| evaluation of the wash resistance of three types of manufactured insecticidal nets in comparison to conventionally treated nets. | the present study evaluated the efficacy and wash resistance of several commercial deltamethrin-treated nets (permanet, from factory (pn-f) and market (pn-m), yorkool (y) and az net) that were claimed by the manufacturers to be long-lasting insecticide treated nets (llitns), compared to itns conventionally treated with deltamethrin (23-27 mg/m(2), using one k-o tab tablet (ko) per net). montpellier washing technique was used for washing the pieces of the nets. insecticidal activity was assessed ... | 2009 | 19442959 |
| efficacy of aquatain, a monomolecular surface film, against the malaria vectors anopheles stephensi and an. gambiae s.s. in the laboratory. | monomolecular films are used for mosquito control because of their asphyxiating effect on larvae and pupae. compared with other films, aquatain mosquito formulation (amf) has an improved spreading ability and flexibility on a water surface. in the laboratory, amf showed larvicidal, pupicidal, and oviposition deterrent effects against the malaria vectors anopheles stephensi and an. gambiae. at a dose of 1 ml/m(2), the median lethal time to death for late larval instars was 3.02 (95% confidence in ... | 2009 | 19407120 |
| larvicidal activity of an indigenous plant, centratherum anthelminticum. | crude extracts of fruits and leaves of centratherum anthelminticum in different solvents were tested for larvicidal activity against anopheles stephensi, the vector of malaria. the petroleum ether crude extract of both fruits and leaves exhibited significant larvicidal activity against iii instar larvae with lc50 values of 162.60 ppm and 522.94 ppm, respectively after 24 hr. the petroleum ether extract of fruit was 11.66, 2.15 and 1.32 times more toxic than that of leaf extract after 24, 48 and ... | 2008 | 19295062 |
| gc-based analysis of insecticidal constituents of the flowers of azadirachta indica a. juss. | the present article describes the analysis of an n-hexane soluble fraction of fresh flowers of azadirachta indica a. juss (neem), possessing larvicidal activity against anopheles stephensi liston, a vector of malarial parasite. forty-one compounds were identified in non-polar to less-polar fraction as well as in essential oil. these identifications were basically made through gc-eims. thus 5 sesquiterpenes, 3 aromatics, 17 fatty acids, 5 fatty acid esters, three steroids and 8 hydrocarbons were ... | 2009 | 19235028 |
| larvicidal and oviposition activity of cassia obtusifolia linn (family: leguminosae) leaf extract against malarial vector, anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae). | the ethanolic leaf extract of cassia obtusifolia was investigated for their larvicidal and oviposition deterrence effects against anopheles stephensi. concentrations ranging from 25 to 125 mg/l were assessed at 24 h post-treatment against late third instar larvae. the leaf extract had significant larvicidal effect with lc(50) and lc(90) values were 52.2 and 108.7 mg/l, respectively. in oviposition behaviour study, four different concentrations ranging from 100 to 400 mg/l were studied against gr ... | 2009 | 18818950 |
| mediation of oviposition responses in the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi liston by certain fatty acid esters. | the chemical factors involved in oviposition site selection by mosquitoes have become the focus of interest in recent years, and considerable attention is paid to the chemical cues influencing mosquito oviposition. studies on synthetic oviposition attractants/repellents of long-chain fatty acid esters against anopheles stephensi are limited. screening and identification of chemicals which potentially attract/repel the gravid females to/or from oviposition site could be exploited for eco-friendly ... | 2009 | 18795330 |
| dark larva a new autosomal larval colour mutant in the malaria mosquito, anopheles stephensi liston. | anopheles stephensi is an important urban malaria vector, which is widely distributed throughout the indian subcontinent. the said vector species has developed resistance to various insecticides and therefore, it is desirable to develop alternative strategies including genetic methods for its control. one of the requirements for such strategy is to establish morphological mutants and to establish the genetic basis of the same. such mutant markers could be used in the construction of genetically ... | 2007 | 18697577 |
| screening for antifeedant and larvicidal activity of plant extracts against helicoverpa armigera (hübner), sylepta derogata (f.) and anopheles stephensi (liston). | plant extracts, especially botanical insecticides, are currently studied more and more because of the possibility of their use in plant protection. biological activity of five solvent plant extracts were studied using fourth instar larvae of gram pod borer helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae), cotton leaf roller sylepta derogata (lepidoptera: pyralidae) and malaria vector anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). antifeedant and larvicidal activity of acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ... | 2008 | 18679716 |
| morphological sexual dimorphism in three species of anopheline mosquito larvae. | sexual separation at the larval stage in anopheline mosquitoes with the naked eye is difficult. we have identified distinguishing spots visible to the naked eye on the 6th abdominal segment of 3rd and 4th instars of anopheles stephensi, an. culicifacies, and an. subpictus. based on this feature, male and female larvae can be differentiated morphologically at 3rd and 4th instars of these species. this is the first report on these characteristic spots that may have a wide application for larval se ... | 2008 | 18666540 |
| metabolic pathways in anopheles stephensi mitochondria. | no studies have been performed on the mitochondria of malaria vector mosquitoes. this information would be valuable in understanding mosquito aging and detoxification of insecticides, two parameters that have a significant impact on malaria parasite transmission in endemic regions. in the present study, we report the analyses of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of cultured cells [ase (anopheles stephensi mos. 43) cell line] from a. stephensi, a major vector of malaria in ... | 2008 | 18588503 |
| studies on effect of acalypha indica l. (euphorbiaceae) leaf extracts on the malarial vector, anopheles stephensi liston (diptera:culicidae). | the leaf extract of acalypha indica with different solvents viz, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol were tested for larvicidal, ovicidal activity and oviposition attractancy against anopheles stephensi. the larval mortality was observed after 24 h exposure. the lc(50) values are 19.25, 27.76, 23.26 and 15.03 ppm, respectively. mean percent hatchability of the ovicidal activity was observed 120 h after treatment. the percent hatchability was inversely proportional to the concentratio ... | 2008 | 18528709 |
| parental guidance? trans-generational influences on offspring life history in mosquitoes. | parental effects are important factors that might influence evolutionary and ecological aspects of parasite vectors and the parasites they transmit. a recent study demonstrated the importance of parental rearing conditions on the malaria vector anopheles stephensi. when parents are reared in a food-limited environment their offspring have increased bloodmeal sizes and larger clutches. the study highlights that ecological studies are vital for understanding vectors of disease and ultimately for d ... | 2008 | 18406210 |
| mosquitocidal and repellent activity of the leaf extract of citrullus vulgaris (cucurbitaceae) against the malarial vector, anopheles stephensi liston (diptera culicidae). | the efficacy of the cucurbitaceous plant citrullus vulgaris against the anopheles stephensi was assessed in the present study. the leaf extract of citrullus vulgaris with different solvents viz, benzene, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol were tested for larvicidial, ovicidal, repellent and insect growth regulatory activities against anopheles stephensi. the larval mortality was observed after 24 h exposure. the lc50 values are 18.56, 48.51, 49.57 and 50.32 ppm respectively. the mean pe ... | 2008 | 18401966 |
| repellent activity of selected plant essential oils against the malarial fever mosquito anopheles stephensi. | in recent years, use of environment friendly and biodegradable natural insecticides of plant origin have received renewed attention as agents for vector control. in this study, essential oils extracted by steam distillation from leaves of five plant species centella asiatica l., ipomoea cairica l., momordica charantia l., psidium guajava l. and tridax procumbens l. were evaluated for their topical repellency effects against malarial vector anopheles stephensi in mosquito cages. all essential oil ... | 2007 | 18209711 |
| larvicidal and ovicidal activity of cassia fistula linn. leaf extract against filarial and malarial vector mosquitoes. | methanolic leaf extract of cassia fistula was tested for larvicidal and ovicidal activity against culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles stephensi. the extract was found to be more lethal to the larvae of a. stephensi than c. quinquefasciatus with lc(50) values of 17.97 and 20.57 mg/l, respectively. mean percent hatchability of the ovicidal activity was observed 120 h after treatment. the percent hatchability was inversely proportional to the concentration of extract and directly proportional to t ... | 2008 | 17989995 |
| larvicidal efficacy of capsicum annum against anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus. | | 2007 | 17896626 |
| larvicidal and growth inhibition of the malaria vector anopheles stephensi by triterpenes from dysoxylum malabaricum and dysoxylum beddomei. | secondary metabolites from dysoxylum malabaricum and dysoxylum beddomei were tested against mature and immature stage of the mosquito vector anopheles stephensi under laboratory conditions. the triterpenes 3beta,24,25-trihydroxycycloartane and beddomeilactone from d. malabaricum and d. beddomei showed strong larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal activity. they also affected the reproductive potential of adults by acting as oviposition deterrents. the highest concentration tested (10 ppm) of both ... | 2008 | 17869452 |
| entomological evaluation of three brands of manufactured insecticidal nets and of nets conventionally treated with deltamethrin, after repeated washing. | the present study evaluated the efficacy and wash resistance of three types of commercial, deltamethrin-treated nets (permanet, yorkool and a-z nets) - that their manufacturers claimed to be long-lasting insecticidal nets (llin) - and those of nets conventionally treated with deltamethrin, at either 23-27 mg/m(2) (using one k-o tab tablet/net) or 46-54 mg/m(2) (using two k-o tab tablets/net). the nets were tested unwashed or after being washed, by hand or machine, five or 15 times. after each wa ... | 2007 | 17550651 |
| comparative efficacy of solanum xanthocarpum extracts alone and in combination with a synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin, against malaria vector, anopheles stephensi. | with a goal of minimal application of environmentally hazardous chemical insecticides, the larvicidal activity of cypermethrin was studied alone and in combination with the root extract of solanum xanthocarpum against anopheline larvae. petroleum ether extract was observed to be the most toxic, with lc,, of 1.41 and 0.93 ppm and lc90 of 16.94 and 8.48 ppm at 24 and 48 hours after application, respectively, followed by carbon tetrachloride and methanol extracts. the values for cypermethrin were a ... | 2007 | 17539274 |
| laboratory efficacy of metabolites of lagenidium giganteum (couch) on anopheles stephensi (liston) after filterations by column chromatography. | this study was conducted in laboratory to evaluate the efficacy of filtered extracellular metabolites of lagenidium giganteum against all the four instars of an. stephensi larvae. fungal colonies have been cultured in pyg broth and after 15 days of culturing the fungus, metabolites have been filtered twice by whatman filter paper. these metabolites were again filtered by column chromatography and by rang syringe filters. filtered metabolites were then used against all instars of an. stephensi la ... | 2006 | 17370682 |
| effects of a neem extract on blood feeding, oviposition and oocyte ultrastructure in anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae). | secondary metabolites of the neem tree (azadirachta indica a. juss., meliaceae) exhibit a wide range of biological activities in insects. however, few studies have addressed the effects of neem extracts or compounds in arthropods of medical importance. in this study, a laboratory strain of anopheles stephensi was used to assess the effects of a commercial formulation (neem azal) (na)), containing azadirachtin a at 34%, on blood feeding, oviposition and oocyte ultrastructure. oral administration ... | 2006 | 17097701 |
| the use of eucalyptus tereticornis sm. (myrtaceae) oil (leaf extract) as a natural larvicidal agent against the malaria vector anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae). | secondary metabolites obtained from the indigenous plants with proven mosquito control potential can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides under the integrated vector control. the essential oil extract from the forest redgum, eucalyptus tereticornis sm. (myrtaceae) was tested against mature and immature mosquito vector anopheles stephensi liston (diptera) under laboratory condition. the extract showed strong larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal activity. the leaf oil extracts show ... | 2007 | 16997545 |
| pattern of mitochondrial dna variation between and within anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae) biological forms suggests extensive gene flow. | anopheles stephensi liston is the most prevalent anopheline species and plays an important role in malaria transmission in indian subcontinent and middle east including southern parts of iran. it exists as three biological forms; "type", "intermediate", and variety mysorensis. the type form is reported to be an efficient vector of urban malaria, whereas mysorensis and intermediate are considered to be rural species and poor vectors. moreover, differences in cuticular hydrocarbon and chromosomal ... | 2006 | 16989757 |
| identification and characterization of a new putative c-type lysozyme from malaria vector anopheles stephensi. | lysozyme (e.c. 3.2.1.17) activity is reported from the malaria vector anopheles stephensi. the activity was detected in the salivary gland and midgut using bacteriolytic radial diffusion assay. spectrophotometric analysis indicated that higher level of lysozyme activity was maintained in both midgut and salivary gland tissues. the activity reached the highest level in 4-8 days old mosquitoes. genomic pcr amplification revealed the presence of at least two putative lysozyme genes in the mosquito ... | 2006 | 16955746 |
| functional characterization of the promoter of the vitellogenin gene, asvg1, of the malaria vector, anopheles stephensi. | some genetic strategies for controlling transmission of mosquito-borne diseases call for the introgression of antipathogen effector genes into vector populations. endogenous mosquito promoter and other cis-acting dna sequences are needed to direct the expression of the effector molecules to maximize their efficacy. vitellogenin (vg)-encoding gene control sequences are candidates for driving tissue-, stage- and sex-specific expression of exogenous genes. one of the anopheles stephensi vg genes, a ... | 2006 | 16935218 |
| effective method for extraction of larvicidal component from leaves of azadirachta indica and artemisia annua linn. | leaves of artemisia annua linn. and azadirachta indica were extracted in petroleum ether and hexane respectively by different methods of extraction i.e. cold extraction, reflux extraction and soxhlet extraction. the crude extract obtained was tested against third instar larvae of anopheles stephensi. on comparison of larval mortality of crude extract obtained by these three methods, both soxhlet and reflux extraction method showed 100% mortality at 200 ppm after 48 hr in case of a. annua. howeve ... | 2006 | 16850885 |
| laboratory evaluation of pyriproxifen treated bednets on mosquito fertility and fecundity. a preliminary study. | the study evaluated the effect of pyriproxifen treated bednets on mosquito fertility and fecundity in the laboratory. pyriproxyfen (insect growth regulator) has been considered as a possible tool for management of pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes. there are documentations of the effectiveness of pyriproxifen in controlling larval development when applied directly to breeding site. considerations have been given to the use of pyriproxyfen on bed nets for sterilizing effect on mosquitoes resist ... | 2016 | 16722354 |
| biocontrol efficacy of cestrum diurnum l. (solanaceae: solanales) against the larval forms of anopheles stephensi. | cestrum diurnum l. (solanaceae: solanales) is a multistemmed shrub that is also known as 'day jasmine'. the efficacy of the plant as a strong biocontrol agent of the larval anopheline mosquito was evaluated in the laboratory and bioactive ingredients were characterized by thin layer chromatography (tlc) and infrared (ir) analysis. thin layer chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of steroidal compound as a bioactive ingredient and ir analysis reported the presence of o-h group, c-s bond ... | 2006 | 16644532 |
| larvicidal potential of nerium indicum and thuja oriertelis extracts against malaria and japanese encephalitis vector. | ethanolic and acetone extracts of nerium indicum and thuja orientelis have been studied against iii instar larvae of anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus. ethanolic extract of n. indicum is found more effective than its acetone extract against anopheline larvae with lc50 values of 185.99 and 148.05 ppm for former and 229.28 and 149.43 ppm for the later after 24 and 48 hrs of exposure. the acetone extract with lc50 values of 209.00 and 155.97 ppm is more effective in case of culicine la ... | 2005 | 16459552 |
| utility of expanded polystyrene (eps) beads in the control of vector-borne diseases. | the use of chemicals or bio-larvicides for the control of culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles stephensi breeding in pit latrines and overhead tanks (oht) respectively is discouraged owing to many undesirable impacts in the environment. due to faecal contamination and poor survival, use of predatory fish in ohts is not feasible. the use of expanded polystyrene (eps) beads is a potential alternative in these habitats. eps beads not only prevent oviposition but also kill the immature by forming a ... | 2005 | 16394319 |
| light deprivation affects larval development and arrestin gene expression in anopheles stephensi. | the role of light exposure on the final stages of development of anopheles stephensi larvae to pupae and adult mosquitoes was explored. we demonstrated a significant reduction in the development of adult mosquitoes when larvae were bred in the absence of light compared with the control group bred in alternating 12 h of light and 12 h of dark. to correlate these findings at the molecular level, rna levels of the visual arrestin gene were examined. arrestins are an important gene family that play ... | 2005 | 16363162 |
| phytoextract-induced developmental deformities in malaria vector. | larvicidal potential of petroleum ether (pee), carbon tetrachloride (cte) and methanol extract (mee) of artemisia annua, chenopodium album and sonchus oleraceus was observed against malaria vector, anopheles stephensi liston. the pee of a. annua with lc50 16.85 ppm after 24 h and 11.45 ppm after 48 h of treatment was found most effective, followed by cte of a. annua and ch. album, pee of ch. album and mee of a. annua. however, no significant larvicidal activity was observed in mee of ch. album a ... | 2006 | 16356712 |
| evaluation of solanum xanthocarpum extracts as mosquito larvicides. | mosquito larvicidal activity of crude carbon-tetra-chloride, methanol and petroleum ether extracts of solanum xanthocarpum fruits was examined against anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus. among the extracts tested, carbon-tetra-chloride extract was the most effective with lc50 values of 5.11 ppm after 24 hours and 1.27 ppm after 48 hours of treatment against an. stephensi. in the case of cx. quinquefasciatus the petroleum ether extract was observed as most toxic with lc50 values of 62 ... | 2005 | 16334274 |
| effects of neem limonoids on the malaria vector anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae). | the effects of the neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) limonoids azadirachtin, salannin, deacetylgedunin, gedunin, 17-hydroxyazadiradione and deacetylnimbin on anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae) were investigated. in exploring advantages of pure neem limonoids, we studied the larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal and antiovipositional activity of neem limonoids. azadirachtin, salannin and deacetylgedunin showed high bioactivity at all doses, while the rest of the neem limonoids were less ... | 2005 | 16112073 |
| efficacy of melia azedarach l. extract on the malarial vector anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae). | methanolic extracts of leaves and seeds from the chinaberry tree, melia azedarach l. (meliaceae) was tested against mature and immature mosquito vector anopheles stephensi liston (diptera) under laboratory condition. the extract showed strong larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, antiovipositional activity, repellency and biting deterency. the m. azedarach seed and leaf extracts were used to determine their effect on a. stephensi adults and their corresponding oviposition and consequent adult emer ... | 2006 | 16054356 |
| mtdna inheritance in the mosquitoes of anopheles stephensi. | the inheritance of mtdna was tested in malaria vector mosquitoes of anopheles stephensi strains using pcr-rflp analysis for its utility in addressing epidemiological questions related to the transmission and spread of malaria. reciprocal crosses were made between two haplotypes with distinct mtdna restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) profiles through 20 consecutive generations. all of the progenies produced by these crosses had the mtdna haplotype of the female parent suggesting that, ... | 2005 | 16050989 |
| larval susceptibility of ajuga remota against anopheline and culicine mosquitos. | the objective of the present study is to determine the bioefficacy of different crude extracts of ajuga remota against anopheline and culicine larvae. larval susceptibility of crude carbon-tetrachloride, methanol and petroleum-ether extracts of ajuga remota leaves was observed against the malaria vector, anopheles stephensi and the filariasis vector, culex quinquefasciatus. among the extracts tested, petroleum-ether extract was the most effective with lc50 values of 0.033% after 24 hours and 0.0 ... | 2004 | 15689074 |
| variations in the insecticide-resistance spectrum of anopheles stephensi after selection with deltamethrin or a deltamethrin-piperonyl-butoxide combination. | when the larvae of anopheles stephensi, a malaria vector, were selected with deltamethrin for 40 successive generations, there was a 60-fold increase in larval resistance to deltamethrin but no increase in the resistance of the adult mosquitoes. this result, and the observation that deltamethrin selection of adults for 40 generations resulted in only a six-fold increase in adult resistance to deltamethrin, indicated some stage specificity. when f(24) deltamethrin-resistant larvae were selected w ... | 2004 | 15667718 |
| piperitenone oxide as toxic, repellent, and reproduction retardant toward malarial vector anopheles stephensi (diptera: anophelinae). | anopheles stephensi (liston) is a well-known vector of malarial parasite in tropical countries. the developing trend of resistance in mosquitoes toward synthetic mosquitocidal agents makes their management extremely difficult. effectiveness of essential oils with aroma therapeutic values seems to be an emerging tool to combat this vector. piperitenone oxide isolated from essential oil of a new genotype, mentha spicata l. variety viridis, has been evaluated for larvicidal, ovicidal, oviposition-d ... | 2004 | 15311462 |
| alterations in polypeptides pattern in malaria vector anopheles stephensi, fed upon immunized blood causing fecundity reduction. | changes in polypeptides pattern of haemolymph, midgut, ovary and salivary glands of female mosquito a. stephensi were studied when fed upon anti-mosquito haemolymph antibodies. the expression of almost all polypeptides was reduced in haemolymph and ovary of the immune fed mosquitoes as compared to control. however, there was no significant difference in case of midgut and salivary glands. seven polypeptides 100, 90, 84, 80, 62, 19 and 12.5 kda were absent in haemolymph and five 92, 90, 80, 60 an ... | 2003 | 15267145 |
| optically active arthropod repellents for use against disease vectors. | optically inactive 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl] piperidine and 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine are repellents against blood-feeding arthropods. pure stereoisomers of these compounds were synthesized and characterized for use in bioassays. initial laboratory tests with the malaria vector anopheles stephensi liston showed that this species was repelled differentially by the stereoisomers of 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine. two stereoisomers were twice as repellen ... | 2000 | 15218925 |
| genetics of resistance to permethrin in anopheles stephensi. | | 2013 | 15119073 |
| analysis of insecticidal azadirachta indica a. juss. fractions. | as a result of chemical investigation on the ethanolic extract of fresh fruit coatings of azadirachta indica a. juss. (neem), twenty-seven compounds were identified in non-polar to less polar fractions which showed pesticidal activity determined by who method against anopheles stephensi liston. these identifications were basically made through gc-eims and were further supported by other spectroscopic techniques, including 13c nmr, uv and ftir as well as retention indices. thus sixteen n-alkanes, ... | 2009 | 15018062 |
| pyrethroid susceptibility & enzyme activity in two malaria vectors, anopheles stephensi (liston) &. a. culicifacies (giles) from mysore, india. | anopheles stephensi and a. culicifacies are the two major vectors of malaria in karnataka. these mosquito populations are continuously being exposed directly or indirectly to different insecticides including the most effective pyrethroids. therefore, there is a threat of insecticide resistance development. we subjected these vectors to larval bioassay using two popular pyrethroids viz deltamethrin and permethrin. an attempt was also made to correlate the activities of certain detoxifying enzymes ... | 2003 | 12866824 |
| molecular evidence for a kdr-like pyrethroid resistance mechanism in the malaria vector mosquito anopheles stephensi. | the mosquito anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae) is the urban vector of malaria in several countries of the middle east and indian subcontinent. extensive use of residual insecticide spraying for malaria vector control has selected an. stephensi resistance to ddt, dieldrin, malathion and other organophosphates throughout much of its range and to pyrethroids in the middle east. metabolic resistance mechanisms and insensitivity to pyrethroids, so-called knockdown resistance (kdr), have ... | 2003 | 12823830 |
| studies on effects of pelargonium citrosa leaf extracts on malarial vector, anopheles stephensi liston. | methanol extracts of pelargonium citrosa leaf were tested for their biological, larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, antiovipositional activity, repellency and biting deterrency against anopheles stephensi. larval mortality was dose dependent with the highest dose of 4% plant extract evoking 98% mortality. the extracts affected pupicidal and adulticidal activity and significantly decreased fecundity and longevity of a. stephensi. the larval, pupal and adult development were completely inhibited b ... | 2003 | 12699939 |
| tetracyclic triterpenoids from the leaves of azadirachta indica and their insecticidal activities. | a new tetranortriterpenoid, meliatetraolenone [24,25,26,27-tetranor-apotirucalla-(apoeupha)-6alpha-o-methyl, 7alpha-senecioyl(7-deacetyl)-11alpha,12alpha,21,23-tetrahydroxy-21,23-epoxy-2,14,20(22)-trien-1,16-dione] (1) was isolated from the methanolic extract of fresh leaves of azadirachta indica along with the known compound odoratone (3) which was hitherto unreported from this source. their structures have been elucidated by spectral studies including 2d nmr. the insecticidal activities of 1 a ... | 2003 | 12672995 |
| ace inhibitors reduce fecundity in the mosquito, anopheles stephensi. | angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) is a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase, which cleaves dipeptides and, in some instances, dipeptide or tripeptide amides from the c-terminus of regulatory peptides (e.g. angiotensin i, bradykinin and substance p). the expression of ace is highly regulated in insects, where it is thought to have a role in the metabolism of peptide hormones involved in regulating reproduction. after a blood meal, ace activity in the female mosquito anopheles stephensi, increases four-f ... | 2003 | 12670786 |
| role of esterases and monooxygenase in the deltamethrin resistance in anopheles stephensi giles (1908), at mysore. | field collected an. stephensi larvae were colonized in the laboratory for 15 generations and acclimatized. an isofemale line was raised from this colony and the larvae were subjected to continuous deltamethrin selection pressure. lc50 and lc90 values were calculated at every generation. the values indicated that at the end of seventh generation the larvae have developed 87 fold tolerance in terms of lc50 value compared with the first generation. the reason for this kind of resistance was analyze ... | 2002 | 12622206 |
| in situ hybridization to the rdl locus on polytene chromosome 3l of anopheles stephensi. | we are interested in generating a y-autosome translocation of the resistance to dieldrin (rdl) locus in the malaria vector mosquito anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae), for use in sterile insect release. to ensure stability of the system, a recombination suppressing inversion can also be induced which encompasses the rdl locus. as a first step, here we report the cloning of fragments of the rdl gene from both an. stephensi and an. gambiae giles using degenerate primers in the polymer ... | 2002 | 12510900 |
| ruby-eye, a new autosomal mutant in the malaria mosquito, anopheles stephensi liston. | anopheles stephensi, an important vector of malaria continues to be distributed widely in the indian subcontinent. this vector species has developed resistance for various insecticides. therefore, it is desirable to develop alternate strategy, which does not involve resistance. in order to develop such strategy, it is mandatory that genetic studies of concerned vector species should be established. this paper describes the isolation and genetic studies of an eye colour mutant, ruby-eye (ru), and ... | 2002 | 12362559 |
| effect of adult nutrition on the melanization immune response of the malaria vector anopheles stephensi. | two dietary resources - blood and sugar - were assessed for effects on the melanization immune response of the mosquito anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae) towards inoculated sephadex beads (negatively charged c-25). this melanization is conferred by genetic factors capable of making the mosquito refractory to malaria parasites. if an. stephensi females had obtained a bloodmeal one day before inoculation with a bead, the efficacy of their immune response increased with the concentrat ... | 2002 | 12243233 |
| dramatic developmental changes in larval knockdown response enhance genetic sexing based on ddt resistance in anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). | genetic sexing systems based on a conditional lethal require good discrimination between the different phenotypes. ddt resistance in the early instars of anopheles stephensi liston is not a good candidate when based on mortality, but this study shows that the knockdown response gives exceptional discrimination between heterozygous resistant and homozygous susceptible individuals. one- and two-day-old larvae of the dlddt strain showed high (417-fold) resistance to knockdown by ddt, but very low r ... | 2001 | 11818042 |
| [possible use of the color of the larval head capsule in the classification of malaria mosquitoes (anopheles, culicidae, diptera]. | the colour of the head capsule of larvae of three strains of anopheles stephensi is described. the data of earlier studies are summarized. it is concluded that it is possible and expedient to widely use of this sign in the systematization of anopheles. | 2009 | 11548318 |
| partial characterization of oligosaccharides expressed on midgut microvillar glycoproteins of the mosquito, anopheles stephensi liston. | midguts of the malaria-transmitting mosquito, anopheles stephensi, were homogenized and microvillar membranes prepared by calcium precipitation and differential centrifugation. oligosaccharides present on the microvillar glycoproteins were identified by lectin blotting before and after in vitro and in situ treatments with endo- and exo-glycosidases. twenty-eight glycoproteins expressed a structurally restricted range of terminal sugars and oligosaccharide linkages. twenty-three glycoproteins exp ... | 2001 | 11483430 |
| the role of saliva of anopheles stephensi in inflammatory response: identification of a high molecular weight neutrophil chemotactic factor. | mosquito bites can elicit dermal hypersensitivity reactions, but little is known about the chemotactic factors for host leukocytes in mosquito saliva. in this study, we determined that saliva from a malarial vector mosquito, anopheles stephensi, possesses intense neutrophil chemotactic activity. in contrast, the midgut extract had only marginal neutrophil chemotactic activity. eosinophil chemotactic activity was detected in the midgut but not in the saliva. according to the results of size-exclu ... | 2001 | 11403380 |
| dna-binding proteins of the malaria vector anopheles stephensi: purification and characterization of an endonuclease. | dna-binding proteins present in fourth instar larvae of anopheles stephensi were isolated by affinity chromatography on native and denatured dna cellulose columns and analyzed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. a denatured dna-specific protein with an approximate molecular weight of 30 kda was the predominant dna binding protein of larvae. this protein was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by phosphocellulose chromatography. the purified 3 ... | 2000 | 10790184 |
| a mosquito (anopheles stephensi) angiotensin i-converting enzyme (ace) is induced by a blood meal and accumulates in the developing ovary. | angiotensin i-converting enzyme (ace) has a key role in regulating levels of several circulating peptides in mammals and has a vital role in male fertility. ace has recently been found in insects, where its role is unclear. a mutant allele of the ace gene (ance) of drosophila melanogaster is embryonic lethal, indicating an important role for the enzyme in development. we now report the presence of ace in female anopheles stephensi mosquitoes and that the enzyme is induced by a blood meal. ace ac ... | 1999 | 10437776 |
| gender-related efficacy difference to an extended duration formulation of topical n,n-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet). | a clinical trial (n = 120, 60 males and 60 females) was conducted to assess the efficacy of an extended duration tropical insect/arthropod repellent (edtiar) topical formulation of n,n-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet). the amount of edtiar (mean +/- confidence interval), applied by participants in accordance with label directions, was not significantly different between females (3.66 +/- 0.32 mg/cm2) and males (3.45 +/- 0.33 mg/cm2). there also was no significant difference in the number of anopheles ... | 1999 | 10348243 |
| rubidium marking of anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). | immature anopheles stephensi liston were reared in untreated water and water containing eight 2-fold dilutions of rubidium (rb) from 1,000 to 7.8 ppm to determine the concentration that allowed reliable detection and produced the least toxic effects as measured by adult emergence, weight, and survival. the amount of rb detected in mosquitoes increased positively with increasing concentrations in the rearing water. concentrations > or = 31.2 ppm rb in the rearing water provided high and consisten ... | 1999 | 10083749 |
| induced immunity against the mosquito anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae): effects on mosquito survival and fecundity. | mice were immunised three to five times with extracts of anopheles stephensi heads, midguts, ovaries or fat bodies. at each immunisation the effects of feeding an. stephensi on the mice was determined, and changes in mosquito longevity and fecundity examined as the immune response developed. although variability was common between control cages, significant and consistent reductions in mosquito longevity were observed when midguts were used as immunogens. other extracts caused transient reductio ... | 1998 | 9846609 |
| identification of electrophoretically separated proteases from midgut and hemolymph of adult anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. | digestion of blood within the mosquito midgut is mediated primarily by a series of proteases, and several previous studies have described protease activity within homogenates of the midgut of the malaria vector anopheles stephensi. we have expanded on these previous data by resolving protease isoforms from the midgut as well as the hemolymph of adult an. stephensi mosquitoes via gel electrophoresis and zymography. using this procedure, we have been able to identify multiple isozymes of trypsin, ... | 1998 | 9576512 |
| variation in cuticular hydrocarbons among strains of anopheles (cellia) stephensi liston possibly related to prior insecticide exposure. | cuticular lipids were extracted in hexane from the females of four strains of anopheles stephensi and separated by capillary gas chromatography. when the chromatograms produced were quantified and compared by discriminant analysis, compositional variations in the hydrocarbons indicated that two of the strains, 'russ' (originally isolated in the former (u.s.s.r.) and 'iraq' (from iraq), both of which were susceptible to ddt and malathion, could be confidently separated from 'beech' from india and ... | 1997 | 9425368 |
| electrophoretic separation and identification of phenoloxidases in hemolymph and midgut of adult anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. | anopheles mosquitoes frequently respond to invading malaria parasites with a rejection mechanism consisting of phenoloxidase-mediated melanization of ookinetes in the mosquito midgut epithelium. the relative roles of hemolymph vs. midgut phenoloxidase in this rejection mechanism is unclear. we have separated and identified phenoloxidase isozymes from midgut and hemolymph of anopheles stephensi by native gel electrophoresis followed by zymography. the isozymes from the 2 sites had distinctively d ... | 1997 | 9267412 |
| larvicidal activity of the naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid dioncophylline a against the malaria vector anopheles stephensi. | the larvicidal activity of dionocophylline a, a naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid derived from the tropical vine triphyophyllum peltatum (dioncophyllaceae), was investigated against the malaria vector anopheles stephensi. in direct and indirect inhibition assays it was demonstrated that the younger larval stages were very sensitive towards this natural product, with lc50 values below 1 mg/l. pronounced effects were observed within 4 h of exposure. aging larvae, however, were less sensitive, while pu ... | 1996 | 8953426 |
| inheritance and linkage of aspartate aminotransferase in anopheles stephensi. | | 1996 | 8978908 |
| mosquitoes (diptera:culicidae) breeding in brackish water: female ovipositional preferences or larval survival? | four species of mosquitoes were abundant in concrete reservoir tanks containing brackish water that ranged from 16 to 39% sea water. the ability of the larvae to survive in various salinities was compared for each species with the ovipositional preferences of the adult females to determine whether the 2 traits were correlated. southern house mosquito, culex quinquefasciatus say, normally was not present in the tanks but survived well in salinities up to 25% sea water. however, gravid females alm ... | 1996 | 8699444 |
| factors affecting membrane feeding of anopheles stephensi. | the impact of optimal temperature, osmotic pressure, and diet viscosity on the number of mosquitoes (anopheles stephensi) feeding through a membrane, and on the size of the blood meal, was evaluated. an increase in diet viscosity decreased the number of imbibing mosquitoes, reduced the size of the ingested meal, and resulted in a slower rate of weight loss after feeding. the possible effect of these factors on the vectorial efficiency of mosquitoes is discussed. | 1995 | 8825498 |
| cloning and sequencing of a cdna encoding acetylcholinesterase in colorado potato beetle, leptinotarsa decemlineata (say). | a cdna encoding acetylcholinesterase (ache, ec 1.1.1.7) was cloned from a cdna library constructed from an insecticide-susceptible strain of colorado potato beetle, leptinotarsa decemlineata (say). the complete amino acid sequence of ache deduced from the cdna consisted of 29 residues for the putative signal peptide and 600 residues for the mature protein with a predicted molecular weight of 67,994. northern blot analysis of poly(a) rna showed an approx 13.1-kb transcript. the mature protein seq ... | 1995 | 8580913 |
| brown larva: an allele of the green larva mutation in the malaria mosquito, anopheles stephensi. | we isolated a new larval color mutant, brown larva (b), from the bangalore, india strain of anopheles stephensi liston. the gene b is an autosomal recessive with uniform expression and complete penetrance. we conducted extensive crosses to establish allelism between brown larva (b) and green larva (g) reported previously in an. stephensi from our laboratory. the wild-type is dominant to green larva, which, in turn, is dominant to brown larva. these larval color mutants belong to an allelic serie ... | 2006 | 7657999 |
| larvicidal activity of a few plant extracts against culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles stephensi. | larvicidal activity of partially purified extracts of leaves of vitex negundo, nerium oleander and seeds of syzygium jambolanum on different instars of culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles stephensi was estimated. petroleum ether (pe): ethyl acetate (ea) 3:1 fraction of v. negundo, 1:1 fractions of n. oleander and s. jambolanum inflicted considerable larval mortality and interfered with pupal-adult metamorphosis. at very low concentration the active fractions of these plant extracts extended the ... | 1995 | 8549835 |
| phytotoxicological evaluation of tagetes erectes on aquatic stages of anopheles stephensi. | petroleum ether (5%) in ethyl acetate fraction of tagetes erectes showed toxic activity against second and fourth instar larvae of anopheles stephensi below 100 ppm concentrations. the lc50 values for second and fourth instar larvae were calculated to be 43 and 58 ppm respectively. the second instar larvae were more susceptible than the fourth instar larvae. the extract did not affect the larval developmental period. the growth index of treated mosquitoes was significant in comparison with that ... | 1994 | 7958125 |
| inheritance and linkage of malic enzyme in anopheles stephensi. | genetics and linkage analysis of malic enzyme (me) have been worked out in anopheles stephensi. genetic analysis revealed the 2 variants to be codominant alleles at a locus me, which is sex-linked. linkage studies with another x-linked mutant red-eye (r), indicated that the map distance between 2 loci was 44.60 +/- 1.07. | 1993 | 8245941 |
| atpase activity in the midgut of the mosquito, anopheles stephensi: biochemical characterisation of ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-insensitive activities. | na+/k(+)-atpase activity was demonstrated in the midgut of anopheles stephensi. more than 80% of the total atpase activity was sensitive to inhibition by ouabain with an ic50 of 4.5 x 10(-7) +/- 0.3 x 10(-7) mol l-1 and with maximal inhibition occurring at 10(-4) mol l-1. this ouabain-sensitive na+/k(+)-atpase was maximally activated at a mg2+:atp ratio of 1:1.3, with a km of 0.3 mmol l-1 and a vmax of 2.4 mumol pi mg-1 protein min-1 for atp. maximal activation was reached at 15 mmol l-1 k+ with ... | 1993 | 8382729 |
| assignment of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase to chromosome 3 of anopheles stephensi. | genetics and linkage analysis of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-pgd) and malate dehydrogenase (mdh) have been investigated in anopheles stephensi. both these markers were found to be autosomal and linked and have been assigned to linkage group iii. two mutant markers, black larva (bl) and golden-yellow larva (gy), were used to establish the map distances, and the current sequence of loci on chromosome 3 is as follows: bl (3.75)-gy (14.53)-mdh-2 (49.83)-6-pgd. | 1992 | 1445190 |
| [a trial of breeding anopheles stephensi liston larvae]. | | 2009 | 1299763 |
| selection of permethrin resistance in the malaria vector anopheles stephensi. | the laboratory strain of anopheles stephensi, a well-known urban malaria vector, was selected with permethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid at ld90 level up to five generations. the selection resulted in the development of resistance in f5 generation to the tune of 13-fold to permethrin and cross-resistance to the tune of 7-fold to cypermethrin, 9-fold to alphamethrin, and 10-fold to deltamethrin. the development of cross-resistance to 4% ddt was also noticed. the susceptibility status against 5% mala ... | 1992 | 1286731 |
| chromosomal translocations and inherited semisterility in the malaria vector anopheles stephensi liston. | anopheles stephensi males were irradiated with 3500 rads of gamma rays at the rate of 140 rads/min to induce chromosomal aberrations. seven reciprocal translocations were isolated, including four sex-linked and three autosomal. the presence of translocations were confirmed by cytological analysis. | 1992 | 1344173 |
| blood digestion in the mosquito, anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae): activity and distribution of trypsin, aminopeptidase, and alpha-glucosidase in the midgut. | the activities of trypsin, aminopeptidase, and alpha-glucosidase were studied in the whole midgut, anterior and posterior midgut, and posterior midgut lumen and epithelium of the mosquito anopheles stephensi liston. trypsin activity was restricted entirely to the posterior midgut lumen. no trypsin activity was found before the blood meal, but activity increased continuously up to 30 h after feeding, and subsequently returned to baseline levels by 60 h. aminopeptidase was active in anterior and p ... | 1991 | 1770523 |
| characterization of mboi repeat dna sequence of anopheles stephensi. | mboi repeat fragment of mosquito anopheles stephensi has been isolated by molecular cloning. the restriction map and entire nucleotide sequence of the 433bp insert has been determined. hybridization of this repeat dna with restriction enzyme digest of mosquito dna does not show an interspersed pattern but suggests that this repeat may be tandemly repeated at one major site and a few minor sites in the genome of anopheles stephensi. the hybridization pattern also indicates that this repeat family ... | 2008 | 1812089 |
| genetics of isocitrate dehydrogenase in anopheles stephensi. | | 1991 | 1722974 |
| genetics of golden-yellow larva in anopheles stephensi. | two larval body color mutants, golden-yellow larva (gy) and black larva (bl) were isolated from laboratory strains of anopheles stephensi. the inheritance pattern revealed that golden-yellow larva was an autosomal recessive and black larva an autosomal semi-dominant mutant. both of these mutants were found to be linked with a map distance of 3.75 +/- 0.42 and have been placed in linkage group iii. | 1990 | 2098476 |
| flight activity of insecticide resistant and susceptible anopheles stephensi mosquitoes in actograph chambers lined with malathion, gamma hch or dieldrin. | the activity and resting behaviour of resistant and susceptible anopheles stephensi liston were recorded in acoustic actograph chambers lined with residual deposits of malathion, dieldrin or gamma hch. in gamma hch-treated flight chambers, ss and rs mosquitoes became active only after picking up lethal doses of insecticide, which explains why few ss and rs mosquitoes survive release into gamma hch-treated experimental huts. similar results were obtained in flight chambers treated with dieldrin; ... | 1990 | 1722725 |
| intraspecific variation in the reproductive capacity of anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). | intraspecific variation in the reproductive capacity of anopheles stephensi liston females was studied under constant laboratory conditions. of 421 engorged females examined individually throughout their lifetimes, 260 laid a total of 479 egg batches with a maximum of nine ovipositions per female. the number of eggs per oviposition varied from 5 to 247 (average 96.8). the number of ovipositions per female were correlated positively with the average number of eggs per batch and exhibited a negati ... | 1990 | 2231619 |
| [effect of a growth inhibitor, oms 2017, on the fertility of anopheles stephensi liston, 1091 (diptera: culicidae]. | susceptibility of the anopheles stephensi in front of a growth inhibitory product, type ecdysoid, who 2017, under laboratory conditions, was detected. in addition, an inhibitory effect on fecundity was found after the exposition of initial fourth stage larvae in front of a dose of 0.001 mg/l. | 2009 | 2089505 |
| location of a gene conferring ddt resistance but no pyrethroid cross-resistance in larvae of anopheles stephensi. | in larvae of anopheles stephensi, ddt resistance of 30 to 40-fold, involving no cross-resistance to pyrethroids, showed fully dominant monofactorial inheritance. the gene, termed ddt, is located 36.6 cross-over units from the morphological mutant, black larvae (bl), on chromosome iii. a polygenic system, which confers a 17-fold reduction in susceptibility to knockdown by the pyrethroid, permethrin, also makes a minor contribution to ddt resistance. it was not possible to block ddt resistance wit ... | 1990 | 2286326 |
| reduced susceptibility to permethrin and its relationship to ddt resistance in larvae of anopheles stephensi. | permethrin selection of ddt resistant anopheles stephensi liston mosquito larvae produced a reduction in susceptibility to knockdown (2 h exposure) of 17-fold, but only 1.6-fold to kill (24 h exposure). genetic analysis, incorporating visible mutant markers, was interpreted as indicating that, through multigenic inheritance, several interacting genetic factors were collectively responsible for reduced larval susceptibility to knockdown. these were maintained together only under selection pressur ... | 1988 | 2980158 |
| cytological, linkage and insecticide studies on a genetic sexing line in anopheles stephensi liston. | t(y-d1)35 is a genetic sexing line in anopheles stephensi (2n = 6; xx female, xy male) based on the translocation of the dieldrin resistance gene to the male determining chromosome. a cytological analysis demonstrated the presence of a 3 chromosome multiple translocation in which part of the y chromosome formed the differential segment. an analysis of egg karyotypes enabled the segregation behaviour of the complex to be determined and only alternate and adjacent i segregations could be demonstra ... | 1987 | 3818344 |
| effect of mitomycin-c and cyclophosphamide on the polytene chromosomes of anopheles stephensi (culicidae:diptera). | polytene chromosomes from the salivary glands of the mosquito, anopheles stephensi, were used to evaluate the mutagenic effect of mitomycin-c and cyclophosphamide. second instar larvae were treated with 1.4 micrograms/ml of mitomycin-c and 20.7 micrograms/ml of cyclophosphamide separately for 24 h. polytene chromosome preparations were made from the salivary glands of 4th instar larvae. mitomycin-c treated stocks showed as many as 46.99 +/- 2.48% aberrations compared with 7.5 +/- 0.80% in the co ... | 1987 | 3123146 |
| comparative effectiveness of different anabolic and sex steroids on the development of anopheles stephensi. | | 1986 | 3758440 |
| genetic sexing in anopheles stephensi using dieldrin resistance. | | 1986 | 3507479 |
| genetic analysis of three new eye colour mutations in the mosquito, anopheles stephensi. | three new eye colour mutants, scarlet eye (wsca), red-spotted eye (prs) and pigmentless eye (p) were isolated in the malaria vector, anopheles stephensi. genetic analysis revealed that all three mutants are sex-linked and recessive to the wild type. scarlet eye is allelic to white eye but is not to either red-spotted eye or pigmentless eye, which are allelic to each other; 5.7% recombination was observed between the white eye and pigmentless eye loci. | 1985 | 3907559 |
| location of the gene for malathion resistance in anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae) from pakistan. | | 1985 | 4045934 |
| homozygous chromosomal aberrations in anopheles stephensi. | homozygotes for six autosomal paracentric inversions, an inserted paracentric inversion, an autosomal translocation, and two x-chromosome-chromosome 3 translocations in anopheles stephensi are described. three of these aberrations are being maintained in pure strains without the necessity of selection. | 2009 | 4040944 |
| two new mutations and a linkage map of anopheles stephensi. | genetic analyses of two new mutations in anopheles stephensi are presented. spotless wings (sl) and 2nd-3rd costal spots fused (2-3f) have been mapped on chromosome 2, approximately 79.5 map units apart. a preliminary linkage map for this species also is presented. | 2015 | 3998442 |
| genetic analysis of a linkage group iii mutant in anopheles stephensi. | | 1985 | 3880219 |
| sumithione, an organophosphorus insecticide, induces a puff at the locus 43d/42a in the polytene chromosomes of the mosquito anopheles stephensi. | | 1984 | 6745422 |
| genetics of three esterase loci in anopheles stephensi liston. | a survey of laboratory strains of anopheles stephensi for nonspecific esterases by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed 10 zones of esterase activity. in 3 of the 10 zones, three electromorphs were observed. genetic analysis revealed that these three zones are controlled by three loci, viz., est-3, est-4, and est-5, and that the electromorphs are codominant alleles at each locus. the three esterase loci were found linked to each other and to an autosomal marker colorless-eye. the esterase ... | 1984 | 6466290 |
| induced chromosomal aberrations and linkage group-chromosome correlation in anopheles stephensi. | genetic and cytogenetic investigations of 14 strains of anopheles stephensi with induced chromosomal aberrations have resulted in the assignment of the three linkage groups to their respective chromosomes. in addition, the correlation between the ovarian polytene chromosomes and the mitotic chromosomes was demonstrated. indirect evidence for the presence of heterochromatic segments in the chromosomal complement was found. | 2010 | 6886374 |
| linkage group iii in the malaria vector, anopheles stephensi. | the linkage relationships among four loci in linkage group iii of anopheles stephensi liston have been investigated. the data indicate that the sequence is sp-dp-bl-dl, and the observed recombination frequencies are as follows: sp-dp = 35.88 percent, dp-bl = 19.48 percent, bl-dl = 21.77 percent, and sp-dl = 77.13 percent. | 2010 | 7153498 |