| copper deficiency and effects of copper supplementation in a herd of red deer (cervus elaphus). | copper (cu) deficiency was diagnosed in a norwegian red deer (cervus elaphus) herd subsequent to deaths due to emaciation in late autumn 1999. the animals had free access to salt licks containing 3000 mg cu/kg. an evaluation of the herd revealed poor calf growth rate, low weights of adult hinds, dull and light-coloured hair coats and cases of diarrhoea. the herd was subsequently monitored throughout a three-year period of cu-supplementation. the monitoring regimen included clinical observation, ... | 2008 | 18447913 |
| human biliverdin reductase is an erk activator; hbvr is an erk nuclear transporter and is required for mapk signaling. | activation of the mek/erk/elk-signaling cascade is a mechanism for relaying mitogenic and stress stimuli for gene activation. mek1 is the proximate kinase for activation of erk1/2, and nuclear targeting of erk1/2 is obligatory for elk1 transcriptional activity. human biliverdin reductase (hbvr) is a recently described ser/thr/tyr kinase in the mapk insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf1)-signaling cascade. using 293a cells and in vitro experiments, we detail the formation of a ternary comple ... | 2008 | 18463290 |
| [construction and characterization of hsef recombinant adenoviral vectors]. | sef (similar expression to fgf genes) was identified as a feedback antagonist of fgf signaling in zerbrafish, mouse and human. to construct recombinant adenoviral vectors expressing hsef-l and hsef-s, the coding sequences of the two isoforms were amplified and ligated into padtrack-cmv, forming shuttle vectors padtrack-cmv/hsef-l-myc and padtrack-cmv/hsef-s-myc. after sequence confirmation, these two shuttle vector plasmids were linearized by pme i and then co-transformed respectively with the a ... | 2008 | 18464599 |
| identification of ets-like transcription factor 4 as a novel androgen receptor target in prostate cancer cells. | transcriptional control by androgens via androgen receptor (ar) is strongly involved in prostate cancer development, but the critical target genes have remained elusive. we have characterized e twenty-six-like transcription factor 4 (elk4) (also known as serum response factor accessory protein 1) as a novel ar target in human prostate cancer cells. in-silico screening identified three putative ar response elements (ares) within -10 kb from the transcription start site of elk4. both are1 at -167/ ... | 2008 | 18469865 |
| optimizing the logistics of anaerobic digestion of manure. | electrical power production from the combustion of biogas from anaerobic digestion (ad) of manure is a means of recovering energy from animal waste. we evaluate the lowest cost method of moving material to and from centralized ad plants serving multiple confined feeding operations. two areas are modeled, lethbridge county, alberta, canada, an area of concentrated beef cattle feedlots, and red deer county, alberta, a mixed-farming area with hog, dairy, chicken and beef cattle farms, and feedlots. ... | 2007 | 18478421 |
| the scale-dependent impact of wolf predation risk on resource selection by three sympatric ungulates. | resource selection is a fundamental ecological process impacting population dynamics and ecosystem structure. understanding which factors drive selection is vital for effective species- and landscape-level management. we used resource selection probability functions (rspfs) to study the influence of two forms of wolf (canis lupus) predation risk, snow conditions and habitat variables on white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), elk (cervus elaphus) and moose (alces alces) resource selection in ... | 2008 | 18481095 |
| experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (cwd) of elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) to white-tailed deer by intracerebral route. | to compare clinical and pathologic findings of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in a natural host, 3 groups (n = 5) of white-tailed deer (wtd) fawns were intracerebrally inoculated with a cwd prion of wtd, mule deer, or elk origin. three other uninoculated fawns served as controls. approximately 10 months postinoculation (mpi), 1 deer from each of the 3 inoculated groups was necropsied and their tissues were examined for lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (se) and for the presence of abnormal pri ... | 2008 | 18487485 |
| sperm parameters on iberian red deer: electroejaculation and post-mortem collection. | artificial reproductive technologies (art) for cervids have improved, but a need remains for the collection of basic data. we studied two models of sperm collection in iberian red deer, post-mortem (pm) in a wild population (179 samples) and by electroejaculation (ee) in a farmed population (37 samples), recording: testicular and epididymal weight, testicular diameter, sperm quantity, ph and osmolality and spermatozoa quality (motility by casa, abnormal forms, cytoplasmic droplets, viability and ... | 2008 | 18499244 |
| hypoxia-induced deactivation of ngf-mediated erk1/2 signaling in hippocampal cells: neuroprotection by acetyl-l-carnitine. | cellular and molecular pathways underlying hypoxic neurotoxicity and cell death are multifaceted and complex. although many potentially neuroprotective agents have been investigated, the protection conferred is often inadequate, resulting in their insufficient clinical utility. in light of the above, we investigated the therapeutic potential and mechanism of action of acetyl-l-carnitine (alcar) in protecting hippocampal neurons from hypoxia-induced neurotoxicity and cellular death. results showe ... | 2008 | 18500755 |
| cavernous haemangiosarcoma in a free-living red deer (cervus elaphus). | | 2008 | 18503071 |
| experimental transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to european red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus). | bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), a member of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse), primarily affects cattle. transmission is via concentrate feed rations contaminated with infected meat and bone meal (mbm). in addition to cattle, other food animal species are susceptible to bse and also pose a potential threat to human health as consumption of infected meat products is the cause of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans, which is invariably fatal. in the uk, farmed and ... | 2008 | 18507844 |
| individual differences, density dependence and offspring birth traits in a population of red deer. | variation between individuals is an essential component of natural selection and evolutionary change, but it is only recently that the consequences of persistent differences between individuals on population dynamics have been considered. in particular, few authors have addressed whether interactions exist between individual quality and environmental variation. in part, this is due to the difficulties of collecting sufficient data, but also the challenge of defining individual quality. using a l ... | 2008 | 18522909 |
| molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium bovis: usefulness in international trade. | tuberculosis (tb) represents a barrier for free trade of livestock between mexico and the united states of america (us). in spite of efforts from mexico to export tb-free animals, some of those found with tb lesions in slaughterhouses in the us are traced back to that country. therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine, through molecular epidemiology, the most probable source of infection for cattle found with tb lesions in the us. ninety m. bovis isolates, 50 from mexico obtained fro ... | 2008 | 18524398 |
| effect of combined source (f0) and filter (formant) variation on red deer hind responses to male roars. | studying female response to variation in single acoustic components has provided important insights into how sexual selection operates on male acoustic signals. however, since vocal signals are typically composed of independent components, it is important to account for possible interactions between the studied parameter and other relevant acoustic features of vocal signals. here, two key components of the male red deer roar, the fundamental frequency and the formant frequencies (an acoustic cue ... | 2008 | 18529210 |
| faunal migration in late-glacial central italy: implications for human resource exploitation. | the hunter-gatherer transhumance model presents foragers as specialised hunters of migratory ungulates, which moved seasonally between coastal lowlands and interior uplands. we studied six animal teeth of horse (equus hydruntinus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) from four different archaeological sites: the grotta di vado all'arancio, grotta di settecannelle, grotta polesini and grotta di pozzo, in central italy to test whether the migratory patterns and seasonal variations recorded in their teeth ... | 2008 | 18537188 |
| erythropoietin enhancement of rat pancreatic tumor cell proliferation requires the activation of erk and jnk signals. | erythropoietin (epo) regulates the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid cells by binding to its specific transmembrane receptor epor. recent studies, however, have shown that the epor is additionally present in various cancer cells and epo induces the proliferation of these cells, suggesting a different function for epo other than erythropoiesis. therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine epor expression and the role of epo in the proliferation and signaling cascades in ... | 2008 | 18550701 |
| divergence within the marker region of the groesl operon in anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterial parasite in human and animal granulocytes. in europe, a. phagocytophilum is transmitted by ixodes ticks; ixodes ricinus is the vector of the parasite in poland. in terms of epidemiology, the identification of pathogens in ticks increasingly relies on molecular techniques. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with species-specific primers is a tool that allows the quick and accurate detection of pathogens in ticks, humans, or animals. dn ... | 2008 | 18551326 |
| vocal fold elasticity of the rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) - producing high fundamental frequency vocalization with a very long vocal fold. | the vocal folds of male rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) are about 3 cm long. if fundamental frequency were to be predicted by a simple vibrating string formula, as is often done for the human larynx, such long vocal folds would bear enormous stress to produce the species-specific mating call with an average fundamental frequency of 1 khz. predictions would be closer to 50 hz. vocal fold histology revealed the presence of a large vocal ligament between the vocal fold epithelium and th ... | 2008 | 18552304 |
| smooth muscle phenotypic plasticity in mechanical obstruction of the small intestine. | chronic, partial obstruction of the small intestine can dramatically alter peristaltic contractile properties. morphological studies have revealed hypertrophy of the circular smooth muscle cells in the constricted part of the intestine. in this issue of neurogastroenterology and motility, chen et al. show that hyperplasia and hypertrophy of intestinal smooth muscle cells occur at distinct times in response to partial obstruction of the ileum. furthermore, the first evidence is provided to link i ... | 2008 | 18557891 |
| regulation of srf/carg-dependent gene transcription during chronic partial obstruction of murine small intestine. | intestinal obstructions lead to a variety of motility disorders. small intestine smooth muscles undergo dramatic phenotypic changes in response to obstruction, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. using rt-pcr, chip, re-chip, and western blots, we examined the effect of small bowel mechanical obstruction on smooth muscle gene expression. obstruction caused a transient hyperplasia, followed by a prolonged hypertrophic response of small intestine smooth muscle cells. smooth muscle ... | 2008 | 18557893 |
| novel steroid receptor phyto-modulator compound a inhibits growth and survival of prostate cancer cells. | androgen receptor (ar)- and glucocorticoid receptor (gr)- mediated signaling play opposite roles in prostate tumorigenesis: ar promotes prostate carcinoma (pc) development, whereas gr acts as a tumor suppressor. compound a (cpda) is a stable analogue of an aziridine precursor from the african shrub salsola tuberculatiformis botschantzev. it was shown recently that, in model cells, cpda inhibits ar function and strongly enhances anti-inflammatory function of gr. we determined the effects of cpda ... | 2008 | 18559523 |
| differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into the smooth muscle lineage by blocking erk/mapk signaling pathway. | smooth muscle cells (smcs) are major components of blood vessels and other hollow visceral organs required for tissue engineering of these organs. this study aims to evaluate whether adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bmmscs), multipotent cells, can be converted into smcs. we examined the erk/mapk pathway as it exerts anti-myogenic signals in smcs. undifferentiated bmmscs express most smc marker genes, albeit mainly at low levels, except smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (smmhc), t ... | 2008 | 18564029 |
| age distribution and seasonal dynamics of abomasal helminths in wild red deer from central spain. | a study on age distribution and seasonal dynamics of abomasal helminths in wild red deer was conducted in central spain, by monthly samplings of fawns (<1 yr), subadult (1-2 yr), and adult (>2 yr) animals. both intensity and prevalence of abomasal parasitism were higher in older animals, particularly in males. a bimodal pattern for intensity of infection by gastrointestinal parasites was observed. maximum values attained in winter and summer may be related to variation in climate and the shiftin ... | 2008 | 18576697 |
| mitochondrial activity and forward scatter vary in necrotic, apoptotic and membrane-intact spermatozoan subpopulations. | in the present study, we have related mitochondrial membrane potential (deltapsim) and forward scatter (fsc) to apoptotic-related changes in spermatozoa. thawed red deer spermatozoa were incubated in synthetic oviductal fluid medium (37 degrees c, 5% co2), with or without antioxidant (100 microm trolox). at 0, 3, 6 and 9 h, aliquots were assessed for motility and were stained with a combination of hoechst 33342, propidium ioide (pi), yo-pro-1 and mitotracker deep red for flow cytometry. the prop ... | 2008 | 18577351 |
| genomic organization of the translationally controlled tumor protein (tctp) gene from shrimp marsupenaeus japonicus. | the shrimp translationally controlled tumor protein (tctp) gene was previously found up-regulated in response to viral infection. in order to further understand the transcriptional regulation of tctp gene expression under viral challenge, the 5'-flanking promoter region of the tctp gene in shrimp marsupenaeus japonicus (mj-tctp) was cloned by using genomic walking method. the sequence shows that this region contains many important potential binding sites for transcription factors, such as activa ... | 2009 | 18587664 |
| the phylogeny of cetartiodactyla: the importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies. | we perform bayesian phylogenetic analyses on cytochrome b sequences from 264 of the 290 extant cetartiodactyl mammals (whales plus even-toed ungulates) and two recently extinct species, the 'mouse goat' and the 'irish elk'. previous primary analyses have included only a small portion of the species diversity within cetartiodactyla, while a complete supertree analysis lacks resolution and branch lengths limiting its utility for comparative studies. the benefits of using a single-gene approach inc ... | 2008 | 18590827 |
| fitting probability distributions to animal movement trajectories: using artificial neural networks to link distance, resources, and memory. | animal movement paths are often thought of as a confluence of behavioral processes and landscape patterns. yet it has proven difficult to develop frameworks for analyzing animal movement that can test these interactions. here we describe a novel method for fitting movement models to data that can incorporate diverse aspects of landscapes and behavior. using data from five elk (cervus canadensis) reintroduced to central ontario, we employed artificial neural networks to estimate movement probabil ... | 2008 | 18598199 |
| cholangiectasis and duodenal diverticulosis in a farm-raised elk (cervus elaphus). | a 6-year-old male elk presented in august with a 4-month history of weight loss and a 1-day history of being recumbent and unable to rise. the elk's body condition score was 1.5/5. hematology and blood chemistry showed an inflammatory leukogram, mild electrolyte abnormalities, and elevated liver enzyme activities. because of poor prognosis, the owner elected euthanasia. on necropsy, 8 diverticula were in the duodenum distal to the common bile duct, which was dilated and filled with feed material ... | 2008 | 18599862 |
| prevalence of yersinia species in healthy free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus) in norway. | | 2008 | 18603633 |
| hypogonadism in wegener's granulomatosis. | current developments in the management of wegener's granulomatosis (wg) focus on adoption of therapeutic strategies to avoid complications of both the disease and its therapy. systematic analyses with respect to the reproductive system in wg are missing. | 2008 | 18609261 |
| regulation of erk1/2 phosphorylation by acute and chronic morphine - implications for the role of camp-responsive element binding factor (creb)-dependent and ets-like protein-1 (elk-1)-dependent transcription; small interfering rna-based strategy. | extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks) have been shown to be activated by opioids and functionally linked to addiction. morphine-associated changes in erk activity seem to be the characteristic features of opioid action. in this study, we observed a rapid and severe increase in erk1/2 activity after a 5 min morphine treatment of hek-mor cells (transfected with the rat mu-opioid receptor mor1) expressing mu-opioid receptor. cellular adaptations to chronic (72 h) morphine treatment were man ... | 2008 | 18616461 |
| patterns of lesions of bovine tuberculosis in wild red deer and wild boar. | the data obtained from a survey of mycobacterium bovis infection in wild red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boar (sus scrofa) conducted in france in the 2005/06 hunting season were used to describe and quantify the pathological findings in the two species. the red deer had caseous abscessed lesions in their organs and lymph nodes, whereas in the wild boar the lesions were predominantly caseocalcareous and occurred mainly in the lymph nodes. the severity of the gross tuberculosis-like lesions was ... | 2008 | 18621995 |
| transfer of metals to plants and red deer in an old lead mining area in spain. | lead mining in the sierra madrona mountains and the valley of alcudia in southern spain began in the 1st millennium b.c., and the area was intermittently exploited up until the end of the 20th century. the degree of contamination by pb, zn, cd, cu, as and se of soil, water and sediment, and the transfer to 13 species of plants, and then to red deer (cervus elaphus) have been studied. mined areas had higher concentrations in stream sediments than control areas. the highest concentrations were obs ... | 2008 | 18625513 |
| adaptation to estradiol deprivation causes up-regulation of growth factor pathways and hypersensitivity to estradiol in breast cancer cells. | deprivation of estrogen causes breast tumors in women to adapt and develop enhanced sensitivity to this steroid. accordingly, women relapsing after treatment with oophorectomy, which substantially lowers estradiol for a prolonged period, respond secondarily to aromatase inhibitors with tumor regression. we have utilized in vitro and in vivo model systems to examine the biologic processes whereby long term estradiol deprivation (lted) causes cells to adapt and develop hypersensitivity to estradio ... | 2008 | 18637482 |
| bovine tuberculosis in doñana biosphere reserve: the role of wild ungulates as disease reservoirs in the last iberian lynx strongholds. | doñana national park (dnp) in southern spain is a unesco biosphere reserve where commercial hunting and wildlife artificial feeding do not take place and traditional cattle husbandry still exists. herein, we hypothesized that mycobacterium bovis infection prevalence in wild ungulates will depend on host ecology and that variation in prevalence will reflect variation in the interaction between hosts and environmental risk factors. cattle btb reactor rates increased in dnp despite compulsory testi ... | 2008 | 18648665 |
| cadmium, cobalt and lead cause stress response, cell cycle deregulation and increased steroid as well as xenobiotic metabolism in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells which is coordinated by at least nine transcription factors. | workers occupationally exposed to cadmium, cobalt and lead have been reported to have increased levels of dna damage. to analyze whether in vivo relevant concentrations of heavy metals cause systematic alterations in rna expression patterns, we performed a gene array study using primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells. cells were incubated with 15 microg/l cd(ii), 25 microg/l co(ii) and 550 microg/l pb(ii) either with individual substances or in combination. differentially expressed gene ... | 2008 | 18654764 |
| [infestation of game animals from north-western poland by common tick (ixodes ricinus)]. | ixodes ricinus tick species is the most common tick in poland and is the primary vector of many pathogens. the aim of this study was to determine the infestation of three species of game animals: roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boar (sus scrofa) from forest area of north-western poland. | 2008 | 18664103 |
| functional toll-like receptor 4 mutations modulate the response to fibrinogen. | fibrinogen has been implicated in atherosclerosis; in part by activating the lipopolysaccharide (lps) receptor toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4). the fibrinogen-tlr4 signalling pathway remains uncharacterised. in human macrophages fibrinogen stimulated interleukin (il)6 expression and erk (extracellular signal-related kinase) phosphorylation. in hek293-cd14-md2 cells expressing tlr4, fibrinogen induced robust phosphorylation of erk1, p38alpha and jnk and activated transcription factors nfkappab, elk-1 ... | 2008 | 18690351 |
| indicators for elevated risk of human exposure to host-seeking adults of the rocky mountain wood tick (dermacentor andersoni) in colorado. | the human-biting adult stage of the rocky mountain wood tick (dermacentor andersoni) can cause tick paralysis in humans and domestic animals and is the primary tick vector in the intermountain west of the pathogens causing colorado tick fever, rocky mountain spotted fever, and tularemia. we conducted drag sampling studies in poudre canyon and rocky mountain national park of larimer county, co, to determine microhabitat use patterns by host-seeking d. andersoni adults and find environmental facto ... | 2008 | 18697314 |
| induction of ovarian follicular wave emergence in wapiti (cervus elaphus). | two experiments were done to test the effects of treatments designed to electively induce ovarian follicular wave emergence in wapiti for the purpose of group synchronization. in experiment 1, hinds were assigned randomly to three groups and given saline im (controls; n=5), 5mg of estadiol-17beta im (n=4), or 5mg estradiol-17beta plus 100mg progesterone im (n=5). in experiment 2, hinds were assigned randomly to two groups and given no treatment (controls; n=6), or transvaginal ultrasound-guided ... | 2008 | 18706684 |
| epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (egfr1) and its variant egfrviii regulate tata-binding protein expression through distinct pathways. | the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) family regulates essential biological processes. various epithelial tumors are linked to egfr overexpression or expression of variant forms, such as the egfr1 variant, egfrviii. perturbations in expression of the transcription initiation factor, tata-binding protein (tbp), alter cellular growth properties. here we demonstrate that egfr1 and egfrviii, but not her2, induce tbp expression at a transcriptional level through distinct mechanisms. egfr1 enhan ... | 2008 | 18710943 |
| tnf-alpha/il-1/nf-kappab transduction pathway in human cancer prostate. | tnfalpha exerts apoptosis throughout an intracellular transduction pathway that involves the kinase proteins traf-2 (integration point of apoptotic and survival signals), ask1 (pro-apoptotic protein), mek-4 (p38 activator and metastasis suppressor gene), jnk (stress mitogen activated protein kinase) and the transcription factor ap-1. tnfalpha also exerts proliferation by p38 activation, or when traf-2 simultaneously induces the transcription factor nf-kappab by nik. nik and p38 may also be activ ... | 2008 | 18712680 |
| evidence of the importance of host habitat use in predicting the dilution effect of wild boar for deer exposure to anaplasma spp. | foci of tick-borne pathogens occur at fine spatial scales, and depend upon a complex arrangement of factors involving climate, host abundance and landscape composition. it has been proposed that the presence of hosts that support tick feeding but not pathogen multiplication may dilute the transmission of the pathogen. however, models need to consider the spatial component to adequately explain how hosts, ticks and pathogens are distributed into the landscape. in this study, a novel, lattice-deri ... | 2008 | 18714379 |
| tnf/il-1/nik/nf-kappa b transduction pathway: a comparative study in normal and pathological human prostate (benign hyperplasia and carcinoma). | tumour necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha induces death or cell proliferation by activation of nuclear factor (nf)-kappab, also activated by interleukin (il)-1 alpha. the aim was to investigate upstream and downstream components of nik transduction pathway in normal (np), benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (pin) and prostatic carcinoma (pc). | 2008 | 18752500 |
| wegener's granulomatosis in finland in 1981-2000: clinical presentation and diagnostic delay. | to determine the features of clinical presentation and the diagnostic delay of wegener's granulomatosis (wg) in finland in 1981-2000. | 2008 | 18759164 |
| kruppel-like factor 4, elk-1, and histone deacetylases cooperatively suppress smooth muscle cell differentiation markers in response to oxidized phospholipids. | phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (smcs), such as increased proliferation, enhanced migration, and downregulation of smc differentiation marker genes, is known to play a key role in the development of atherosclerosis. however, the factors and mechanisms controlling this process are not fully understood. we recently showed that oxidized phospholipids, including 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (povpc), which accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions, are po ... | 2008 | 18768922 |
| smad-independent transforming growth factor-beta regulation of early growth response-1 and sustained expression in fibrosis: implications for scleroderma. | transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) plays a key role in scleroderma pathogenesis. the transcription factor early growth response-1 (egr-1) mediates the stimulation of collagen transcription elicited by tgf-beta and is necessary for the development of pulmonary fibrosis in mice. here, we report that tgf-beta causes a time- and dose-dependent increase in egr-1 protein and mrna levels and enhanced transcription of the egr-1 gene via serum response elements in normal fibroblasts. the ability ... | 2008 | 18772333 |
| nmr structure of the bank vole prion protein at 20 degrees c contains a structured loop of residues 165-171. | the recent introduction of bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) as an additional laboratory animal for research on prion diseases revealed an important difference when compared to the mouse and the syrian hamster, since bank voles show a high susceptibility to infection by brain homogenates from a wide range of diseased species such as sheep, goats, and humans. in this context, we determined the nmr structure of the c-terminal globular domain of the recombinant bank vole prion protein (bvprp) [bv ... | 2008 | 18773909 |
| persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in wild cervids of colorado. | bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a significant viral pathogen of domestic cattle. worldwide, there is evidence of bvdv exposure and infection in wild ungulates; however, the frequency and significance of such events are unknown. to determine the prevalence and distribution of colorado deer, elk, and moose persistently infected (pi) with bvdv, a cross-sectional study was conducted using full-thickness ear tissue samples collected from animals presented to the colorado division of wildlife fo ... | 2008 | 18776103 |
| calcium influx into min6 insulinoma cells induces expression of egr-1 involving extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and the transcription factors elk-1 and creb. | glucose induces many changes in the transcriptional pattern of beta-cells derived from the endocrine pancreas. the zinc finger protein egr-1 belongs to the transcription factors that are activated in glucose-treated beta-cells. egr-1 expression is additionally induced by treatment of min6 pancreatic beta-cells with tolbutamide, a compound that triggers a closure of atp-dependent potassium channels, k(atp), in the plasma membrane or by kcl that depolarizes the cell membrane. stimulation with gluc ... | 2009 | 18783846 |
| enhanced expressions of microvascular smooth muscle receptors after focal cerebral ischemia occur via the mapk mek/erk pathway. | mek1/2 is a serine/threonine protein that phosphorylates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk1/2). cerebral ischemia results in enhanced expression of cerebrovascular contractile receptors in the middle cerebral artery (mca) leading to the ischemic region. here we explored the role of the mek/erk pathway in receptor expression following ischemic brain injury using the specific mek1 inhibitor u0126. | 2008 | 18793415 |
| environmentally-relevant forms of the prion protein. | scrapie and chronic wasting disease (cwd) are prion diseases of particular environmental concern as they are horizontally transmissible and can remain infectious after years in the environment. recent evidence suggests that the n-terminus of prpsc, the infectious conformation of the prion protein, plays an important role in the mechanism of sorption to soil particles. we hypothesize that, in a prion-infected animal carcass, a portion of the n-terminus of prpsc could be cleaved by proteinases in ... | 2008 | 18800532 |
| age-related body weight constraints on prenatal and milk provisioning in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) affect allocation of maternal resources. | maternal phenotypic characteristics can influence key life history variables of their offspring through maternal effects. in this study, we examined how body size constraints on maternal weight in yearling and subadult compared to adult hinds (age class effects) affected prenatal (calf birth weight, calf to hind weight ratio) and postnatal (milk) provisioning of iberian red deer calves. age correlated with all prenatal and postnatal investment traits except calf gains, although correlations were ... | 2009 | 18804854 |
| elk-1, creb, and mkp-1 regulate egr-1 expression in gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulated gonadotrophs. | stimulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) receptors with the gnrh analogue buserelin enhances expression of the zinc finger transcription factor egr-1 in a pituitary gonadotroph cell line. the signaling cascade is blocked by overexpression of map kinase phosphatase-1 that dephosphorylates extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase in the nucleus. chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the phosphorylated form of elk-1, a key regulator of gene transcription driven by ... | 2008 | 18814180 |
| antibody responses of cervids (cervus elaphus) following experimental mycobacterium bovis infection and the implications for immunodiagnosis. | captive and free-ranging wildlife animals are implicated in the maintenance and transmission of bovine tuberculosis and therefore pose a significant obstacle to eradication of the disease from domestic livestock. the current antemortem diagnostic method, the intradermal tuberculin skin test, is impractical for routine use with many wild animals. antibody-based assays are particularly attractive because the animals are handled only once and immediate processing of the sample is not required. this ... | 2008 | 18815233 |
| development of a management program for a mixed species wildlife park following an occurrence of malignant catarrhal fever. | during late 2001 and early 2002, a mixed species wildlife park in north carolina experienced an acute outbreak of morbidity and mortality in pere david's deer (elaphurus davidianus), axis deer (axis axis), blackbuck antelope (antelope cervicapra), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus). clinical signs varied from fulminant disease, progressing from depression to bloody scours to death in fewer than 4 days in pere david's deer, to a more protracted for ... | 2008 | 18817000 |
| integrative bioinformatics analysis of transcriptional regulatory programs in breast cancer cells. | microarray technology has unveiled transcriptomic differences among tumors of various phenotypes, and, especially, brought great progress in molecular understanding of phenotypic diversity of breast tumors. however, compared with the massive knowledge about the transcriptome, we have surprisingly little knowledge about regulatory mechanisms underling transcriptomic diversity. | 2008 | 18823535 |
| clinical parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in two captive american bison (bison bison). | 2 juvenile (17 and 19 months of age) male american bison (bison bison) were examined because of acute bilateral hind limb weakness and ataxia; 1 animal also had urinary incontinence. | 2008 | 18828725 |
| eukaryotic-like protein kinases in the prokaryotes and the myxobacterial kinome. | ser/thr/tyr kinases, which together comprise a major class of regulatory proteins in eukaryotes, were not believed to play an important role in prokaryotes until recently. however, our analysis of 626 prokaryotic genomes reveals that eukaryotic-like protein kinases (elks) are found in nearly two-thirds of the sequenced strains. we have identified 2697 elks, most of which are encoded by multicellular strains of the phyla proteobacteria (myxococcales), actinobacteria, cyanobacteria, and chloroflex ... | 2008 | 18836084 |
| the dynamics of a quantitative trait in an age-structured population living in a variable environment. | time series of rapid phenotypic change have been documented in age-structured populations living in the wild. researchers are often interested in identifying the processes responsible for such change. we derive an equation to exactly decompose change in the mean value of a phenotypic trait into contributions from fluctuations in the demographic structure and age-specific viability selection, fertility selection, phenotypic plasticity, and differences between offspring and parental trait values. ... | 2008 | 18840061 |
| seroprevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in domestic and wild animals from central italy. | from january 2004 to july 2007, 2455 sera were collected from domestic and wild animals living in central italy and tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay to detect antibodies against anaplasma phagocytophilum. considering sera with 1:40 antibody titers as positive, 336 (13.68%) animals scored positive. the percentages of seropositivity were: 46.26% (31/67) in fallow deer, 46.15% (24/52) in red deer, 16.89% (134/793) in horses, 16.78% (23/137) in cattle, 12.74% (13/102) in sheep, 8.76% (108 ... | 2008 | 18843892 |
| comparison of the structure and mechanical properties of bovine femur bone and antler of the north american elk (cervus elaphus canadensis). | antler and limb bone have a similar microstructure and chemical composition. both are primarily composed of type i collagen and a mineral phase (carbonated apatite), arranged in osteons in compact (cortical bone) sections and a lamellar structure in the cancellous (spongy or trabecular bone) sections. the mineral content is lower in antler bone and it has a core of cancellous bone surrounded by compact bone running through the main beam and tines. the mineral content is higher in the compact com ... | 2009 | 18951859 |
| genetic variation in domestic and wild elk (cervus elaphus). | elk (cervus elaphus) have recently been established as domestic livestock derived from extant wild populations and may provide insights into changes in genetic variation during domestication. we compared genetic variation at 10 microsatellite dna loci and the mitochondrial dna d-loop in 2 herds of domestic elk in alaska and canada and wild elk from 8 locations in western north america and asia. average individual heterozygosity was 0.55 in domestic elk and 0.47 in wild elk, average number of all ... | 2009 | 18952721 |
| estimating the true prevalence of mycobacterium bovis in free-ranging elk in michigan. | although relatively small, michigan's elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) herd is highly valued by both hunters and the general public. elk and red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) are highly susceptible to infection with mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (tb), and outbreaks have been documented worldwide. the michigan elk range lies entirely within counties where tb is known to be enzootic in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). consequently, a project was undertaken ... | 2008 | 18957636 |
| cryopreservation of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) spermatozoa obtained by electroejaculation. | we tested extenders and freezing protocols for iberian red deer semen. samples were obtained by electroejaculation (10 stags), and analyzed for motility (casa), viability (propidium ioide), acrosomal (pna-fitc) and mitochondrial status (jc-1). samples were diluted 1+1 in extender, cooled and adjusted for glycerol (extender with higher glycerol concentration), brought to 160 x 10(6)ml(-1) and frozen. four experiments were carried out, repeating sperm analysis after thawing to compare treatments. ... | 2009 | 18976805 |
| gsk3beta modulates pacap-induced neuritogenesis in pc12 cells by acting downstream of rap1 in a caveolae-dependent manner. | pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (pacap) is a neurotrophic peptide. here, we show that pacap recruits rap1 into caveolin-enriched membrane subdomains in pc12 cells and activates rap1, nuclear erk1/2, elk-1 and creb in a caveolae-dependent manner. we reveal that gsk3beta is a novel modulator in pacap signalling. pacap induces phosphorylation of serine 9 in gsk3beta, which is inhibited by silencing rap1. lithium and valproate promote but wortmannin and ly294002 attenuate pacap-in ... | 2009 | 18983912 |
| hypertrophic osteopathy associated with mycotic pneumonia in two juvenile elk (cervus elaphus). | two yearling bull elk (cervus claphus) from the same farm developed anorexia, weight loss, and lameness. on physical examination, both elk were thin and showed diffuse swelling of all lower limbs. radiographs of the lower limbs showed periosteal thickening of the distal extremities, consistent with hypertrophic osteopathy. thoracic radiographs indicated the presence of pulmonary nodules. cytologic evaluations of tracheal washes on both elk were consistent with inflammation. acid-fast stains on b ... | 2008 | 18987246 |
| refrigerated storage of red deer epididymal spermatozoa in the epididymis, diluted and with vitamin c supplementation. | we have approached the problem of refrigerated storage of epididymal sperm samples from red deer by comparing three options: storing the genital (testicles within the scrotum), diluting the semen in extender or diluting the semen in extender supplemented with an anti-oxidant. twenty-nine pairs of testes were collected. spermatozoa from one of each of the pairs were immediately recovered, and diluted to 400 x 10(6) sperm/ml in tris-citrate-fructose with 20% egg yolk. control group was stored as s ... | 2009 | 18992076 |
| identification of sperm-head morphometric subpopulations in iberian red deer epididymal sperm samples. | computer-assisted sperm morphometry analysis (casma) was used in this study to identify sperm morphometric subpopulations in iberian red deer epididymal sperm samples. epididymal sperm samples were collected from 37 mature stags and were divided. one portion was diluted in a tris-citrate-egg yolk medium. a microscope slide was prepared from single extended sperm samples prior to freezing. the remainder of each sample was frozen in nitrogen vapours using a conventional protocol. after thawing, sp ... | 2009 | 18992078 |
| biometrics, testosterone, cortisol and antler growth cycle in iberian red deer stags (cervus elaphus hispanicus). | in this article, we aimed to describe the changes related to mating season in red deer, especially those related to antler growth, body condition score, testosterone and cortisol. antler growth was studied in 17 iberian red deer males, including body weight, antler length, biometric measures and testosterone and cortisol determination during 15 months. body weight, body condition score, thoracic perimeter (tp), neck perimeter (nl) and testicular diameter (td) showed the highest values immediatel ... | 2010 | 18992114 |
| effects of grass and browse consumption on the winter mass dynamics of elk. | much of the research into herbivore ecology and evolution has focused on patterns and mechanisms of niche partitioning in the diets of specialized grazers and browsers, but the significance of the balance of grazing and browsing within intermediate feeders present unique questions that have received less attention. we explored the nutritional effects of varying the balance of grass and browse in the winter diets of elk (cervus elaphus). we compiled published data from three similar studies that ... | 2009 | 18998170 |
| genetic diversity and population structure of scottish highland red deer (cervus elaphus) populations: a mitochondrial survey. | the largest population of red deer (cervus elaphus) in europe is found in scotland. however, human impacts through hunting and introduction of foreign deer stock have disturbed the population's genetics to an unknown extent. in this study, we analysed mitochondrial control region sequences of 625 individuals to assess signatures of human and natural historical influence on the genetic diversity and population structure of red deer in the scottish highlands. genetic diversity was high with 74 hap ... | 2009 | 19002206 |
| risk factors associated with anthrax outbreak in animals in north dakota, 2005: a retrospective case-control study. | we identified the risk factors associated with the anthrax outbreak of 2005 in animals in north dakota. | 2008 | 19006977 |
| high prevalence of antibodies against chlamydiaceae and chlamydophila abortus in wild ungulates using two "in house" blocking-elisa tests. | few data are available on the prevalence and relevance of chlamydiae in wild mammals, and even fewer studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence of chlamydophila abortus in wildlife hosts, most probably due to the absence of suitable species-specific serological assays for testing sera from wild animals. in light of this, we have developed two in-house blocking-elisa tests for detection of antibodies against chlamydiaceae and c. abortus in wild ungulates, and analyzed the relationshi ... | 2009 | 19010612 |
| elk-1 interacts with neuronal microtubules and relocalizes to the nucleus upon phosphorylation. | ets domain transcription factor elk-1 has been primarily studied in the regulation of genes in response to mitogenic stimuli, however the presence of elk-1 in axonal projections of largely post-mitotic adult hippocampal sections has been reported. this finding has initially led us to a basic question: how is elk-1 anchored to neuronal projections? to that end, we have investigated the intracellular localization of elk-1 and its biochemical interactions with neuronal microtubules in model systems ... | 2009 | 19013529 |
| leptospiral antibodies in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus), fallow deer (dama dama) and european wild boar (sus scrofa) in asturias, northern spain. | serum samples collected from iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus; n=472), fallow deer (dama dama; n=293) and european wild boar (sus scrofa; n=174) in asturias, northern spain, from 1999 to 2005 were examined for antibodies against a reference panel of 14 leptospira spp. serovars. positive antibody titres at a microscopic agglutination test cut-off of 1:80 were detected against serovars pomona (1.6%, 5.8%, 5.2%), bratislava (1.1%, 0.7%, 4.7%), grippotyphosa (0.7%, 2.4%, 1.7%), muenchen ( ... | 2010 | 19019711 |
| prolactin induced production of cytokines in macrophages involves ca++ and p42/44 map kinase signaling pathway. | the immunomodulatory properties of prolactin (prl) are well recognized. recently, we have reported the activation and enhanced production of nitric oxide by macrophages on treatment with prl. the involvement of protein tyrosine kinases, map kinases and ca++ signaling in the enhanced nitric oxide production by macrophages on prl treatment was also established. in the present study, it has been observed that prl induces the intracellular release of ca++; activates protein kinase c (pkc)-8 and p42/ ... | 2008 | 19021033 |
| exploring individual quality in a wild population of red deer. | 1. a wide range of measures are used to quantify 'individual quality', with the term often used but not defined. 2. here we use detailed data from a population of red deer (cervus elaphus) to assess whether frequently used measures of individual quality are well correlated, and therefore likely to lead to comparable ecological and evolutionary insight in analyses. 3. correlations between measures were usually small, indicating that individuals may be considered high quality for one trait, but lo ... | 2009 | 19021783 |
| pdgf-dd, a novel mediator of smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation, is upregulated in endothelial cells exposed to atherosclerosis-prone flow patterns. | platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf)-bb is a well-known smooth muscle (sm) cell (smc) phenotypic modulator that signals by binding to pdgf alphaalpha-, alphabeta-, and betabeta-membrane receptors. pdgf-dd is a recently identified pdgf family member, and its role in smc phenotypic modulation is unknown. here we demonstrate that pdgf-dd inhibited expression of multiple smc genes, including sm alpha-actin and sm myosin heavy chain, and upregulated expression of the potent smc differentiation repre ... | 2009 | 19028801 |
| reactive oxygen species generators affect quality parameters and apoptosis markers differently in red deer spermatozoa. | fe(2)(+)/ascorbate, hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)), and hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase (xod) are commonly used for inducing oxidative stress on spermatozoa. a comparative study of these agents was carried out on thawed spermatozoa from red deer. first, we tested a high, medium, and low concentration of each agent: 100, 10, and 1 microm fe(2)(+) (hydroxyl radical generator); 1 mm, 100, and 10 microm h(2)o(2); and 100, 10, and 1 mu/ml xod (superoxide and h(2)o(2) generator), incubated at 37 degrees c ... | 2009 | 19028926 |
| physical characteristics of rumen contents in four large ruminants of different feeding type, the addax (addax nasomaculatus), bison (bison bison), red deer (cervus elaphus) and moose (alces alces). | based on morphological and physiological observations, it has been suggested that differences exist in the degree that reticuloruminal (rr) contents are stratified between various ruminant species. however, the occurrence of stratification has hardly been measured in non-domestic species. forestomach contents of free-ranging moose (n=22) and red deer (24) shot during regular hunting procedures, and of captive (but 100% forage fed) addax (6) and bison (10) culled for commercial or management purp ... | 2009 | 19049897 |
| [determination of limits of ashworthiosis foci in eastern and southern poland]. | the task was to establish the foci of ashworthiosis. the locations were: białowieza forest and bieszczady mountains. the wild cervides including: 52 red deer and 15 roe deer as well as domestic ruminants: 17 cattle and 18 sheep were examined parasitologically. also, the examination was extended to neighbouring and additional areas. contents of abomasa after multiple decantation were conserved with 2% formaldehyde. all nematodes were isolated from the contest, cleared in 70% ethanol with 5% glyce ... | 2008 | 19055063 |
| disease-specific motifs can be identified in circulating nucleic acids from live elk and cattle infected with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. | to gain insight into the disease progression of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse), we searched for disease-specific patterns in circulating nucleic acids (cna) in elk and cattle. in a 25-month time-course experiment, cnas were isolated from blood samples of 24 elk (cervus elaphus) orally challenged with chronic wasting disease (cwd) infectious material. in a separate experiment, blood-sample cnas from 29 experimental cattle (bos taurus) 40 months post-inoculation with clinical bovi ... | 2009 | 19059996 |
| multiple movement modes by large herbivores at multiple spatiotemporal scales. | recent theory suggests that animals should switch facultatively among canonical movement modes as a complex function of internal state, landscape characteristics, motion capacity, and navigational capacity. we tested the generality of this paradigm for free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) over 5 orders of magnitude in time (minutes to years) and space (meters to 100 km). at the coarsest spatiotemporal scale, elk shifted from a dispersive to a home-ranging phase over the course of 1-3 years after in ... | 2008 | 19060190 |
| the yersinia pestis ail protein mediates binding and yop delivery to host cells required for plague virulence. | although adhesion to host cells is a critical step in the delivery of cytotoxic yop proteins by yersinia pestis, the mechanism has not been defined. to identify adhesins critical for yop delivery, we initiated two transposon mutagenesis screens using the mariner transposon. to avoid redundant cell binding activities, we initiated the screen with a strain deleted for two known adhesins, ph 6 antigen and the autotransporter, yapc, as well as the caf1 capsule, which is known to obscure some adhesin ... | 2009 | 19064637 |
| regulatory effect of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erk) on type i collagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts stimulated by il-4 and il-13. | synthesis of collagen is up-regulated by pro-fibrogenic growth factors and cytokines such as tgf-beta 1, il-4, and il-13 binding to their corresponding cell membrane receptors of fibroblasts. the erk pathway is an important mapk signaling pathway that is involved in regulating cell function. the aim of our studies was to examine effects of il-4 and il-13 on the erk signaling pathway and its function in regulating type i collagen gene expression in human fibroblasts. we found that human dermal fi ... | 2008 | 19065352 |
| serologic and virologic investigations into pestivirus infection in wild and domestic ruminants in the pyrenees (ne spain). | an outbreak of disease associated to a border disease virus was described in the southern chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica) in spain in 2002. sera and/or spleen samples from 57 mouflon, 15 red deer, 21 roe deer, 3 fallow deer, 55 sheep, 32 cattle, and 68 goats sharing the chamois habitat were studied. an antibody elisa test yielded an inconclusive result in 2 mouflon and positive results in 5 goat sera. comparative virus neutralization tests were performed on the 2 inconclusive mouflons, 3 of the 5 ... | 2009 | 19084245 |
| effectiveness of action to reduce exposure of free-ranging california condors in arizona and utah to lead from spent ammunition. | california condors (gymnogyps californianus) released into the wild in arizona ranged widely in arizona and utah. previous studies have shown that the blood lead concentrations of many of the birds rise because of ingestion of spent lead ammunition. condors were routinely recaptured and treated to reduce their lead levels as necessary but, even so, several died from lead poisoning. we used tracking data from vhf and satellite tags, together with the results of routine testing of blood lead conce ... | 2008 | 19107211 |
| identifying novel genes involved in both deer physiological and human pathological osteoporosis. | osteoporosis attacks 10% of the population worldwide. humans or even the model animals of the disease cannot recover from porous bone. regeneration in skeletal elements is the unique feature of our newly investigated osteoporosis model, the red deer (cervus elaphus) stag. cyclic physiological osteoporosis is a consequence of the annual antler cycle. this phenomenon raises the possibility to identify genes involved in the regulation of bone mineral density on the basis of comparative genomics bet ... | 2009 | 19107525 |
| impact of endothelial cells and mechanical conditioning on smooth muscle cell extracellular matrix production and differentiation. | the aim of the current study was to explore the separate and coupled effects of endothelial cell (ec) presence and mechanical conditioning on smooth muscle cell (smc) responses by combining bilayered poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (pegda) hydrogels with a pulsatile flow bioreactor. each construct was composed of an outer pegda layer containing smc and an inner pegda layer, either with or without ec. after an initial 3 days of static culture, ec(+) and ec(-) constructs were each further divided ... | 2009 | 19108675 |
| heavy metal exposure in large game from a lead mining area: effects on oxidative stress and fatty acid composition in liver. | the pb mining area of the valley of alcudia and the sierra madrona mountains (s. spain) has been exploited intermittently for over 2100 years, since roman occupation and up until the late 1900s. red deer (n=168) and wild boar (n=58) liver and bone (metacarpus) were analyzed for pb, zn, cu, cd, as and se. lipid peroxidation, total and oxidized glutathione (gsh), superoxide dismutase (sod), gsh peroxidase (gpx) and fatty acid composition were studied in liver of red deer. the concentrations of pb ... | 2009 | 19117650 |
| testosterone, but not igf-1, lh, prolactin or cortisol, may serve as antler-stimulating hormone in red deer stags (cervus elaphus). | the role of androgens and insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf-1) in antler growth has been disputed. we predicted that the secretory of igf-1 may be associated with an acceleration of body growth rather than with antler growth. furthermore we anticipated a relationship between the increase of testosterone and the progress of antler growth. if igf-1 is involved in the stimulation of antler growth, this should be more obvious in young than in mature stags. eight two-year-old red deer stags (cervus e ... | 2009 | 19124089 |
| molecular responses of the ts65dn and ts1cje mouse models of down syndrome to mk-801. | down syndrome (ds), caused by trisomy of human chromosome 21 (chr21), is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. the ts65dn mouse model of ds is trisomic for orthologs of 94 chr21-encoded, confirmed protein-coding genes and displays a number of behavioral deficits. recently, ts65dn mice were shown to be hypersensitive to the locomotor stimulatory effects of the high-affinity n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptor (nmdar) channel blocker, mk-801. this is consistent with the functi ... | 2008 | 19125866 |
| vestibular schwannoma: how much residual hearing is useful? | the objective of this study was to determine the usefulness of residual hearing in the tumour ear in vestibular schwannoma patients. | 2008 | 19128646 |
| what does testosterone do for red deer males? | testosterone has been proposed to have a dual effect, enhancing sexual traits while depressing parasite resistance in males. here, we test this hypothesis in red deer, examining males from captive populations during the whole annual cycle and males from natural populations during the breeding season. we first explored the effects of body size, age and sampling date on testosterone to avoid confounding effects. our results show that in captive populations seasonal changes in testosterone levels w ... | 2009 | 19129132 |
| fixed-time artificial insemination in red deer (cervus elaphus) in argentina. | synchronization of estrous and fixed-time artificial insemination (ftai) was conducted during the reproductive season of 2008 (march-april) in a local red deer breeding farm in argentina. multiparous suckling hinds (n=38) were artificially inseminated following hormonal treatment (intravaginal sponge containing 100mg of medroxiprogesterone acetate). at the time of sponge removal (day 12) 250 iu of ecg and 500 microg of pgf2alpha were given to each hind. the ftai was performed at 48-55 h after de ... | 2009 | 19131191 |
| stress-induced overexpression of the heme-regulated eif-2alpha kinase is regulated by elk-1 activated through erk pathway. | the heme-regulated eif-2alpha kinase, also called the heme-regulated inhibitor (hri), is activated under various cytoplasmic stresses in reticulocytes leading to inhibition of initiation of protein synthesis. our previous studies indicated that the promoter activity and expression of the human hri (hhri) increase in human k562 cells during heat shock and lead exposure. contrary to this, hemin chloride which inactivates the kinase, downregulates hri expression. here, we attempted to understand th ... | 2009 | 19133234 |
| fatty acid transduction of nitric oxide signaling: nitrolinoleic acid mediates protective effects through regulation of the erk pathway. | in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that nitroalkenes serve as protective mediators in the lung by inducing the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1). nitrolinoleic acid (lno2) increased ho-1 mrna, protein, and activity in cultured pulmonary epithelial cells treated with 5 to 50 microm lno2 and in lungs of rats injected intraperitoneally with 2.6 mg/kg lno2 twice daily for 20 days. western blotting revealed that ho-1 protein increased significantly within 4 h of in vitro lno2 addition ... | 2009 | 19133325 |
| c-jun n-terminal kinase binding domain-dependent phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 and balancing cross-talk between c-jun n-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in cortical neurons. | the c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) activated by stress-signals and involved in many different diseases. previous results proved the powerful effect of the cell permeable peptide inhibitor d-jnki1 (d-retro-inverso form of c-jun n-terminal kinase-inhibitor) against neuronal death in cns diseases, but the precise features of this neuroprotection remain unclear. we here performed cell-free and in vitro experiments for a deeper characterization of d-jnki1 f ... | 2009 | 19135136 |
| cross-generational effects of habitat and density on life history in red deer. | we used long-term data on movements, survival, and reproduction of female red deer (cervus elaphus linnaeus) of the isle of rum, scotland (1970-2001), to explain variation in life history (age at maturity) from a hind's access to habitat resources and exposure to local density, and cross-generational (maternal) effects on observed relationships. we described each hind's use of resources relative to availability in the study area from an individual-based resource selection function (rsf); we defi ... | 2008 | 19137939 |