| safety of intranasally administered archaeal lipid mucosal vaccine adjuvant and delivery (amvad) vaccine in mice. | the safety profile of a recently described novel archaeal lipid mucosal vaccine adjuvant and delivery (amvad) system capable of eliciting robust antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses was evaluated in female balb/c mice (10/group) using ovalbumin (ova) antigen. mice were intranasally immunized (0, 7, and 21 days) with a vaccine comprising 1 microg ova (0.05 mg/kg body weight) formulated in 0.04 mg total polar lipids extract (2.17 mg/kg body weight) of methanobrevibacter smithii c ... | 2008 | 18821397 |
| effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding g protein-coupled receptor, gpr41. | the distal human intestine harbors trillions of microbes that allow us to extract calories from otherwise indigestible dietary polysaccharides. the products of polysaccharide fermentation include short-chain fatty acids that are ligands for gpr41, a g protein-coupled receptor expressed by a subset of enteroendocrine cells in the gut epithelium. to examine the contribution of gpr41 to energy balance, we compared gpr41-/- and gpr41+/+ mice that were either conventionally-raised with a complete gut ... | 2008 | 18931303 |
| thermophilic degradation of phenolic compounds in lab scale hybrid up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. | this study describes the feasibility of anaerobic degradation of united states environmental protection agency (usepa) listed 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol (4c-2-np), 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (2c-4-np), 2-chloro-5-methylphenol (2c-5-mp) from a simulated wastewater using four identical 7l bench scale hybrid up flow anaerobic sludge blankets (huasbs) at five different hydraulic retention times (hrts) under thermophilic condition (55+/-3 degrees c). the substrate to co-substrate ratios were maintained betwe ... | 2009 | 18986764 |
| long-term monensin supplementation does not significantly affect the quantity or diversity of methanogens in the rumen of the lactating dairy cow. | a long-term monensin supplementation trial involving lactating dairy cattle was conducted to determine the effect of monensin on the quantity and diversity of rumen methanogens in vivo. fourteen cows were paired on the basis of days in milk and parity and allocated to one of two treatment groups, receiving (i) a control total mixed ration (tmr) or (ii) a tmr with 24 mg of monensin premix/kg of diet dry matter. rumen fluid was obtained using an ororuminal probe on day -15 (baseline) and days 20, ... | 2009 | 19028912 |
| quantitative detection of culturable methanogenic archaea abundance in anaerobic treatment systems using the sequence-specific rrna cleavage method. | a method based on sequence-specific cleavage of rrna with ribonuclease h was used to detect almost all known cultivable methanogens in anaerobic biological treatment systems. to do so, a total of 40 scissor probes in different phylogeny specificities were designed or modified from previous studies, optimized for their specificities under digestion conditions with 32 methanogenic reference strains, and then applied to detect methanogens in sludge samples taken from 6 different anaerobic treatment ... | 2009 | 19212429 |
| innovations in host and microbial sialic acid biosynthesis revealed by phylogenomic prediction of nonulosonic acid structure. | sialic acids (sias) are nonulosonic acid (nulo) sugars prominently displayed on vertebrate cells and occasionally mimicked by bacterial pathogens using homologous biosynthetic pathways. it has been suggested that sias were an animal innovation and later emerged in pathogens by convergent evolution or horizontal gene transfer. to better illuminate the evolutionary processes underlying the phenomenon of sia molecular mimicry, we performed phylogenomic analyses of biosynthetic pathways for sias and ... | 2009 | 19666579 |
| monitoring bacterial community of human gut microbiota reveals an increase in lactobacillus in obese patients and methanogens in anorexic patients. | studies of the bacterial communities of the gut microbiota have revealed a shift in the ratio of firmicutes and bacteroidetes in obese patients. determining the variations of microbial communities in feces may be beneficial for the identification of specific profiles in patients with abnormal weights. the roles of the archaeon methanobrevibacter smithii and lactobacillus species have not been described in these studies. | 2009 | 19774074 |
| design and development of the anaerochip microarray for investigation of methanogenic communities. | the aim of this study was to design a microarray targeting methanogens found in anaerobic digesters, and to apply this chip together with a cloning approach to investigate the methanogenic community present in an anaerobic digester. oligonucleotide probes were designed based on sequence differences in the 16s rrna genes in order to target microorganisms in situ. for microarray hybridisations, dna was subjected to pcr amplification of the 16s rrna gene and cy5-labeled. the microarray was tested w ... | 2009 | 19799937 |
| terrestrial sources homogenize bacterial water quality during rainfall in two urbanized watersheds in santa barbara, ca. | microbiological contamination from runoff is a human health concern in urbanized coastal environments, but the contamination sources are often unknown. this study quantified fecal indicator bacteria and compared the distributions of human-specific genetic markers and bacterial community composition during dry and wet weather in urban creeks draining two neighboring watersheds in santa barbara, ca. in a prior study conducted during exclusively dry weather, the creeks were contaminated with human ... | 2011 | 21617896 |
| impact of high-concentrate feeding and low ruminal ph on methanogens and protozoa in the rumen of dairy cows. | non-lactating dairy cattle were transitioned to a high-concentrate diet to investigate the effect of ruminal ph suppression, commonly found in dairy cattle, on the density, diversity, and community structure of rumen methanogens, as well as the density of rumen protozoa. four ruminally cannulated cows were fed a hay diet and transitioned to a 65% grain and 35% hay diet. the cattle were maintained on an high-concentrate diet for 3 weeks before the transition back to an hay diet, which was fed for ... | 2011 | 21625972 |
| a 'universal' type ii chaperonin pcr detection system for the investigation of archaea in complex microbial communities. | bacteria and archaea are evolutionarily and biochemically distinct domains found together in many environments. robust 'universal' pcr primer sets targeting both the bacterial 16s rrna gene and the type i chaperonin gene have been established. however, 'universal' pcr primers for archaea are currently limited to the 16s rrna gene. we investigated the type ii chaperonin (known as the thermosome, tf55, cct or tcp-1) as a potential universal target (ut) for archaea. reproducible amplification of th ... | 2011 | 21776031 |
| differences in the rumen methanogen populations of lactating jersey and holstein dairy cows under the same diet regimen. | in the dairy cattle industry, holstein and jersey are the breeds most commonly used for production. they differ in performance by various traits, such as body size, milk production, and milk composition. with increased concerns about the impact of agriculture on climate change, potential differences in other traits, such as methane emission, also need to be characterized further. since methane is produced in the rumen by methanogenic archaea, we investigated whether the population structure of m ... | 2011 | 21705541 |
| the antimicrobial resistance pattern of cultured human methanogens reflects the unique phylogenetic position of archaea. | objectives methanogenic archaea are constant members of the human oral and digestive microbiota retrieved, in particular, from periodontitis lesions. the objective of the study was to determine their susceptibility to antimicrobials. methods using the macrodilution method in hungate tubes with optical microscope observation combined with monitoring methane production, we determined the antibiotic resistance characteristics of eight methanogenic archaea. results methanobrevibacter smithii strains ... | 2011 | 21680581 |
| isolation of natural cultures of anaerobic fungi and indigenously associated methanogens from herbivores and their bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials to methane. | this study aimed to obtain natural cultures of anaerobic fungi and their indigenously associated methanogens from herbivores and investigate their ability to degrade lignocelluloses to methane. eight natural cultures were obtained by hungate roll tube technique. the fungi were identified as belonging to piromyces, anaeromyces and neocallimastix respectively by microscopy, and the methanogens as methanobrevibacter spp. by 16s rrna gene sequencing. in vitro studies with rice straw showed that thes ... | 2011 | 21719276 |
| Diversity analysis of methanogens in rumen of Bubalus bubalis by 16S riboprinting and sequence analysis. | The molecular diversity of rumen methanogens was investigated by 16S rDNA gene library prepared from the rumen contents obtained from Murrah buffaloes in India. Genomic DNA was isolated from adult male fistulated buffaloes and PCR conditions were set up using specific primers. Amplified product was cloned into a suitable vector, and the positive clones were selected assuming based on blue-white screening and sequenced. Positive clones were reamplified and the resulting PCR products were further ... | 2012 | 22155312 |
| degradation of lignified secondary cell walls of lucerne (medicago sativa l.) by rumen fungi growing in methanogenic co-culture. | to compare the abilities of the monocentric rumen fungi neocallimastix frontalis, piromyces communis and caecomyces communis, growing in coculture with methanobrevibacter smithii, to colonize and degrade lignified secondary cell walls of lucerne (alfalfa) hay. | 2011 | 21848807 |
| Evaluation of the nifH Gene Marker of Methanobrevibacter smithii for the Detection of Sewage Pollution in Environmental Waters in Southeast Queensland, Australia. | This study aimed at evaluating the host-specificity and -sensitivity of the nifH gene marker of Methanobrevibacter smithii by screening 272 fecal and wastewater samples from 11 animal species including humans in Southeast Queensland (SEQ), Australia. In addition, environmental water samples (n=21) were collected during the dry and wet weather conditions and tested for the presence of the nifH marker along with other sewage-associated markers, namely, enterococci surface protein (esp) found in En ... | 2011 | 22070524 |
| culture-based indicators of fecal contamination and molecular microbial indicators rarely correlate with campylobacter spp. in recreational waters. | campylobacter spp. are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. most human infections result from contaminated food; however, infections are also caused by recreational waterway contamination. campylobacter culture is technically challenging and enumeration by culture-based methods is onerous. thus, we employed qpcr to quantify campylobacter spp. in fresh- and marine-water samples, raw sewage and animal feces. multiplex pcr determined whether campylobacter jejuni or c. coli, most commonly ... | 2011 | 22048429 |
| methanogenic archaea are globally ubiquitous in aerated soils and become active under wet anoxic conditions. | the prototypical representatives of the euryarchaeota-the methanogens-are oxygen sensitive and are thought to occur only in highly reduced, anoxic environments. however, we found methanogens of the genera methanosarcina and methanocella to be present in many types of upland soils (including dryland soils) sampled globally. these methanogens could be readily activated by incubating the soils as slurry under anoxic conditions, as seen by rapid methane production within a few weeks, without any add ... | 2011 | 22071343 |
| toxicity of methylated bismuth compounds produced by intestinal microorganisms to bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a member of the physiological intestinal microbiota. | methanoarchaea have an outstanding capability to methylate numerous metal(loid)s therefore producing toxic and highly mobile derivatives. here, we report that the production of methylated bismuth species by the methanoarchaeum methanobrevibacter smithii, a common member of the human intestine, impairs the growth of members of the beneficial intestinal microbiota at low concentrations. the bacterium bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, which is of great importance for the welfare of the host due to its ... | 2011 | 21966291 |
| diversity and abundance of the rumen and fecal methanogens in altay sheep native to xinjiang and the influence of diversity on methane emissions. | this study aims to investigate the influence of diet roughage proportion on the methanogenic communities from the rumen and fecal samples in altay local sheep native to xinjiang and better understand the association of methanogenic diversity or abundance with methane emissions of the ruminants. in this study, the high roughage diet was found to cause more methane emissions for either maintenance or ad-lib group, but the total methanogenic abundance was not influenced by roughage proportion and s ... | 2011 | 22038025 |
| a1ao-atp synthase of methanobrevibacter ruminantium couples sodium ions for atp synthesis under physiological conditions. | an unresolved question in the bioenergetics of methanogenic archaea is how the generation of proton-motive and sodium-motive forces during methane production is used to synthesize atp by the membrane-bound a(1)a(o)-atp synthase, with both proton- and sodium-coupled enzymes being reported in methanogens. to address this question, we investigated the biochemical characteristics of the a(1)a(o)-atp synthase (mbbra(1)a(o)) of methanobrevibacter ruminantium m1, a predominant methanogen in the rumen. ... | 2011 | 21953465 |
| a novel fingerprint method to assess the diversity of methanogens in microbial systems. | understanding the ecology of methanogens in natural and engineered environments is a prerequisite to predicting or managing methane emissions. in this study, a novel high-throughput fingerprint method was developed for determining methanogen diversity and relative abundance within environmental samples. the method described here, designated amplicon length heterogeneity pcr of the mcra gene (lh-mcra), is based on the natural length variation in the mcra gene. the mcra gene encodes the alpha-subu ... | 2011 | 22093027 |
| contribution of lateral gene transfer to the gene repertoire of a gut-adapted methanogen. | methanobrevibacter smithii is the most abundant archaeon in the human colon. as most of its neighbors are bacterial species, it is expected that lateral gene acquisition from bacteria might have contributed to the evolution and adaptation of this archaeon. we performed a tree-based genome-wide survey of putative lateral gene transfer products in m. smithii, using a phylogenetic pipeline. over 15% of the coding genes of m. smithii are inferred to be bacterial in origin, based on this analysis. la ... | 2012 | 22056789 |
| detection of methanogenic archaea in the pitchers of the northern pitcher plant ( sarracenia purpurea ). | carnivorous plants of the genus sarracenia rely on microorganisms in their pitchers to decompose drowned insects. the environment inside pitchers is considered to be aerobic; however, there might be zones, such as at the bottom of the pitcher, where anaerobic conditions develop. samples of the sediment at the bottom of sarracenia purpurea pitchers were analyzed for the presence of archaea, using pcr and sequencing of the 16s rrna gene. archaeal dna was detected in 20% of sampled pitchers. al ... | 2012 | 22263906 |