequestration. | 2013 | 23865887 |