| [several surgical treatments in rhinoceroses in the berlin zoo]. | it is reported of the treatment of a lower jaw fracture, a toe fracture, dislodging of the horn, and fissures in the plantar surface of the foot in three indian and one black rhinoceros in berlin zoo. discussed are cause and course of the diseases, and surgical measures taken. | 1991 | 2015026 |
| acute intravascular hemolysis in the black rhinoceros: erythrocyte enzymes and metabolic intermediates. | enzymes of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, glutathione cycling, and nucleotide metabolism were assayed on erythrocytes from 7 healthy rhinoceroses, 2 rhinoceroses during periods of intravascular hemolysis, and 1 rhinoceros without clinical signs of illness, which was the mother of 3 offspring with intravascular hemolytic syndrome. measurements also were made of erythrocyte concentrations of glycolytic intermediates, adenine nucleotides, and glutathione. although comparison of results for healt ... | 1986 | 3729134 |
| fatal hemolytic anemia in the black rhinoceros: case report and a survey. | | 1982 | 7174433 |
| hemolytic anemia suggestive of leptospirosis in the black rhinoceros. | | 1980 | 7451343 |
| collection and analysis of semen from a black rhinoceros. | | 1979 | 521358 |
| ecological separation among browsing ungulates in tsavo east national park, kenya. | data on food habits and habitat preferences of four browsing herbivores (black rhinoceros, giraffe, gerenuk and lesser kudu) were analyzed to assess niche width for each species and niche overlap between pairs of species. all four species depended heavily on woody plants as food, and overlap in the utilization of different plant types (trees and shrubs, herbs, grasses, etc.) was very great in three of six species paris. when individual plant species were considered, markedly less overlap was app ... | 1978 | 28309736 |
| interdigital papilloma in a black rhinoceros. | | 1974 | 4426864 |
| electrocardiographic study on the african black rhinoceros. | | 1972 | 4652191 |
| degenerative arthritis in a black rhinoceros. | | 1967 | 6070312 |
| removal of a prolapsed eyeball in a wild black rhinoceros. | | 1965 | 14330200 |
| primary amebic meningoencephalomyelitis caused by naegleria fowleri in a south-central black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor). | case description a 20-year-old female south-central black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor) was evaluated because of an acute onset of cns deficits. clinical findings the rhinoceros had no history of illness. clinical signs included acute lethargy, ataxia, and decreased appetite. hematologic abnormalities included leukocytosis with neutrophilia and a profound left shift. results of serum biochemical analysis revealed hypophosphatemia but no other abnormalities. results of a quantitative pcr as ... | 2019 | 31260399 |
| oxpeckers help rhinos evade humans. | evolutionary theory expects social, communicative species to eavesdrop most on other species' alarm calls [e.g., 1, 2] but also that solitary-living species benefit most from eavesdropping [3, 4]. examples of solitary species responding to the alarm calls of other species, however, are limited and unconvincing [3-5]. the swahili name for the red-billed oxpecker (buphagus erythrorynchus) is askari wa kifaru, the rhinos' guard [6]. black rhino (diceros bicornis) are a solitary-living, non-vocal sp ... | 2020 | 32275876 |
| antibiotic resistance of escherichia coli from humans and black rhinoceroses in kenya. | upsurge of antibiotic resistance in wildlife poses unprecedented threat to wildlife conservation. surveillance of antibiotic resistance at the human-wildlife interface is therefore needed. we evaluated differences in antibiotic resistance of escherichia coli isolates from human and the endangered black rhinoceros in lambwe valley, kenya. we used standard microbiological techniques to carry out susceptibility assays using eight antibiotics of clinical and veterinary importance. standard pcr metho ... | 2020 | 31811599 |
| rare gut microbiota associated with breeding success, hormone metabolites and ovarian cycle phase in the critically endangered eastern black rhino. | host microbiomes play a role in hormone production and subsequent fertility in humans, but this is less well understood in non-model organisms. this is of particular relevance to species in zoo-based conservation breeding programmes, as relationships between host microbiome composition and reproductive output may allow for the development of microbial augmentation strategies to improve success. here, we characterise faecal bacterial communities of breeding and non-breeding eastern black rhino (d ... | 2019 | 30770764 |
| retrospective anti-tetanus antibody responses of zoo-based asian elephants (elephas maximus) and rhinoceros (rhinocerotidae). | tetanus toxoids (tt) commercially available for use in horses and livestock are commonly used to vaccinate elephants and rhinoceros that are in human care. although recommendations for booster intervals have changed in human and horse protocols to reduce the risks associated with hyper-immunity (i.e. b-cell anergy and hypersensitivity reactions) these have generally not been adopted in zoo protocols. additionally, there is no evidence to demonstrate commercial tt immunogenicity in rhinoceros. in ... | 2021 | 32861731 |
| practical management of iron overload disorder (iod) in black rhinoceros (br; diceros bicornis). | critically endangered black rhinoceros (br) under human care are predisposed to non-hemochromatosis iron overload disorder (iod). over the last 30 years, br have been documented with diseases that have either been induced by or exacerbated by iod, prompting significant efforts to investigate and address this disorder. iod is a multi-factorial chronic disease process requiring an evidence-based and integrative long-term approach. while research continues to elucidate the complexities of iron abso ... | 2020 | 33138144 |
| feed intake and dietary composition of iron (fe), copper (cu), vitamin e, and tannic acid of five captive black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) in a uk collection. | the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) is a critically endangered species facing multiple anthropogenic pressures in its natural home range across africa. black rhinoceros are difficult to maintain ex situ and subject to diseases that are linked with captive dietary factors. hemochromatosis is of particular concern, as it is a common finding at necropsy of captive adults, and has been linked to excessive dietary iron intake. this intake study investigates the select nutrient composition of the ... | 2020 | 33135310 |
| megaherbivore browsers vs. tannins: is being big enough? | megaherbivores have been of particular interest to scientists because of the physiological and ecological challenges associated with their extreme body size. yet, one question that has seldom been explored is how browsing megaherbivores cope with plant secondary metabolites (psms), such as tannins, found in their food. it is possible that the sheer body size of these megaherbivores allows them to ingest tannins with no deleterious effects. however, it is plausible that megaherbivores must rely o ... | 2020 | 33083848 |
| monitoring rhinoceroses in namibia's private custodianship properties. | routinely censusing rhinoceros' populations is central to their conservation and protection from illegal killing. in namibia, both white (ceratotherium simum) and black (diceros bicornis) rhinoceros occur on private land, in the latter case under a custodianship program of the namibian ministry of environment and tourism (met). black rhinoceros custodian landowners are responsible for the protection of the rhinoceroses on their land and are required to report regularly to the met. monitoring imp ... | 2020 | 32864211 |
| inflammatory and oxidative status in european captive black rhinoceroses: a link with iron overload disorder? | iron overload disorder (iod) is a syndrome developed by captive browsing rhinoceroses like black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis), in which hemosiderosis develops in vital organs while free iron accumulates in the body, potentially predisposing to various secondary diseases. captive grazing species like white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum) do not seem to be affected. the authors hypothesized that inflammation and oxidative stress may be implicated in the pathogenesis of iod in captive black r ... | 2020 | 32785261 |
| age structure changes indicate direct and indirect population impacts in illegally harvested black rhino. | overharvesting affects the size and growth of wildlife populations and can impact population trajectories. overharvesting can also severely alter population structure and may result in changes in spatial organisation, social dynamics and recruitment. understanding the relationship between overharvesting and population growth is therefore crucial for the recovery of exploited species. the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis; black rhino) is a long-lived megaherbivore native to sub-saharan africa, ... | 2020 | 32726369 |
| interspecific gene flow and the evolution of specialisation in black and white rhinoceros. | africa's black (diceros bicornis) and white (ceratotherium simum) rhinoceros are closely related sister-taxa that evolved highly divergent obligate browsing and grazing feeding strategies. although their precursor species d. praecox and c. mauritanicum appear in the fossil record ∼5.2 million years ago (ma), by 4 ma both were still mixed feeders, and were even spatio-temporally sympatric at several pliocene sites in what is today africa's rift valley. here, we ask whether or not d. praecox and c ... | 2020 | 32585004 |
| anti-müllerian hormone in managed african and asian rhino species. | serum collected across the lifespan of four managed rhino species: black (diceros bicornis, n = 16), white (ceratotherium simum simum, n = 19), greater one-horned (goh, rhinoceros unicornis, n = 11) and sumatran (dicerorhinus sumatrensis, n = 6) were validated and analyzed in an anti-müllerian hormone (amh) enzyme- linked immunoassay. concentrations of amh were examined over time, between sexes and throughout different reproductive states which included n = 3 female white rhinos immunocontracept ... | 2020 | 32278883 |
| irregular ovarian cyclicity is associated with adrenal activity in female eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli). | to achieve self-sustaining and genetically diverse populations ex situ, captive breeding programmes must ensure good overall rates of reproduction, and equal contribution across individuals. previous research in the critically endangered eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli) revealed a high incidence of irregular oestrous cyclicity; in particular extended cycle duration among nulliparous females and acyclic periods in parous females that have not bred for several years. irregular ... | 2020 | 31881202 |
| mesoscale movement and recursion behaviors of namibian black rhinos. | understanding rhino movement behavior, especially their recursive movements, holds significant promise for enhancing rhino conservation efforts, and protecting their habitats and the biodiversity they support. here we investigate the daily, biweekly, and seasonal recursion behavior of rhinos, to aid conservation applications and increase our foundational knowledge about these important ecosystem engineers. | 2019 | 31728193 |
| reduced gut microbiome diversity and metabolome differences in rhinoceros species at risk for iron overload disorder. | iron overload disorder (iod) affects many wildlife species cared for ex situ. two of the four rhinoceros species in human care, sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) and black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis), are susceptible, whereas the other two, white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) and greater one-horned (goh) rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis), are relatively resistant to iod. complex interrelationships exist between mammalian hosts, their indigenous gut microbiota, metabolome, physi ... | 2019 | 31649637 |
| challenges to animal welfare associated with capture and long road transport in boma-adapted black (diceros bicornis) and semi-captive white (ceratotherium simum) rhinoceroses. | capture and transport are part of translocation and expose animals to a variety of stressors that can lead to morbidity and mortality. we aimed to establish a better understanding of the physiologic responses to capture and transport in black (diceros bicornis) and white (ceratotherium simum) rhinoceroses in southern africa. fourteen adult black rhinoceroses were transported 600 km by vehicle and 32 white rhinoceroses (24 adults and 8 juveniles) were transported 1,300 km by vehicle. the black rh ... | 2020 | 31596678 |
| using drones and sirens to elicit avoidance behaviour in white rhinoceros as an anti-poaching tactic. | poaching fuelled by international trade in horn caused the deaths of over 1000 african rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum and diceros bicornis) per year between 2013 and 2017. deterrents, which act to establish avoidance behaviours in animals, have the potential to aid anti-poaching efforts by moving at-risk rhinos away from areas of danger (e.g. near perimeter fences). to evaluate the efficacy of deterrents, we exposed a population of southern white rhinos (c. simum simum) to acoustic- (honeybee, ... | 2019 | 31311472 |
| animal protein-free optixcell and shortened equilibration periods can replace egg yolk-based extender and slow cooling for rhinoceros semen cryopreservation. | optixcell (op) was tested as an animal protein-free alternative to an egg yolk-based extender for rhinoceros semen cryopreservation and shorter chilling/equilibration periods were evaluated. semen was collected from three rhinoceros species: black (diceros bicornis; n = 2), white (ceratotherium simum; n = 2), and greater one-horned (goh; rhinoceros unicornis; n = 3). controls were diluted with equine extender (eq) or op and equilibrated for 1 h. treatments were diluted with extender and cooled f ... | 2019 | 31226254 |
| comparative microbiomes of ticks collected from a black rhino and its surrounding environment. | 'eliska,' an endangered black rhino (diceros bicornis), died suddenly in mkomazi national park in tanzania in 2016. three amblyomma gemma ticks were collected from eliska's body, and four ticks were collected from the surrounding field. we conducted 16s rrna targeted high-throughput sequencing to evaluate the overall composition of bacteria in the ticks' microbiomes and investigate whether the ticks could be the cause of eliska's death. the ticks collected from eliska's body and the field were f ... | 2019 | 31198683 |
| gut microbiome differences between wild and captive black rhinoceros - implications for rhino health. | a number of recent studies have shown the importance of the mammalian gut microbiome in host health. in the context of endangered species, a few studies have examined the relationship between the gut microbiome in wild versus captive populations due to digestive and other health issues. unfortunately, the results seem to vary across taxa in terms of captive animals having higher, lower, or equivalent microbiome diversity relative to their wild counterparts. here, we focus on the black rhinoceros ... | 2019 | 31138833 |
| repeated anesthesia in a black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis) to manage upper respiratory obstruction. | this report describes weekly repeated anesthesia in a 7-yr-old, 1,030 kg, female eastern black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis michaeli), that was immobilized six times using a combination of 2 mg etorphine (0.002 mg/kg), 5 mg medetomidine (0.005 mg/kg), 25 mg midazolam (0.024 mg/kg), and 300 mg ketamine (0.29 mg/kg) delivered intramuscularly (im) via remote dart to facilitate long-term medical care of a bilateral, obstructive actinomyces sp. rhinitis. the drug combination described in this study ... | 2018 | 30592926 |
| seasonal variation of serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin d in two captive eastern black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis michaeli) housed in a north american zoo. | black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis spp.) are critically endangered species, with less than 65 individual animals housed in captivity within association of zoos and aquariums-accredited zoos within the united states, and an estimated 5,500 individual animals of all subspecies surviving in the wild. previously published reference values for circulating vitamin d3 (25ohd3; 55.7 ± 34.2 ng/ml) were based upon samples from free-ranging black rhinoceros in africa. recent research in human medicine has ... | 2018 | 30592903 |
| comparison of soy lecithin, coconut water, and coconut milk as substitutes for egg-yolk in semen cryodiluent for black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) and indian rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis). | semen cryopreservation for the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) and indian rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis) relies on extenders containing egg-yolk (ey). use of such media is not ideal as inter-batch composition varies and there is risk of pathogenic contamination. the goal of this study was to test animal protein-free extenders. semen collected via electroejaculation from 10 rhinoceros (6 black, 4 indian) was diluted with extender containing ey, 1% or 2% soy lecithin (1%sl; 2%sl), coconut w ... | 2018 | 30138797 |
| testing 'proportion of females calving' as an indicator for population-level reproductive performance for black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | the proportion of females calving (pfc) each year has been employed as an indicator of population reproductive performance in ungulates, especially for species that breed annually, because it requires less detailed population data than inter-birthing intervals and age at first reproduction. for asynchronous breeders with inter-birthing intervals longer than a year such as megaherbivores, however, it is unclear how much annual variation in pfc is expected and whether false signals of density feed ... | 2018 | 30128200 |
| the identification of theileria bicornis in captive rhinoceros in australia. | poaching of both black (diceros bicornis) and white (ceratotherium simum) rhinoceros in africa has increased significantly in recent years. in an effort to ensure the survival of these critically endangered species, breeding programs were established in the 1990s in australia, where a similar climate and habitat is available. in this study we examined blood samples from two c. simum, including a 16 yr old female (aluka) who died in captivity, and a 17 yr old asymptomatic male (umfana). bloods fr ... | 2018 | 29988814 |
| stable isotope ecology of black rhinos (diceros bicornis) in kenya. | stable isotope and elemental ratios in hair are influenced by the environment, including both climate and geology. stable carbon isotopes can be used to give estimates of the c4/cam fraction of diets of herbivorous mammals; stable nitrogen isotopes are related to the local water deficit; strontium isotopes are determined by the local geology. we studied hair from rhinos in kenya to determine spatial patterns in δ13c, δ15n, and 87sr/86sr ratios. the samples of rhino hair were collected during ken ... | 2018 | 29955983 |
| investigation of factors potentially associated with serum ferritin concentrations in the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis) using a validated rhinoceros-specific assay. | iron overload disorder (iod) can lead to organ dysfunction and may exacerbate other diseases in the critically endangered black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis). it is important to develop methods for monitoring the progression of iron storage (hemosiderosis), diagnosing the disease, and evaluating treatments in this species. traditionally, an equine enzyme immunoassay (eia) was used to measure rhinoceros ferritin, a serum protein correlated to iron stores. the goal of this study was to validate a ... | 2018 | 29900786 |
| an analysis of threats, strategies, and opportunities for african rhinoceros conservation. | the complexity and magnitude of threats to black (diceros bicornis) and white (ceratotherium simum) rhinoceros conservation in africa have triggered global concerns and actions. in this study, we analyzed (i) threats to rhinoceros conservation including external shocks, (ii) historical rhinoceros conservation strategies in zimbabwe and africa, more broadly, and (iii) opportunities for enhanced rhinoceros conservation in zimbabwe and africa. a literature search from 1975 to 2020 was carried out u ... | 2021 | 34141191 |