| rapid decrease of malaria morbidity following the introduction of community-based monitoring in a rural area of central vietnam. | despite a successful control programme, malaria has not completely disappeared in vietnam; it remains endemic in remote areas of central vietnam, where standard control activities seem to be less effective. the evolution of malaria prevalence and incidence over two and half years in a rural area of central vietnam, after the introduction of community-based monitoring of malaria cases, is presented. | 2009 | 19123932 |
| malaria parasite invasion of the mosquito salivary gland requires interaction between the plasmodium trap and the anopheles saglin proteins. | sm1 is a twelve-amino-acid peptide that binds tightly to the anopheles salivary gland and inhibits its invasion by plasmodium sporozoites. by use of uv-crosslinking experiments between the peptide and its salivary gland target protein, we have identified the anopheles salivary protein, saglin, as the receptor for sm1. furthermore, by use of an anti-sm1 antibody, we have determined that the peptide is a mimotope of the plasmodium sporozoite thrombospondin related anonymous protein (trap). trap bi ... | 2009 | 19148273 |
| [artesunate in interrupting the transmission of plasmodium falciparum]. | to observe the effect of artesunate (ats) on the infectivity of plasmodium falciparum gametocytes (pfg). | 2008 | 19157297 |
| purification and characterization of a small cationic protein from the tobacco hornworm manduca sexta. | the prophenoloxidase (propo) activation system is an important defense mechanism in arthropods, and activation of propo to active phenoloxidase (po) involves a serine proteinase cascade. here, we report the purification and characterization of a small cationic protein cp8 from the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta, which can stimulate propo activation. blast search showed that manduca cp8 is similar to a fungal proteinase inhibitor-1 (amfpi-1), an inducible serine proteinase inhibitor-1 (ispi-1), ... | 2009 | 19162182 |
| susceptibility of various mosquitoes of thailand to nocturnal subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti. | ten different mosquito species representing five genera were allowed to feed on human blood containing microfilariae (5.5-6.5 mf/microl) of nocturnal subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti from kanchanaburi province, thailand. aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, aedes desmotes, downsiomyia species (=finlaya niveus group), culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles dirus a, an. maculatus, an. minimus, armigeres subalbatus, and mansonia uniformis were fed under laboratory conditions using an artificial membrane fee ... | 2008 | 19263851 |
| residual effects of mossmann 100 (permethrin 10% ec) impregnated bed nets and its impact on malaria vectors and incidence of malaria. | the objective of this field trial was to assess the residual effectiveness of permethrin 10% treated mosquito nets on malaria control compared with untreated nets. the study was carried out between july and december 2007 in the pong nam ron district of chantaburi province, thailand. mosquito population densities were assessed using the landing catch method. mosquitoes were collected between 6:00 pm and 12:00 pm. residual effectiveness of the treated nets was assessed using standard who bioassay ... | 2009 | 19323006 |
| towards high-throughput molecular detection of plasmodium: new approaches and molecular markers. | several strategies are currently deployed in many countries in the tropics to strengthen malaria control toward malaria elimination. to measure the impact of any intervention, there is a need to detect malaria properly. mostly, decisions still rely on microscopy diagnosis. but sensitive diagnosis tools enabling to deal with a large number of samples are needed. the molecular detection approach offers a much higher sensitivity, and the flexibility to be automated and upgraded. | 2009 | 19402894 |
| plasmodium fieldi: observations on the hackeri and abi strains in macaca mulatta monkeys and mosquitoes. | macaca mulatta monkeys infected with the hackeri strain of plasmodium fieldi had maximum parasite counts ranging from 1,300 to 301,320/microl. in 43 intact animals infected with the abi strain, the maximum parasite counts ranged from 672 to 57,189/microl (median = 15,100/microl); in 46 splenectomized monkeys, the maximum parasite count ranged from 660 to 350,000/microl (median = 52,245/microl). transmission through anopheles dirus mosquitoes was obtained on 11 occasions with pre-patent periods o ... | 2009 | 19407117 |
| spatial and temporal distribution of falciparum malaria in china. | falciparum malaria is the most deadly among the four main types of human malaria. although great success has been achieved since the launch of the national malaria control programme in 1955, malaria remains a serious public health problem in china. this paper aimed to analyse the geographic distribution, demographic patterns and time trends of falciparum malaria in china. | 2009 | 19523209 |
| involvement of prophenoloxidases in the suppression of plasmodium yoelii development by anopheles dirus. | anopheles dirus is refractory to a rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium yoelii, and melanized oocysts are manifested in infected mosquitoes. prophenoloxidase (ppo) is a zymogen whose active form mediates melanotic encapsulation of invading pathogens in mosquitoes. in this study, we cloned cdna fragments of four an. dirus ppos, that are orthologs of anopheles gambiae ppo2, ppo4, ppo5 and ppo6. adppo4 expression in hemocytes was induced in response to p. yoelii infection. rna interference using dou ... | 2009 | 19540233 |
| resistance to therapies for infection by plasmodium vivax. | the gravity of the threat posed by vivax malaria to public health has been poorly appreciated. the widely held misperception of plasmodium vivax as being relatively infrequent, benign, and easily treated explains its nearly complete neglect across the range of biological and clinical research. recent evidence suggests a far higher and more-severe disease burden imposed by increasingly drug-resistant parasites. the two frontline therapies against vivax malaria, chloroquine and primaquine, may be ... | 2009 | 19597012 |
| genetic diversity and population structure of plasmodium falciparum in thailand, a low transmission country. | the population structure of the causative agents of human malaria, plasmodium sp., including the most serious agent plasmodium falciparum, depends on the local epidemiological and demographic situations, such as the incidence of infected people, the vector transmission intensity and migration of inhabitants (i.e. exchange between sites). analysing the structure of p. falciparum populations at a large scale, such as continents, or with markers that are subject to non-neutral selection, can lead t ... | 2009 | 19602241 |
| implementation of a novel pcr based method for detecting malaria parasites from naturally infected mosquitoes in papua new guinea. | detection of plasmodium species in mosquitoes is important for designing vector control studies. however, most of the pcr-based detection methods show some potential limitations. the objective of this study was to introduce an effective pcr-based method for detecting plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum from the field-caught mosquitoes of papua new guinea. | 2009 | 19646275 |
| the tempo and mode of evolution of transposable elements as revealed by molecular phylogenies reconstructed from mosquito genomes. | although many mathematical models exist predicting the dynamics of transposable elements (tes), there is a lack of available empirical data to validate these models and inherent assumptions. genomes can provide a snapshot of several te families in a single organism, and these could have their demographics inferred by coalescent analysis, allowing for the testing of theories on te amplification dynamics. using the available genomes of the mosquitoes aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae, we indicat ... | 2009 | 19656180 |
| sterile protection against plasmodium knowlesi in rhesus monkeys from a malaria vaccine: comparison of heterologous prime boost strategies. | using newer vaccine platforms which have been effective against malaria in rodent models, we tested five immunization regimens against plasmodium knowlesi in rhesus monkeys. all vaccines included the same four p. knowlesi antigens: the pre-erythrocytic antigens csp, ssp2, and erythrocytic antigens ama1, msp1. we used four vaccine platforms for prime or boost vaccinations: plasmids (dna), alphavirus replicons (vrp), attenuated adenovirus serotype 5 (ad), or attenuated poxvirus (pox). these four p ... | 2009 | 19668343 |
| anopheles dirus co-infection with human and monkey malaria parasites in vietnam. | the feasibility of identifying parasite dna and specific mrnas from wild-caught anopheles dirus mosquitoes was assessed using dried mosquito salivary glands preserved on filter paper. we were able to detect plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae and plasmodium knowlesi dna by conventional pcr and, furthermore, detected p. falciparum gametocyte-specific genes, pfg377 and pfs16 mrna, p. knowlesi circumsporozoite protein (csp) and sporozoite surface protein 2 (ssp2) mrna by re ... | 2009 | 19703460 |
| potential malaria reemergence, northeastern thailand. | | 2009 | 19751612 |
| geographic information system (gis) maps and malaria control monitoring: intervention coverage and health outcome in distal villages of khammouane province, laos. | insecticide-treated nets (itns) are a key intervention to control malaria. the intervention coverage varies as a consequence of geographical accessibility to remote villages and limitations of financial and human resources for the intervention. people's adherence to the intervention, i.e., proper use of itns, also affects malaria health outcome. the study objective is to explore the impact of the intervention coverage and people's adherence to the intervention on malaria health outcome among tar ... | 2009 | 19772628 |
| widespread distribution of a newly found point mutation in voltage-gated sodium channel in pyrethroid-resistant aedes aegypti populations in vietnam. | resistance of aedes aegypti to photostable pyrethroid insecticides is a major problem for disease-vector control programs. pyrethroids target the voltage-gated sodium channel on the insects' neurons. single amino acid substitutions in this channel associated with pyrethroid resistance are one of the main factors that cause knockdown resistance in insects. although kdr has been observed in several mosquito species, point mutations in the para gene have not been fully characterized in ae. aegypti ... | 2009 | 19806205 |
| anopheles mortality is both age- and plasmodium-density dependent: implications for malaria transmission. | daily mortality is an important determinant of a vector's ability to transmit pathogens. original simplifying assumptions in malaria transmission models presume vector mortality is independent of age, infection status and parasite load. previous studies illustrate conflicting evidence as to the importance of plasmodium-induced vector mortality, but very few studies to date have considered the effect of infection density on mosquito survival. | 2009 | 19822012 |
| structures of yeast glutathione-s-transferase gtt2 reveal a new catalytic type of gst family. | glutathione-s-transferases (gsts) are ubiquitous detoxification enzymes that catalyse the conjugation of electrophilic substrates to glutathione. here, we present the crystal structures of gtt2, a gst of saccharomyces cerevisiae, in apo and two ligand-bound forms, at 2.23 a, 2.20 a and 2.10 a, respectively. although gtt2 has the overall structure of a gst, the absence of the classic catalytic essential residues--tyrosine, serine and cysteine--distinguishes it from all other cytosolic gsts of kno ... | 2009 | 19851333 |
| impact of insecticide-treated nets on wild pyrethroid resistant anopheles epiroticus population from southern vietnam tested in experimental huts. | in this study, the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets was evaluated in terms of deterrence, blood-feeding inhibition, induced exophily and mortality on a wild resistant population of anopheles epiroticus in southern vietnam, in order to gain insight into the operational consequences of the insecticide resistance observed in this malaria vector in the mekong delta. | 2009 | 19874581 |
| human plasmodium knowlesi infections in young children in central vietnam. | considering increasing reports on human infections by plasmodium knowlesi in southeast asian countries, blood samples collected during two large cross-sectional malariometric surveys carried out in a forested area of central vietnam in 2004 and 2005 were screened for this parasite. | 2009 | 19878553 |
| artemisinin-based combination therapies: a vital tool in efforts to eliminate malaria. | plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine has led to the recent adoption of artemisinin-based combination therapies (acts) as the first line of treatment against malaria. acts comprise semisynthetic artemisinin derivatives paired with distinct chemical classes of longer acting drugs. these artemisinins are exceptionally potent against the pathogenic asexual blood stages of plasmodium parasites and also act on the transmissible sexual stages. these combination ... | 2009 | 19881520 |
| examining landscape factors influencing relative distribution of mosquito genera and frequency of virus infection. | mosquito-borne infections cause some of the most debilitating human diseases, including yellow fever and malaria, yet we lack an understanding of how disease risk scales with human-driven habitat changes. we present an approach to study variation in mosquito distribution and concomitant viral infections on the landscape level. in a pilot study we analyzed mosquito distribution along a 10-km transect of a west african rainforest area, which included primary forest, secondary forest, plantations, ... | 2009 | 19915916 |
| population structure analyses and demographic history of the malaria vector anopheles albimanus from the caribbean and the pacific regions of colombia. | anopheles albimanus is an important malaria vector in some areas throughout its distribution in the caribbean and the pacific regions of colombia, covering three biogeographic zones of the neotropical region, maracaibo, magdalena and chocó. | 2009 | 19922672 |
| prevalence of anopheline species and their plasmodium infection status in epidemic-prone border areas of bangladesh. | information related to malaria vectors is very limited in bangladesh. in the changing environment and various anopheles species may be incriminated and play role in the transmission cycle. this study was designed with an intention to identify anopheline species and possible malaria vectors in the border belt areas, where the malaria is endemic in bangladesh. | 2010 | 20074326 |
| spatial distribution and r-dna second internal transcribed spacer characterization of anopheles dirus (diptera: culicidae) complex species in north-east india. | the identity and distribution of the prevalent member species of the anopheles dirus complex mosquitoes in the north-eastern region of india was investigated in a cross-sectional study. we altogether collected 267 individuals of an. dirus s.l. from 27 forested/forest fringed locations spread across the seven north-eastern states, identified the species using a ribosomal dna (r-dna) second internal transcribed spacer (its2) based allele specific polymerase chain reaction (aspcr) method and sequen ... | 2010 | 20074537 |
| plasmodium knowlesi malaria in vietnam: some clarifications. | a recently published comment on a report of plasmodium knowlesi infections in vietnam states that this may not accurately represent the situation in the study area because the pcr primers used may cross-hybridize with plasmodium vivax. nevertheless, p. knowlesi infections have been confirmed by sequencing. in addition, a neighbour-joining tree based on the 18s s-type ssurrna gene shows that the vietnamese samples clearly cluster with the p. knowlesi isolates identified in malaysia and are distin ... | 2010 | 20082717 |
| low perception of malaria risk among the ra-glai ethnic minority in south-central vietnam: implications for forest malaria control. | despite vietnam's success in reducing malaria mortality and morbidity over the last decade, malaria persists in the forested and mountainous areas of the central and southern provinces, where more than 50% of the clinical cases and 90% of severe cases and malaria deaths occur. | 2010 | 20089152 |
| seasonal abundance and bloodfeeding activity of anopheles dirus sensu lato in western thailand. | bloodfeeding activity, host preference, and seasonal abundance of the anopheles dirus complex in relation to environmental factors were measured during a 2-yr period at pu teuy village, sai yok district, kanchanaburi province, western thailand. anopheles dirus s.l. was found more abundant during the wet season compared with the dry and hot seasons. bloodfeeding by an. dirus s.l. commenced immediately after sunset with a distinct peak of activity at 2000 h. anopheles dirus s.l. fed more readily o ... | 2009 | 20099588 |
| high heterogeneity in plasmodium falciparum risk illustrates the need for detailed mapping to guide resource allocation: a new malaria risk map of the lao people's democratic republic. | abstract: background: accurate information on the geographical distribution of malaria is important for efficient resource allocation. the lao people's democratic republic has experienced a major decline in malaria morbidity and mortality in the past decade. however, efforts to respond effectively to these changes have been impeded by lack of detailed data on malaria distribution. in 2008, a countrywide survey on plasmodium falciparum diagnosed in health centres and villages was initiated to dev ... | 2010 | 20181273 |
| expression and characterization of three new glutathione transferases, an epsilon (acgste2-2), omega (acgsto1-1), and theta (acgstt1-1) from anopheles cracens (diptera: culicidae), a major thai malaria vector. | glutathione transferases (gsts) (e.c.2.5.1.18) are multifunctional enzymes involved in the detoxification of many exogenous and endogenous compounds. this study aimed to characterize several new gsts from anopheles cracens, a major thai malaria vector formerly known as anopheles dirus. the three recombinant enzymes obtained were from the epsilon, theta and omega classes. they showed 80-93% identity to orthologous an. gambiae gsts. acgste2-2 possessed peroxidase activity that cannot be detected f ... | 2010 | 20380296 |
| sub-microscopic malaria cases and mixed malaria infection in a remote area of high malaria endemicity in rattanakiri province, cambodia: implication for malaria elimination. | malaria microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests are insensitive for very low-density parasitaemia. this insensitivity may lead to missed asymptomatic sub-microscopic parasitaemia, a potential reservoir for infection. similarly, mixed infections and interactions between plasmodium species may be missed. the objectives were first to develop a rapid and sensitive pcr-based diagnostic method to detect low parasitaemia and mixed infections, and then to investigate the epidemiological importance of sub- ... | 2010 | 20409349 |
| the impact of human reservoir of malaria at a community-level on individual malaria occurrence in a low malaria transmission setting along the thai-myanmar border. | the probability of contracting malaria in a given individual is determined not only by the individual's characteristics, but also the ecological factors that characterize the level of human-vector contact in the population. examination of the relationship between "individual" and "supra-individual" variables over time is important for understanding the local malaria epidemiology. this is essential for planning effective intervention strategies specifically for each location. | 2010 | 20504308 |
| application of advanced very high resolution radiometer (avhrr)-based vegetation health indices for estimation of malaria cases. | satellite data may be used to map climatic conditions conducive to malaria outbreaks, assisting in the targeting of public health interventions to mitigate the worldwide increase in incidence of the mosquito-transmitted disease. this work analyzes correlation between malaria cases and vegetation health (vh) indices derived from satellite remote sensing for each week over a period of 14 years for bandarban, bangladesh. correlation analysis showed that years with a high summer temperature conditio ... | 2010 | 20519592 |
| blocking effect of a monoclonal antibody against recombinant pvs25 on sporozoite development in anopheles sinensis. | to develop a vaccine to block the transmission of vivax malaria, the gene encoding the ookinete surface protein pvs25 was cloned from a korean malaria patient. the pvs25 gene was 660 bp long, encoding 219 amino acids. it was subcloned into the expression vector pqe30 and expressed in escherichia coli. the expressed recombinant protein, named rpvs25, showed a molecular mass of approximately 25 kda by sds-page analysis. an anti-rpvs25 monoclonal antibody produced in balb/c mice was able to inhibit ... | 2010 | 20554802 |
| plasmodium vivax ookinete surface protein pvs25 linked to cholera toxin b subunit induces potent transmission-blocking immunity by intranasal as well as subcutaneous immunization. | the nontoxic cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) was evaluated as a potential delivery molecule for the plasmodium vivax ookinete surface protein, pvs25. recombinant pvs25 was expressed as a secreted protein in the yeast pichia pastoris, as a mixture of isoforms including multimers and the a and b monomers. the a isoform with the presumed native protein fold was the most abundant, accounting for more than 40% of all expressed protein. the molecularly uniform a isoform was chemically conjugated to ctb ... | 2010 | 20584978 |
| feeding response of aedes aegypti and anopheles dirus (diptera: culicidae) using out-of-date human blood in a membrane feeding apparatus. | the colonization of aedes aegypti and anopheles dirus was performed using out-of-date human blood from a blood bank as a nutritional supply dispensed from a common artificial feeder. preserved human blood was collected and used for feeding on days 5, 15, and 25 after date of expiration and dispensed from a common artificial feeder to rear the mosquitoes. ae. aegypti had a feeding rate of 78.7, 62, and 18% at the respective intervals while an. dirus had a rate of 80, 56.8, and 7.3% on the same re ... | 2010 | 20618661 |
| social and environmental determinants of malaria in space and time in viet nam. | the malaria burden in viet nam has been in decline in recent decades, but localised areas of high transmission remain. we used spatiotemporal analytical tools to determine the social and environmental drivers of malaria risk and to identify residual high-risk areas where control and surveillance resources can be targeted. counts of reported plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax malaria cases by month (january 2007-december 2008) and by district were assembled. zero-inflated poisson regressi ... | 2011 | 20833173 |
| vectors and malaria transmission in deforested, rural communities in north-central vietnam. | malaria is still prevalent in rural communities of central vietnam even though, due to deforestation, the primary vector anopheles dirus is uncommon. in these situations little is known about the secondary vectors which are responsible for maintaining transmission. basic information on the identification of the species in these rural communities is required so that transmission parameters, such as ecology, behaviour and vectorial status can be assigned to the appropriate species. | 2010 | 20846447 |
| persistent transmission of malaria in garo hills of meghalaya bordering bangladesh, north-east india. | malaria is endemic in garo hills of meghalaya, and death cases are reported annually. plasmodium falciparum is the major parasite, and is solely responsible for each malaria-attributable death case. garo hills are categorized high-risk for drug-resistant malaria; however, there exists no data on malaria transmitting mosquitoes prevalent in the region. included in this report are entomological observations with particular reference to vector biology characteristics for devising situation specific ... | 2010 | 20858290 |
| mapping malaria risk in bangladesh using bayesian geostatistical models. | background malaria-control programs are increasingly dependent on accurate risk maps to effectively guide the allocation of interventions and resources. advances in model-based geostatistics and geographical information systems (gis) have enabled researchers to better understand factors affecting malaria transmission and thus, more accurately determine the limits of malaria transmission globally and nationally. here, we construct plasmodium falciparum risk maps for bangladesh for 2007 at a scale ... | 2010 | 20889880 |
| plasmodium ovale infection in malaysia: first imported case. | plasmodium ovale infection is rarely reported in malaysia. this is the first imported case of p. ovale infection in malaysia which was initially misdiagnosed as plasmodium vivax. | 2010 | 20929588 |
| declining in efficacy of a three-day combination regimen of mefloquine-artesunate in a multi-drug resistance area along the thai-myanmar border. | declining in clinical efficacy of artesunate-mefloquine combination has been documented in areas along the eastern border (thai-cambodian) of thailand. in the present study, the clinical efficacy of the three-day combination regimen of artesunate-mefloquine as first-line treatment for acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in thailand was monitored in an area along the western border (thai-myanmar) of the country. | 2010 | 20929590 |
| human-landing patterns of anopheles dirus sensu lato (diptera: culicidae) in experimental huts treated with ddt or deltamethrin. | anopheles dirus females landing on humans inside experimental huts treated with residual applications of ddt or deltamethrin were observed during the wet season in pu teuy village, kanchanaburi province, western thailand. two identical experimental huts were constructed in the fashion of typical local rural thai homes. pretreatment (baseline) human-landing collections (hlc) in both huts showed an early evening peak of activity between 1900 and 2000 h with no significant difference in numbers of ... | 2010 | 20939377 |
| isolation and identification of a south china strain of plasmodium inui from macaca fascicularis. | southeast asian macaques are hosts of a number of plasmodium infections, some of which are transmittable to humans. during examination of blood films of five wild-caught long-tailed macaques macaca fascicularis from south china, malaria infection was detected in one of the monkeys. in order to isolate this parasite for identification and characterization, we experimentally passed this parasite through both assamese (m. assamensis) and rhesus (m. mulatta) monkeys by intravenous injection of infec ... | 2010 | 21093155 |
| optimized in vitro production of plasmodium vivax ookinetes. | previous reports have described obtaining mature plasmodium vivax ookinetes in vitro using blood from infected patients using a simplified, field-based protocol. here, we report protocols that produce improved p. vivax ookinete yields and morphological development. optimal conditions included induction of gametogenesis using 10 mm tris, 170 mm nacl, 10 mm glucose, 25 mm nahco(3), and 100 μm xanthurenic acid for 90 minutes at ph 8.0-8.2, followed by culture in rpmi-1640, 50 mg/ml hypoxanthine, 25 ... | 2010 | 21118919 |
| an assessment of early diagnosis and treatment of malaria by village health volunteers in the lao pdr. | early diagnosis and treatment (edat) is crucial to reducing the burden of malaria in low-income countries. in the lao pdr, this strategy was introduced in 2004-2005 and an assessment was performed at the community level in january 2007. | 2010 | 21122128 |
| establishment of an in vitro assay for assessing the effects of drugs on the liver stages of plasmodium vivax malaria. | plasmodium vivax (pv) is the second most important human malaria parasite. recent data indicate that the impact of pv malaria on the health and economies of the developing world has been dramatically underestimated. pv has a unique feature in its life cycle. uninucleate sporozoites (spz), after invasion of human hepatocytes, either proceed to develop into tens of thousands of merozoites within the infected hepatocytes or remain as dormant forms called hypnozoites, which cause relapses of malaria ... | 2010 | 21151554 |
| malaria transmission and vector behaviour in a forested malaria focus in central vietnam and the implications for vector control. | in vietnam, malaria is becoming progressively restricted to specific foci where human and vector characteristics alter the known malaria epidemiology, urging for alternative or adapted control strategies. long-lasting insecticidal hammocks (llih) were designed and introduced in ninh thuan province, south-central vietnam, to control malaria in the specific context of forest malaria. an entomological study in this specific forested environment was conducted to assess the behavioural patterns of fo ... | 2010 | 21182774 |
| genetic and phenotypic variation of the malaria vector anopheles atroparvus in southern europe. | there is a growing concern that global climate change will affect the potential for pathogen transmission by insect species that are vectors of human diseases. one of these species is the former european malaria vector, anopheles atroparvus. levels of population differentiation of an. atroparvus from southern europe were characterized as a first attempt to elucidate patterns of population structure of this former malaria vector. results are discussed in light of a hypothetical situation of re-es ... | 2011 | 21223582 |
| a chemotype that inhibits three unrelated pathogenic targets: the botulinum neurotoxin serotype a light chain, p. falciparum malaria, and the ebola filovirus. | a 1,7-bis(alkylamino)diazachrysene-based small molecule was previously identified as an inhibitor of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype a light chain metalloprotease. subsequently, a variety of derivatives of this chemotype were synthesized to develop structure-activity relationships, and all are inhibitors of the bont/a lc. three-dimensional analyses indicated that half of the originally discovered 1,7-daac structure superimposed well with 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline-based antimalarial agents. thi ... | 2011 | 21265542 |
| monitoring of clinical efficacy and in vitro sensitivity of plasmodium vivax to chloroquine in area along thai myanmar border during 2009-2010. | in thailand, the proportion of plasmodium vivax infection has become equal to plasmodium falciparum. reports of a trend of gradual decline of in vitro sensitivity of p. vivax to chloroquine in some areas of the country, together with accumulating evidences of chloroquine resistance p. vivax in other parts of the world, emphasize the need for closely and continuously monitoring clinical efficacy in conjunction with in vitro sensitivity of p. vivax isolates. | 2011 | 21324161 |
| malaria in the greater mekong subregion: heterogeneity and complexity. | the greater mekong subregion (gms), comprised of six countries including cambodia, china's yunnan province, lao pdr, myanmar (burma), thailand and vietnam, is one of the most threatening foci of malaria. since the initiation of the who's mekong malaria program a decade ago, malaria situation in the gms has greatly improved, reflected in the continuous decline in annual malaria incidence and deaths. however, as many nations are moving towards malaria elimination, the gms nations still face great ... | 2011 | 21382335 |
| malaria prevalence, risk factors and spatial distribution in a hilly forest area of bangladesh. | malaria is a major public health concern in bangladesh and it is highly endemic in the chittagong hill tracts where prevalence was 11.7% in 2007. one sub-district, rajasthali, had a prevalence of 36%. several interventions were introduced in early 2007 to control malaria. this study was undertaken to evaluate the impacts of these intensive early stage interventions on malaria in bangladesh. this prevalence study assesses whether or not high malaria prevalence remains, and if so, which areas and ... | 2011 | 21533048 |
| antigenic repertoire of plasmodium vivax transmission-blocking vaccine candidates from the indian subcontinent. | abstract: | 2011 | 21535892 |
| the dominant anopheles vectors of human malaria in the asia-pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic precis. | abstract: background: the final article in a series of three publications examining the global distribution of 41 dominant vector species (dvs) of malaria is presented here. the first publication examined the dvs from the americas, with the second covering those species present in africa, europe and the middle east. here we discuss the 19 dvs of the asian-pacific region. this region experiences a high diversity of vector species, many occurring sympatrically, which, combined with the occurrence ... | 2011 | 21612587 |
| radical curative efficacy of tafenoquine combination regimens in plasmodium cynomolgi-infected rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). | abstract: background: tafenoquine is an 8-aminoquinoline being developed for radical cure (blood and liver stage elimination) of plasmodium vivax. during monotherapy treatment, the compound exhibits slow parasite and fever clearance times, and toxicity in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd) deficiency is a concern. combination with other antimalarials may mitigate these concerns. methods: in 2005, the radical curative efficacy of tafenoquine combinations was investigated in plasmodium cynom ... | 2011 | 21801400 |
| wide cross-reactivity between anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus sg6 salivary proteins supports exploitation of gsg6 as a marker of human exposure to major malaria vectors in tropical africa. | abstract: background: the anopheles gambiae gsg6 is an anopheline-specific salivary protein which helps female mosquitoes to efficiently feed on blood. besides its role in haematophagy, gsg6 is immunogenic and elicits in exposed individuals an igg response, which may be used as indicator of exposure to the main african malaria vector a. gambiae. however, malaria transmission in tropical africa is sustained by three main vectors (a. gambiae, anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus) and a gene ... | 2011 | 21794142 |
| false positive circumsporozoite protein elisa: a challenge for the estimation of the entomological inoculation rate of malaria and for vector incrimination. | abstract: background: the entomological inoculation rate (eir) is an important indicator in estimating malaria transmission and the impact of vector control. to assess the eir, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect the circumsporozoite protein (csp) is increasingly used. however, several studies have reported false positive results in this elisa. the false positive results could lead to an overestimation of the eir. the aim of present study was to estimate the level of false po ... | 2011 | 21767376 |
| co-infections of plasmodium knowlesi, p. falciparum, and p. vivax among humans and anopheles dirus mosquitoes, southern vietnam. | a single anopheles dirus mosquito carrying sporozoites of plasmodium knowlesi, p. falciparum, and p. vivax was recently discovered in khanh phu, southern vietnam. further sampling of humans and mosquitoes in this area during 2009-2010 showed p. knowlesi infections in 32 (26%) persons with malaria (n = 125) and in 31 (43%) sporozoite-positive an. dirus mosquitoes (n = 73). co-infections of p. knowlesi and p. vivax were predominant in mosquitoes and humans, while single p. knowlesi infections were ... | 2011 | 21762577 |
| [function of tep1 gene during plasmodium yoelii infection in anopheles dirus]. | to study the role of tep1 gene from anopheles dirns during plasmodium yoelii infection by rna interference. | 2011 | 21823319 |
| evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys of a recombinant malaria vaccine for plasmodium vivax with a synthetic toll-like receptor 4 agonist formulated in an emulsion. | plasmodium vivax is the major cause of malaria outside sub-saharan africa and inflicts debilitating morbidity and consequent economic impacts in developing countries. in order to produce a p. vivax vaccine for global use, we have previously reported the development of a novel chimeric recombinant protein, vmp001, based on the circumsporozoite protein (csp) of p. vivax. very few adjuvant formulations are currently available for human use. our interest is to evaluate second-generation vaccine form ... | 2011 | 21690242 |
| investigations on the role of a lysozyme from the malaria vector anopheles dirus during malaria parasite development. | a cdna encoding a lysozyme was obtained by rapid amplification of cdna ends-polymerase chain reaction (race-pcr) from females of the malaria vector anopheles dirus a (diptera: culicidae). the 623bp lysozyme (adlys c-1) cdna encodes the 120 amino acid mature protein with a predicted molecular mass of 13.4kda and theoretical pi of 8.45. six cysteine residues and a potential calcium binding motif that are present in adlys c-1 are highly conserved relative to those of c-type lysozymes found in other ... | 2011 | 21741400 |
| Genetic diversity of transmission-blocking vaccine candidates Pvs25 and Pvs28 in Plasmodium vivax isolates from Yunnan Province, China. | ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) have been considered an important strategy for disrupting the malaria transmission cycle, especially for Plasmodium vivax malaria, which undergoes gametocytogenesis earlier during infection. Pvs25 and Pvs28 are transmission-blocking vaccine candidates for P. vivax malaria. Assessment of genetic diversity of the vaccine candidates will provide necessary information for predicting the performance of vaccines, which will guide us during t ... | 2011 | 22117620 |
| [resistance assay of malaria vectors to four kinds of common insecticides in some endemic areas of hainan province]. | to determine the resistance of malaria vectors to four kinds of common insecticides in some endemic areas of hainan province. | 2011 | 21970110 |
| variations of insecticide residual bio-efficacy on different types of walls: results from a community-based trial in south cameroon. | determination of residual activity of insecticides is essential information for the selection of appropriate indoor spraying operation. the present study was undertaken to evaluate the residual effect of three candidate insecticide formulations on different indoor surfaces in order to guide future interventions, in the context of cameroon and other african countries. | 2011 | 22047173 |
| the abundance and host-seeking behavior of culicine species (diptera: culicidae) and anopheles sinensis in yongcheng city, people's republic of china. | abstract: background: the knowledge of mosquito species diversity and the level of anthropophily exhibited by each species in a region are of great importance to the integrated vector control. culicine species are the primary vectors of japanese encephalitis (je) virus and filariasis in china. anopheles sinensis plays a major role in the maintenance of plasmodium vivax malaria transmission in china. the goal of this study was to compare the abundance and host-seeking behavior of culicine specie ... | 2011 | 22115320 |
| a review of mixed malaria species infections in anopheline mosquitoes. | in patients with malaria mixed species infections are common and under reported. in pcr studies conducted in asia mixed infection rates often exceed 20%. in south-east asia, approximately one third of patients treated for falciparum malaria experience a subsequent plasmodium vivax infection with a time interval suggesting relapse. it is uncertain whether the two infections are acquired simultaneously or separately. to determine whether mixed species infections in humans are derived from mainly f ... | 2011 | 21880138 |
| malaria control in bhutan: a case study of a country embarking on elimination. | abstract: background: bhutan has achieved a major reduction in malaria incidence amid multiple challenges. this case study seeks to characterize the bhutan malaria control programme over the last 10 years. methods: a review of the malaria epidemiology, control strategies, and elimination strategies employed in bhutan was carried out through a literature review of peer-reviewed and grey national and international literature with the addition of reviewing the surveillance and vector control recor ... | 2012 | 22230355 |
| repellent properties of cardiospermum halicacabum linn. (family: sapindaceae) plant leaf extracts against three important vector mosquitoes. | to determine repellent activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform and methanol extract of cardiospermum halicacabum (c. halicacabum) against culex quinquefasciatus (cx. quinquefasciatus), aedes aegypti (ae. aegypti) and anopheles stephensi (an. stephensi). | 2012 | 23569979 |
| a cross sectional investigation of malaria epidemiology among seven tea estates in assam, india. | in the present investigation, the epidemiology of malaria among seven tea estates of nagaon and udalguri districts of assam, india has been described. a cross-sectional open study was carried out to understand the malaria epidemiology and associated risk factors among the tea tribes during march to september 2009. out of 1,182 peripheral blood smears examined, 506 found positive for malaria (slide positivity rate, spr = 42.8) with plasmodium falciparum as predominant species. dimakuchi tea estat ... | 2011 | 23542574 |
| diversity and seasonal densities of vector anophelines in relation to forest fringe malaria in district sonitpur, assam (india). | the prevalence and bionomics of known indian malaria vector anophelines was studied in three forest fringe villages in sonitpur district of assam, india. anopheles philippinensis/nivipes (36.8%) and an. annularis (25.6%) were the most abundant of the seven vector anopheline species recorded. densities of vector anophelines in general were high during monsoon season and low during winter months. an. dirus s.l. was the most anthropophagic (91.6%) of all the species collected whereas, an. annularis ... | 2011 | 23024492 |
| flipping the paradigm on malaria transmission-blocking vaccines. | the idea of malaria transmission-blocking vaccines (tbvs) surfaced more than two decades ago. since then, the research paradigm focused on developing tbvs that target surface antigens of parasite sexual stages. only recently has an effort emerged that flipped this paradigm, targeting antigens of the parasite's obligate invertebrate vector, the anopheles mosquito. here, we review the current state of knowledge of mosquito-based tbvs and discuss the utility of this approach for future vaccine deve ... | 2008 | 18599352 |
| dna methods for identification of chinese medicinal materials. | as adulterated and substituted chinese medicinal materials are common in the market, therapeutic effectiveness of such materials cannot be guaranteed. identification at species-, strain- and locality-levels, therefore, is required for quality assurance/control of chinese medicine. this review provides an informative introduction to dna methods for authentication of chinese medicinal materials. technical features and examples of the methods based on sequencing, hybridization and polymerase chain ... | 2007 | 17803808 |
| the impact of nitric oxide toxicity on the evolution of the glutathione transferase superfamily: a proposal for an evolutionary driving force. | glutathione transferases (gsts) are protection enzymes capable of conjugating glutathione (gsh) to toxic compounds. during evolution an important catalytic cysteine residue involved in gsh activation was replaced by serine or, more recently, by tyrosine. the utility of these replacements represents an enigma because they yield no improvements in the affinity toward gsh or in its reactivity. here we show that these changes better protect the cell from nitric oxide (no) insults. in fact the dinitr ... | 2013 | 23828197 |
| aerobic microbial community of insectary population of phlebotomus papatasi. | microbes particularly bacteria presenting in the gut of haematophagous insects may have an important role in the epidemiology of human infectious disease. | 2013 | 25629067 |
| role of nf-kβ factor rel2 during plasmodium falciparum and bacterial infection in anopheles dirus. | anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria which is one of the world's most threatening diseases. anopheles dirus (sensu stricto) is among the main vectors of malaria in south east asia. the mosquito innate immune response is the first line of defence against malaria parasites during its development. the immune deficiency (imd) pathway, a conserved immune signaling pathway, influences anti-plasmodium falciparum activity in anopheles gambiae, an. stephensi and an. albimanus. the aim of the study was t ... | 2016 | 27688040 |
| review of insecticide resistance and behavioral avoidance of vectors of human diseases in thailand. | physiological resistance and behavioral responses of mosquito vectors to insecticides are critical aspects of the chemical-based disease control equation. the complex interaction between lethal, sub-lethal and excitation/repellent ('excito-repellent') properties of chemicals is typically overlooked in vector management and control programs. the development of "physiological" resistance, metabolic and/or target site modifications, to insecticides has been well documented in many insect groups and ... | 2013 | 24294938 |
| comparative studies on the stenogamous and eurygamous behavior of eight anopheles species of the hyrcanus group (diptera: culicidae) in thailand. | establishment of laboratory colony is essential for mosquito-borne-disease research. mating behavior of stenogamous anopheles peditaeniatus and seven eurygamous species (anopheles argyropus, anopheles crawfordi, anopheles nigerrimus, anopheles nitidus, anopheles paraliae (=an. lesteri), anopheles pursati and anopheles sinensis), were investigated and compared in this study. the self-mating success of adult mosquitoes in different size cages at two density resting surface (drs) values, 3.6 and 7. ... | 2016 | 27023618 |
| field evaluation of picaridin repellents reveals differences in repellent sensitivity between southeast asian vectors of malaria and arboviruses. | scaling up of insecticide treated nets has contributed to a substantial malaria decline. however, some malaria vectors, and most arbovirus vectors, bite outdoors and in the early evening. therefore, topically applied insect repellents may provide crucial additional protection against mosquito-borne pathogens. among topical repellents, deet is the most commonly used, followed by others such as picaridin. the protective efficacy of two formulated picaridin repellents against mosquito bites, includ ... | 2014 | 25522134 |
| genetic compatibility between anopheles lesteri from korea and anopheles paraliae from thailand. | to assess differentiation and relationships between anopheles lesteri and anopheles paraliae we established three and five iso-female lines of an. lesteri from korea and an. paraliae from thailand, respectively. these isolines were used to investigate the genetic relationships between the two taxa by crossing experiments and by comparing dna sequences of ribosomal dna second internal transcribed spacer (its2) and mitochondrial dna cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) and subunit ii (coii). resul ... | 0 | 23778670 |
| monitoring of malaria, japanese encephalitis and filariasis vectors. | vector monitoring in military stations would help in protecting the armed forces from vector borne diseases such as malaria, japanese encephalitis and filariasis. | 2013 | 24843200 |
| artificial diets for mosquitoes. | mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for more than a million human deaths every year. modern mosquito control strategies such as sterile insect technique (sit), release of insects carrying a dominant lethal (ridl), population replacement strategies (pr), and wolbachia-based strategies require the rearing of large numbers of mosquitoes in culture for continuous release over an extended period of time. anautogenous mosquitoes require essential nutrients for egg production, which they obtain thr ... | 2016 | 28009851 |
| cow-baited tents are highly effective in sampling diverse anopheles malaria vectors in cambodia. | the accurate monitoring and evaluation of malaria vectors requires efficient sampling. the objective of this study was to compare methods for sampling outdoor-biting anopheles mosquitoes in cambodia. | 2016 | 27577697 |
| cloning and characterization of two glutathione s-transferases from pyrethroid-resistant culex pipiens. | the marin strain of culex pipiens say is a pyrethroid-resistant population that was collected in marin county, california, in 2001 and subsequently maintained in the laboratory under regular permethrin exposure. | 2012 | 22290868 |
| made-to-measure malaria vector control strategies: rational design based on insecticide properties and coverage of blood resources for mosquitoes. | eliminating malaria from highly endemic settings will require unprecedented levels of vector control. to suppress mosquito populations, vector control products targeting their blood hosts must attain high biological coverage of all available sources, rather than merely high demographic coverage of a targeted resource subset, such as humans while asleep indoors. beyond defining biological coverage in a measurable way, the proportion of blood meals obtained from humans and the proportion of bites ... | 2014 | 24739261 |
| remarkable repellency of ligusticum sinense (umbelliferae), a herbal alternative against laboratory populations of anopheles minimus and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). | for personal protection against mosquito bites, user-friendly natural repellents, particularly from plant origin, are considered as a potential alternative to applications currently based on synthetics such as deet, the standard chemical repellent. this study was carried out in thailand to evaluate the repellency of ligusticum sinense hexane extract (lhe) against laboratory anopheles minimus and aedes aegypti, the primary vectors of malaria and dengue fever, respectively. | 2015 | 26249666 |
| mitochondrial genome sequences reveal deep divergences among anopheles punctulatus sibling species in papua new guinea. | members of the anopheles punctulatus group (ap group) are the primary vectors of human malaria in papua new guinea. the ap group includes 13 sibling species, most of them morphologically indistinguishable. understanding why only certain species are able to transmit malaria requires a better comprehension of their evolutionary history. in particular, understanding relationships and divergence times among anopheles species may enable assessing how malaria-related traits (e.g. blood feeding behavio ... | 2013 | 23405960 |
| an insight into the sialome of blood-feeding nematocera. | within the diptera and outside the suborder brachycera, the blood-feeding habit occurred at least twice, producing the present day sand flies, and the culicomorpha, including the mosquitoes (culicidae), black flies (simulidae), biting midges (ceratopogonidae) and frog feeding flies (corethrellidae). alternatives to this scenario are also discussed. successful blood-feeding requires adaptations to antagonize the vertebrate's mechanisms of blood clotting, platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, pa ... | 2010 | 20728537 |
| genetic diversity of anopheles triannulatus s.l. (diptera: culicidae) from northwestern and southeastern colombia. | anopheles triannulatus s.l. is a species complex, however in colombia its taxonomic status is unclear. this study was conducted to understand the level of genetic differentiation or population structure of specimens of an. triannulatus s.l. from northwestern and southeastern colombia. cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) and internal transcribed spacer (its2) sequence analyses suggested high genetic differentiation between the nw and se populations. a tcs network and bayesian inference analysis ba ... | 2012 | 22949519 |
| anopheles subpictus carry human malaria parasites in an urban area of western india and may facilitate perennial malaria transmission. | india contributes 1.5-2 million annual confirmed cases of malaria. since both parasites and vectors are evolving rapidly, updated information on parasite prevalence in mosquitoes is important for vector management and disease control. possible new vector-parasite interactions in goa, india were tested. | 2016 | 26919828 |
| anopheline species and their plasmodium infection status in aligarh, india. | malaria is a global issue and india contributes substantially to global malaria incidence. information related to malaria vectors is very limited in aligarh. the environmental and climatological situations permit the continual breeding of vectors in permanent breeding sites. this study was designed with the aim to screen all the anophelines species and possible malaria vectors in three different localities of aligarh. anopheles mosquitoes were collected from three different localities (fort, jal ... | 2015 | 27579016 |
| a household randomized, controlled trial of the efficacy of 0.03% transfluthrin coils alone and in combination with long-lasting insecticidal nets on the incidence of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax malaria in western yunnan province, china. | mosquito coils are the most commonly used household insecticidal product in the world with sales exceeding 50 billion coils, used by two billion people worldwide annually. despite strong evidence that coils prevent mosquito bites a systematic review concluded that there is no evidence that burning mosquito coils prevents malaria acquisition. therefore, the current trial was designed to measure and compare prevention of malaria infection by mosquito coils or long-lasting insecticidal net (llin) o ... | 2014 | 24885993 |
| entomological determinants of insecticide-treated bed net effectiveness in western myanmar. | in a large cluster randomized control trial of insecticide-treated bed nets (itn) in western myanmar the malaria protective effect of itn was found to be highly variable and, in aggregate, the effect was not statistically significant. a coincident entomological investigation measured malaria vector abundance and biting behaviour and the human population sleeping habits, factors relevant to itn effectiveness. | 2013 | 24119994 |
| mitochondrial dna variation in the malaria vector anopheles minimus across china, thailand and vietnam: evolutionary hypothesis, population structure and population history. | the effects of pleistocene environmental fluctuations on the distribution and diversity of organisms in southeast asia are much less well known than in europe and north america. in these regions, the combination of palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and inferences about population history from genetic data has been very powerful. in southeast asia, mosquitoes are good candidates for the genetic approach, with the added benefit that understanding the relative contributions of historical and curre ... | 2010 | 20517346 |
| absence of knockdown resistance suggests metabolic resistance in the main malaria vectors of the mekong region. | as insecticide resistance may jeopardize the successful malaria control programmes in the mekong region, a large investigation was previously conducted in the mekong countries to assess the susceptibility of the main malaria vectors against ddt and pyrethroid insecticides. it showed that the main vector, anopheles epiroticus, was highly pyrethroid-resistant in the mekong delta, whereas anopheles minimus sensu lato was pyrethroid-resistant in northern vietnam. anopheles dirus sensu stricto showed ... | 2009 | 19400943 |
| spatiotemporal epidemic characteristics and risk factor analysis of malaria in yunnan province, china. | malaria remains an important public health concern in china and is particularly serious in yunnan, a china's provincial region of high malaria burden with an incidence of 1.79/10(5) in 2012. this study aims to examine the epidemiologic profile and spatiotemporal aspects of epidemics of malaria, and to examine risk factors which may influence malaria epidemics in yunnan province. | 2017 | 28077125 |
| key knowledge gaps for plasmodium vivax control and elimination. | there is inadequate understanding of the biology, pathology, transmission, and control of plasmodium vivax, the geographically most widespread cause of human malaria. during the last decades, study of this species was neglected, in part due to the erroneous belief that it is intrinsically benign. in addition, many technical challenges in culturing the parasite also hampered understanding its fundamental biology and molecular and cellular responses to chemotherapeutics. research on vivax malaria ... | 2016 | 27430544 |