| immuno-contraception undergoing promising trials. | immuno-contraception instructs the body to recognize a self-molecule as foreign, so that the body attacks the molecule, thereby effecting contraception. when researchers in india were developing a contraceptive vaccine, they considered 3 things: the targeted molecule should be crucial for reproduction, it should be transient in nature, and the antibodies against this molecule should not cross-react with other molecules in the body. they have developed a vaccine using beta-human chorionic gonado ... | 1994 | 12179186 |
| three new tetranortriterpenoids from neem seed oil. | three new tetranortriterpenoids, 1alpha,2alpha-epoxy-17beta-hydroxyazadiradione (1), 1alpha,2alpha-epoxynimolicinol (2), and 7-deacetylnimolicinol (3), have been isolated from a methanol extract of neem oil (azadirachta indica, seed oil) along with the known compounds epoxyazadiradione, 17beta-hydroxyazadiradione, gedunin, nimbin, and nimolicinol (4). spectral studies and chemical transformations were used to establish the structure of compounds 1-3. the characterization of the epoxides 1 and 2 ... | 2002 | 12193026 |
| two new triterpenoids from azadirachta indica and their insecticidal activity. | two new triterpenoids, 22,23-dihydronimocinol (1) and desfurano-6alpha-hydroxyazadiradione (2), were isolated from a methanolic extract of the fresh leaves of azadirachta indica (neem) along with a known meliacin, 7alpha-senecioyl-(7-deacetyl)-23-o-methylnimocinolide. the structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated through spectral and chemical studies. compounds 1 and 2 showed mortality for fourth instar larvae of the mosquito (anopheles stephensi), with lc(50) values of 60 and 43 ppm, respectively. | 2002 | 12193038 |
| relative efficacy of depa and neem oil for repellent activity against phlebotomus papatasi, the vector of leishmaniasis. | the insect repellent n, n-diethylphenyl acetamide (depa) was compared with neem oil, a commercial preparation, for protection against 3 day old un-fed female of the sandfly, phlebotomus papatasi, (diptera: psychodidae) under laboratory conditions on mouse. the percentage protection against sandfly bite provided by neem oil was significantly higher than depa when applied at 1% and 2% concentrations (p = 0.000, t = 21.474; df = 6 and p = 0.001, t = 5.960; df = 6 respectively). however, neem oil di ... | 2001 | 12206037 |
| effect of neem seed extract on feeding, growth, survival, and reproduction of diaprepes abbreviatus (coleoptera: curculionidae). | a commercially available neem seed extract, neemix 4.5, containing 4.5% azadirachtin (aza), was assessed for biological activity against the root weevil diaprepes abbreviatus (l.), an important exotic insect pest of florida citrus. laboratory bioassays against neonatal and 3-wk-old larvae fed sliced carrot treated with neemix produced dose-dependent larval mortality and reduced fresh weights among survivors of treatments. the weight response was greater than the mortality response for both larva ... | 2002 | 12216804 |
| india's vaccine inventor: gursaran talwar. | dr gursaran talwar, 68, has worked for almost 20 years to find a safe, long-lasting, and reversible contraceptive vaccine. the director of india's national institute of immunology began his research in the mid 1970s with financial support from the indian government and idrc. toxicology studies were conducted for 10 years. the vaccine increases production of antibodies against human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg), a hormone which assists in preparing the uterus for embryo implantation. the vacc ... | 1995 | 12288547 |
| a new family planning tool to slow population growth. | the national institute of immunology in new delhi, india, is conducting clinical trials of a prototype birth control vaccine. 88 20-36 year old women receive a series of 3 injections of 300 mcg human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) vaccine to theoretically protect them from pregnancy for 1 year. after 1 year, they receive a booster shot to protect them for another year or not receive the booster, thereby resulting in a return to fertility. so far, only 1 pregnancy in 821 menstrual cycles has occ ... | 1993 | 12318006 |
| gastroprotective effect of neem (azadirachta indica) bark extract: possible involvement of h(+)-k(+)-atpase inhibition and scavenging of hydroxyl radical. | the antisecretory and antiulcer effects of aqueous extract of neem (azadirachta indica) bark have been studied along with its mechanism of action, standardisation and safety evaluation. the extract can dose dependently inhibit pylorus-ligation and drug (mercaptomethylimidazole)-induced acid secretion with ed(50) value of 2.7 and 2 mg kg(-1) b.w. respectively. it is highly potent in dose-dependently blocking gastric ulcer induced by restraint-cold stress and indomethacin with ed(50) value of 1.5 ... | 2002 | 12377267 |
| repellency of live potted plants against anopheles gambiae from human baits in semi-field experimental huts. | the repellency of potted plants against the malaria vector anopheles gambiae sensu stricto giles was quantified in experimental huts under semi-field conditions inside a screen-walled greenhouse. ocimum americanum linnaeus (labiatae), lantana camara l. (verbenaceae), and lippia uckambensis spreng (verbenaceae) repelled at an average of 39.7% (95% confidence interval [ci] = 29.6-48.4%), 32.4% (95% ci = 19.7-43.1%), and 33.3% (95% ci = 21.5-43.3%) of the mosquitoes, respectively (p < 0.0001 for al ... | 2002 | 12389946 |
| production of ligninolytic enzymes for dye decolorization by cocultivation of white-rot fungi pleurotus ostreatus and phanerochaete chrysosporium under solid-state fermentation. | lignocellulosic wastes such as neem hull, wheat bran, and sugarcane bagasse, available in abundance, are excellent substrates for the production of ligninolytic enzymes under solid-state fermentation by white-rot fungi. a ligninolytic enzyme system with high activity showing enhanced decomposition was obtained by cocultivation of pleurotus ostreatus and phanerochaete chrysosporium on combinations of lignocellulosic waste. among the various substrate combinations examined, neem hull and wheat bra ... | 2002 | 12396115 |
| antibacterial activity of extracts from some edible plants commonly consumed in asia. | extracts of edible plants (26 species) from china, japan, thailand and yemen were screened for their antibacterial activity against bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli and salmonella infantis. buffered methanol (80% methanol and 20% pbs) and acetone extracted inhibitory substances against tested bacteria from 16 plants, as revealed by the disc assay. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of extracts determined by the agar dilution method ranged ... | 2003 | 12423924 |
| effects of neem-based and chemical insecticides on some arthropods in alfalfa. | in this study, we tested the effects of two different doses of neem (azadirachtin) on the alfalfa weevil, hypera variabilis hbst. (coleoptera: curculionidae), aphids and predators (coccinellids, anthocorids, chrysopids and spiders) and compared the effects with those of a broad spectrum insecticide (malathion) in a controlled experiment in 1998 and 1999. malathion treatments reduced alfalfa weevil densities significantly (p < 0.01) by 77.9 and 87.4% in 1998 and 1999, respectively. alfalfa weevil ... | 2001 | 12425073 |
| azadirachtol, a tetranortriterpenoid from neem kernels. | the title compound, dimethyl (-)-(2ar,3r,4r,4as,5r,7as,8r,10s,10ar)-3,8,10-trihydroxy-4-[(2r,6r)-2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.0(2,6)0(9,11)]dodec-3-en-9-yl]-4-methylperhydroisobenzofurano[5,4,3a-cd]isobenzofuran-5,10a-diacetate, c(28)h(36)o(13), which exhibits higher antifeedant activity than azadirachtin-a, a known potent antifeedant, was isolated from neem kernels. the asymmetric unit of the structure contains two independent molecules, which differ in the conformations of ... | 2002 | 12466621 |
| comparative evaluation of hypoglycaemic activity of some indian medicinal plants in alloxan diabetic rats. | in our experiments 30 hypoglycaemic medicinal plants (known and less known) have been selected for thorough studies from indigenous folk medicines, ayurvedic, unani and siddha systems of medicines. in all the experiments with different herbal samples (vacuum dried 95% ethanolic extracts), definite blood glucose lowering effect within 2 weeks have been confirmed in alloxan diabetic albino rats. blood glucose values are brought down close to normal fasting level using herbal samples at a dose of 2 ... | 2003 | 12499084 |
| a study of cardiovascular effects of azadirachta indica (neem) on isolated perfused heart preparations. | the effects of aqueous leaf extract of azadirachta indica were evaluated on isolated prefused frog and rabbit heart. dose dependent negative inotropic and chronotropic effects were observed in both the heart preparation. an increase in coronary blood flow in isolated rabbit heart was observed. the effects were not blocked by atropine and mepyramine in both the preparations. the data suggests that a. indica could be of benefit in coronary artery disease and arrhythmias. | 2002 | 12500501 |
| effect of single and binary combinations of plant-derived molluscicides on different enzyme activities in the nervous tissue of achatina fulica. | effect of single and binary treatments of plant-derived molluscicides on different enzymes--acetylcholinesterase (ache), lactic dehydrogenase (ldh) and acid/alkaline phosphatase (acp/alp)--in the nervous tissue of the harmful terrestrial snail achatina fulica were studied. sublethal in vivo 24-h exposure to 40% and 80% lc(50) of azadirachta indica oil, cedrus deodara oil, allium sativum bulb powder, nerium indicum bark powder and binary combinations of a. sativum (as) + c. deodara (cd) and cd + ... | 2003 | 12518332 |
| traditionally-used antimalarials from the meliaceae. | a quantitative ethnobotanical approach to antimalarial drug discovery led to the identification of lansium domesticum corr. ser. (meliaceae) as an important antimalarial used by kenyah dyak healers in indonesian borneo. triterpenoid lansiolides with antimalarial activity were isolated from the bark and shown to have activity in both in vitro bioassays with plasmodium falciparum, and in mice infected with p. berghei. a survey of african and tropical american meliaceae led to further development o ... | 2003 | 12570769 |
| antiplasmodial and antifungal activities of iridal, a plant triterpenoid. | iridal, a triterpenoidic compound extracted from iris germanica l., was previously shown to have an interesting activity on two cultured human tumor cell lines (a2780 and k562). in the present work, this same product was tested in vitro on plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant and -sensitive strains, in vivo on p. vinckei, and on some candida albicans and c. parapsilosis strains too. the ic(50) obtained in vitro on human malaria strain ranged from 1.8 to 26.0 microg/ml and the ed(50) in vi ... | 2003 | 12620327 |
| inhibition of propionibacterium acnes-induced mediators of inflammation by indian herbs. | propionibacterium acnes, an anaerobic pathogen, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acne by inducing certain inflammatory mediators. these mediators include reactive oxygen species (ros) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. in the present study, ros, interleukin-8 (il-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) were used as the major criteria for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity. to prove the anti-inflammatory effects of herbs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnl) and monocyt ... | 2003 | 12622461 |
| cultural categorization of febrile illnesses in correlation with herbal remedies used for treatment in southwestern nigeria. | the ethnographic study was conducted in two communities in oyo state in southwestern nigeria. the study sites consisted of a rural and an urban local government area located in the tropical rain forest zone of nigeria. the study was designed to obtain information on febrile illnesses and herbal remedies for treatment with the aim of identifying potential antimalarial drugs. the study revealed that fever is a general term for describing illnesses associated with elevated body temperature. the ind ... | 2003 | 12639738 |
| lethal and sublethal effects of a neem-based insecticide on balsam fir sawfly (hymenoptera: diprionidae). | lethal and sublethal effects of neemix 4.5 ec, a commercial neem preparation, on balsam fir sawfly, neodiprion abietis (harris), were determined in the laboratory. larval mortality of n. abietis increased in a concentration-dependent manner, and lethal time decreased with increasing neemix 4.5 ec concentration. fifty percent of the larvae died after 4.6 d at a concentration of 90 ppm azadirachtin (aza) and 12.3 d at a concentration of 0.08 ppm. neemix 4.5 ec showed some deterrent effects to feed ... | 2003 | 12650342 |
| post-harvest fungal quality of selected chewing sticks. | to study post-harvest fungal overgrowth on chewing sticks used for oral hygiene measures and role of disinfection. | 2003 | 12657036 |
| lens aldose reductase inhibiting potential of some indigenous plants. | cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldover. diabetes is one of the major risk factors for cataractogenesis and aldose reductase (ar) has been reported to play an important role in sugar-induced cataract. in the present study, the ar inhibitory activity of ocimum sanctum (os), withania somnifera (ws), curcuma longa (cl), azadirachta indica (ai) were studied together with their effect on sugar-induced cataractogenic changes in rat lenses in vitro. aqueous extracts of the plants, procured ... | 2003 | 12686449 |
| chemopreventive potential of neem flowers on carcinogen-induced rat mammary and liver carcinogenesis. | we have previously reported that dietary neem flowers (azadirachta indica a. juss var. siamensis valeton) caused a marked increase in glutathione s-transferase (gst) activity in the liver, while resulting in a significant reduction in the activities of some hepatic p450-dependent monooxygenases. these results strongly indicate that neem flowers may have chemopreventive potential. in the present study, we examined the inhibitory effects of neem flowers on 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (dmba)-i ... | 2002 | 12718580 |
| ultrastructural changes induced by leaves of azadirachta indica (neem) in the testis of albino rats. | the present work was designed to study the effect of azadirachta indica (neem) powder on rat testis using the electron microscope. male albino rats received 100 mg each a. indica leaf powder orally (by gavage). on alternate days, a second group of rats received 0.125 mg testosterone dipropionate intramuscularly. a third group received both a. indica leaf powder by gavage and testosterone dipropionate intramuscularly. suitable controls were maintained. after autopsy, ultrastructural analysis of t ... | 2002 | 12751899 |
| anti dermatophytic activity of azardirachta indica (neem) by invitro study. | the leaf and seed extracts of the plant azardirachta indica were tested for antidermatophytic activity against dermatophytes such as trichophyton ruberum, trichophyton, mentagrophytes, trichophyton violaceum, microsporum nanum and epidermophyton floccosum by tube dilution technique. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of neem seed extract was found to be lower tan that of neem leaf when tested against different species of dermatophytes. | 2002 | 12785173 |
| an efficient method for the purification and characterization of nematicidal azadirachtins a, b, and h, using mplc and esims. | azadirachtin a enriched concentrate containing 60% active ingredient (a.i.) was prepared from the methanolic extract of the de-fatted neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) seed kernels. azadirachtins a, b, and h, the three major bioactive constituents of neem seed kernel, were purified from this methanolic concentrate by employing reverse phase medium-pressure liquid chromatography (mplc), using methanol-water solvent system as an eluant. the three pure azadirachtin congeners thus obtained were char ... | 2003 | 12822931 |
| effect of azadirachta indica on paracetamol-induced hepatic damage in albino rats. | azadirachta indica, a plant used widely in ayurveda, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and adaptogenic properties. the present study evaluates its hepatoprotective role. fresh juice of tender leaves of azadirachta indica (200 mg/kg body wt. p.o.) inhibited paracetamol (2 g/kg body wt. p.o.)-induced lipid peroxidation and prevented depletion of sulfhydryl groups in liver cells. there was an increase in serum marker enzymes of hepatic damage (aspartate transaminase, ala ... | 2003 | 12834004 |
| chemoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of neem leaf against mnng-induced oxidative stress. | we evaluated the modifying effects of ethanolic extract of neem leaves (azadirachta indica a. juss) on oxidative stress induced by the potent gastric carcinogen n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng) in male wistar rats. the extent of lipid peroxidation and the status of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), reduced glutathione (gsh), glutathione peroxidase (gpx) and glutathione s-transferase (gst) were used as intermediate endpoints of chemoprevention. three differen ... | 2003 | 12889539 |
| evaluation of the antimalarial properties and standardization of tablets of azadirachta indica (meliaceae) in mice. | the antimalarial activities of the tablet suspension of the bark and leaf of azadirachta indica were evaluated on plasmodium yoelli nigeriensis infected mice. the tablet suspensions exhibited high prophylactic, mode-rate suppressive and a very minimal curative schizonticidal effect. no animal was cured of the infection in the curative test and there was not much increase in the survival time of the animals compared with the control. the tablet suspensions from the leaf and bark at a concentratio ... | 2003 | 12916083 |
| ethanolic neem leaf extract protects against n-methyl -n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine-induced gastric carcinogenesis in wistar rats. | we evaluated the effects of ethanolic neem leaf extract on n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng)-induced gastric carcinogenesis in wistar rats. the extent of lipid peroxidation and the status of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), reduced glutathione (gsh), glutathione peroxidase (gpx), and glutathione-s-transferase (gst) in the stomach, liver and erythrocytes were used as biomarkers of chemoprevention. animals were divided into four groups of six animals each. rat ... | 2003 | 14507242 |
| prenylated flavanones isolated from flowers of azadirachta indica (the neem tree) as antimutagenic constituents against heterocyclic amines. | four prenylated flavanones were isolated from the methanol extract of the flowers of azadirachta indica (the neem tree) as potent antimutagens against trp-p-1 (3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5h-pyrido[4,3-b]indole) in the salmonella typhimurium ta98 assay by activity-guided fractionation. spectroscopic properties revealed that those compounds were 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-8-prenylflavanone (1), 5,4'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-8-prenylflavanone (2), 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3',8-diprenylflavanone (3), and 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3', ... | 2003 | 14558762 |
| spermicidal activity of azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract. | the present study was carried out to evaluate the effective concentration of aqueous extract of old and tender azadirachta indica (neem) leaves to immobilize and kill 100% human spermatozoa within 20 s. sander-cramer test was used to study the spermicidal activity of neem leaf extract. under the test conditions, minimum effective spermicidal concentrations for tender and old leaf extracts were 2.91 +/- 0.669 mg/million sperm and 2.75 +/- 0.754 mg/million sperm, respectively. the effect of extrac ... | 2003 | 14561544 |
| biological investigation and structure-activity relationship studies on azadirone from azadirachta indica a. juss. | azadirone 1, a limonoidal constituent of azadirachta indica is found to possess potent cytotoxic activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines in our in vitro studies. in vitro screening of a number of semi-synthetic analogues of 1 revealed that the alpha,beta-unsaturated enone moiety or its equivalent conjugated system in a-ring, c-7 acetyloxy/chloroacetyloxy or keto group in b-ring and the furan moiety are responsible for the activity of 1 and its analogues. compound 1 and two of the sem ... | 2003 | 14592518 |
| the anthelmintic efficacy of five plant products against gastrointestinal trichostrongylids in artificially infected lambs. | forty-eight helminth-free lambs were divided into eight groups (a-h) of six animals. groups a-g were infected artificially with 10,000 third stage larvae of haemonchus contortus and 20,000 third stage larvae of trichostrongylus colubriformis, whereas group h remained uninfected. thirty days post-infection the lambs were treated orally with a single dosage of one of the following products: group a with 3 mg/kg body weight (bw) of an aqueous ethanol extract (70%, v/v) of the seeds of azadirachta i ... | 2003 | 14597279 |
| n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng)-induced in vivo clastogenicity: protective effects of aqueous neem leaf extract. | we evaluated the modifying effects of aqueous neem leaf extract on the in vivo clastogenicity of n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng), a potent gastric carcinogen by quantitation of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations in metaphase cells from the bone marrow of male wistar rats. intraperitoneal injection of mnng (40 mg/kg body weight) induced a significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations. pretreatment with aqueous neem leaf extract (100 mg/kg body w ... | 2003 | 14609290 |
| possible mechanism of hepatoprotective activity of azadirachta indica leaf extract: part ii. | hepatoprotective activity of azadirachta indica leaf extract against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats has already been reported. in the present investigation effects of azadirachta indica leaf extract on blood and liver glutathione, na+k(+)-atpase activity and thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats have been studied with a view to elucidate possible mechanism behind its hepatoprotective action. it was interesting to observe that azadi ... | 2003 | 14611885 |
| acaricidal effects of cardiac glycosides, azadirachtin and neem oil against the camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii (acari: ixodidae). | the cardiac glycoside, digitoxin, from digitalis purpurea l (scrophulariaceae), a cardiac glycosidal (cardenolide) extract from calotropis procera (ait) r br (asclepiadaceae), azadirachtin and neem oil from azadirachta indica a juss (meliaceae) were tested for their effects against larvae and adult stages of the camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii koch (acari: ixodidae). the contact lc50 values of the first three materials against adults were 4.08, 9.63 and >40.7 microg cm(-2), respectively, whereas ... | 2003 | 14620053 |
| evaluation of repellent action of neem oil against the filarial vector, culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae). | studies were carried out to evaluate the repellent action of neem oil against culex quinquefasciatus. application of 2 and 5 per cent neem oil @ 5 ml/person/night gave 50 and 40.9 per cent protection in indoor collections and 17.4 and 5.6 per cent in outdoor collections as compared with that of untreated control respectively. the protection time ranged from 0100 to 0300 hrs and 0100 to 0600 hrs in indoor and outdoor collections respectively. results of repellent action of autan, a synthetic mosq ... | 2002 | 14686105 |
| evaluation of antiplaque activity of azadirachta indica leaf extract gel--a 6-week clinical study. | various chemical agents have been evaluated over the years with respect to their antimicrobial effects in the oral cavity; however, all are associated with side effects that prohibit regular long-term use. therefore, the effectiveness of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) leaf extract against plaque formation was assessed in males between the age group of 20-30 years over a period of 6 weeks. present study includes formulation of mucoadhesive dental gel containing azadirachta indica leaf extract ... | 2004 | 14698516 |
| effects of azadirachta indica extract on gastric ulceration and acid secretion in rats. | the effect of azadirachta indica extract on gastric ulceration was studied in albino rats. azadirachta indica extract (100-800 mg/kg p.o., 100-25 mg/kg i.p.) significantly inhibited gastric ulceration induced by indomethacin (40 mg/kg). administration of 800 mg/kg p.o. and 250 mg/kg i.p. caused 100% cytoprotection against indomethacin (40mg/kg, i.p.)-induced gastric ulceration. this action was accompanied by a dose-dependent decrease in total gastric acidity. in order to investigate the probable ... | 2004 | 14698526 |
| evaluation of anthelmintic properties of extracts from some plants used as livestock dewormers by pastoralist and smallholder farmers in kenya against heligmosomoides polygyrus infections in mice. | parasitic nematodes are among the most common and economically important infectious diseases of grazing livestock, especially in small ruminants in the tropics and subtropics in kenya the control of gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep and goats is usually made with synthetic anthelmintics but substantial levels of anthelmintic resistance have been recorded. a number of medicinal plants, that may provide possible alternatives, and are used by pastoralists and smallholder farmers in keny ... | 2003 | 14729169 |
| interaction between chloroquine sulphate and aqueous extract of azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae) in rabbits. | this study was carried out to investigate the effect of concurrent oral administration of aqueous leaf extract of azadirachta indica (meliaceae) on the pharmacokinetic properties of chloroquine sulphate in experimental rabbits. the results indicated that concurrent administration of both agents resulted in a significant decrease in serum concentration, slower absorption and elimination as well as longer half-life of chloroquine sulphate. the highest relative decrease of 78.0% was recorded 4 hour ... | 2003 | 14769237 |
| protective role of extracts of neem seeds in diabetes caused by streptozotocin in rats. | effect of petroleum ether extracts of kernel (nsk) and husk (nsh) of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss, meliaceae) seeds on the prevention of oxidative stress caused by streptozotocin (stz) was investigated. diabetes mellitus was induced in adult male wistar rats after administration of stz (55 mg/kg b.wt., i.p., tail vein). the effect of nsk (2 gm/kg, b.wt.) and nsh (0.9 gm/kg, b.wt.) orally for 28 days was investigated in diabetic rats. insulin-treated diabetic rats (6 u/kg, i.p., 28 days.) ser ... | 2004 | 15013179 |
| implication of reproductive endocrine malfunction in male antifertility efficacy of azadirachta indica extract in rats. | the effects of the ethanol extract of azadirachta indica stem bark on body and organ weights, sperm morphology, counts and viability, serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (lh), and follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) were studied in albino rats. intraperitoneal administration (i.p) of the extract for ten weeks caused significant dose-dependent decreases in weights of the testis, epididymis and seminal vesicles but an increase in that of the adrenal gland. sperm counts, morphology and ... | 2003 | 15032463 |
| inhibition of patulin production by penicillium expansum cultured with neem (azadirachta indica) leaf extracts. | aqueous extract of the leaves of neem [azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae)] was tested in vitro for antifungal activity against penicillium expansum. patulin production was inhibited during cultivation, when concentrations higher than 50 mg/ml of neem leaf extract was added to the culture medium. analyses of mycotoxin production were performed by tlc and hplc. fungal growth and colony characteristics, in the presence of the extract, were investigated and compared with extract-free cultures. | 2004 | 15069669 |
| effect of bacopa monniera and azadirachta indica on gastric ulceration and healing in experimental niddm rats. | gastric ulcers were induced in normal/niddm rats by various physical (2 hr cold restraint stress and 4 hr pylorus ligation) and chemical agents (ethanol, 1 ml/200 g, oral, 1 hr before; aspirin, 200 mg/kg, oral, 4 hr) and duodenal ulcers were induced by cysteamine (40 mg/200 g). ulcer healing activity was studied in gastric ulcers induced by acetic acid (50%) and hci (0.6 m). the result indicated that in both, normal and niddm rats, b. monniera extract (bme, 20-100 mg/kg) did not show any signifi ... | 2004 | 15088689 |
| chemopreventive potential of azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract in murine carcinogenesis model systems. | numerous laboratory studies reveal that various naturally occurring dietary substances can modify the patho-physiological process of various metabolic disorders and can be an effective preventive strategy for various diseases, including cancer. indian neem tree, azadirachta indica a. juss. (family: meliaceae), contains at least 35 biologically active principles and is widely grown all over the tropics. the effect of two different doses (250 and 500 mg per kilogram body weight) of 80% ethanolic e ... | 2004 | 15099843 |
| ecological risk assessment of neem-based pesticides. | a tiered process was used to evaluate the risks of pure azadirachtin (aza) and two neem-based insecticides (neemix and bioneem) on six aquatic animals [crayfish (procambarus clarkii), white shrimp (penaeus setiferus), grass shrimp (palaemonetes pugio), blue crabs (callinectes sapidus), water fleas (daphnia pulex), and mosquito larvae (culex quinquefasciatus)] through short term acute toxicity tests. the risk was calculated using the level of concern endpoints (q values) and relative hazard index ... | 2004 | 15132337 |
| pesticide exposure--indian scene. | use of pesticides in india began in 1948 when ddt was imported for malaria control and bhc for locust control. india started pesticide production with manufacturing plant for ddt and benzene hexachloride (bhc) (hch) in the year 1952. in 1958, india was producing over 5000 metric tonnes of pesticides. currently, there are approximately 145 pesticides registered for use, and production has increased to approximately 85,000 metric tonnes. rampant use of these chemicals has given rise to several sho ... | 2004 | 15138033 |
| an antimalarial extract from neem leaves is antiretroviral. | an acetone-water neem leaf extract with antimalarial activity was evaluated in vitro at 5 microg/ml for inhibition of adhesion of malaria parasite-infected erythrocytes and cancer cells to endothelial cells, and at 10 microg/ml for protection of lymphocytes against invasion by hiv. the extract was also evaluated in 10 patients with hiv/aids at 1000 mg daily for 30 d. the mean binding of infected erythrocytes and cancer cells per endothelial cell was 15 and 11 respectively in the absence of the e ... | 2004 | 15138081 |
| deterrent effects of four neem-based formulations on gravid female boll weevil (coleoptera: curculionidae) feeding and oviposition on cotton squares. | three commercial neem-based insecticides, agroneem, ecozin, and neemix, and a neem seed extract formulation, bitters, containing 1,036, 16,506, 471, and 223 microg/ml azadirachtin, respectively, were assessed for feeding and oviposition deterrence against gravid female boll weevils, anthonomus grandis grandis boheman, in the laboratory. in choice assays, excised cotton squares dipped in the separate formulations were first physically contacted by the weevils' tarsi or antennae fewer times than n ... | 2004 | 15154463 |
| comparison of anti-feedant and insecticidal activity of nimbin and salannin photo-oxidation products with neem (azadirachta indica) limonoids. | photo-oxidation of the neem limonoids nimbin and salannin with uv light in the presence of oxygen gives two isomeric lactone products per limonoid, nimbinolide and isonimbinolide, and salanninolide and isosalanninolide, respectively. when compared in insect tests with the important limonoids of neem seeds, azadirachtin, nimbin and salannin, isonimbinolide and isosalanninolide show activity greater than that of nimbin or salannin and in some respects show activity approaching that of azadirachtin ... | 2004 | 15154512 |
| nimbidin suppresses functions of macrophages and neutrophils: relevance to its antiinflammatory mechanisms. | nimbidin is a mixture of tetranortriterpenes and is the major active principle of the seed oil of azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae) possessing potent antiinflammatory and antiarthritic activities. the present study revealed that nimbidin significantly inhibited some of the functions of macrophages and neutrophils relevant to the inflammatory response following both in vivo and in vitro exposure. oral administration of 5-25 mg/kg nimbidin to rats for 3 consecutive days significantly inhibite ... | 2004 | 15174005 |
| azadirachta indica adversely affects sperm parameters and fructose levels in vas deferens fluid of albino rats. | azadirachta indica treatment for 24 days in albino rats resulted in a decrease in the total sperm count, sperm motility, and forward velocity in vas deferens fluid. the percentage of abnormal sperm increased and the fructose content decreased. as diminished levels of fructose parallel androgen deficiency, we conclude that reduced androgen levels resulting from the anti-androgenic property of a. indica leaves probably influences the physiological maturation of sperm. | 2003 | 15198309 |
| the occurrence and allergising potential of airborne pollen in west bengal, india. | a continuous 2-year volumetric aerobiological survey was conducted in berhampore town, a centrally located and representative part of west bengal, india. the aim of the study was to assess the allergising potential of airborne pollen grains of west bengal. a total of 31 pollen types were identified of which poaceae (grasses) pollen showed maximum frequency, followed by cyperaceae, cassia sp., acacia auriculiformis, etc. the seasonal periodicities of the pollen types and their relationship to met ... | 2004 | 15236497 |
| effect of herbal molluscicides and their combinations on the reproduction of the snail lymnaea acuminata. | effects of sublethal treatment (20 and 60% of lc50/24 h) of the plant-derived molluscicides annona squamosa linn. and lawsonia inermis linn. and their combinations with other herbal molluscicides, such as cedrus deodara roxb, azadirachta indica a. juss, bulb powder of allium sativum linn. and polianthes tuberosa linn., and oleoresin of zingiber officinale rosc., and acetogenins extracted from the seeds of a. squamosa linn., on the reproduction of the snail lymnaea acuminata have been studied. it ... | 2004 | 15253044 |
| safety evaluation of neem (azadirachta indica) derived pesticides. | the neem tree, azadirachta indica, provides many useful compounds that are used as pesticides and could be applied to protect stored seeds against insects. however in addition to possible beneficial health effects, such as blood sugar lowering properties, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and hepatoprotective effects, also toxic effects are described. in this study we present a review of the toxicological data from human and animal studies with oral administration of different neem-b ... | 2004 | 15261960 |
| evaluation of calcium-alginate gel as an artificial diet medium for bioassays on common cutworms. | a calcium-alginate gel diet was developed for spodoptera litura larvae, and its reliability as a carrier for incorporating antifeedants as well as insecticides was investigated. the alginate gel diet was prepared with a simple protocol, which does not involve any heating process. when tested using this diet, acephate, a bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin formulation and rotenone reproducibly showed insecticidal activity against the larvae, while neem oil and scabequinone deterred the larval feedin ... | 2004 | 15264908 |
| mechanism of antiulcer effect of neem (azadirachta indica) leaf extract: effect on h+-k+-atpase, oxidative damage and apoptosis. | the mechanism of the antiulcer effect of neem leaf aqueous extract to block gastric lesions in rat has been studied with emphasis on acid secretion, oxidative damage and apoptosis. the extract dose-dependently inhibits gastric lesions induced by restraint-cold stress, indomethacin and ethanol. in stress ulcer model, it is more effective than ranitidine but less effective than omeprazole. it also dose-dependently blocks pylorus ligation and mercaptomethylimidazole-induced acid secretion. in the p ... | 2004 | 15265317 |
| lowering of blood sugar by water extract of azadirachta indica and abroma augusta in diabetes rats. | combination (1:1 ) of water extract of dried powder of root and leaves (200 mg/kg body wt) of a. augusta and a. indica respectively was administered orally to alloxan diabetic rats once a day for 8 weeks. this treatment caused significant lowering of blood sugar in fasted as estimated by glucose tolerance test. the treatment resulted in a significant reduction in serum lipids. aqueous extract also decreased the formation of lipid peroxides estimated as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, (tb ... | 2003 | 15266913 |
| neem in human and plant disease therapy. | as a therapeutic agent, neem is one of the most popular trees in traditional medicinal systems and is increasingly becoming important in herbal alternative therapy. the tree itself is considered a "village pharmacy" because of the well-established fact that every part of the tree has an application in curing human diseases. the tree has been a constant source of novel and structurally unique phytochemicals that can constitute the basis for the development of novel pharmaco-therapeutic agents aga ... | 2002 | 15277086 |
| evaluation of anthelmintic properties of some plants used as livestock dewormers against haemonchus contortus infections in sheep. | gastrointestinal helminth infections remain a major constraint to livestock production globally. this study evaluated anthelmintic efficacy of 7 plants used as dewormers by farmers and pastoralists in kenya. thus 3 commercial anthelmintics and 7 plant preparations were tested in lambs infected with 5000 or 3000 l3 haemonchus contortus in 4 experiments. in the first experiment, ivermectin, levamisole and albendazole were tested in 46 lambs. seven plant preparations of hagenia abyssinica, olea eur ... | 2004 | 15376783 |
| effects of aqueous extracts of garlic (allium sativum) and neem (azadirachta indica) leaf on hepatic and blood oxidant-antioxidant status during experimental gastric carcinogenesis. | the modifying effects of aqueous extracts of garlic and neem leaf during the pre-initiation and post-initiation phases of gastric carcinogenesis induced by n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine were investigated in male wistar rats. the extent of lipid peroxidation and the status of phase ii biotransformation enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase that use reduced glutathione (gsh) as substrate were used to biomonitor the chemopreventive potential of these extracts. ... | 2004 | 15383228 |
| acaricidal properties of a chenopodium-based botanical. | the emulsifiable concentrate uda-245 [25% ec (vol:vol)], based on an essential oil extract from chenopodium ambrosioides variety ambrosioides, a north american herbaceous plant, was compared with commercially available pesticides for their effectiveness to control the adult stage and egg hatch of the twospotted spider mite, tetranychus urticae koch (acari: tetranychidae) and the european red mite, panonychus ulmi (koch) (acari: tetranychidae). after a laboratory bioassay with adult twospotted sp ... | 2004 | 15384350 |
| insecticidal properties of a chenopodium-based botanical. | the emulsifiable concentrate uda-245 based on an essential oil extract from chenopodium ambrosioides variety near ambrosioides, a north american herbaceous plant, was compared with commercially available pesticides for their effectiveness to control green peach aphid, myzus persicae (sulzer) (homoptera: aphididae), western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae), and greenhouse whitefly, trialeurodes vaporariorium (westwood) (homoptera: aleyrodidae). side e ... | 2004 | 15384351 |
| biochemical effects of vepacide (from azadirachta indica) on wistar rats during subchronic exposure. | we investigated the effect of vepacide (from azadirachta indica), a neem-based pesticide, on acid (acp) and alkaline (akp) phosphatase in different tissues of male and female albino wistar rats. subchronic doses of vepacide in coconut oil (80, 160, and 320 mg/kg; maximum volume of 0.2 ml) were administered orally for 45 or 90 days. the administration of vepacide resulted in a significant increase in acp and akp in serum, kidney, lung, and liver tissue (akp only in liver), whereas a significant d ... | 2004 | 15388273 |
| clinical studies on the effect of neem (azadirachta indica) bark extract on gastric secretion and gastroduodenal ulcer. | we have shown earlier that neem (azadirachta indica) bark aqueous extract has potent antisecretory and antiulcer effects in animal models and has no significant adverse effect (bandyopadhyay et al., life sciences, 71, 2845-2865, 2002). the objective of the present study was to investigate whether neem bark extract had similar antisecretory and antiulcer effects in human subjects. for this purpose, a group of patients suffering from acid-related problems and gastroduodenal ulcers were orally trea ... | 2004 | 15454339 |
| the effect of neem (azadirachta indica) extract and dietary selenium on distribution of selenium in hepatocarcinogenesis induced rat. | neem, azadirachta indica, is a plant from the family meliaceae, known as "pokok semambu" in malay community. it has been extensively used in india as traditional ayurvedic and folklore minedicine for the treatment of various diseases. this study aimed to determine the distribution of selenium in the liver of rats during hepatocarcinogenesis when neem aqueous extract and dietary selenium was supplemented. | 2004 | 15468891 |
| effect of essential oils on the growth of fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin contamination in corn. | essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation from local plants in benin, western africa, and oil from seeds of the neem tree (azadirachta indica) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their efficacy against fusarium verticillioides infection and fumonisin contamination. fumonisin in corn was quantified using a fluorometer and the vicam method. oils from cymbopogon citratus, ocimum basilicum, and ocimum gratissimum were the most effective in vitro, completely inhibiting the growth of f. vertic ... | 2004 | 15506822 |
| effects of azadirachta indica and melia azedarach (meliaceae) extracts from leaves on trypanosoma cruzi growth and ultrastructure. | the chloroformic extracts from dried fresh leaves ofazadirachta indica a. juss. and melia azedarach l. (meliaceae) showed marked inhibitory activity on epimastigotes growth of trypanosoma cruzi, evidenced by 96-wells microtiter plate bioassay and radioactive thymidine incorporation experiment. each chloroformic extract was separated using silica gel and alumina column. in transmission electron microscopy the bioactive chromatographic fractions caused ultrastructural changes in epimastigotes such ... | 2004 | 15554501 |
| mitigating nitrous oxide and methane emissions from soil in rice-wheat system of the indo-gangetic plain with nitrification and urease inhibitors. | mitigation of methane (ch4) and nitrous oxide (n2o) emissions from soil is important to reduce the global warming. efficacy of five nitrification inhibitors, i.e. neem (azadirachta melia) cake, thiosulphate, coated calcium carbide, neem oil coated urea and dicyandiamide (dcd) and one urease inhibitor, hydroquinone, in mitigating n2o and ch4 emissions from fertilized soil was tested in rice-wheat system in the indo-gangetic plains. the closed chamber technique was used for the collection of gas s ... | 2005 | 15571746 |
| ultrastructural changes in cauda epididymidal epithelial cell types of azadirachta indica leaf treated rats. | to assess if cauda epididymis is a target for the effect of a. indica leaves, wistar strain male albino rats were administered (po) a. indica leaves (100 mg/rat/day for 24 days). transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed that in the cauda epididymal epithelium the nuclei of principal cells were enlarged and the number of coated micropinocytotic vesicles of the apical cytoplasm decreased. microvilli were missing and mitochondrial cristae and golgi complex were highly disrupted. the cyto ... | 2004 | 15587115 |
| hypoglycaemic effects of some plant extracts are possibly mediated through inhibition in corticosteroid concentration. | to unravel the possible mechanism of glucose lowering activity, effects of ten different plant extracts in the regulation of serum cortisol and glucose concentrations were evaluated in male mice. while the extracts of inula racemosa, boerhaavia diffusa and ocimum sanctum decreased the serum concentration of both cortisol and glucose, aegle marmelos, azadirachta indica and gymnema sylvestre extracts could exhibit hypoglycaemic activity without altering the serum cortisol concentration. it appears ... | 2004 | 15587591 |
| bioefficacy and mode-of-action of some limonoids of salannin group from azadirachta indica a. juss and their role in a multicomponent system against lepidopteran larvae. | biological activities of the salannin type of limonoids isolated from azadirachta indica a. juss were assessed using the gram pod borer helicoverpa armigera (hubner) and the tobacco armyworm spodoptera litura (fabricius) (lepidoptera: noctuidae). inhibition of larval growth was concomitant with reduced feeding by neonate and third instar larvae. all three compounds exhibited strong antifeedant activity in a choice leaf disc bioassay with 2.0, 2.3 and 2.8 microg/cm(2) of 3-o-acetyl salannol, sala ... | 2004 | 15625397 |
| toward development of neem-based repellents against the scottish highland biting midge culicoides impunctatus. | oil of neem, from the tree azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae), was evaluated for repellent and antifeedant activity against culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae), by three complementary methods with serial dilutions. electroantennograms revealed the sensitivity of culicoides nubeculosus (meigen) females to neem > or = 0.10%. culicoides impunctatus goetghebuer females were repelled by > or = 1% in a y-tube olfactometer, using a membrane feeder for wild-caught parous females of c ... | 2004 | 15642014 |
| [preparation of contraceptive pill microcapsule and its anti-fertility effect]. | the main component of this pill is 2-octadecanoic acid-4-palmitic acid-2, 4-pentanediyl ester separated from chloroform extract of neem oil. the microcapsules coated by the re-curdle method were fabricated with an average particle size of 100-180 microm. the morphological characteristics, incorporation efficiency, carrier reclamation efficiency of the microcapsule were investigated. kunming mice were used in the experiment, and the anti-fertility effect of the microcapsule on the histology and a ... | 2004 | 15646346 |
| antifilarial activity of azadirachta indica on cattle filarial parasite setaria cervi. | alcohol and aqueous extracts of flowers of azadirachta indica were tested in vitro for their potential antifilarial activity against whole worm, nerve muscle (n.m.) preparation and microfilariae of setaria cervi. the effects of alcohol and aqueous extracts were similar in nature on the spontaneous movements of whole worm and nerve muscle preparation. on the whole worm, the response was characterized by initial increase in tone, rate and amplitude of contractions followed by reversible paralysis. ... | 2005 | 15664463 |
| neuroprotective effect of azadirachta indica on cerebral post-ischemic reperfusion and hypoperfusion in rats. | we assessed the effect of azadirachta indica (a. indica), a plant that has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic properties, on cerebral reperfusion injury and long term cerebral hypoperfusion. when blood flow to brain region that has undergone critical period of ischemia is re-established, additional injury is to be expected from the reperfusion. in the present study, bilateral common carotid artery (bcca) occlusion for 30 min followed by 45 min reperfusion resu ... | 2005 | 15670613 |
| isoprene emission from tropical tree species. | foliar emission of isoprene was measured in nine commonly growing tree species of delhi, india. dynamic flow enclosure technique was used and gas samples were collected onto tenax-gc/carboseive cartridges, which were then attached to the sample injection system in the gas chromatograph (gc). eluting compounds were analysed using a flame ionisation detector (fid). out of the nine tree species, isoprene emission was found in six species (eucalyptus sp., ficus benghalensis, ficus religiosa, mangife ... | 2005 | 15701397 |
| operational use of neem oil as an alternative anopheline larvicide. part a: laboratory and field efficacy. | we conducted a study to determine the laboratory and field efficacy of neem oil towards anopheline larvae. no difference in lc50 was observed between laboratory and field strains for temephos, chlorpyriphos-methyl/fenitrothion and neem oil. no difference in susceptibility was found after 3 months of application every 2 weeks. water treated with a single application of traditional larvicides was free of larvae after 4 weeks; neem oil-treated water, however, was free after 2 weeks but not at 4 wee ... | 2003 | 15748061 |
| operational use of neem oil as an alternative anopheline larvicide. part b: environmental impact and toxicological potential. | this study was conducted to investigate the preliminary environmental and mammalian toxicology of neem oil, temephos and chlorpyriphos-methyl/fenitrothion. culex pipiens, daphnia magna and gambusia affinis were used to study environmental impact. a high level of toxicity was observed, with slight differences between organisms. the emulsifiers individually also displayed toxicity towards the tested organisms. up to 90 days daily oral crude neem oil treatment (5 g/kg body weight) of laboratory mic ... | 2003 | 15748062 |
| antioxidant activity of siamese neem tree (vp1209). | leaves, fruits, flowers and stem bark extracts from the siamese neem tree (azadirachta indica a. juss var. siamensis valeton, meliaceae) were assessed for antioxidant activity in vitro using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (dpph) scavenging assay, total antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in chago k1 cancer cell culture by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (tbars) method. the results showed that leaf aqueous extract, flower and stem bark ethanol extracts exhibi ... | 2005 | 15848028 |
| hymenopteran parasitoids of diamondback moth (lepidoptera: ypeunomutidae) in northern thailand. | larvae of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: ypeunomutidae), cause severe economic damage to cabbage, brassica oleracea l. variety capitata (brassicaceae) and related vegetables in thailand. overuse of broad-spectrum insecticides for diamondback moth control is a serious problem and has obscured the contributions of indigenous parasitoids. our objectives were to identify indigenous diamondback moth parasitoids in northern thailand and to assess their potential for natur ... | 2005 | 15889737 |
| azadirachtin-impregnated traps for the control of dermanyssus gallinae. | the effect of neem oil (azadirachtin), originating from the tree azadirachta indica, was investigated as a potential compound to control the poultry red mite, dermanyssus gallinae. in vitro tests were performed to determine the most appropriate formulation of neem extracts and concentration of the substance to be used. cardboard traps containing 20% neem oil were placed at the mites' aggregation sites, out of reach of the hens, in a floor system for layers containing approximately 2400 birds. tr ... | 2005 | 15890446 |
| traditional oral health practices among kanuri women of borno state, nigeria. | a structured questionnaire was administered on 495 women (urban 339, rural 156) from two lgas of borno state, nigeria, using the interviewer method. the age range of the subjects was 12 to 80 years with a mean age (+/- sd) of 35.7 +/- 13.44 years. majority (83.5%) did not have any formal education. oral hygiene tools used by the respondents included toothbrush/paste 36 (7.9%), chewing stick 250 (54.9%), charcoal 159 (34.9%) and ordinary water 10 (2.2%). of those using chewing sticks; 168 (67.2%) ... | 2004 | 15900821 |
| immunostimulatory neem leaf preparation acts as an adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of poorly immunogenic b16 melanoma surface antigen vaccine. | immunogenecity of the poorly immunogenic b16 melanoma cell surface antigen (b16melsag) was enhanced by combining b16melsag with nlp in c57bl/6 mice, as evidenced by elisa and flow cytometry. nlp was as effective as freund's complete and incomplete adjuvant to generate antibodies recognizing the b16melsag. the nlp generated antibody was a gamma globulin with a subtype of igg1. splenic lymphocytes from b16melsag+nlp treated mice proliferated more rapidly in vitro when stimulated by specific (b16me ... | 2005 | 15914339 |
| extracts of azadirachta indica and melia azedarach seeds inhibit folliculogenesis in albino rats. | the seed oil of azadirachta indica a. juss (neem) is used in traditional medicine for its antidiabetic, spermicidal, antifertility, antibacterial, and wound healing properties. the present study was undertaken to investigate the quantitative aspects of follicular development in cyclic female albino rats (135 +/- 10 g; 8 groups with 6 animals in each group) after oral administration of polar (pf) and non-polar (npf) fractions of a. indica seed extract at 3 and 6 mg kg body weight-1 day-1 and meli ... | 2005 | 15933789 |
| morphological alterations in toxigenic aspergillus parasiticus exposed to neem (azadirachta indica) leaf and seed aqueous extracts. | the mode of action of the extracts prepared from neem plant i.e., azadirachta indica on aflatoxin formation in toxigenic aspergillus species is not well understood. aflatoxin production by a. parasiticus was suppressed depending on the concentration of the plant aqueous extract (0, 1.56, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, and 50% v/v) added to the culture media at the time of spore inoculation. aflatoxin production in fungal mycelia grown for 96 h in culture media containing 50% neem leaf and seed extracts was i ... | 2005 | 15983743 |
| effect of biopesticides on the lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) of the rice leaffolder, cnaphalocrocis medinalis (guenée) (insecta: lepidoptera: pyralidae). | the effects of bacterial toxins (bacillus thuringiensis) and botanical insecticides (azadirachta indica and vitex negundo) on lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) activity in cnaphalocrocis medinalis (guenée) (the rice leaffolder) were evaluated. bacterial toxins and botanical insecticides affected the ldh activity individually and in combination. when they were combined, the effect was more severe at low concentration. there was a decrease in enzyme activity over controls at all concentrations tested. t ... | 2006 | 16033698 |
| studies on the management of root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita-wilt fungus, fusarium oxysporum disease complex of green gram, vigna radiata cv ml-1108. | studies were conducted under pot conditions to determine the comparative efficacy of carbofuran at 1 mg a.i./kg soil, bavistin at 1 mg a.i./kg soil, neem (azadirachta indica) seed powder at 50 mg/kg soil, green mould (trichoderma harzianum) at 50.0 ml/kg soil, rhizobacteria (pseudomonas fluorescens) at 50.0 ml/kg soil against root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita-wilt fungus, fusarium oxysporum disease complex on green gram, vigna radiata cv ml-1108. all the treatments significantly improved ... | 2005 | 16052706 |
| phase i safety study of praneem polyherbal vaginal tablet use among hiv-uninfected women in pune, india. | praneem polyherbal formulations containing purified extracts of azadirachta indica (neem tree) have shown activity against hiv and sexually transmitted disease pathogens in studies in vitro. the product also has contraceptive properties. this has prompted its development as a possible microbicide. we evaluated the safety of praneem polyherbal tablet use among hiv-uninfected women. twenty eligible women were enrolled in a phase i open-label study requiring 14 days of consecutive intravaginal use ... | 2005 | 16084547 |
| phenolic acids in neem (azadirachta indica): a major pre-existing secondary metabolites. | high performance liquid chromatographic (hplc) analyses of various parts (fresh and dry bark of stem, mature and tender leaves, flower and different parts of fruit, i.e., raw and ripe fruit epicarp, mesocarp and seed) of neem (azadirachta indica), which occupies an important place in socio-cultural-religious life in indian communities, indicate that neem is rich in pre-existing secondary metabolites (phenolic acids). dry bark showed only tannic acid but in fresh bark three phenolic acids were ob ... | 2005 | 16093234 |
| effect of dianex, a herbal formulation on experimentally induced diabetes mellitus. | dianex, a polyherbal formulation consisting of the aqueous extracts of gymnema sylvestre, eugenia jambolana, momordica charantia azadirachta indica, cassia auriculata, aegle marmelose, withania somnifera and curcuma longa was screened for hypoglycemic activity in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. dianex was administered in different doses of 100-500 mg/kg/day orally in acute (6 h) and long-term (6 weeks) studies. blood glucose levels were checked 2-6 h after treatment in acute stu ... | 2005 | 16106394 |
| effect of herbal polyphenols on atherogenic transcriptome. | the ancient indian system of medicine supports the antiatherogenic properties of some herbs. the crosstalk amongst the genes coding for ldlr, lxralpha, ppars (alpha,gamma), cd-36 and c-myc may be important in atherogenesis because these genes control lipid metabolism, cytokine production and cellular activity within the arterial wall. hence, we attempted for the first time to explore whether or not the polyphenols extracted from medicinal herbs had any effect on the transcription of these genes. ... | 2005 | 16180103 |
| changes in sertoli cells of albino rats induced by azadirachta indica a. juss leaves. | azadirachta indica leaf powder, 0.05 mg testosterone, or combined leaf powder + testosterone was administered for 48 days to different groups of 3-month-old albino rats. twenty-four hours after the final dose, the treated animals received mild ether anesthesia and the testes were dissected out and processed for light and electron microscope studies. animals treated with a. indica leaf powder showed damaged tubules and exhibited an abundance of vacuoles, including inter-cellular spaces and intra- ... | 2005 | 16187487 |
| ultrastructural changes in leydig cells and cauda epididymal spermatozoa induced by azadirachta indica leaves in albino rats. | the effects of azadirachta indica leaves (500 mg/kg body weight, orally/day), testosterone (0.25 mg/kg body weight/day, intramuscularly) and a combination of these two were investigated as to whether azadirachta indica leaves affect the morphology of leydig cells and epididymal sperm and their organelles at the ultrastructural level. azadirachta indica treated rats showed atrophic seminiferous tubules with widening intercellular spaces. leydig cells exhibited characteristics of degeneration such ... | 2005 | 16220567 |
| concurrent administration of aqueous azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract with doca-salt prevents the development of hypertension and accompanying electrocardiogram changes in the rat. | the effect of concurrent administration of azadirachta indica leaf extract with doca-salt was investigated in the development of hypertension.over 5-6 week old, inbred male wistar rats with a starting weight of 190 g were given either: (1) twice weekly subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of vehicle (soyabean oil, 0.25 ml per animal) for the first 2 weeks, plus normal drinking water (controls); (2) twice weekly (s.c.) injections (weeks 1 and 2 only) of 15 mg/kg doca dissolved in vehicle, plus drinking ... | 2005 | 16220573 |
| quinone reductase inducers in azadirachta indica a. juss flowers, and their mechanisms of action. | we have previously shown that the flowers of neem tree (azadirachta indica a. juss, family meliaceae), thai variety, strongly induced the activity of glutathione s-transferase (gst) while resulting in a significant reduction in the activities of some cytochrome p(450)-dependent monooxygenases in rat liver, and possess cancer chemopreventive potential against chemically-induced mammary gland and liver carcinogenesis in rats. in the present study, 2 chemicals possessing strong qr inducing activity ... | 2005 | 16235984 |
| evaluation of ash from some tropical plants of nigeria for the control of sclerotium rolfsii sacc. on wheat (triticum aestivum l.). | eleven ash samples, from organs of nine tropical plants, were screened for their abilities to inhibit mycelial growth and sclerotial germination of a nigerian isolate of sclerotium rolfsii on agar and in the soil. ten ash samples showed some activity against mycelial growth of s. rolfsii in vitro. ash samples from delonix regia stem wood, mangifera indica leaf and vernonia amygdalina leaf were most effective as each totally inhibited mycelial growth of s. rolfsii in vitro. ocimum gratissimum lea ... | 1998 | 16284852 |