| type i pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent enzymatic domains embedded within multimodular nonribosomal peptide synthetase and polyketide synthase assembly lines. | pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (plp)-dependent enzymes of fold type i, the most studied structural class of the plp-dependent enzyme superfamily, are known to exist as stand-alone homodimers or homotetramers. these enzymes have been found also embedded in multimodular and multidomain assembly lines involved in the biosynthesis of polyketides (pks) and nonribosomal peptides (nrps). the aim of this work is to provide a proteome-wide view of the distribution and characteristics of type i domains covalently ... | 2013 | 24148833 |
| alpha-crystallin-type heat shock proteins: socializing minichaperones in the context of a multichaperone network. | alpha-crystallins were originally recognized as proteins contributing to the transparency of the mammalian eye lens. subsequently, they have been found in many, but not all, members of the archaea, bacteria, and eucarya. most members of the diverse alpha-crystallin family have four common structural and functional features: (i) a small monomeric molecular mass between 12 and 43 kda; (ii) the formation of large oligomeric complexes; (iii) the presence of a moderately conserved central region, the ... | 2002 | 11875128 |
| sculpting the bacterial cell. | prokaryotes come in a wide variety of shapes, determined largely by natural selection, physical constraints, and patterns of cell growth and division. because of their relative simplicity, bacterial cells are excellent models for how genes and proteins can directly determine morphology. recent advances in cytological methods for bacteria have shown that distinct cytoskeletal filaments composed of actin and tubulin homologs are important for guiding growth patterns of the cell wall in bacteria, a ... | 2009 | 19906583 |
| can oral infection be a risk factor for alzheimer's disease? | alzheimer's disease (ad) is a scourge of longevity that will drain enormous resources from public health budgets in the future. currently, there is no diagnostic biomarker and/or treatment for this most common form of dementia in humans. ad can be of early familial-onset or sporadic with a late-onset. apart from the two main hallmarks, amyloid-beta and neurofibrillary tangles, inflammation is a characteristic feature of ad neuropathology. inflammation may be caused by a local central nervous sys ... | 2015 | 26385886 |
| molecular characterization of podoviral bacteriophages virulent for clostridium perfringens and their comparison with members of the picovirinae. | clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium responsible for human food-borne disease as well as non-food-borne human, animal and poultry diseases. because bacteriophages or their gene products could be applied to control bacterial diseases in a species-specific manner, they are potential important alternatives to antibiotics. consequently, poultry intestinal material, soil, sewage and poultry processing drainage water were screened for virulent bacteriophages th ... | 2012 | 22666499 |
| eubacterial spovg homologs constitute a new family of site-specific dna-binding proteins. | a site-specific dna-binding protein was purified from borrelia burgdorferi cytoplasmic extracts, and determined to be a member of the highly conserved spovg family. this is the first time a function has been attributed to any of these ubiquitous bacterial proteins. further investigations into spovg orthologues indicated that the staphylococcus aureus protein also binds dna, but interacts preferentially with a distinct nucleic acid sequence. site-directed mutagenesis and domain swapping between t ... | 2013 | 23818957 |
| pathogenomic inference of virulence-associated genes in leptospira interrogans. | leptospirosis is a globally important, neglected zoonotic infection caused by spirochetes of the genus leptospira. since genetic transformation remains technically limited for pathogenic leptospira, a systems biology pathogenomic approach was used to infer leptospiral virulence genes by whole genome comparison of culture-attenuated leptospira interrogans serovar lai with its virulent, isogenic parent. among the 11 pathogen-specific protein-coding genes in which non-synonymous mutations were foun ... | 2013 | 24098822 |
| veillonella, firmicutes: microbes disguised as gram negatives. | the firmicutes represent a major component of the intestinal microflora. the intestinal firmicutes are a large, diverse group of organisms, many of which are poorly characterized due to their anaerobic growth requirements. although most firmicutes are gram positive, members of the class negativicutes, including the genus veillonella, stain gram negative. veillonella are among the most abundant organisms of the oral and intestinal microflora of animals and humans, in spite of being strict anaerob ... | 2013 | 24976898 |
| production of the cannibalism toxin sdp is a multistep process that requires sdpa and sdpb. | during the early stages of sporulation, a subpopulation of bacillus subtilis cells secrete toxins that kill their genetically identical siblings in a process termed cannibalism. one of these toxins is encoded by the sdpc gene of the sdpabc operon. the active form of the sdp toxin is a 42-amino-acid peptide with a disulfide bond which is processed from an internal fragment of pro-sdpc. the factors required for the processing of pro-sdpc into mature sdp are not known. we provide evidence that pro- ... | 2013 | 23687264 |
| evolution of prokaryotic spfh proteins. | the spfh protein superfamily is a diverse family of proteins whose eukaryotic members are involved in the scaffolding of detergent-resistant microdomains. recently the origin of the spfh proteins has been questioned. instead, convergent evolution has been proposed. however, an independent, convergent evolution of three large prokaryotic and three eukaryotic families is highly unlikely, especially when other mechanisms such as lateral gene transfer which could also explain their distribution patt ... | 2009 | 19138386 |
| evolution of the oligopeptide transporter family. | the oligopeptide transporter (opt) family of peptide and iron-siderophore transporters includes members from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but with restricted distribution in the latter domain. eukaryotic members were found only in fungi and plants with a single slime mold homologue clustering with the fungal proteins. all functionally characterized eukaryotic peptide transporters segregate from the known iron-siderophore transporters on a phylogenetic tree. prokaryotic members are widespread, ... | 2011 | 21347612 |
| origin and evolution of peptide-modifying dioxygenases and identification of the wybutosine hydroxylase/hydroperoxidase. | unlike classical 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent dioxygenases, which include several nucleic acid modifiers, the structurally similar jumonji-related dioxygenase superfamily was only known to catalyze peptide modifications. using comparative genomics methods, we predict that a family of jumonji-related enzymes catalyzes wybutosine hydroxylation/peroxidation at position 37 of eukaryotic trnaphe. identification of this enzyme raised questions regarding the emergence of protein- and nucleic acid- ... | 2010 | 20423905 |
| natural product-based inhibitors of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (hif-1). | the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (hif-1) regulates the expression of more than 70 genes involved in cellular adaptation and survival under hypoxic stress. activation of hif-1 is associated with numerous physiological and pathological processes that include tumorigenesis, vascular remodeling, inflammation, and hypoxia/ischemia-related tissue damage. clinical studies suggested that hif-1 activation correlates directly with advanced disease stages and treatment resistance among c ... | 2006 | 16515532 |
| intra- and interprotein phosphorylation between two-hybrid histidine kinases controls myxococcus xanthus developmental progression. | histidine-aspartate phosphorelay signaling systems are used to couple stimuli to cellular responses. a hallmark feature is the highly modular signal transmission modules that can form both simple "two-component" systems and sophisticated multicomponent systems that integrate stimuli over time and space to generate coordinated and fine-tuned responses. the deltaproteobacterium myxococcus xanthus contains a large repertoire of signaling proteins, many of which regulate its multicellular developmen ... | 2012 | 22661709 |
| complete genome sequence of the fruiting myxobacterium corallococcus coralloides dsm 2259. | corallococcus coralloides, like most other myxobacteria, undergoes a developmental program culminating in the formation of fruiting bodies. c. coralloides fruiting bodies are morphologically distinct from those of other fruiting myxobacteria for which full-length genome sequences are available. the genome sequence of the 10.0-mb c. coralloides genome is presented herein. | 2012 | 22582372 |
| identification and characterization of a putative arginine kinase homolog from myxococcus xanthus required for fruiting body formation and cell differentiation. | arginine kinases catalyze the reversible transfer of a high-energy phosphoryl group from atp to l-arginine to form phosphoarginine, which is used as an energy buffer in insects, crustaceans, and some unicellular organisms. it plays an analogous role to that of phosphocreatine in vertebrates. recently, putative arginine kinases were identified in several bacterial species, including the social gram-negative soil bacterium myxococcus xanthus. it is still unclear what role these proteins play in ba ... | 2012 | 22389486 |
| cell contact-dependent outer membrane exchange in myxobacteria: genetic determinants and mechanism. | biofilms are dense microbial communities. although widely distributed and medically important, how biofilm cells interact with one another is poorly understood. recently, we described a novel process whereby myxobacterial biofilm cells exchange their outer membrane (om) lipoproteins. for the first time we report here the identification of two host proteins, traab, required for transfer. these proteins are predicted to localize in the cell envelope; and traa encodes a distant pa14 lectin-like dom ... | 2012 | 22511878 |
| carf mediates signaling by singlet oxygen, generated via photoexcited protoporphyrin ix, in myxococcus xanthus light-induced carotenogenesis. | blue light triggers carotenogenesis in the nonphototrophic bacterium myxococcus xanthus by inducing inactivation of an anti-σ factor, carr, and the consequent liberation of the cognate extracytoplasmic function (ecf) σ factor, carq. carf, the protein implicated earliest in the response to light, does not resemble any known photoreceptor. it interacts physically with carr and is required for its light-driven inactivation, but the mechanism is unknown. blue-light sensing in m. xanthus has been att ... | 2012 | 22267513 |
| antimicrobial peptides from marine proteobacteria. | after years of inadequate use and the emergence of multidrug resistant (mdr) strains, the efficiency of "classical" antibiotics has decreased significantly. new drugs to fight mdr strains are urgently needed. bacteria hold much promise as a source of unusual bioactive metabolites. however, the potential of marine bacteria, except for actinomycetes and cyanobacteria, has been largely underexplored. in the past two decades, the structures of several antimicrobial compounds have been elucidated in ... | 2013 | 24084784 |
| isolation and identification of myxobacteria from saline-alkaline soils in xinjiang, china. | fifty-eight terrestrial and salt-tolerant myxobacteria were isolated from the saline-alkaline soils collected from xinjiang, china. based on the morphologies and the 16s rrna gene sequences, these isolates were assigned into 6 genera, myxococcus, cystobacter, corallococcus, sorangium, nannocystis and polyangium. all the strains grew better with 1% nacl than without nacl. some myxococcus strains were able to grow at 2% nacl concentration, suggesting that these strains may be particular type of te ... | 2013 | 23936436 |
| direct live imaging of cell-cell protein transfer by transient outer membrane fusion in myxococcus xanthus. | in bacteria, multicellular behaviors are regulated by cell-cell signaling through the exchange of both diffusible and contact-dependent signals. in a multicellular context, myxococcus cells can share outer membrane (om) materials by an unknown mechanism involving the traab genes and gliding motility. using live imaging, we show for the first time that transient contacts between two cells are sufficient to transfer om materials, proteins and lipids, at high efficiency. transfer was associated wit ... | 2013 | 23898400 |
| draft genome of a type 4 pilus defective myxococcus xanthus strain, dzf1. | myxococcus xanthus is a member of the myxococcales order within the deltaproteobacterial subdivision. here, we report the whole-genome shotgun sequence of the type iv pilus (t4p) defective strain dzf1, which includes many genes found in strain dz2 but absent from strain dk1622. | 2013 | 23788552 |
| draft genome sequence of myxococcus xanthus wild-type strain dz2, a model organism for predation and development. | myxococcus xanthus is a member of the myxococcales order within the deltaproteobacteria subdivision. the myxobacteria reside in soil, have relatively large genomes, and display complex life cycles. here, we report the whole-genome shotgun sequence of strain dz2, which includes unique genes not found previously in strain dk1622. | 2013 | 23661486 |
| a modern understanding of the traditional and nontraditional biological functions of angiotensin-converting enzyme. | angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) is a zinc-dependent peptidase responsible for converting angiotensin i into the vasoconstrictor angiotensin ii. however, ace is a relatively nonspecific peptidase that is capable of cleaving a wide range of substrates. because of this, ace and its peptide substrates and products affect many physiologic processes, including blood pressure control, hematopoiesis, reproduction, renal development, renal function, and the immune response. the defining feature of ac ... | 2013 | 23257181 |
| high-mobility-group a-like card binds to a dna site optimized for affinity and position and to rna polymerase to regulate a light-inducible promoter in myxococcus xanthus. | the card-carg complex controls various cellular processes in the bacterium myxococcus xanthus including fruiting body development and light-induced carotenogenesis. the card n-terminal domain, which defines the large card_cdnl_trcf protein family, binds to carg, a zinc-associated protein that does not bind dna. the card c-terminal domain resembles eukaryotic high-mobility-group a (hmga) proteins, and its dna binding at hooks specifically recognize the minor groove of appropriately spaced at-rich ... | 2013 | 23144251 |
| approach to analyze the diversity of myxobacteria in soil by semi-nested pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) based on taxon-specific gene. | the genotypic diversity of insoluble macromolecules degraded myxobacteria, provided an opportunity to discover new bacterial resources and find new ecological functions. in this study, we developed a semi-nested-pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) strategy to determine the presence and genotypic diversity of myxobacteria in soil. after two rounds of pcr with myxobacteria-specific primers, an 194 bp fragment of mgla, a key gene involved in gliding motility, suitable for dgge was ob ... | 2014 | 25280065 |
| unlocking the mystery of the hard-to-sequence phage genome: pap1 methylome and bacterial immunity. | whole-genome sequencing is an important method to understand the genetic information, gene function, biological characteristics and survival mechanisms of organisms. sequencing large genomes is very simple at present. however, we encountered a hard-to-sequence genome of pseudomonas aeruginosa phage pap1. shotgun sequencing method failed to complete the sequence of this genome. | 2014 | 25233860 |
| novel lant associated lantibiotic clusters identified by genome database mining. | frequent use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. lantibiotic compounds are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides against which bacteria are not able to produce resistance, hence making them a good alternative to antibiotics. nisin is the oldest and the most widely used lantibiotic, in food preservation, without having developed any significant resistance against it. having their antimicrobial potential and a limited number, there is a need to id ... | 2014 | 24621781 |
| new mini- zincin structures provide a minimal scaffold for members of this metallopeptidase superfamily. | the acel_2062 protein from acidothermus cellulolyticus is a protein of unknown function. initial sequence analysis predicted that it was a metallopeptidase from the presence of a motif conserved amongst the asp-zincins, which are peptidases that contain a single, catalytic zinc ion ligated by the histidines and aspartic acid within the motif (hexxhxxgxxd). the acel_2062 protein was chosen by the joint center for structural genomics for crystal structure determination to explore novel protein seq ... | 2014 | 24383880 |
| diversity of epothilone producers among sorangium strains in producer-positive soil habitats. | large-scale surveys show that the anti-tumour compounds known as epothilones are produced by only a small proportion of sorangium strains, thereby greatly hampering the research and development of these valuable compounds. in this study, to investigate the niche diversity of epothilone-producing sorangium strains, we re-surveyed four soil samples where epothilone producers were previously found. compared with the < 2.5% positive strains collected from different places, epothilone producers compr ... | 2014 | 24308800 |
| diversity of epothilone producers among sorangium strains in producer-positive soil habitats. | large-scale surveys show that the anti-tumour compounds known as epothilones are produced by only a small proportion of sorangium strains, thereby greatly hampering the research and development of these valuable compounds. in this study, to investigate the niche diversity of epothilone-producing sorangium strains, we re-surveyed four soil samples where epothilone producers were previously found. compared with the < 2.5% positive strains collected from different places, epothilone producers compr ... | 2014 | 24308800 |
| cyclic di-gmp regulates type iv pilus-dependent motility in myxococcus xanthus. | the nucleotide-based second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric gmp (c-di-gmp) is involved in regulating a plethora of processes in bacteria that are typically associated with lifestyle changes. myxococcus xanthus undergoes major lifestyle changes in response to nutrient availability, with the formation of spreading colonies in the presence of nutrients and spore-filled fruiting bodies in the absence of nutrients. here, we investigated the function of c-di-gmp in m. xanthus and show that this b ... | 2015 | 26124238 |
| cyclic di-gmp regulates type iv pilus-dependent motility in myxococcus xanthus. | the nucleotide-based second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric gmp (c-di-gmp) is involved in regulating a plethora of processes in bacteria that are typically associated with lifestyle changes. myxococcus xanthus undergoes major lifestyle changes in response to nutrient availability, with the formation of spreading colonies in the presence of nutrients and spore-filled fruiting bodies in the absence of nutrients. here, we investigated the function of c-di-gmp in m. xanthus and show that this b ... | 2015 | 26124238 |
| genome-wide analysis of myxobacterial two-component systems: genome relatedness and evolutionary changes. | two-component systems (tcss) are abundant prokaryotic signaling pathways, whose evolution is of particular importance because of their role in bacterial pathogenicity. comparative genomics can provide important insights into the evolution of these genes, but inferences are dependent on the relatedness of the compared genomes. this study investigated the relationship between evolutionary distance and tcs evolution in myxobacterial genomes, of which there are several sequenced examples, of varying ... | 2015 | 26463047 |
| devi is an evolutionarily young negative regulator of myxococcus xanthus development. | during starvation-induced development of myxococcus xanthus, thousands of rod-shaped cells form mounds in which they differentiate into spores. the dev locus includes eight genes followed by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crisprs), comprising a crispr-cas system (cas stands for crispr associated) typically involved in rna interference. mutations in devs or devr of a lab reference strain permit mound formation but impair sporulation. we report that natural isolates of ... | 2015 | 25645563 |
| complete genome of the starch-degrading myxobacteria sandaracinus amylolyticus dsm 53668t. | myxobacteria are members of δ-proteobacteria and are typified by large genomes, well-coordinated social behavior, gliding motility, and starvation-induced fruiting body formation. here, we report the 10.33 mb whole genome of a starch-degrading myxobacterium sandaracinus amylolyticus dsm 53668(t) that encodes 8,962 proteins, 56 trna, and two rrna operons. phylogenetic analysis, in silico dna-dna hybridization and average nucleotide identity reveal its divergence from other myxobacterial species a ... | 2016 | 27358428 |
| biosynthesis of α-pyrones. | the α-pyrone moiety is a structural feature found in a huge variety of biologically active metabolites. in recent times new insights into additional biosynthetic mechanisms, yielding in such six-membered unsaturated ester ring residues have been obtained. the purpose of this mini-review is to give a brief overview of α-pyrones and the mechanisms forming the basis of their natural synthesis. especially the chain interconnecting enzymes, showing homology to ketosynthases which catalyze claisen-lik ... | 2016 | 27340449 |
| sibling rivalry in myxococcus xanthus is mediated by kin recognition and a polyploid prophage. | myxobacteria form complex social communities that elicit multicellular behaviors. one such behavior is kin recognition, in which cells identify siblings via their polymorphic traa cell surface receptor, to transiently fuse outer membranes and exchange their contents. in addition, outer membrane exchange (ome) regulates behaviors, such as inhibition of wild-type myxococcus xanthus (dk1622) from swarming. here we monitored the fate of motile cells and surprisingly found they were killed by nonmoti ... | 2016 | 26787762 |
| possibility of bacterial recruitment of plant genes associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. | | 2003 | 12857798 |
| molecular details of camp generation in mammalian cells: a tale of two systems. | the second messenger camp has been extensively studied for half a century, but the plethora of regulatory mechanisms controlling camp synthesis in mammalian cells is just beginning to be revealed. in mammalian cells, camp is produced by two evolutionary related families of adenylyl cyclases, soluble adenylyl cyclases (sac) and transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmac). these two enzyme families serve distinct physiological functions. they share a conserved overall architecture in their catalytic do ... | 2006 | 16934836 |
| in silico analysis of methyltransferase domains involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. | secondary metabolites biosynthesized by polyketide synthase (pks) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps) family of enzymes constitute several classes of therapeutically important natural products like erythromycin, rapamycin, cyclosporine etc. in view of their relevance for natural product based drug discovery, identification of novel secondary metabolite natural products by genome mining has been an area of active research. a number of different tailoring enzymes catalyze a variety of chemi ... | 2008 | 18950525 |
| molecular evolution and the role of oxidative stress in the expansion and functional diversification of cytosolic glutathione transferases. | cytosolic glutathione transferases (cgst) are a large group of ubiquitous enzymes involved in detoxification and are well known for their undesired side effects during chemotherapy. in this work we have performed thorough phylogenetic analyses to understand the various aspects of the evolution and functional diversification of cgsts. furthermore, we assessed plausible correlations between gene duplication and substrate specificity of gene paralogs in humans and selected species, notably in mamma ... | 2010 | 20843339 |
| myxobacteria, polarity, and multicellular morphogenesis. | myxobacteria are renowned for the ability to sporulate within fruiting bodies whose shapes are species-specific. the capacity to build those multicellular structures arises from the ability of m. xanthus to organize high cell-density swarms, in which the cells tend to be aligned with each other while constantly in motion. the intrinsic polarity of rod-shaped cells lays the foundation, and each cell uses two polar engines for gliding on surfaces. it sprouts retractile type iv pili from the leadin ... | 2010 | 20610548 |
| phylogenomic evidence for a myxococcal contribution to the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. | the origin of eukaryotes remains a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. although it is clear that eukaryotic genomes are a chimeric combination of genes of eubacterial and archaebacterial ancestry, the specific ancestry of most eubacterial genes is still unknown. the growing availability of microbial genomes offers the possibility of analyzing the ancestry of eukaryotic genomes and testing previous hypotheses on their origins. | 2011 | 21760940 |
| genes encoding cher-tpr fusion proteins are predominantly found in gene clusters encoding chemosensory pathways with alternative cellular functions. | chemosensory pathways correspond to major signal transduction mechanisms and can be classified into the functional families flagellum-mediated taxis, type four pili-mediated taxis or pathways with alternative cellular functions (acf). cher methyltransferases are core enzymes in all of these families. cher proteins fused to tetratricopeptide repeat (tpr) domains have been reported and we present an analysis of this uncharacterized family. we show that cher-tprs are widely distributed in gram-nega ... | 2012 | 23029255 |
| a response regulator interfaces between the frz chemosensory system and the mgla/mglb gtpase/gap module to regulate polarity in myxococcus xanthus. | how cells establish and dynamically change polarity are general questions in cell biology. cells of the rod-shaped bacterium myxococcus xanthus move on surfaces with defined leading and lagging cell poles. occasionally, cells undergo reversals, which correspond to an inversion of the leading-lagging pole polarity axis. reversals are induced by the frz chemosensory system and depend on relocalization of motility proteins between the poles. the ras-like gtpase mgla localizes to and defines the lea ... | 2012 | 23028358 |
| structural insights into the anti-hiv activity of the oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin homolog lectin family. | oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin homolog (oaah) proteins belong to a recently discovered lectin family. all members contain a sequence repeat of ~66 amino acids, with the number of repeats varying among different family members. apart from data for the founding member oaa, neither three-dimensional structures, information about carbohydrate binding specificities, nor antiviral activity data have been available up to now for any other members of the oaah family. to elucidate the structural basis ... | 2012 | 22865886 |
| arabidopsis ethe1 encodes a sulfur dioxygenase that is essential for embryo and endosperm development. | mutations in human (homo sapiens) ethylmalonic encephalopathy protein1 (ethe1) result in the complex metabolic disease ethylmalonic encephalopathy, which is characterized in part by brain lesions, lactic acidemia, excretion of ethylmalonic acid, and ultimately death. ethe1-like genes are found in a wide range of organisms; however, the biochemical and physiological role(s) of ethe1 have not been examined outside the context of ethylmalonic encephalopathy. in this study we characterized arabidops ... | 2012 | 22786886 |
| lessons learned from the transformation of natural product discovery to a genome-driven endeavor. | natural product discovery is currently undergoing a transformation from a phenotype-driven field to a genotype-driven one. the increasing availability of genome sequences, coupled with improved techniques for identifying biosynthetic gene clusters, has revealed that secondary metabolomes are strikingly vaster than previously thought. new approaches to correlate biosynthetic gene clusters with the compounds they produce have facilitated the production and isolation of a rapidly growing collection ... | 2013 | 24142337 |
| lessons learned from the transformation of natural product discovery to a genome-driven endeavor. | natural product discovery is currently undergoing a transformation from a phenotype-driven field to a genotype-driven one. the increasing availability of genome sequences, coupled with improved techniques for identifying biosynthetic gene clusters, has revealed that secondary metabolomes are strikingly vaster than previously thought. new approaches to correlate biosynthetic gene clusters with the compounds they produce have facilitated the production and isolation of a rapidly growing collection ... | 2013 | 24142337 |
| complete genome sequence of myxococcus stipitatus strain dsm 14675, a fruiting myxobacterium. | hallmarks of the myxobacteria include the formation of spore-filled fruiting bodies in response to starvation and synthesis of secondary metabolites. myxococcus stipitatus forms morphologically highly distinct fruiting bodies and produces secondary metabolites with antibiotic or cytotoxic activities. here, we present the 10.35-mb genome sequence of m. stipitatus strain dsm 14675. | 2013 | 23516218 |
| predation by myxococcus xanthus induces bacillus subtilis to form spore-filled megastructures. | biofilm formation is a common mechanism for surviving environmental stress and can be triggered by both intraspecies and interspecies interactions. prolonged predator-prey interactions between the soil bacterium myxococcus xanthus and bacillus subtilis were found to induce the formation of a new type of b. subtilis biofilm, termed megastructures. megastructures are tree-like brachiations that are as large as 500 μm in diameter, are raised above the surface between 150 and 200 μm, and are filled ... | 2014 | 25326308 |
| predation by myxococcus xanthus induces bacillus subtilis to form spore-filled megastructures. | biofilm formation is a common mechanism for surviving environmental stress and can be triggered by both intraspecies and interspecies interactions. prolonged predator-prey interactions between the soil bacterium myxococcus xanthus and bacillus subtilis were found to induce the formation of a new type of b. subtilis biofilm, termed megastructures. megastructures are tree-like brachiations that are as large as 500 μm in diameter, are raised above the surface between 150 and 200 μm, and are filled ... | 2014 | 25326308 |
| evolution and diversity of the ras superfamily of small gtpases in prokaryotes. | the ras superfamily of small gtpases are single domain nucleotide-dependent molecular switches that act as highly tuned regulators of complex signal transduction pathways. originally identified in eukaryotes for their roles in fundamental cellular processes including proliferation, motility, polarity, nuclear transport, and vesicle transport, recent studies have revealed that single domain gtpases also control complex functions such as cell polarity, motility, predation, development and antibiot ... | 2014 | 25480683 |
| evolution and diversity of the ras superfamily of small gtpases in prokaryotes. | the ras superfamily of small gtpases are single domain nucleotide-dependent molecular switches that act as highly tuned regulators of complex signal transduction pathways. originally identified in eukaryotes for their roles in fundamental cellular processes including proliferation, motility, polarity, nuclear transport, and vesicle transport, recent studies have revealed that single domain gtpases also control complex functions such as cell polarity, motility, predation, development and antibiot ... | 2014 | 25480683 |
| a comprehensive insight into the lipid composition of myxococcus xanthus by uplc-esi-ms. | analysis of whole cell lipid extracts of bacteria by means of ultra-performance (up)lc-ms allows a comprehensive determination of the lipid molecular species present in the respective organism. the data allow conclusions on its metabolic potential as well as the creation of lipid profiles, which visualize the organism's response to changes in internal and external conditions. herein, we describe: i) a fast reversed phase uplc-esi-ms method suitable for detection and determination of individual l ... | 2014 | 25332432 |
| distribution, diversity, and activities of sulfur dioxygenases in heterotrophic bacteria. | sulfur oxidation by chemolithotrophic bacteria is well known; however, sulfur oxidation by heterotrophic bacteria is often ignored. sulfur dioxygenases (sdos) (ec 1.13.11.18) were originally found in the cell extracts of some chemolithotrophic bacteria as glutathione (gsh)-dependent sulfur dioxygenases. gsh spontaneously reacts with elemental sulfur to generate glutathione persulfide (gssh), and sdos oxidize gssh to sulfite and gsh. however, sdos have not been characterized for bacteria, includi ... | 2014 | 24389926 |
| the functions of dna methylation by ccrm in caulobacter crescentus: a global approach. | dna methylation is involved in a diversity of processes in bacteria, including maintenance of genome integrity and regulation of gene expression. here, using caulobacter crescentus as a model, we exploit genome-wide experimental methods to uncover the functions of ccrm, a dna methyltransferase conserved in most alphaproteobacteria. using single molecule sequencing, we provide evidence that most ccrm target motifs (gantc) switch from a fully methylated to a hemi-methylated state when they are rep ... | 2014 | 24398711 |
| the phosphopantetheinyl transferases: catalysis of a post-translational modification crucial for life. | covering: up to 2013. although holo-acyl carrier protein synthase, acps, a phosphopantetheinyl transferase (pptase), was characterized in the 1960s, it was not until the publication of the landmark paper by lambalot et al. in 1996 that pptases garnered wide-spread attention being classified as a distinct enzyme superfamily. in the past two decades an increasing number of papers have been published on pptases ranging from identification, characterization, structure determination, mutagenesis, inh ... | 2014 | 24292120 |
| neutral and phospholipids of the myxococcus xanthus lipodome during fruiting body formation and germination. | myxobacteria are well-known for their complex life cycle, including the formation of spore-filled fruiting bodies. the model organism myxococcus xanthus exhibits a highly complex composition of neutral and phospholipids, including triacylglycerols (tags), diacylglycerols (dags), phosphatidylethanolamines (pes), phosphatidylglycerols (pgs), cardiolipins (cls), and sphingolipids, including ceramides (cers) and ceramide phosphoinositols (cer-pis). in addition, ether lipids have been shown to be inv ... | 2015 | 26162876 |
| pseudomonas putida-a versatile host for the production of natural products. | the biosynthesis of natural products by heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways in amenable production strains enables biotechnological access to a variety of valuable compounds by conversion of renewable resources. pseudomonas putida has emerged as a microbial laboratory work horse, with elaborated techniques for cultivation and genetic manipulation available. beyond that, this bacterium offers several particular advantages with regard to natural product biosynthesis, notably a versati ... | 2015 | 26099332 |
| archaeal type iv pili and their involvement in biofilm formation. | type iv pili are ancient proteinaceous structures present on the cell surface of species in nearly all bacterial and archaeal phyla. these filaments, which are required for a diverse array of important cellular processes, are assembled employing a conserved set of core components. while type iv pilins, the structural subunits of pili, share little sequence homology, their signal peptides are structurally conserved allowing for in silico prediction. recently, in vivo studies in model archaea repr ... | 2015 | 25852657 |
| myxobacteria: moving, killing, feeding, and surviving together. | myxococcus xanthus, like other myxobacteria, is a social bacterium that moves and feeds cooperatively in predatory groups. on surfaces, rod-shaped vegetative cells move in search of the prey in a coordinated manner, forming dynamic multicellular groups referred to as swarms. within the swarms, cells interact with one another and use two separate locomotion systems. adventurous motility, which drives the movement of individual cells, is associated with the secretion of slime that forms trails at ... | 2016 | 27303375 |
| a minimal threshold of c-di-gmp is essential for fruiting body formation and sporulation in myxococcus xanthus. | generally, the second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric gmp (c-di-gmp) regulates the switch between motile and sessile lifestyles in bacteria. here, we show that c-di-gmp is an essential regulator of multicellular development in the social bacterium myxococcus xanthus. in response to starvation, m. xanthus initiates a developmental program that culminates in formation of spore-filled fruiting bodies. we show that c-di-gmp accumulates at elevated levels during development and that this increas ... | 2016 | 27214040 |
| metagenomic analysis from the interior of a speleothem in tjuv-ante's cave, northern sweden. | speleothems are secondary mineral deposits normally formed by water supersaturated with calcium carbonate percolating into underground caves, and are often associated with low-nutrient and mostly non-phototrophic conditions. tjuv-ante's cave is a shallow-depth cave formed by the action of waves, with granite and dolerite as major components, and opal-a and calcite as part of the speleothems, making it a rare kind of cave. we generated two dna shotgun sequencing metagenomic datasets from the inte ... | 2016 | 26985997 |
| genome analysis of the fruiting body-forming myxobacterium chondromyces crocatus reveals high potential for natural product biosynthesis. | here, we report the complete genome sequence of the type strain of the myxobacterial genus chondromyces, chondromyces crocatus cm c5. it presents one of the largest prokaryotic genomes featuring a single circular chromosome and no plasmids. analysis revealed an enlarged set of trna genes, along with reduced pressure on preferred codon usage compared to that of other bacterial genomes. the large coding capacity and the plethora of encoded secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters are in lin ... | 2016 | 26773087 |
| in depth analysis of the mechanism of action of metal-dependent sigma factors: characterization of core2 from myxococcus xanthus. | extracytoplasmic function sigma factors represent the third pillar of signal-transduction mechanisms in bacteria. the variety of stimuli they recognize and mechanisms of action they use have allowed their classification into more than 50 groups. we have characterized core2 from myxococcus xanthus, which belongs to group ecf44 and upregulates the expression of two genes when it is activated by cadmium and zinc. sigma factors of this group contain a cys-rich domain (crd) at the c terminus which is ... | 2016 | 26951374 |
| heterologous production of the marine myxobacterial antibiotic haliangicin and its unnatural analogues generated by engineering of the biochemical pathway. | despite their fastidious nature, marine myxobacteria have considerable genetic potential to produce novel secondary metabolites. the marine myxobacterium haliangium ochraceum smp-2 produces the antifungal polyketide haliangicin (1), but its productivity is unsatisfactory. the biosynthetic gene cluster hli (47.8 kbp) associated with 1 was identified and heterologously expressed in myxococcus xanthus to permit the production of 1 with high efficiency (tenfold greater amount and threefold faster in ... | 2016 | 26915413 |
| genetic engineering and heterologous expression of the disorazol biosynthetic gene cluster via red/et recombineering. | disorazol, a macrocyclic polykitide produced by the myxobacterium sorangium cellulosum so ce12 and it is reported to have potential cytotoxic activity towards several cancer cell lines, including multi-drug resistant cells. the disorazol biosynthetic gene cluster (dis) from sorangium cellulosum (so ce12) was identified by transposon mutagenesis and cloned in a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) library. the 58-kb dis core gene cluster was reconstituted from bacs via red/et recombineering and ... | 2016 | 26875499 |
| asmpks: an analysis system for modular polyketide synthases. | polyketides are secondary metabolites of microorganisms with diverse biological activities, including pharmacological functions such as antibiotic, antitumor and agrochemical properties. polyketides are synthesized by serialized reactions of a set of enzymes called polyketide synthase(pks)s, which coordinate the elongation of carbon skeletons by the stepwise condensation of short carbon precursors. due to their importance as drugs, the volume of data on polyketides is rapidly increasing and crea ... | 2007 | 17764579 |
| the type i fatty acid and polyketide synthases: a tale of two megasynthases. | this review chronicles the synergistic growth of the fields of fatty acid and polyketide synthesis over the last century. in both animal fatty acid synthases and modular polyketide synthases, similar catalytic elements are covalently linked in the same order in megasynthases. whereas in fatty acid synthases the basic elements of the design remain immutable, guaranteeing the faithful production of saturated fatty acids, in the modular polyketide synthases, the potential of the basic design has be ... | 2007 | 17898897 |
| the stacking tryptophan of galactose oxidase: a second-coordination sphere residue that has profound effects on tyrosyl radical behavior and enzyme catalysis. | the function of the stacking tryptophan, w290, a second-coordination sphere residue in galactose oxidase, has been investigated via steady-state kinetics measurements, absorption, cd and epr spectroscopy, and x-ray crystallography of the w290f, w290g, and w290h variants. enzymatic turnover is significantly slower in the w290 variants. the km for d-galactose for w290h is similar to that of the wild type, whereas the km is greatly elevated in w290g and w290f, suggesting a role for w290 in substrat ... | 2007 | 17385891 |
| a phosphopantetheinylating polyketide synthase producing a linear polyene to initiate enediyne antitumor antibiotic biosynthesis. | the enediynes, unified by their unique molecular architecture and mode of action, represent some of the most potent anticancer drugs ever discovered. the biosynthesis of the enediyne core has been predicted to be initiated by a polyketide synthase (pks) that is distinct from all known pkss. characterization of the enediyne pks involved in c-1027 (sgce) and neocarzinostatin (ncse) biosynthesis has now revealed that (i) the pkss contain a central acyl carrier protein domain and c-terminal phosphop ... | 2008 | 18223152 |
| co dehydrogenase genes found in metagenomic fosmid clones from the deep mediterranean sea. | the use of carbon monoxide (co) as a biological energy source is widespread in microbes. in recent years, the role of co oxidation in superficial ocean waters has been shown to be an important energy supplement for heterotrophs (carboxydovores). the key enzyme co dehydrogenase was found in both isolates and metagenomes from the ocean's photic zone, where co is continuously generated by organic matter photolysis. we have also found genes that code for both forms i (low affinity) and ii (high affi ... | 2009 | 19801465 |
| metagenomic approaches to natural products from free-living and symbiotic organisms. | | 2009 | 19844642 |
| molecular characterization of tb, a new approach for an ancient brucellaphage. | tb (tbilisi), the reference brucellaphage strain, was classified as a member of the podoviridae family with icosahedral capsids (57 +/- 2 nm diameter) and short tails (32 +/- 3 nm long). brucellaphage dna was double stranded and unmethylated; its molecular size was 34.5 kilobase pairs. some sequences were found through rapd analysis, ta cloning technology, and structural proteins were observed by using sds-page. thus, the results have laid the foundation for the wider use of brucellaphage's basi ... | 2009 | 19742121 |
| bacterial feeding induces changes in immune-related gene expression and has trans-generational impacts in the cabbage looper (trichoplusia ni). | poly- and oligophagous insects are able to feed on various host plants with a wide range of defense strategies. however, diverse food plants are also inhabited by microbiota differing in quality and quantity, posing a potential challenge for immune system mediated homeostasis in the herbivore. recent studies highlight the complex interactions between environmentally encountered microorganisms and herbivorous insects, pointing to a potential adaptational alteration of the insects' physiology. we ... | 2009 | 19422678 |
| mechanistic studies of the biosynthesis of 2-thiosugar: evidence for the formation of an enzyme-bound 2-ketohexose intermediate in bexx-catalyzed reaction. | the first mechanistic insight into 2-thiosugar production in an angucycline-type antibiotic, be-7585a, is reported. d-glucose 6-phosphate was identified as the substrate for the putative thiosugar biosynthetic protein, bexx, by trapping the covalently bonded enzyme-substrate intermediate. the site-specific modification at k110 residue was determined by mutagenesis studies and lc-ms/ms analysis. a key intermediate carrying a keto functionality was confirmed to exist in the enzyme-substrate comple ... | 2010 | 20961106 |
| microbial communities and functional genes associated with soil arsenic contamination and the rhizosphere of the arsenic-hyperaccumulating plant pteris vittata l. | to understand how microbial communities and functional genes respond to arsenic contamination in the rhizosphere of pteris vittata, five soil samples with different arsenic contamination levels were collected from the rhizosphere of p. vittata and nonrhizosphere areas and investigated by biolog, geochemical, and functional gene microarray (geochip 3.0) analyses. biolog analysis revealed that the uncontaminated soil harbored the greatest diversity of sole-carbon utilization abilities and that ars ... | 2010 | 20833780 |
| development of novel drugs from marine surface associated microorganisms. | while the oceans cover more than 70% of the earth's surface, marine derived microbial natural products have been largely unexplored. the marine environment is a habitat for many unique microorganisms, which produce biologically active compounds ("bioactives") to adapt to particular environmental conditions. for example, marine surface associated microorganisms have proven to be a rich source for novel bioactives because of the necessity to evolve allelochemicals capable of protecting the produce ... | 2010 | 20411108 |
| total (bio)synthesis: strategies of nature and of chemists. | the biosynthetic pathways to a number of natural products have been reconstituted in vitro using purified enzymes. many of these molecules have also been synthesized by organic chemists. here we compare the strategies used by nature and by chemists to reveal the underlying logic and success of each total synthetic approach for some exemplary molecules with diverse biosynthetic origins. | 2010 | 21495259 |
| enzymes for the laundry industries: tapping the vast metagenomic pool of alkaline proteases. | in the wide field of laundry and cleaning applications, there is an unbroken need for novel detergent proteases excelling in high stability and activity and a suitable substrate range. we demonstrated the large amount of highly diverse subtilase sequences present in metagenomic dna by recovering 57 non-redundant subtilase sequence tags with degenerate primers. furthermore, an activity- as well as a sequence homology-based screening of metagenomic dna libraries was carried out, using alkaline soi ... | 2011 | 21895993 |
| biosynthesis of cholesterol and other sterols. | | 2011 | 21902244 |
| biological systems discovery in silico: radical s-adenosylmethionine protein families and their target peptides for posttranslational modification. | data mining methods in bioinformatics and comparative genomics commonly rely on working definitions of protein families from prior computation. partial phylogenetic profiling (ppp), by contrast, optimizes family sizes during its searches for the cooccurring protein families that serve different roles in the same biological system. in a large-scale investigation of the incredibly diverse radical s-adenosylmethionine (sam) enzyme superfamily, ppp aided in building a collection of 68 tigrfams hidde ... | 2011 | 21478363 |
| ligand-binding pas domains in a genomic, cellular, and structural context. | per-arnt-sim (pas) domains occur in proteins from all kingdoms of life. in the bacterial kingdom, pas domains are commonly positioned at the amino terminus of signaling proteins such as sensor histidine kinases, cyclic-di-gmp synthases/hydrolases, and methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. although these domains are highly divergent at the primary sequence level, the structures of dozens of pas domains across a broad section of sequence space have been solved, revealing a conserved three-dimensio ... | 2011 | 21663441 |
| bacterial gras domain proteins throw new light on gibberellic acid response mechanisms. | gibberellic acids (gas) are key plant hormones, regulating various aspects of growth and development, which have been at the center of the 'green revolution'. gras family proteins, the primary players in ga signaling pathways, remain poorly understood. using sequence-profile searches, structural comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, we establish that the gras family first emerged in bacteria and belongs to the rossmann fold methyltransferase superfamily. all bacterial and a subset of plant gras ... | 2012 | 22829623 |
| evolutionary divergence of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate cyclases leads to several distinct cyclic products. | sedoheptulose 7-phosphate cyclases are enzymes that utilize the pentose phosphate pathway intermediate, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, to generate cyclic precursors of many bioactive natural products, such as the antidiabetic drug acarbose, the crop protectant validamycin, and the natural sunscreens mycosporine-like amino acids. these proteins are phylogenetically related to the dehydroquinate (dhq) synthases from the shikimate pathway and are part of the more recently recognized superfamily of suga ... | 2012 | 22741921 |
| biosynthesis of fusarubins accounts for pigmentation of fusarium fujikuroi perithecia. | fusarium fujikuroi produces a variety of secondary metabolites, of which polyketides form the most diverse group. among these are the highly pigmented naphthoquinones, which have been shown to possess different functional properties for the fungus. a group of naphthoquinones, polyketides related to fusarubin, were identified in fusarium spp. more than 60 years ago, but neither the genes responsible for their formation nor their biological function has been discovered to date. in addition, althou ... | 2012 | 22492438 |
| sis: a program to generate draft genome sequence scaffolds for prokaryotes. | decreasing costs of dna sequencing have made prokaryotic draft genome sequences increasingly common. a contig scaffold is an ordering of contigs in the correct orientation. a scaffold can help genome comparisons and guide gap closure efforts. one popular technique for obtaining contig scaffolds is to map contigs onto a reference genome. however, rearrangements that may exist between the query and reference genomes may result in incorrect scaffolds, if these rearrangements are not taken into acco ... | 2012 | 22583530 |
| mining of unexplored habitats for novel chitinases--chia as a helper gene proxy in metagenomics. | the main objective of this study was to assess the abundance and diversity of chitin-degrading microbial communities in ten terrestrial and aquatic habitats in order to provide guidance to the subsequent exploration of such environments for novel chitinolytic enzymes. a combined protocol which encompassed (1) classical overall enzymatic assays, (2) chia gene abundance measurement by qpcr, (3) chia gene pyrosequencing, and (4) chia gene-based pcr-dgge was used. the chia gene pyrosequencing is unp ... | 2012 | 22526805 |
| characterization of a novel chaperone/usher fimbrial operon present on kpgi-5, a methionine trna gene-associated genomic island in klebsiella pneumoniae. | several strain-specific klebsiella pneumoniae virulence determinants have been described, though these have almost exclusively been linked with hypervirulent liver abscess-associated strains. through pcr interrogation of integration hotspots, chromosome walking, island-tagging and fosmid-based marker rescue we captured and sequenced kpgi-5, a novel genomic island integrated into the met56 trna gene of k. pneumoniae kr116, a bloodstream isolate from a patient with pneumonia and neutropenic sepsis ... | 2012 | 22520965 |
| volatile organic compounds produced by the phytopathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria 85-10. | xanthomonas campestris is a phytopathogenic bacterium and causes many diseases of agricultural relevance. volatiles were shown to be important in inter- and intraorganismic attraction and defense reactions. recently it became apparent that also bacteria emit a plethora of volatiles, which influence other organisms such as invertebrates, plants and fungi. as a first step to study volatile-based bacterial-plant interactions, the emission profile of xanthomonas c. pv. vesicatoria 85-10 was determin ... | 2012 | 22563356 |
| the myxocoumarins a and b from stigmatella aurantiaca strain myx-030. | the myxobacterial strain stigmatella aurantiaca myx-030 was selected as promising source for the discovery of new biologically active natural products by our screening methodology. the isolation, structure elucidation and initial biological evaluation of the myxocoumarins derived from this strain are described in this work. these compounds comprise an unusual structural framework and exhibit remarkable antifungal properties. | 2013 | 24367422 |
| physiological and proteomic responses of diploid and tetraploid black locust (robinia pseudoacacia l.) subjected to salt stress. | tetraploid black locust (robinia pseudoacacia l.) is adaptable to salt stress. here, we compared morphological, physiological, ultrastructural, and proteomic traits of leaves in tetraploid black locust and its diploid relatives under salt stress. the results showed that diploid (2×) plants suffered from greater negative effects than those of tetraploid (4×) plants. after salt treatment, plant growth was inhibited, photosynthesis was reduced, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde content, and ... | 2013 | 24129170 |
| a practical synthesis of long-chain iso-fatty acids (iso-c12-c19) and related natural products. | a gram-scale synthesis of terminally-branched iso-fatty acids (iso-c12-c19) was developed commencing with methyl undec-10-enoate (methyl undecylenate) (for iso-c12-c14) or the c15 and c16 lactones pentadecanolide (for iso-c15-c17) and hexadecanolide (for iso-c18-c19). central to the approaches outlined is the two-step construction of the terminal isopropyl group through addition of methylmagnesium bromide to the ester/lactones and selective reduction of the resulting tertiary alcohols. thus, the ... | 2013 | 24062846 |
| synthesis and biological activities of the respiratory chain inhibitor aurachin d and new ring versus chain analogues. | aurachins are myxobacterial 3-farnesyl-4(1h)-quinolone derived compounds initially described as respiratory chain inhibitors, more specifically as inhibitors of various cytochrome complexes. they are also known as potent antibiotic compounds. we describe herein the first synthesis of aurachin d through a key conrad-limpach reaction. the same strategy was used to reach some ring as opposed to chain analogues, allowing for the description of structure-activity relationships. biological screening o ... | 2013 | 23946854 |
| set-domain bacterial effectors target heterochromatin protein 1 to activate host rdna transcription. | transcription of rrna genes (rdnas) in the nucleolus is regulated by epigenetic chromatin modifications including histone h3 lysine (de)methylation. here we show that legas4, a legionella pneumophila type iv secretion system (tfss) effector, is targeted to specific rdna chromatin regions in the host nucleolus. legas4 promotes rdna transcription, through its set-domain (named after drosophila su(var)3-9, enhancer of zeste [e(z)], and trithorax [trx]) histone lysine methyltransferase (hkmtase) act ... | 2013 | 23797873 |
| high-titer heterologous production in e. coli of lyngbyatoxin, a protein kinase c activator from an uncultured marine cyanobacterium. | many chemically complex cyanobacterial polyketides and nonribosomal peptides are of great pharmaceutical interest, but the levels required for exploitation are difficult to achieve from native sources. here we develop a framework for the expression of these multifunctional cyanobacterial assembly lines in escherichia coli using the lyngbyatoxin biosynthetic pathway, derived from a marine microbial assemblage dominated by the cyanobacterium moorea producens. heterologous expression of this pathwa ... | 2013 | 23751865 |
| separate origins of ice-binding proteins in antarctic chlamydomonas species. | the green alga chlamydomonas raudensis is an important primary producer in a number of ice-covered lakes and ponds in antarctica. a c. raudensis isolate (uwo241) from lake bonney in the mcmurdo dry valleys, like many other antarctic algae, was found to secrete ice-binding proteins (ibps), which appear to be essential for survival in icy environments. the ibps of several antarctic algae (diatoms, a prymesiophyte, and a prasinophyte) are similar to each other (here designated as type i ibps) and h ... | 2013 | 23536869 |
| identification of a cyclosporine-specific p450 hydroxylase gene through targeted cytochrome p450 complement (cypome) disruption in sebekia benihana. | it was previously proposed that regio-specific hydroxylation of an immunosuppressive cyclosporine (csa) at the 4th n-methyl leucine is mediated by cytochrome p450 hydroxylase (cyp) in the rare actinomycete sebekia benihana. this modification is thought to be the reason for the hair growth-promoting side effect without the immunosuppressive activity of csa. through s. benihana genome sequencing and in silico analysis, we identified the complete cytochrome p450 complement (cypome) of s. benihana, ... | 2013 | 23354713 |