| study of flying height of culicid species in the northern part of the republic of korea. | the vertical distribution of mosquitoes (diptera, culicidae) was evaluated in paju county in northern south korea by using centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) miniature light traps with ultraviolet light and dry ice (co2) as attractants. cdc traps were placed at 1, 3 and 5 m above the ground near rice paddies in a relatively open agricultural ara. traps wer hung on two scaffold towers (6 m height) spaced approximately 300 m aprt. each trap operated 9 nights from august 3 to 16, 2002 ... | 2006 | 17019769 |
| [epidemic situation analysis of japanese encephalitis in 2005.]. | to investigate the epidemic situation of japanese encephalitis (je) in three provinces, guizhou, sichuan, and hubei in 2005. | 2006 | 17086274 |
| survival of immature anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) in aquatic habitats in mwea rice irrigation scheme, central kenya. | the survivorship and distribution of anopheles arabiensis larvae and pupae was examined in a rice agro-ecosystem in mwea irrigation scheme, central kenya, from august 2005 to april 2006, prior to implementation of larval control programme. | 2006 | 17125501 |
| development of lymphatic filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti (spirurida: onchocercidae) in mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) fed artificially on microfilaremic blood. | the efficiency of laboratory colonies of mosquitoes such as anopheles stephensi liston, aedes aegypti (l.) liverpool strain, ae. aegypti wild type, aedes albopictus (skuse), culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, culex sitiens wiedemann, and armigeres subalbatus coquillett in supporting the development of wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold) (spirurida: onchocercidae) microfilariae to infective larvae was investigated. the mosquitoes were fed on heparinized microfilaremic human blood by using a membrane-feedi ... | 2006 | 17162957 |
| novel acetylcholinesterase target site for malaria mosquito control. | current anticholinesterase pesticides were developed during world war ii and are toxic to mammals because they target a catalytic serine residue of acetylcholinesterases (aches) in insects and in mammals. a sequence analysis of aches from 73 species and a three-dimensional model of a malaria-carrying mosquito (anopheles gambiae) ache (agache) reported here show that c286 and r339 of agache are conserved at the opening of the active site of aches in 17 invertebrate and four insect species, respec ... | 2006 | 17183688 |
| detection of antibodies to japanese encephalitis virus in the wild boars in hiroshima prefecture, japan. | serum specimens were collected from 25 wild boars in hiroshima prefecture located in the western region of japan from november 2004 to february 2005. the sera were tested for antibodies to japanese encephalitis virus (jev) by igm capture and igg enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), and plaque reduction neutralization test. seventeen samples (68%) were positive for neutralizing antibody to jev. all the neutralizing antibody-positive samples were positive for igg-elisa. one was also positiv ... | 2007 | 17217550 |
| molecular identification of palearctic members of anopheles maculipennis in northern iran. | members of anopheles maculipennis complex are effective malaria vectors in europe and the caspian sea region in northern iran, where malaria has been re-introduced since 1994. the current study has been designed in order to provide further evidence on the status of species composition and to identify more accurately the members of the maculipennis complex in northern iran. | 2007 | 17233887 |
| deployable, field-sustainable, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays for rapid screening and serotype identification of dengue virus in mosquitoes. | dengue virus universal and serotype 1 to 4 fluorogenic probe hydrolysis, reverse transcription (rt)-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays and positive-control rna template were freeze-dried in a thermally stable, hydrolytic enzyme-resistant format and deployed for testing in a dengue fever-endemic region of thailand. the study site presented austere testing conditions. field-collected aedes aegypti mosquitoes spiked with inoculated a. aegypti mosquitoes and individual and pooled, field-collecte ... | 2007 | 17436782 |
| the seroprevalence of japanese encephalitis virus in goats raised in korea. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) causes a mosquitoborne viral zoonosis that is becoming increasingly important to public health in east and south asia. although jev is primarily associated with reproductive failure in swine, jev infection can cause fever and headache in humans and is associated with aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. the exact mode of transmission, including host range and possible source of viral amplification within livestock, is still not completely clear. this study consi ... | 2007 | 17519576 |
| differential tolerance of two morphological variants of culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae), a japanese encephalitis vector, to pyrethroid insecticides in mysore, india. | five synthetic pyrethroids, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, and lambdacyhalothrin, were tested on the larvae of 2 morphological variants of cx. tritaeniorhynchus collected from mysore city (ground pools) and outside mysore (paddy fields), in karnataka state, india. the morphological characters, ie, length and width of siphon, siphonal index, comb scale numbers, pecten teeth numbers, length of anal gills and anal gill index of larvae of two cx. tritaeniorhynchus popula ... | 2006 | 17547067 |
| different amino-acid substitutions confer insecticide resistance through acetylcholinesterase 1 insensitivity in culex vishnui and culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) from china. | insecticide resistance owing to insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ache)1 has been reported in several mosquito species, and only two mutations in the ace-1 gene have been implicated in resistance: 119s and 331w substitutions. we analyzed the ache1 resistance status of culex vishnui (theobald) and culex tritaeniorhynchus giles sampled in various regions of china. these two species displayed distinct mutations leading to ache1 insensitivity; the 119s substitution in resistant c. vishnui mosquitoes ... | 2007 | 17547232 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of the complete acetylcholinesterase gene (ace1) from the mosquito aedes aegypti with implications for comparative genome analysis. | insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ache) has been shown to be responsible for resistance to organophosphates and carbamates in a number of arthropod species. some arthropod genomes contain a single ace gene, while others including mosquitoes contain two genes, but only one confers insecticide resistance. here we report the isolation of the full-length cdna and characterization of the complete genomic dna sequence for the ace1 gene in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. the ace1 homolog in o ... | 2007 | 17550823 |
| ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health. | investigations of biological invasions focus on patterns and processes that are related to introduction, establishment, spread and impacts of introduced species. this review focuses on the ecological interactions operating during invasions by the most prominent group of insect vectors of disease, mosquitoes. first, we review characteristics of non-native mosquito species that have established viable populations, and those invasive species that have spread widely and had major impacts, testing wh ... | 2005 | 17637849 |
| structural characterization of acetylcholinesterase 1 from the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | acetylcholinesterase (ache) plays a key role in cholinergic impulse transmission, and it is the target enzyme for organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. two genes, acei and aceii, have been characterized from different insect species, and point mutations in either gene can lead to significant resistance to these classes of insecticides. in this report, we describe the partial characterization of the acei gene from lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) (diptera: psychodidae), and we show tha ... | 2007 | 17695019 |
| effect of discriminative plant-sugar feeding on the survival and fecundity of anopheles gambiae. | a previous study showed for anopheles gambiae s.s. a gradation of feeding preference on common plant species growing in a malaria holoendemic area in western kenya. the present follow-up study determines whether there is a relationship between the mosquito's preferences and its survival and fecundity. | 2007 | 17711580 |
| the impact of climate on japanese encephalitis. | the aim of this study was to assess the change of seasonal pattern of japanese encephalitis (je) cases in the post-vaccination period and to elucidate whether the lagged climate variables (precipitation and temperature) were associated with occurrence of je after adjustment for seasonal pattern, time trend, geographic areas, pig density, vaccination coverage rate for humans, and time dependence of time-series numbers of je cases. a total of 287 confirmed je cases between 1991 and 2005 were colle ... | 2008 | 17767793 |
| forty years of erratic insecticide resistance evolution in the mosquito culex pipiens. | one view of adaptation is that it proceeds by the slow and steady accumulation of beneficial mutations with small effects. it is difficult to test this model, since in most cases the genetic basis of adaptation can only be studied a posteriori with traits that have evolved for a long period of time through an unknown sequence of steps. in this paper, we show how ace-1, a gene involved in resistance to organophosphorous insecticide in the mosquito culex pipiens, has evolved during 40 years of an ... | 2007 | 18020711 |
| distribution of mosquito (diptera: culicidae) species and wolbachia (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae) infections during the bird immigration season in pathumthani province, central thailand. | mosquito distribution in the immigration bird-nested area, pathumthani province, was investigated from august to december in 2006. mosquitoes were collected by using co2-baited centers for disease control light traps in which dry ice was used as a source of co2 to attract mosquitoes. six traps were operated from 4 p.m. until 7 a.m. on each study day. four genera, which were anopheles, armigeres, culex, and mansonia with 14 species of mosquitoes were collected. culex gelidus (13.94-59.41%) and cu ... | 2008 | 18066693 |
| experimental transmission of japanese b encephalitis virus by culex tritaeniorhynchus and culex pipiens var. pallens, suspected natural vectors. | | 1949 | 18135589 |
| genetic determinants of sindbis virus mosquito infection are associated with a highly conserved alphavirus and flavivirus envelope sequence. | wild-type sindbis virus (sinv) strain mre16 efficiently infects aedes aegypti midgut epithelial cells (mec), but laboratory-derived neurovirulent sinv strain te/5'2j infects mec poorly. sinv determinants for mec infection have been localized to the e2 glycoprotein. the e2 amino acid sequences of mre16 and te/5'2j differ at 60 residue sites. to identify the genetic determinants of mec infection of mre16, the te/5'2j virus genome was altered to contain either domain chimeras or more focused nucleo ... | 2008 | 18160430 |
| experimental infection of aedes sollicitans and aedes taeniorhynchus with two chimeric sindbis/eastern equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates. | two chimeric vaccine candidates for eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) were developed by inserting the structural protein genes of either a north american (na) or south american (sa) eeev into a sindbis virus (sinv) backbone. to assess the effect of chimerization on mosquito infectivity, experimental infections of two potential north american bridge vectors of eeev, aedes sollicitans and ae. taeniorhynchus, were attempted. both species were susceptible to oral infection with all viruses af ... | 2008 | 18187790 |
| influence of the distribution of host species on adult abundance of japanese encephalitis vectors culex vishnui subgroup and culex gelidus in a rice-cultivating village in northern vietnam. | a field study was conducted in a village in northern vietnam to investigate how host distribution influences japanese encephalitis (je) vector abundance. indoor and outdoor collections were conducted from 50 compounds. we collected three je vector species--culex tritaeniorhynchus and culex vishnui that comprised the culex vishnui group, and culex gelidus. spatial autocorrelation was not observed in the mosquito assemblies at any scale larger than the house compounds. multivariate analyses reveal ... | 2008 | 18187800 |
| bellary, india achieves negligible case fatality due to japanese encephalitis despite no vaccination: an outbreak investigation in 2004. | to confirm the existence of the outbreak of suspected japanese encephalitis, identify the source, to understand the circumstances due to which the outbreak was taking place and to suggest measures for its control. | 2008 | 18245932 |
| substitution of wild-type yellow fever asibi sequences for 17d vaccine sequences in chimerivax-dengue 4 does not enhance infection of aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | to address concerns that a flavivirus vaccine/wild-type recombinant virus might have a high mosquito infectivity phenotype, the yellow fever virus (yfv) 17d backbone of the chimerivax-dengue 4 virus was replaced with the corresponding gene sequences of the virulent yfv asibi strain. field-collected and laboratory-colonized aedes aegypti mosquitoes were fed on blood containing each of the viruses under investigation and held for 14 days after infection. infection and dissemination rates were base ... | 2008 | 18266608 |
| the inhibitory effect of a combination of imidacloprid and permethrin on blood feeding by mosquitoes in dogs raised under outdoor conditions. | combinations of imidacloprid and permethrin were frequently used to control harmful arthropod of companion animals. the inhibitory effects on blood-feeding activity of mosquitoes in dogs raised under outdoor conditions were evaluated by using combination of 10% (w/v) of imidacloprid and 50% (w/v) of permethrin as spot-on form. dogs in the treated group received the combination imidacloprid/permethrin spot-on. after treatment, dogs in the control and treated groups were kept separately from the e ... | 2008 | 18450384 |
| evidence of introgression of the ace-1(r) mutation and of the ace-1 duplication in west african anopheles gambiae s. s. | the role of inter-specific hybridisation is of particular importance in mosquito disease vectors for predicting the evolution of insecticide resistance. two molecular forms of anopheles gambiae s.s., currently recognized as s and m taxa, are considered to be incipient sibling species. hybrid scarcity in the field was suggested that differentiation of m and s taxa is maintained by limited or absent gene flow. however, recent studies have revealed shared polymorphisms within the m and s forms, and ... | 2008 | 18478097 |
| bioinformatic analysis suggests that the orbivirus vp6 cistron encodes an overlapping gene. | the genus orbivirus includes several species that infect livestock - including bluetongue virus (btv) and african horse sickness virus (ahsv). these viruses have linear dsrna genomes divided into ten segments, all of which have previously been assumed to be monocistronic. | 2008 | 18489030 |
| evaluation of leaf extracts of vitex negundo l. (family: verbenaceae) against larvae of culex tritaeniorhynchus and repellent activity on adult vector mosquitoes. | petroleum ether (60-80 degrees c) extracts of the leaves of vitex negundo (verbenaceae) were evaluated for larvicidal activity against larval stages of culex tritaeniorhynchus in the laboratory. larvae of c. tritaeniorhynchus were found more susceptible, with lc(50) and lc(90) values of 2.4883 and 5.1883 mg/l, respectively. human volunteers wearing special terricot (68:32) fabrics, in the form of armbands, anklets, headbands, collar, and shoulder and pocket strips impregnated with v. negundo lea ... | 2008 | 18500538 |
| the resting sites and blood-meal sources of anopheles minimus in taiwan. | the who declared taiwan free from malaria in 1965, but in 2003 the reporting of two introduced cases in a rural area suggested a possible local transmission of this disease. therefore, understanding the resting sites and the blood sources of anopheles minimus is crucial in order to provide information for implementing vector control strategies. | 2008 | 18538036 |
| bovine epizootic encephalomyelitis caused by akabane virus in southern japan. | akabane virus is a member of the genus orthobunyavirus in the family bunyaviridae. it is transmitted by hematophagous arthropod vectors such as culicoides biting midges and is widely distributed in temperate to tropical regions of the world. the virus is well known as a teratogenic pathogen which causes abortions, stillbirths, premature births and congenital abnormalities with arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in cattle, sheep and goats. on the other hand, it is reported that the virus rar ... | 2008 | 18554406 |
| temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of west nile virus by culex pipiens mosquitoes. | the distribution and intensity of transmission of vector-borne pathogens can be strongly influenced by the competence of vectors. vector competence, in turn, can be influenced by temperature and viral genetics. west nile virus (wnv) was introduced into the united states of america in 1999 and subsequently spread throughout much of the americas. previously, we have shown that a novel genotype of wnv, wn02, first detected in 2001, spread across the us and was more efficient than the introduced gen ... | 2008 | 18584026 |
| sudden autumnal appearance of adult culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) at a park in urban tokyo: first field evidence for prediapause migration. | during autumn, a large number of adult culex tritaeniorhynchus giles suddenly appeared at a park in urban tokyo. a total of 14,069 females and 2,802 males were collected at rest by sweeping from april to november 2007, of which 99.8% of the females were collected from late september to november. the appearance of a large number of cx. tritaeniorhynchus started on 22 september, peaked at 1,062 per collection/hr on 13 october, and gradually decreased by the end of november. a total of 565 females ... | 2008 | 18714859 |
| me tri virus: a semliki forest virus strain from vietnam? | me tri virus (mtv) is a member of the semliki forest virus (sfv) complex in the genus alphavirus, first isolated from culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in vietnam in 1971 and described as a newly recognized alphavirus, based on antigenic characterization. however, based on a partial nucleotide sequence of the e1 envelope glycoprotein gene, it has recently been argued that mtv may represent a variant of sfv rather than a separate species. to enable definitive classification, we determined the co ... | 2008 | 18753222 |
| rapid identification of known and new rna viruses from animal tissues. | viral surveillance programs or diagnostic labs occasionally obtain infectious samples that fail to be typed by available cell culture, serological, or nucleic acid tests. five such samples, originating from insect pools, skunk brain, human feces and sewer effluent, collected between 1955 and 1980, resulted in pathology when inoculated into suckling mice. in this study, sequence-independent amplification of partially purified viral nucleic acids and small scale shotgun sequencing was used on mous ... | 2008 | 18818738 |
| host feeding pattern of japanese encephalitis virus vector mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from kuttanadu, kerala, india. | identification of blood meals of vector mosquitoes is an important tool in the epidemiological investigations of vector-borne diseases. the blood meals of three mosquito species involved in the transmission of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) from the kuttanadu area, kerala, were determined using the agarose gel diffusion technique. a total of 4959 blood smears belonging to culex (culex) tritaeniorhynchus giles (3273), cx. (culex) gelidus theobald (64), mansonia (mnd.) indiana edwards (735) ,an ... | 2008 | 18826037 |
| biocontrol of larval mosquitoes by acilius sulcatus (coleoptera: dytiscidae). | problems associated with resistant mosquitoes and the effects on non-target species by chemicals, evoke a reason to find alternative methods to control mosquitoes, like the use of natural predators. in this regard, aquatic coleopterans have been explored less compared to other insect predators. in the present study, an evaluation of the role of the larvae of acilius sulcatus linnaeus 1758 (coleoptera: dytiscidae) as predator of mosquito immatures was made in the laboratory. its efficacy under fi ... | 2008 | 18922168 |
| proposal for japanese encephalitis surveillance using captured invasive mongooses under an eradication project on okinawa island, japan. | a project to eradicate invasive small asian mongooses (herpestes javanicus) is underway to conserve the unique ecosystem of okinawa island, japan. in the present study, we tried to elucidate whether the mongoose is a host of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and to evaluate the reliability of surveillance of japanese encephalitis (je) using this species. culex tritaeniorhynchus, the main vector mosquito of jev, feeds on the mongoose. eighty-five (35.4%) of 240 wild small asian mongooses captured ... | 2009 | 18973439 |
| detection of host virus-reactive antibodies in blood meals of naturally engorged mosquitoes. | although serosurvey in human or animals is a useful and straightforward strategy routinely used for public health, it often faces different types of impediments: ethics, beliefs, limitation by animal owners, hazard of access to wild animals. to survey virus circulation, we applied the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique to detect dengue and japanese encephalitis (je) virus-reactive antibodies in blood meals collected from mosquitoes without regard to the potential of mosquito spe ... | 2008 | 18973442 |
| change in japanese encephalitis virus distribution, thailand. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) genotypes in thailand were studied in pigs and mosquitoes collected near houses of confirmed human jev cases in 2003-2005. twelve jev strains isolated belonged to genotype i, which shows a switch from genotype iii incidence that started during the 1980s. | 2008 | 18976565 |
| serosurveillance for japanese encephalitis, akabane, and aino viruses for thoroughbred horses in korea. | recent global warming trends may have a significant impact on vector-borne viral diseases, possibly affecting vector population dynamics and disease transmission. this study measured levels of hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibodies against japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and neutralizing antibodies against akabane virus (akav) and aino virus (ainv) for thoroughbred horses in korea. blood samples were collected from 989 racehorses in several provinces, between october 2005 and march 2007. ... | 2008 | 19043313 |
| ecology and geographical expansion of japanese encephalitis virus. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) (flavivirus: flaviviridae) is a leading cause of encephalitis in eastern and southern asia. the virus is maintained in a zoonotic cycle between ardeid wading birds and/or pigs and culex mosquitoes. the primary mosquito vector of jev is culex tritaeniorhynchus, although species such as cx. gelidus, cx. fuscocephala, and cx. annulirostris are important secondary or regional vectors. control of jev is achieved through human and/or swine vaccination, changes in anim ... | 2009 | 19067628 |
| larvicidal potential of medicinal plant extracts against anopheles subpictus grassi and culex tritaeniorhynchus giles (diptera: culicidae). | mosquito control is facing a threat due to the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides. insecticides of botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. the acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol and petroleum ether extracts of leaf, flower and seed of cassia auriculata l., leucas aspera (willd.), rhinacanthus nasutus kurz., solanum torvum swartz and vitex negundo linn. were tested against fourth instar larvae of malaria vector, anop ... | 2009 | 19085005 |
| past, present, and future of japanese encephalitis. | japanese encephalitis (je), a vector-borne viral disease, is endemic to large parts of asia and the pacific. an estimated 3 billion people are at risk, and je has recently spread to new territories. vaccination programs, increased living standards, and mechanization of agriculture are key factors in the decline in the incidence of this disease in japan and south korea. however, transmission of je is likely to increase in bangladesh, cambodia, indonesia, laos, myanmar, north korea, and pakistan b ... | 2009 | 19116041 |
| laboratory study on larvicidal activity of indigenous plant extracts against anopheles subpictus and culex tritaeniorhynchus. | anopheles subpictus and culex tritaeniorhynchus have developed resistance to various synthetic insecticides, making its control increasingly difficult. insecticides of botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. the leaf acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane, and methanol extracts of aegle marmelos (linn.) correa ex roxb, andrographis lineata wallich ex nees., andrographis paniculata (burm.f.) wall. ex nees., cocculus hirsutus (l.) diels, eclipta ... | 2009 | 19165502 |
| ticks associated with macquarie island penguins carry arboviruses from four genera. | macquarie island, a small subantarctic island, is home to rockhopper, royal and king penguins, which are often infested with the globally distributed seabird tick, ixodes uriae. a flavivirus, an orbivirus, a phlebovirus, and a nairovirus were isolated from these ticks and partial sequences obtained. the flavivirus was nearly identical to gadgets gully virus, isolated some 30 year previously, illustrating the remarkable genetic stability of this virus. the nearest relative to the orbivirus (for w ... | 2009 | 19194498 |
| selective and irreversible inhibitors of aphid acetylcholinesterases: steps toward human-safe insecticides. | aphids, among the most destructive insects to world agriculture, are mainly controlled by organophosphate insecticides that disable the catalytic serine residue of acetylcholinesterase (ache). because these agents also affect vertebrate aches, they are toxic to non-target species including humans and birds. we previously reported that a cysteine residue (cys), found at the ache active site in aphids and other insects but not mammals, might serve as a target for insect-selective pesticides. howev ... | 2009 | 19194505 |
| distribution of arboviruses and mosquitoes in northwestern yunnan province, china. | from july to september in 2005 and 2006, a survey was conducted to identify mosquito species and mosquito-borne arboviruses at elevations ranging from 900-3280 m between 24 degrees 00' n and 29 degrees 00' n latitude in the northwestern part of yunnan province, china. a total of 54,879 mosquitoes representing 15 species and 4 genera was collected using uv light traps at 59 sites. culex tritaeniorhynchus and anopheles sinensis were the most abundant species. the density of mosquitoes as well as t ... | 2009 | 19196130 |
| suppression of rna interference increases alphavirus replication and virus-associated mortality in aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) can persistently infect and cause limited damage to mosquito vectors. rna interference (rnai) is a mosquito antiviral response important in restricting rna virus replication and has been shown to be active against some arboviruses. the goal of this study was to use a recombinant sindbis virus (sinv; family togaviridae; genus alphavirus) that expresses b2 protein of flock house virus (fhv; family nodaviridae; genus alphanodavirus), a protein that inhibits rna ... | 2009 | 19265532 |
| laboratory determination of efficacy of indigenous plant extracts for parasites control. | the present study was based on assessments of the antiparasitic activities to determine the efficacies of acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane, and methanol dried leaf, flower, and seed extracts of achyranthes aspera l., anisomeles malabarica (l.) r. br., gloriosa superba l., psidium guajava l., ricinus communis l., and solanum trilobatum l. tested against the larvae of cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini 1887) (acari: ixodidae), sheep internal parasite paramphistom ... | 2009 | 19308453 |
| effect of sugar on male anopheles gambiae mating performance, as modified by temperature, space, and body size. | abstract: | 2009 | 19386114 |
| changing patterns of west nile virus transmission: altered vector competence and host susceptibility. | west nile virus (wnv) is a flavivirus (flaviviridae) transmitted between culex spp. mosquitoes and avian hosts. the virus has dramatically expanded its geographic range in the past ten years. increases in global commerce, climate change, ecological factors and the emergence of novel viral genotypes likely play significant roles in the emergence of this virus; however, the exact mechanism and relative importance of each is uncertain. previously wnv was primarily associated with febrile illness of ... | 2009 | 19406093 |
| an initial linkage map of the west nile virus vector culex tarsalis. | we have constructed the first genetic linkage map for the north american arboviral vector culex tarsalis. 120 f(2) offspring from a cross between two colonies were genotyped using 25 microsatellites and six inter-simple sequence repeat (issr) markers. we resolved four linkage groups which likely correspond to two full-length chromosomes and two arms of the final chromosome. the longest linkage group contains the sex locus and corresponds to chromosome 3. recombination rates around the sex locus ... | 2009 | 19453767 |
| the stat pathway mediates late-phase immunity against plasmodium in the mosquito anopheles gambiae. | the stat family of transcription factors activates expression of immune system genes in vertebrates. the ancestral stat gene (agstat-a) appears to have duplicated in the mosquito anopheles gambiae, giving rise to a second intronless stat gene (agstat-b), which we show regulates agstat-a expression in adult females. agstat-a participates in the transcriptional activation of nitric oxide synthase (nos) in response to bacterial and plasmodial infection. activation of this pathway, however, is not e ... | 2009 | 19454353 |
| effect of sequential exposure on infection and dissemination rates for west nile and st. louis encephalitis viruses in culex quinquefasciatus. | west nile virus has spread rapidly throughout the united states since its introduction in 1999, into some areas that are also endemic for st. louis encephalitis virus (slev). these viruses are in the same antigenic complex within the genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae. further, both viruses are transmitted primarily by culex spp. mosquitoes and use birds as amplifying hosts. these viruses could contemporaneously coinfect individual vectors wherein changes in mosquito immune responses might oc ... | 2009 | 19492941 |
| longitudinal studies of japanese encephalitis virus infection in vector mosquitoes in kurnool district, andhra pradesh, south india. | a 4-yr (2002-2006) entomological study was carried out in kurnool district, andhra pradesh state, south india, to identify the mosquito vectors of japanese encephalitis virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, jev). in total, 37,139 female mosquitoes belonging five genera and 18 species resting on vegetation were collected in villages and periurban areas at dusk. mosquito species composition and pattern of jev infection in mosquitoes varied in periurban and rural areas. in periurban area, c ... | 2009 | 19496437 |
| genomic sequence of a japanese encephalitis virus isolate from southern china. | we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a japanese encephalitis virus (jev) isolate (designated sh17m-2007) from a pool of culex tritaeniorhynchus collected in southern china in 2007. the genome consisted of 10,965 nucleotides and included a single open reading frame (10,296 nucleotides) that encodes a 3,432-amino-acid polyprotein. the sh17m-2007 had 97.3 to 98.4% nucleotide identity with two korean strains (kv1899, k94p05) and two japanese strains (ishikawa, jev/sw/mie/40/2004), but o ... | 2009 | 19543849 |
| highly focused anopheline breeding sites and malaria transmission in dakar. | urbanization has a great impact on the composition of the vector system and malaria transmission dynamics. in dakar, some malaria cases are autochthonous but parasite rates and incidences of clinical malaria attacks have been recorded at low levels. ecological heterogeneity of malaria transmission was investigated in dakar, in order to characterize the anopheles breeding sites in the city and to study the dynamics of larval density and adult aggressiveness in ten characteristically different urb ... | 2009 | 19552809 |
| genetic characterization of bagaza virus (bagv) isolated in india and evidence of anti-bagv antibodies in sera collected from encephalitis patients. | during investigations into the outbreak of encephalitis in 1996 in the kerala state in india, an arbovirus was isolated from a culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito pool. it was characterized as a japanese encephalitis and west nile virus cross-reactive arbovirus by complement fixation test. a plaque reduction-neutralization test was performed using hyperimmune sera raised against the plaque-purified arbovirus isolate. the sera did not show reactivity with japanese encephalitis virus and were weakly ... | 2009 | 19570951 |
| [the first report of kadipiro virus isolation in china]. | 5 strains of virus isolated from culex tritaeniorhynchus, anopheles sinensis and armigeres subalbatus, which caused cytopathic effect in c6/36 cells, had been obtained in the survey of arboviruses in northwestern yunnan province. china. the virus particles displayed 70 nanometers diameter (n=7) with no envelope but spikes on the surfaces. rna-page of the genomes of the isolates showed 6-5-1 profile. a fragment of the 12th segment sequence was amplified by a pair of specific primers for kadipiro ... | 2009 | 19634758 |
| environmental and biological factors influencing culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae) vector competence for saint louis encephalitis virus. | complex interactions between environmental and biological factors influence the susceptibility of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to st. louis encephalitis virus and could affect the epidemiology of virus transmission. similar interactions could have epidemiologic implications for other vector-virus systems. we conducted an experiment to examine four such factors in combination: mosquito age, extrinsic incubation temperature (eit), virus dose, and colony. the proportion of mosquitoes with body in ... | 2009 | 19635881 |
| genomic sequence and phylogenetic analysis of culex flavivirus, an insect-specific flavivirus, isolated from culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) in iowa. | adult mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were collected in 2007 and tested for specific viruses, including west nile virus, as part of the ongoing arbovirus surveillance efforts in the state of iowa. a subset of these mosquitoes (6,061 individuals in 340 pools) was further tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using flavivirus universal primers. of the 211 pools of culex pipiens (l.) tested, 50 were positive. one of 51 pools of culex tarsalis coquillet was also positive ... | 2009 | 19645300 |
| isolation of a novel species of flavivirus and a new strain of culex flavivirus (flaviviridae) from a natural mosquito population in uganda. | the genus flavivirus, which contains approximately 70 single-stranded, positive-sense rna viruses, represents a unique model for studying the evolution of vector-borne disease, as it includes viruses that are mosquito-borne, tick-borne or have no known vector. both theoretical work and field studies suggest the existence of a large number of undiscovered flaviviruses. recently, the first isolation of cell fusing agent virus (cfav) was reported from a natural mosquito population in puerto rico, a ... | 2009 | 19656970 |
| larval environmental temperature and the susceptibility of aedes albopictus skuse (diptera: culicidae) to chikungunya virus. | a key feature in the recent widespread epidemic of the mosquito-borne alphavirus chikungunya virus (chikv) was the important role of aedes albopictus, formerly regarded as a secondary vector, compared to the presumed primary vector aedes aegypti. ae. albopictus, a container-inhabiting mosquito, is an invasive species that occurs over a wide geographic range spanning tropical and temperate latitudes. in this study we examine the effects of a broad range of larval rearing temperatures on chikv inf ... | 2010 | 19725768 |
| bloodmeal identification and detection of avian malaria parasite from mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) inhabiting coastal areas of tokyo bay, japan. | bloodmeal identification and the detection of avian malaria parasite from mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were carried out by polymerase chain reaction-based methods for field samples collected in coastal areas of tokyo bay, japan, from april to october 2007. the following seven mosquito species were collected: aedes albopictus (skuse), culex pipiens pallens coquillett, culex pipiens form molestus forskal, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, culex inatomii kamimura & wada, culex bitaeniorhynchus gile ... | 2009 | 19769059 |
| adulticidal and larvicidal efficacy of some medicinal plant extracts against tick, fluke and mosquitoes. | the adulticidal and larvicidal effect of indigenous plant extracts were investigated against the adult cattle tick haemaphysalis bispinosa neumann, 1897 (acarina: ixodidae), sheep fluke paramphistomum cervi zeder, 1790 (digenea: paramphistomatidae), fourth instar larvae of malaria vector, anopheles subpictus grassi and japanese encephalitis vector, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles (diptera: culicidae). the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effect of leaf hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ... | 2009 | 19819626 |
| present and future arboviral threats. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are important causes of human disease nearly worldwide. all arboviruses circulate among wild animals, and many cause disease after spillover transmission to humans and agriculturally important domestic animals that are incidental or dead-end hosts. viruses such as dengue (denv) and chikungunya (chikv) that have lost the requirement for enzootic amplification now produce extensive epidemics in tropical urban centers. many arboviruses recently have increased i ... | 2010 | 19857523 |
| male mating biology. | before sterile mass-reared mosquitoes are released in an attempt to control local populations, many facets of male mating biology need to be elucidated. large knowledge gaps exist in how both sexes meet in space and time, the correlation of male size and mating success and in which arenas matings are successful. previous failures in mosquito sterile insect technique (sit) projects have been linked to poor knowledge of local mating behaviours or the selection of deleterious phenotypes during colo ... | 2009 | 19917078 |
| mosquito distribution and japanese encephalitis virus infection in the immigration bird (asian open-billed stork) nested area in pathum thani province, central thailand. | japanese encephalitis virus infection is a mosquito-borne emerging or re-emerging infectious disease in several countries. the ecology of this virus in nature includes amplifying avian or mammal hosts and mosquito vectors. infected immigration birds from epidemic areas may play important roles in the outbreak of the disease. the prevalence is high during the raining season in thailand and human cases have been reported from several provinces including bangkok suburbs. this study was conducted to ... | 2010 | 20155371 |
| nationwide surveillance of west nile virus targeting mosquitoes and dead birds from april 2004 through march 2007 in japan. | we conducted nationwide west nile virus (wnv) surveillance targeting mosquitoes and dead birds to reveal whether the virus and its potential vectors are present in japan. a total of 12 766 mosquitoes and 230 dead birds were collected in april 2004-march 2005 (the 2004-2005 period), 10 755 mosquitoes and 267 dead birds in april 2005-march 2006 (the 2005-2006 period), and 8624 mosquitoes and 245 dead birds in april 2006-march 2007 (the 2006-2007 period). the species of most of the mosquitoes colle ... | 2011 | 20163573 |
| banna virus, china, 1987-2007. | banna viruses (bavs) have been isolated from pigs, cattle, ticks, mosquitoes, and human encephalitis patients. we isolated and analyzed 20 bavs newly isolated in china; this finding extends the distribution of bavs from tropical zone to north temperate climates and demonstrate regional variations in bav phylogeny and mosquito species possibly involved in bav transmission. | 2010 | 20202434 |
| infection and vertical transmission of kamiti river virus in laboratory bred aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | kamiti river virus (krv) is an insect-only flavivirus that was isolated from field-collected ae. macintoshi mosquitoes in 1999, and is closely related to cell fusing agent virus. both of these viruses belong to the family flaviviridae, which also contains other viruses of medical importance, such as yellow fever virus, west nile virus and dengue. because ae. macintoshi is the only known natural host to krv, the main objective of this study was to establish the possibility that other mosquito hos ... | 2007 | 20337552 |
| glycosylation of the west nile virus envelope protein increases in vivo and in vitro viral multiplication in birds. | many west nile (wn) virus isolates associated with significant outbreaks possess a glycosylation site on the envelope (e) protein. e-protein glycosylated variants of new york (ny) strains of wn virus are more neuroinvasive in mice than the non-glycosylated variants. to determine how e protein glycosylation affects the interactions between wn virus and avian hosts, we inoculated young chicks with ny strains of wn virus containing either glycosylated or non-glycosylated variants of the e protein. ... | 2010 | 20348522 |
| emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration. | abstract: arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. they belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is strongly influenced by climatic changes due to the life cycle of the transmitting vectors. several arboviruses have emerged in new regions of the world during the last years, like west nile virus (wnv) in the americas, usutu virus (usuv) in central europe, or rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in the arabian ... | 2010 | 20377873 |
| effects of warm winter temperature on the abundance and gonotrophic activity of culex (diptera: culicidae) in california. | culex tarsalis coquillett, cx. quinquefasciatus say, and cx. pipiens l. were collected during the warm winter of 2009 using dry ice-baited and gravid traps and walk-in red boxes positioned in desert, urban, and agricultural habitats in riverside, los angeles, kern, and yolo counties. temperatures exceeded the preceding 50 yr averages in all locations for most of january, whereas rainfall was absent or below average. abundance of culex species in traps during january ranged from 83 to 671% of the ... | 2010 | 20380305 |
| molecular epidemiology of japanese encephalitis virus, taiwan. | | 2010 | 20409392 |
| temporal variation in the susceptibility of culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) to japanese encephalitis virus in an endemic area of tamil nadu, south india. | the study area, cuddalore, is one of the endemic districts for japanese encephalitis (je) in southern india and there is a strong seasonality in je case incidence, as well as je virus (jev) infection in the principal vector culex (culex) tritaeniorhynchus giles. in a longitudinal 3-year study (july 2003 to june 2006), we determined the susceptibility of wild-caught female cx. tritaeniorhynchus for jev infection over several seasons from several villages. the susceptibility varied in all four sea ... | 2010 | 20426689 |
| the neglected arboviral infections in mainland china. | the major arboviral diseases in mainland china include japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (also known as xinjiang hemorrhagic fever), and tick-borne encephalitis. these and other newly found arbovirus infections due to banna virus and tahyna virus contribute to a large and relatively neglected disease burden in china. here we briefly review the literature regarding these arboviral infections in mainland china with emphasis on their epidemiology, primary vectors, ... | 2010 | 20436960 |
| transmission of west nile virus by culex quinquefasciatus say infected with culex flavivirus izabal. | the natural history and potential impact of mosquito-specific flaviviruses on the transmission efficiency of west nile virus (wnv) is unknown. the objective of this study was to determine whether or not prior infection with culex flavivirus (cxfv) izabal altered the vector competence of cx. quinquefasciatus say for transmission of a co-circulating strain of west nile virus (wnv) from guatemala. | 2010 | 20454569 |
| screening of mosquitoes using sybr green i-based real-time rt-pcr with group-specific primers for detection of flaviviruses and alphaviruses in taiwan. | surveillance for infectious agents carried by mosquitoes is important for predicting the risk of vector-borne infectious diseases. in this study, a method was established to mass-screen mosquitoes for viral infections. the assay detected the viral load of 4 dengue virus (denv) serotypes (denv-1, denv-2, denv-3, and denv-4), the japanese encephalitis virus (jev), the sindbis virus and the chikungunya virus at 1pfu/ml (determined by real-time rt-pcr) in 36.64-43.45 cycles. this method was applied ... | 2010 | 20471427 |
| molecular epidemiology of japanese encephalitis virus circulating in south korea, 1983-2005. | we sequenced the envelope (e) gene of 17 strains of the japanese encephalitis virus (jev) isolated in south korea in 1983-2005 and compared the sequences with those from previously reported strains. our results show the remarkable genetic stability of the e gene sequence in korean jev strains. five pairs of e gene sequences from 10 korean strains were identical, despite geographical differences and a maximum five-year time span. sequence comparisons with other asian strains revealed that the kor ... | 2010 | 20546562 |
| the relationship between mosquito abundance and rice field density in the republic of korea. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev), the causative agent of japanese encephalitis (je), is endemic to the republic of korea (rok) where unvaccinated united states (u.s.) military service members, civilians and family members are stationed. the primary vector of the jev in the rok is culex tritaeniorhynchus. the ecological relationship between culex spp. and rice fields has been studied extensively; rice fields have been shown to increase the prevalence of cx. tritaeniorhynchus. this research was c ... | 2010 | 20573242 |
| dogs as sentinels for human infection with japanese encephalitis virus. | because serosurveys of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) among wild animals and pigs may not accurately reflect risk for humans in urban/residential areas, we examined seroprevalence among dogs and cats. we found that jev-infected mosquitoes have spread throughout japan and that dogs, but not cats, might be good sentinels for monitoring jev infection in urban/residential areas. | 2010 | 20587189 |
| characterization of highly toxic indigenous strains of mosquitocidal organism bacillus sphaericus. | three indigenous isolates of bacillus sphaericus (ispc-5, ispc-6 and ispc-8), along with standard 2362 and 1593 strains, were evaluated for spore viability and mosquitocidal activity. among these, ispc-8 was the most viable and virulent isolate, exhibiting a significantly higher total viability count (tvc) and lower lc(50) values. the tvc of the standard strains ranged from 4.0 to 9.2 x 10(8) spores ml(-1), whereas it was 1.3 x 10(9) spores ml(-1) for ispc-8. the lc(50) values of ispc-8, 2362 an ... | 2010 | 20659167 |
| morphometric and allozyme variation in culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito populations from india. | four populations of culex tritaeniorhynchus (giles) (diptera: culicidae), collected from bellary, cuddalore, pune, and the microbial containment complex laboratory culture in india were analyzed for morphological and allozyme variation. multivariate analysis based on eight morphological characteristics and three morphometric indices was used to investigate the morphological variations among the four populations. principal component analysis of the data suggested that siphon, saddle, and anal gil ... | 2010 | 20883134 |
| predators of anopheles gambiae sensu lato (diptera: culicidae) larvae in wetlands, western kenya: confirmation by polymerase chain reaction method. | polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to determine whether mosquito predators in wetland habitats feed on anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) larvae. aquatic mosquito predators were collected from six wetlands near lake victoria in mbita, western kenya. this study revealed that the whole positive rate of an. gambiae s.l. from 330 predators was 54.2%. the order of positive rate was the highest in odonata (70.2%), followed by hemiptera (62.8%), amphibia (41.7%), and coleoptera (18%). th ... | 2010 | 20939371 |
| experimental studies on comparison of the potential vector competence of four species of culex mosquitoes in china to transmit west nile virus. | to assess the risk that indigenous mosquitoes in china are capable of transmitting and sustaining west nile virus (wnv), four important culex mosquito species, culex tritaeniorhynchus, culex modestus, culex pipiens pallens, and culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, were allowed to feed on the artificial infectious blood meal with wnv dose of 10(6.8) plaque-forming unit/ml and tested approximately 2 wk later to determine infection and transmission rates. the results indicated that four culex mosquitoes ... | 2010 | 20939372 |
| modeling the distribution of culex tritaeniorhynchus to predict japanese encephalitis distribution in the republic of korea. | over 35,000 cases of japanese encephalitis (je) are reported worldwide each year. culex tritaeniorhynchus is the primary vector of the je virus, while wading birds are natural reservoirs and swine amplifying hosts. as part of a je risk analysis, the ecological niche modeling programme, maxent, was used to develop a predictive model for the distribution of cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the republic of korea, using mosquito collection data, temperature, precipitation, elevation, land cover and the norm ... | 2010 | 21080320 |
| evaluation of serological diagnostic test systems assessing the immune response to japanese encephalitis vaccination. | a new commercial anti-japanese encephalitis virus igm and igg indirect immunofluorescence test (iift) was evaluated for the detection of the humoral immune response after japanese encephalitis vaccination. the igm iift was compared to two igm capture elisas and the igg iift was analysed in comparison to a plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt50) and an igg elisa. moreover, the course of the immune reaction after vaccination with an inactivated jev vaccine was examined. for the present study ... | 2010 | 21103412 |
| genetic characterization of japanese encephalitis virus genotype ii strains isolated from 1951 to 1978. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev), the prototype member of the jev serocomplex, genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae, is the most significant arthropod-borne encephalitis worldwide in terms of morbidity and mortality. at least four genotypes (gi-giv) of the virus have been identified; however, to date, the genomic nucleotide sequence of only one gii virus has been determined (fu strain, australia, 1995). this study sequenced three additional gii strains of jev isolated between 1951 and 1978 in ... | 2010 | 21123550 |
| larvicidal, repellent, and ovicidal activity of marine actinobacteria extracts against culex tritaeniorhynchus and culex gelidus. | the purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of crude extracts of marine actinobacteria on larvicidal, repellent, and ovicidal activities against culex tritaeniorhynchus and culex gelidus (diptera: culicidae). the early fourth instar larvae of c. tritaeniorhynchus and c. gelidus, reared in the laboratory, were used for larvicidal, ovicidal, and repellent assay with crude extracts of actinobacteria. saccharomonospora spp. (lk-1), streptomyces roseiscleroticus (lk-2), and streptomyces ... | 2010 | 21153420 |
| alphavirus transducing system: tools for visualizing infection in mosquito vectors. | alphavirus transducing systems (atss) are important tools for expressing genes of interest (goi) during infection. atss are derived from cdna clones of mosquito-borne rna viruses (genus alphavirus; family togaviridae). the alphavirus genus contains about 30 different mosquito-borne virus species. alphaviruses are enveloped viruses and contain single-stranded rna genomes (~11.7 kb). alphaviruses transcribe a subgenomic mrna that encodes the structural proteins of the virus required for encapsidat ... | 2010 | 21178952 |
| rift valley fever virus(bunyaviridae: phlebovirus): an update on pathogenesis, molecular epidemiology, vectors, diagnostics and prevention. | rift valley fever(rvf) virus is an arbovirus in the bunyaviridae family that, from phylogenetic analysis, appears to have first emerged in the mid-19th century and was only identified at the beginning of the 1930's in the rift valley region of kenya. despite being an arbovirus with a relatively simple but temporally and geographically stable genome, this zoonotic virus has already demonstrated a real capacity for emerging in new territories, as exemplified by the outbreaks in egypt (1977), weste ... | 2010 | 21188836 |
| evaluation of octenol and lurex as baits in mosquito magnet pro traps to collect vector mosquitoes in china. | the effectiveness of the attractants 1-octen-3-ol (octenol) and l-lactic acid (lurex) on the collection of aedes albopictus, culex tritaeniorhynchus, cx. pipiens pallens, and anopheles sinensis was first evaluated in mosquito magnet pro traps in yamenkou and badachu residential areas, beijing city, and lishui area, zhejiang province, china. the mosquito magnet pro traps baited with octenol collected significantly more ae. albopictus, cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and an. sinensis, but fewer cx. pipiens ... | 2010 | 21290944 |
| new vaccines for japanese encephalitis. | epidemics of encephalitis occurring throughout much of asia are caused by japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a flavivirus maintained in a zoonotic cycle and transmitted by the mosquito, culex tritaeniorhynchus. resident populations, including short-or long-term visitors to enzootic regions, are at risk for japanese encephalitis (je) infection and disease. for the past several decades, effective killed viral vaccines prepared in tissue culture or mouse brain have been used to immunize travelers a ... | 2010 | 21308526 |
| newly recognized mosquito-associated viruses in mainland china, in the last two decades. | there are four principal arboviruses in mainland china. two kinds of them are mosquito-borne viruses, namely japanese encephalitis virus and dengue virus, which lead to japanese encephalitis, and dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever respectively; the other two are tick-borne viruses, namely tick-borne encephalitis virus and crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (also known as xinjiang hemorrhagic fever virus), which contribute to tick-borne encephalitis and xinjiang hemorrhagic fever respective ... | 2011 | 21314994 |
| the afhsc-division of geis operations predictive surveillance program: a multidisciplinary approach for the early detection and response to disease outbreaks. | the armed forces health surveillance center, division of global emerging infections surveillance and response system operations (afhsc-geis) initiated a coordinated, multidisciplinary program to link data sets and information derived from eco-climatic remote sensing activities, ecologic niche modeling, arthropod vector, animal disease-host/reservoir, and human disease surveillance for febrile illnesses, into a predictive surveillance program that generates advisories and alerts on emerging infec ... | 2011 | 21388561 |
| larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles using eclipta prostrata leaf extract against filariasis and malaria vectors. | mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. use of synthetic insecticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects in addition to high operational cost. insecticides of synthesized natural products for vector control have been a priority in this area. in this study, larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles (agnps) utilizing aqueous extract from eclipta prostrata, a member of the astera ... | 2011 | 21419749 |
| new japanese encephalitis vaccines: alternatives to production in mouse brain. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a flavivirus maintained in a zoonotic cycle and transmitted by the mosquito culex tritaeniorhynchus, causes epidemics of encephalitis throughout much of asia. resident populations, including short- or long-term visitors to enzootic regions, are at risk of infection and disease. for the past several decades, killed viral vaccines prepared in tissue culture or mouse brain have been used effectively to immunize travelers and residents of enzootic countries. cost, ... | 2011 | 21434803 |
| seasonal prevalence of mosquitoes, including vectors of brugian filariasis, in southern islands of the republic of korea. | a survey of mosquitoes, including the vector status of brugia malayi filariasis and their relative larval density, was conducted from 2002 to 2005 at several southern remote islands of jeollanam-do (province), gyeongsangnam-do, and jeju-do, korea, where filariasis was previously endemic. overall, a total of 9 species belonging to 7 genera were collected. ochlerotatus togoi (formerly known as aedes togoi), anopheles (hyrcanus) group, and culex pipiens were the predominant species captured at all ... | 2011 | 21461270 |
| delayed cytosolic exposure of japanese encephalitis virus double-stranded rna impedes interferon activation and enhances viral dissemination in porcine cells. | interferon is a principal component of the host antiviral defense system. in this study, abortive focus formation by japanese encephalitis virus (jev) in primate cells was accompanied with early interferon induction, while productive focus formation in porcine cells was associated with a late interferon response. neutralization antibodies against interferon relieved the restricted infection in primate cells, and increasingly larger foci were generated as treatment with exogenous interferon was d ... | 2011 | 21525349 |