| high prevalence of hepatitis e virus antibody in haemodialysis patients. | | 1994 | 7802786 |
| hepatitis e virus antibody prevalence. | | 1994 | 7802828 |
| protracted viremia during acute sporadic hepatitis e virus infection. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is associated with epidemic and sporadic hepatitis in developing countries. the disease is largely self-limited with no long-term sequelae. the source of hev for maintenance of the disease in an endemic area is unknown. this study investigated the occurrence and duration of viremia in patients with acute sporadic hev infection. | 1995 | 7806046 |
| [hepatitis e virus infection]. | | 1994 | 7813953 |
| hepatitis e virus and hiv infection in homosexual men. | | 1995 | 7815864 |
| [water and viral hepatitis]. | the main agents responsible for acute viral hepatitis throughout the world are the hepatitis a virus (hav) and the hepatitis e virus (hev). both are transmitted by fecal-oral route and can provoke large epidemics, hav in developed countries and hev in developing countries. water is a major vehicle of spread. however, two different epidemiological patterns have to be distinguished: level of hav excretion is short but high. because of its resistance to physical and chemical agents, hav remains inf ... | 1993 | 7819806 |
| [new knowledge about viral hepatitis]. | epidemics caused by a faecaloral transmitted hepatitis virus other than the hepatitis a virus are reported from developing countries. this type of hepatitis is called hepatitis e and is caused by a calicivirus termed hepatitis e virus. many characteristics of this disease are similar to those of hepatitis a. the groups usually infected are older children and young adults in developing countries with poor sanitary facilities. faecal contamination of the drinking water is assumed to be the main pa ... | 1994 | 7825133 |
| response of specific-pathogen-free turkeys to vaccines derived from marble spleen disease virus and hemorrhagic enteritis virus. | tissue-culture-propagated marble spleen disease virus (msdv-tc) and two preparations of spleen homogenate (msdv-sh and msdv-sh-tc) were compared as anti-hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) vaccines in specific-pathogen-free turkeys. both types of vaccines spread horizontally among turkeys, induced anti-hev antibodies, and protected turkeys against challenge with virulent hev. antibody development and horizontal spread of virus occurred earlier in turkeys given msdv-sh or msdv-sh-tc than in those g ... | 1994 | 7832705 |
| [hepatitis e virus]. | hepatitis e, a faecal-oral waterborne acute viral hepatitis, occurs most frequently in epidemic outbreaks in developing countries. hepatitis e virus (hev) is spherical, nonenveloped and varied in size from 27 to 34 nm with a spiked surface. experimental hev infection in primates, molecular cloning involving cdna libraries and recombinant protein technology indicate that the genome can be assigned to a 7.6 kb single stranded positive polyadenylated rna. in a 5'ns-s poly a 3' molecular structure, ... | 1994 | 7840426 |
| [advances in the study of hepatitis e]. | | 1994 | 7842885 |
| age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a and e viruses in pune, india, 1982 and 1992. | the age-specific seroprevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (hav) and antibody to hepatitis e virus (hev) were studied in persons in pune, india, where both viruses are endemic. the data showed that hav infected the majority of persons by age 3 years and virtually 100% by late childhood. in contrast, infection with hev was rare in children and did not reach peak prevalence (33%-40%) until early adulthood. the reason for the differences in infection rates between hav and hev is not known. ag ... | 1995 | 7844387 |
| hepatitis e. | | 1994 | 7863397 |
| occupational infection with hepatitis c virus in the healthcare setting. | our understanding of the types of hepatitis described previously as non-a, non-b hepatitis has been revolutionized by the discovery of two new viruses, hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis e virus. hcv is transmitted parenterally, and poses a potential occupational hazard to health care workers, including dental staff. no vaccine is currently available, and it is important that an assessment of infection risk is made available to clinicians. | 1994 | 7867856 |
| a new chinese isolate of hepatitis e virus: comparison with strains recovered from different geographical regions. | the full-length cdna of a new chinese strain (ks2-87) of hepatitis e virus (hev) has been constructed and sequenced. the 5' noncoding region of ks2-87 is 26 nucleotides in length, which is one nucleotide shorter than that of hev (b1) (burma) and 23 nucleotides longer than that of hev (mexico). comparison of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of ks2-87 with all other published hev sequences showed that ks2-87 was closer to two other chinese strains (cht-88, cht-87) and sar-55 (pakistan) than ... | 1994 | 7871758 |
| hepatitis e. | | 1995 | 7873940 |
| hepatitis e virus and hiv infection in homosexual men. | | 1995 | 7888010 |
| hepatitis e: intrafamilial transmission versus waterborne spread. | the relative significance of intrafamilial transmission and continued water contamination in the spread of hepatitis e is not known. to resolve this question, two surveys were conducted during a large bimodal waterborne epidemic of hepatitis e in kanpur, india, affecting an estimated 79,000 persons: i) april 1991: covering 420 houses (60 houses each in seven municipal wards) selected using multistage sampling and random number tables, and ii) may 1992: covering the same families in five municipa ... | 1994 | 7890884 |
| hepatitis e seroprevalence in selected individuals in south africa. | antibodies to the hepatitis e virus (hev) were detected by an enzyme immunoassay using synthetic hev peptides. positive anti-hev results were confirmed by a neutralization assay and western blot analysis. anti-hev was detected in 10 of 555 canoeists (1.8%) with regular exposure to sewage-polluted water and in 6 of 227 (2.6%) medical students with minimal exposure. the overall prevalence of 16 per 782 individuals (2.05%) suggests that hev may be endemic in south africa. this is confirmed by indic ... | 1994 | 7897368 |
| viral hepatitis. current concepts for dental practice. | the transmission of blood-borne viruses in the dental office is a potential hazard to patients and dental staff, particularly to oral and maxillofacial surgeons. hepatitis b virus has been a recognized hazard for several years, and in the past oral surgeons and other dental health care staff have been infected as a result of occupational exposure. hepatitis c virus in contrast does not appear to be a major occupational hazard to dental staff, nevertheless, infection with this virus can lead to s ... | 1994 | 7898904 |
| low risk of transmission of hepatitis e virus by large-pool coagulation factor concentrates. | | 1994 | 7906342 |
| equivocal serological diagnosis of sporadic fulminant hepatitis e in pregnant indians. | | 1994 | 7914292 |
| association between hepatitis c and hepatitis e viruses in southern italy. | | 1994 | 7915787 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in belgian soldiers. | | 1994 | 7915788 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus in switzerland. | | 1994 | 7915789 |
| viral hepatitis serological markers among pregnant women in caracas, venezuela: implication for perinatal transmission of hepatitis b and c. | viral hepatitis serological markers were analyzed in two groups of pregnant women residing in caracas from: 1) a maternity unit at the moment of delivery (106 sera, low income population), and 2) a private clinic during the third trimester of pregnancy (105 sera, medium-high economic class population). a higher percent positivity was observed in the maternity unit compared to the private clinic for hepatitis a virus (hav) as measured by anti-hav activity (96% vs 48%; p < 0.01%), for hepatitis b ... | 1994 | 7926616 |
| spectrum of hepatitis e virus infection in india. | a solid phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) that detects igm and igg to hepatitis e virus (hev) was used to study seroepidemiology in 40 healthy subjects and 227 consecutive patients with liver diseases in an endemic area. fifty-two of the liver diseases patients (22.9 percent) had acute hepatitis e. in contrast, none of the 40 healthy subjects were positive for igm anti-hev, validating the elisa assay. twenty-three of 25 (92%) patients with epidemic non-a, non-b hepatitis were confi ... | 1994 | 7931190 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in soldiers sent to endemic regions. | | 1994 | 7934527 |
| successful passive and active immunization of cynomolgus monkeys against hepatitis e. | virtually full protection against hepatitis e and partial or complete protection against infection with hepatitis e virus (hev) were achieved in passively or actively immunized cynomolgus monkeys. hepatitis, viremia, and shedding of the virus in feces were detected in all nonimmunized animals that were challenged with hev. hev titers detected by reverse transcriptase pcr were higher in feces than in serum of nonimmunized animals. anti-hev antibody titers at the time of challenge ranged between 1 ... | 1994 | 7937861 |
| [hepatitis e--epidemiology and clinical aspects]. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a newly identified and molecularly characterized rna virus. hev has a worldwide distribution. large epidemics were observed on the indian subcontinent, in central and in southeast asia. the enterically transmitted hev infection also occurs in sporadic form. only few cases of hev infection with clinically apparent hepatitis were diagnosed in western europe and in the usa. hev infection causes symptoms of a self-limiting, acute, icteric disease similar to those of hepati ... | 1994 | 7939056 |
| antibodies to hepatitis e and a viruses among patients with non-alcoholic chronic liver disease in taiwan. | the prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in patients with non-alcoholic chronic liver disease (cld) was assessed. | 1994 | 7939403 |
| [viral hepatitis a to e--diagnosis, clinical aspects and therapy]. | viral causes of acute or chronic hepatitis are the hepatitis a virus [hav], the hepatitis b virus [hbv], the hepatitis c virus [hcv], the hepatitis delta virus [hdv], and the hepatitis e virus [hev]. these viruses haven been characterized in great detail and can be detected by specific and sensitive serological or molecular assays. while hav and hev cause only acute hepatitis, infection with hbv, hcv or hdv frequently takes a chronic course. with time chronic viral hepatitis can progress to live ... | 1994 | 7940409 |
| the sequence of hepatitis e virus isolated directly from a single source during an outbreak in china. | | 1994 | 7941703 |
| contrasting roles of rivers and wells as sources of drinking water on attack and fatality rates in a hepatitis e epidemic in somalia. | in early 1988, an increased incidence of acute hepatitis was observed in villages along the shebeli river in the lower shebeli region of somalia. this was followed by a large epidemic that lasted until late 1989. in a survey of 142 villages with a population of 245,312 individuals, 11,413 icteric cases were recorded, of which 346 died, corresponding to an attack rate and a case fatality rate of 4.6% and 3.0%, respectively. the etiologic role of hepatitis e virus (hev) in this epidemic was proven ... | 1994 | 7943574 |
| hepatitis e--an important cause of imported non-a, non-b hepatitis among migrant workers in qatar. | in 1985, glynn et al. [journal of medical virology 17:371-375] reported on epidemic viral hepatitis in qatar and concluded that 72% (91/126) had acute enterically transmitted non-a, non-b viral hepatitis (et-nanbh). most of the patients (98%) presented within 8 weeks of arrival in qatar and were migrant workers from the indian subcontinent. the data was reanalysed for evidence of infection with hepatitis e virus (hev). seventy-eight of 91 (86%) of stored sera were still suitable for analysis sin ... | 1994 | 7964652 |
| association between hepatitis e virus and hiv infection in homosexual men. | | 1994 | 7968090 |
| hepatitis e virus in chile. | | 1994 | 7968131 |
| molecular diagnostic techniques for viral hepatitis. | the five different viruses that cause human viral hepatitis, a, b, c, d, and e share the unique property of hepatotropism. identification of the nucleic acid sequences of each of these viruses, coupled with the application of recombinant dna technology, has resulted in the rapid development of molecular diagnostic techniques. currently, molecular hybridization and polymerase chain reaction are the major diagnostic techniques for viral hepatitis. this review discusses the molecular biology of the ... | 1994 | 7989090 |
| hepatitis e. | with the introduction of new, albeit noncommercial, diagnostic tests for the detection of hev, our understanding of this virus has been greatly enhanced. with these tests, it has been possible to begin a delineation of the process of pathogenesis in infected humans. these tests have also shown us that, at least in some individuals, an igg response to hev is long lasting and may confer immunity, and it may be possible to develop a recombinant vaccine against hev. contrary to past results, hev app ... | 1994 | 7989094 |
| [an experimental infection in lambs by the hepatitis e virus]. | lambs were experimentally infected with a pool of 10% hepatitis e (he) patient fecal suspension containing he virus (hev) isolates osh-225 and osh-228 which caused an infection closely resembling experimental he in primates. clinical manifestations consisted of acute biochemical and histological hepatitis, virus shedding in feces, the presence of virus-like particles in the peripharyngeal lymph nodes and the contents of small intestine, of hev rna in the parenchymal organs of lambs. susceptibili ... | 1994 | 7998395 |
| prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis e virus among urban and rural populations in venezuela. | antibodies against hepatitis e virus (hev) were detected in sera by a synthetic peptide-based enzyme immunoassay (eia) from different populations in venezuela. antibodies against hev were found in 1.6% (3/184) of urban pregnant woman (caracas), in 3.9% (8/204) of rural populations (san camilo, edo apure), and in 5.4% (12/223) of rural amerindians (padamo, edo amazonas). positivity was confirmed by a neutralization eia based on the use of competing soluble free peptides. the prevalence of antibod ... | 1994 | 8006635 |
| hepatitis type e in italy: a seroepidemiological survey. study group of hepatitis e. | the seroprevalence of antibodies to hev was determined in three different italian populations (volunteer blood donors, normal healthy individuals, and intravenous drug users [ivdus]). the seroprevalence in the populations ranged from 0.74% to 1.94%, with higher rates among ivdus and individuals over 40 years of age. none of 35 patients diagnosed with acute hepatitis a but 10 of 153 (6.5%) patients with acute nona, nonb, nonc hepatitis were found to be positive for anti-hev antibody. one of these ... | 1994 | 8006645 |
| rhesus monkeys infected with hepatitis e virus (hev) from the former ussr are immune to subsequent challenge with an indian strain of hev. | two rhesus monkeys (m. mullata) of approximately two years of age were inoculated intravenously with a 10% suspension of hepatitis e virus (hev) positive stool from kirghistan as evidenced by immuno-electron microscopy. evidence of hev infection was demonstrated by rise in serum alanine transaminase (alt) levels and seroconversion of these monkeys to anti-hev after 1-1/2 months post-inoculation as evidenced by immunoblot. one year after the primary inoculation, these monkeys were challenged with ... | 1993 | 8010189 |
| fulminant hepatic failure resulting from coexistent wilson's disease and hepatitis e. | fulminant hepatic failure resulting from hepatitis e and coexistent wilson's disease was diagnosed in a six year old girl six weeks after returning from a holiday in india. wilson's disease was diagnosed on the basis of histological evidence of hepatocellular copper deposition, confirmed by biochemical estimation of liver copper concentration. although severely damaged, the liver was non-cirrhotic. hepatitis e virus (hev) was diagnosed by nested polymerase chain reaction, the specificity of whic ... | 1994 | 8020819 |
| hepatitis type e in a french population: detection of anti-hev by a synthetic peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | four synthetic peptides were used to develop an elisa for detecting hepatitis type e infections. antibodies to hev were detected in 54 of 64 patients present during two outbreaks previously recognized as being due to hepatitis e virus. those patients included french soldiers stationed in chad at the time, and algerian civilians residing in algeria and considered as positive controls. anti-hev were also detected in 3 out of 74 cases of sporadic non-a, non-b, non-c hepatitis in france, and in 2 ou ... | 1994 | 8023016 |
| three cases of acute hepatitis e virus infection imported into norway. | we report 3 cases of acute hepatitis e virus (hev) infection imported from asia. all 3 patients had fever and upper abdominal discomfort preceding jaundice which lasted 2-3 weeks with maximum bilirubin levels of 141-254 mmol/l. the alt values peaked between 1,347 and 3,690 u/l. both values normalized within 1-2 months. during the acute phase of the disease, all patients had high levels of igg and igm antibodies against hev (anti-hev) recombinant and synthetic peptides. the duration of the anti-h ... | 1994 | 8036468 |
| the hepatitis e virus. | | 1993 | 8043469 |
| acute sporadic hepatitis e in kuwait. | fifty-seven adult patients with acute hepatitis and 34 comparison patients without liver disease were evaluated using a newly developed western blot assay for igm antibody to hepatitis e virus. the mean age of patients with hepatitis was 32 years (range, 18-55 years); 88% were male. among patients with acute hepatitis, hepatitis a (anti-hav igm positive) was diagnosed in two (4%), hepatitis b (anti-hbc igm positive) in three (5%), and hepatitis e (anti-hev igm positive) in 34 (60%). one hepatiti ... | 1994 | 8046431 |
| lack of evidence for hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection in fulminant non-a, non-b hepatitis. | we studied eight patients who had orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure in the course of acute non-a, non-b hepatitis. hbv dna was searched for extensively in the liver tissue by pcr using several sets of primers in conventional and heminested reactions. all patients were negative for hbv dna in liver tissue by all assays employed; furthermore, they were negative for hev rna, hcv rna, and hbv dna in serum. although the causative role of hev and hcv in fulminant non-a, no ... | 1994 | 8050316 |
| diagnosis of acute hepatitis e infection utilizing enzyme immunoassay. | acute hepatitis e infection was diagnosed in a pakistani immigrant admitted to the university of illinois hospital. utilizing enzyme immunoassay (eia) tests, specific igg and igm class antibodies to three different epitopes of hepatitis e virus (hev) were detected 12 weeks after the onset of illness and in the early convalescent stage. sixteen months after the onset of hepatitis, igm anti-hev was no longer detectable. low levels of igg class anti-hev antibodies continued to be detected. we demon ... | 1994 | 8050318 |
| threat of hepatitis e virus infection in somalia during operation restore hope. | in support of operation restore hope, the united states military established a diagnostic laboratory for infectious diseases, the joint forward laboratory, in mogadishu, somalia. because sporadic hepatitis due to unknown causes was a frequent problem, staff members of the joint forward laboratory evaluated 31 somalis, five displaced ethiopians, and three western relief workers who had acute clinical hepatitis. patients lived in multiple locations in somalia--mogadishu, baidoa, and merca--and bec ... | 1994 | 8054416 |
| prior hepatitis a virus infection enhances acute hepatitis e virus infection. | the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav) are similar. however, two distinct diseases develop after exposure to each one of the viruses, which are apparently unrelated clinically. it is interesting to note that all reported epidemics and single cases of acute hev infection indicate previous exposure to hav. this fact leads us to hypothesize that acute hev infection is dependent on past infection by hepatitis a virus, and that the sequenti ... | 1994 | 8057977 |
| [the epidemiological diagnosis of "fecal-oral" hepatitis e in tajikistan]. | on the basis of the results of the retrospective epidemiological analysis of hepatitis a morbidity for many years in the leninabad (now hojend) region of tajikistan the possibility of the epidemiological diagnosis of fecal-oral hepatitis non a, non b, also known as hepatitis e, was confirmed. analysis of the specific features of a sharp morbidity rise in hepatitis a in this region in 1986-1987 made it possible to establish that this rise was caused by hepatitis e. this was testified by the explo ... | 1993 | 8059575 |
| [acute sporadic hepatitis caused by the e virus in chile. clinical case]. | a 53 year old female nurse presenting with malaise, jaundice and pruritus is reported. physical examination only disclosed jaundice and laboratory values showed an alt of 445 u/l, asat of 179 u/l, alkaline phosphatases of 455 u/l and a total bilirubin of 7.7 mg/dl. serological markers for hepatitis virus e were positive and negative for hepatitis virus a, b and c, cytomegalovirus and epstein barr virus. the patient recovered fully in 10 weeks and is asymptomatic after 5 years of follow up. healt ... | 1994 | 8066347 |
| [the possible involvement of rodents in the spread of viral hepatitis e]. | the outbreak of hepatitis e among humans in july-october 1989 in the village of dzhigdele (140 km to the northeast of osh) is described. during this outbreak 23 rodents of different species (4 turkestan rats, 15 house mice and 4 wood mice) were caught within a radial distance of 1 km from the village. 5 out of these 23 animals were found to have hepatitis e virus, detected by the method of immuno-electron microscopy, in their blood sera. under experimental conditions 7 noninbred white mice were ... | 1993 | 8067115 |
| epidemiology of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in saudi arabia. | a newly developed assay for antibody to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) was used to study the rate of exposure to hev infection in two saudi areas: riyadh (central province-788 people) and gizan (southern province-630 people). these two regions were chosen for the study because the riyadh area is an urban area and gizan is considered rural, based on sewage disposal and water sanitation systems in each area. in both areas, hev is endemic and acquisition of infection to the virus starts early in life ... | 1994 | 8067812 |
| detection of hepatitis c and e virus by the polymerase chain reaction. | | 1994 | 8071414 |
| epidemiology and serologic diagnosis of hepatitis e. | | 1994 | 8071530 |
| hepatitis c and e in non-a non-b fulminant hepatic failure: a polymerase chain reaction and serological study. | a significant proportion of patients with fulminant hepatic failure have clinical, biochemical and histological features suggestive of acute viral hepatitis, without serological evidence of either hepatitis a or b. the contribution of hepatitis c to such cases of non-a non-b fulminant hepatic failure is presently uncertain while hepatitis e is well recognized as a cause of fulminant hepatic failure in endemic areas. nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of both hepatitis c and e virus a ... | 1994 | 8071532 |
| etiology of acute sporadic hepatitis in spain: the role of hepatitis c and e viruses. | the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis viruses and analyze the epidemiological features in acute hepatitis in spain. consecutive serum samples from 341 patients with acute hepatitis were tested for igm anti-hepatitis a virus, igm anti-hepatitis b core antigen and hbsag. the antibody to hepatitis c virus was determined using a second-generation enzyme immunoassay. in selected cases, serum was tested for antibodies for hepatitis e virus by enzyme immunoassay and hepatit ... | 1994 | 8071533 |
| anti-hev antibodies in acute hepatitis in france. | | 1994 | 8071548 |
| epidemic hepatitis e in pakistan: patterns of serologic response and evidence that antibody to hepatitis e virus protects against disease. | igm and igg anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) patterns were determined in sera collected during a hepatitis outbreak in pakistan. hev infection was detected serologically in 122 patients. igm anti-hev was detected in specimens collected up to 2 weeks before and 5-7 weeks after hospitalization in 91% and 100%, respectively, of 122 hev-infected patients. igg followed a similar pattern. peak antibody titers appeared 2-4 weeks after hospitalization. at 20 months after hospitalization, igm anti-hev was no ... | 1994 | 8077708 |
| infectivity titration of a prototype strain of hepatitis e virus in cynomolgus monkeys. | the infectivity titer of a standard stock of the sar-55 strain of hepatitis e virus (hev) was determined in cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) and the effect of dose on the course of the infection was examined by weekly monitoring of alanine aminotransferase (alt) and anti-hev levels. antibody to hev (anti-hev) was measured with elisas based on orf-2 recombinant antigens consisting of either a 55 kda region expressed in insect cells or shorter regions expressed as fusion proteins in bacte ... | 1994 | 8083660 |
| immunohistochemical study of hepatitis e virus antigen in liver tissues from patients with hepatitis e. | hepatitis e virus antigen (hevag) has been identified in liver tissue of 6 out of 14 patients with hepatitis e using anti-hev-igg-horseradish peroxidase (hrp) and direct immunoperoxidase staining methods. hevag was found only in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, but nor in the nuclei. the hevag positive hepatocytes were scattered singly, but in a few parts, where the liver damage was severe, the hevag positive cells were quite concentrated. we also observed the invasion of lymphocytes into the hevag ... | 1994 | 8088185 |
| [the immunological and epidemiological characteristics of viral hepatitis e in servicemen]. | | 1994 | 8091697 |
| hepatitis e virus transmission to a volunteer. | hepatitis e virus (hev) causes an enteric non-a, non-b hepatitis. the disease occurs in epidemic settings and sporadically, and viral transmission is thought to be faecal-oral. we present here a single volunteer study of hev transmission followed by disease. clinical and biochemical features of the infection correlated with hev detection in the stools and sera by reverse transcription/polymerase chain amplification. igg antibody has persisted for 2 years. the presence of hev in serum before clin ... | 1993 | 8093748 |
| viraemia in egyptian children with hepatitis e virus infection. | | 1993 | 8094150 |
| transmission of hepatitis e virus by transfusion? | | 1993 | 8096021 |
| hepatitis e in the netherlands: imported and endemic. | | 1993 | 8096022 |
| epidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection in turkey. | the seroprevalence and risk factors for infection with hepatitis e virus (hev) were analysed in five regions of turkey, where one-third of acute hepatitis cases are non-a, non-b. antibodies to hev (anti-hev) were found in 80 (5.9%) of 1350 subjects. independent predictors of anti-hev were age over 25 years, less than elementary education, antibodies to hepatitis c virus, and residence in the warmest region (adana). whereas none of 105 subjects in the second decade of life were hev seropositive, ... | 1993 | 8099641 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in turkey. | | 1993 | 8103902 |
| problem hepatitis viruses: the mutants. | genetic variations in the known human hepatitis viruses are probably the result (a) of high viral replication rates and poor or absent proofreading ability intrinsic to rna viruses (hav, hcv, hdv, hev) and (b) to a dna virus (hbv) that uses a reverse-transcription mechanism for genomic replication. nucleotide substitutions, deletions, duplications, insertions, and rearrangements resulting in amino acid changes may have no consequences, may impair replication, change host susceptibility, or may l ... | 1994 | 8109589 |
| coronavirus immunogens. | coronaviruses (cv) infect a variety of livestock, poultry and companion animals. they belong to at least five antigenic groups. cv cause localized infections of the respiratory and/or intestinal tracts, with the exception of feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv) and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (hev) which cause systemic infections. the enteropathogenic cv infect the villous enterocytes resulting in villous atrophy leading to malabsorptive diarrhea. several cv (bovine cv-bcv, porcine ... | 1993 | 8116187 |
| comparative characterization of antigenic epitopes in the immunodominant region of the protein encoded by open reading frame 3 in burmese and mexican strains of hepatitis e virus. | to analyse the effect of strain-specific sequence variation on the antigenic properties of the protein encoded by the open reading frame 3 (orf 3) of hepatitis e virus (hev), two sets of short overlapping peptides spanning amino acids 91 to 123 of this protein from burmese and mexican strains were synthesized and tested with sera obtained from outbreaks of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis in three different regions of the world (mexico, turkmenistan and kenya). the data suggest str ... | 1994 | 8126461 |
| pathogenesis of hemorrhagic enteritis virus infection in turkeys. | the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic enteritis was investigated in 4-week-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) turkeys after oral administration of hemorrhagic enteritis virus. the virus antigen was detected and quantified in tissues at various days post-infection (dpi) by an avidin-biotin-enhanced enzyme immunoassay and was located by a monoclonal antibody-based immunoperoxidase (ip) staining technique. in the intestinal tract, low levels of viral antigen were detected from 1 to 3 and 9 to 15 dpi, where ... | 1993 | 8128806 |
| determination of hepatitis e virus seroprevalence by using recombinant fusion proteins and synthetic peptides. | recombinant antigens from hepatitis e virus (hev) open-reading frames 2 and 3 were expressed in escherichia coli as cytidine monophosphate-2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid synthetase (cks) fusion proteins, purified, and used to develop an eia for the detection of antibodies. serologic results were compared with those of previous assays by testing 102 samples from an hev outbreak in somalia. this cks/hev eia detected anti-hev in all 97 sera found reactive previously and in an additional 2 samples, ... | 1994 | 8133095 |
| seroprevalence of antibody to hepatitis e virus among chinese subjects in taiwan. | recently, with an available serological hepatitis e virus diagnostic kit, the prevalence of igg antibody to hepatitis e virus among chinese subjects in taiwan was evaluated by means of a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay based on two recombinant hepatitis e virus antigens. the overall prevalence of hepatitis e virus antibody was 10.7% among 384 healthy subjects older than 20 yr but only 0.3% among 600 schoolchildren and young adolescents younger than 20 yr (p < 0.0001). serial serum samples ... | 1994 | 8138258 |
| progress towards a higher taxonomy of viruses. | the current consensus view is that a higher hierarchical taxonomy of viruses cannot be established for two reasons. firstly, viruses appear to be polyphyletic in origin, with several sets of viruses arising by different, independent routes at different times. secondly, subsequent virus adaptation for survival in different host/vector combinations has involved the selective acquisition of additional genes by a process of cassette or modular evolution, with these additional gene modules coming fro ... | 1993 | 8140287 |
| community acquired viral hepatitis in new zealand: a case of sporadic hepatitis e virus infection. | | 1993 | 8141710 |
| hepatitis viruses: changing patterns of human disease. | viral hepatitis is a disease of antiquity, but evidence for more than one etiologic agent has been recognized only since the 1940s, when two viruses (hepatitis a virus and hepatitis b virus) were thought to account for all disease. in the past 20 years, three additional hepatitis agents (hepatitis c virus, hepatitis d virus, and hepatitis e virus) have been discovered, and there is evidence for at least one additional virus. each of the five recognized hepatitis viruses belongs to a different vi ... | 1994 | 8146130 |
| hepatitis e virus in indonesia. | | 1994 | 8154003 |
| case report: role of hepatitis e virus in the etiology of community-acquired non-a, non-b hepatitis in greece. | the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in a population of greek adults with community-acquired (sporadic) non-a, non-b hepatitis found to be seronegative for antibodies to hepatitis c virus (anti-hcv). all patients admitted to the liver unit of western attica general hospital and diagnosed as having acute community-acquired non-a, non-b hepatitis between february, 1986, and may, 1990, were enrolled in follow up studies (n = 66). nineteen patient ... | 1994 | 8158106 |
| etiological role of hepatitis e virus in sporadic fulminant hepatitis. | non-a, non-b hepatitis viruses have been implicated as the etiological agent(s) in up to 60% of patients with fulminant hepatitis. these agents are reported to induce a higher mortality than other causes of fulminant hepatitis. hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) at present constitute the major identifiable non-a, non-b hepatitis agents. of these, hev has been established as the sole cause of epidemic hepatitis in afro-asian countries, and fulminant hepatitis has been recorded du ... | 1994 | 8158108 |
| seroepidemiology of water-borne hepatitis in india and evidence for a third enterically-transmitted hepatitis agent. | many epidemics of water-borne hepatitis have occurred throughout india. these were thought to be epidemics of hepatitis a until 1980, when evidence for an enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis was first reported. subsequently, hepatitis e virus was discovered and most recent epidemics of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis have been attributed to hepatitis e virus infection. however, only a limited number of cases have been confirmed by immuno electron microscopy, polymerase ... | 1994 | 8159764 |
| comparative study between molecular hybridization and electron microscopy for the detection of hepatitis e virus. | the study describes a comparison between molecular hybridization using a non-radiolabeled, thymine-thymine (tt) dimerized synthetic oligonucleotide complementary dna probe and electron microscopy for the detection of hepatitis e virus genome in bile. spot hybridization with the tt dimerized probe was found to be more sensitive and specific compared to electron microscopy. | 1993 | 8160056 |
| viral diseases in ethiopia: a review. | ethiopia is endemic for many viral diseases. serosurveys have demonstrated the high prevalence rate of hepatitis b virus. there are also indications of high transmission for hepatitis c, hepatitis e and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the population is exposed to poliomyelitis, hepatitis a, measles, rubella and mumps early in life. rotaviral diarrhoea is an important cause of infant morbidity and mortality. vast areas of the country are endemic for yellow fever and rabies. the extent of many ... | 1993 | 8187657 |
| enzyme immunoassay for the detection of antibody to hepatitis e virus based on synthetic peptides. | five synthetic peptides were prepared based on the nucleotide sequence of open reading frames 2 and 3 encoded in the hepatitis e virus (hev) genome and were used to develop an enzyme immunoassay (eia) for the detection of anti-hev activity in sera. three different approaches were employed to ascertain the optimal preparation of these peptides as an immunodiagnostic reagent, including (1) a mixture of unconjugated peptides, (2) conjugating individual peptides to bovine serum albumin (bsa) followe ... | 1994 | 8188817 |
| [hepatitis e]. | | 1993 | 8191087 |
| hepatitis e virus: epidemiological, clinical and serological studies of north indian epidemic. | a large waterborne epidemic of viral hepatitis occurred in the city of karnal (haryana) from february to april 1987. an attempt was made to study the epidemic clinically, serologically and etiologically. | 1994 | 8206534 |
| the route of transmission of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) 67n strain in 4-week-old rats. | four-week-old wistar rats were inoculated with hev by different routes. animals died of encephalitis after intraperitoneal (i.p.), subcutaneous (s.c.) and intravenous (i.v.) as well as intracerebral (i.c.) and intranasal (i.n.) inoculation. however when inoculated subcutaneously, rats died a few days earlier than those inoculated i.p. and i.v., suggesting that the virus might be transmitted to the central nervous system (cns) by the neuronal route rather than by blood stream. rats which were ino ... | 1993 | 8209750 |
| molecular characterization of hepatitis c and e viruses. | the molecular features of each of the major viruses of non-a, non-b hepatitis, namely hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis e virus (hev) are briefly described. the organization of the genome of each of these viruses is discussed and compared to those of other related or distantly related viruses that contain single-stranded, positive-sense rna genomes. hcv has been tentatively classified as a separate genus within the flaviviridae, whereas hev has been loosely associated with caliciviruses and ... | 1993 | 8219795 |
| molecular organization and replication of hepatitis e virus (hev). | the recently characterized fecal-orally transmitted agent of hepatitis e (formerly known as enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis) has been determined to be a new type of positive strand rna virus. the complete sequencing of four different geographic isolates of the hepatitis e virus (hev) has confirmed a similar genetic organization not previously recognized in nonenveloped positive strand rna viruses. the approximately 7.5 kb rna genome (including polya tail) has nonstructural genes l ... | 1993 | 8219799 |
| detection of iga class antibody to hepatitis e virus in serum samples from patients with hepatitis e virus infection. | a newly developed assay for iga class antibody to hepatitis e virus (iga anti-hev) was used to study 145 serum samples collected during an outbreak of an enterically transmitted hepatitis that occurred in 3 villages in the lower shebeli region of southern somalia between january, 1988 and november, 1989. a total of 52.4% of the afflicted patients were found positive for iga anti-hev, and 73.1% of these were also positive for igm. both antibodies disappeared during the convalescence period. simil ... | 1993 | 8228927 |
| preliminary evidence that a trpe-hev fusion protein protects cynomolgus macaques against challenge with wild-type hepatitis e virus (hev). | immunization of two cynomolgus macaques (cynos) with trpe-c2 protein, a trpe-hev fusion protein that represents the carboxyl two thirds of the putative capsid protein, prevented development of biochemical evidence of viral hepatitis in these primates after challenge by wild-type hev from either a burmese or mexican stool isolate. neither of the immunized animals showed any elevation of alanine aminotransferase activity after challenge with wild-type hev in marked contrast with the unimmunized (c ... | 1993 | 8228944 |
| chronic hepatitis in a large indian hospital. | in developed countries as well as in southeast asia, the hepatitis b and c viruses are the main causes of chronic hepatitis. in india, however, there have been no major investigations on the aetiology of chronic hepatitis. (the hepatitis e virus which is responsible for half the sporadic and most of the epidemic cases of acute viral hepatitis in india does not cause chronic disease.) we, therefore, studied the profile of chronic hepatitis in india. | 1993 | 8241932 |
| an epidemic outbreak of hepatitis e in yangon of myanmar: antibody assay and animal transmission of the virus. | an epidemic outbreak of hepatitis e occurred in an army recruit camp of yangon, myanmar, in october 1989. one hundred and eleven patients among 600 residents were hospitalized. as high as 83.7% of these patients were positive for the acute phase antibody against hepatitis e virus by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed in our laboratory. also, 30.6% of 49 symptom-free residents examined were positive for the antibody. we prepared a stool extract from six patients and inoculated it into ... | 1993 | 8257479 |
| immunodominant antigenic regions in a structural protein of the hepatitis e virus. | using a set of 11 synthetic peptides containing regions of the polypeptide encoded by open reading frame 2 (orf2) of the hepatitis e virus (hev) genomic rna, two immunodominant regions were found. one region is located at position 546-580 amino acids (aa). another very strong immunodominant region was identified at position 394-470 aa. five peptides spanning this region were found to have antigenic reactivity. one of these 5 peptides demonstrated specific reactivity with 81% of sera obtained fro ... | 1994 | 8259678 |
| partial sequence comparison of eight new chinese strains of hepatitis e virus suggests the genome sequence is relatively stable. | partial genomic sequences representing 420 nucleotides of a nonstructional region, 480 nucleotides of the putative rna polymerase region, and 540 nucleotides of the structural region of epidemic-associated chinese strains of hepatitis e virus (hev) were obtained by direct sequencing of pcr-amplified dna. comparison with previously published hev sequences showed a clear relatedness of all chinese strains to each other and to a pakistani strain (sar-55). all eight chinese strains examined had very ... | 1993 | 8263504 |
| [a preliminary report on the prevalence of different types of hepatitis in adult patients with acute sporadic hepatitis in beijing area]. | in order to investigate the prevalence of different types of viral hepatitis in beijing area, the markers of viral hepatitis a, b, c and e were detected on 72 adult patients with acute viral hepatitis in the infectious diseases department of our hospital. the results showed that 26.4% of the cases had hav infection, 8.3% hbv infection, 18.1% hcv infection and 31.9% hev infection. it is shown that the prevalence of hev infection in beijing area is high. | 1993 | 8269760 |
| hepatitis e virus (hev): molecular biology and emerging epidemiology. | the etiologic agent of what was formerly known as enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis has been identified as a previously unrecognized 27 to 34 nm nonenveloped virus designated as hev. the full-length sequencing of four geographic isolates has demonstrated hev to be a positive-sense, polyadenylated rna virus expressed in three different orfs. the identification and localization of (1) sequence motifs characteristic of viral nonstructural genes, (2) signal peptides and basic sequences ... | 1993 | 8272511 |
| non-a, non-b fulminant hepatitis is also non-e and non-c. | to define the roles of the hepatitis c and e viruses (hcv and hev) in non-a, non-b (nanb) fulminant hepatitis. | 1994 | 8273799 |