| a comparative study of assay performance of commercial hepatitis e virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits in australian blood donor samples. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is transfusion-transmissible and therefore poses a risk to blood transfusion safety. seroprevalence studies are useful for estimating disease burden and determining risk factors. considerable variability in the sensitivity of hev antibody detection assays exists. this study aimed to compare the performances of commercially available hev enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) in australian blood donor samples. plasma samples that tested positive (n = 194) or negative ( ... | 2016 | 27891290 |
| evidence of genotypes 1 and 3 of avian hepatitis e virus in wild birds. | although the presence of four genotypes of avian hepatitis e virus (hev) in chickens has been demonstrated, its natural host range is still barely known. in this study, swab samples from 626 wild birds originating from 62 bird species were investigated for hev detection by molecular methods. the aim was to explore the cross-species infection of avian hev and to compare the genetic diversity between strains infecting chicken and wild birds. in total, 8 positive samples from 4 different bird speci ... | 2017 | 27890632 |
| hepatitis e virus seroepidemiology: a post-earthquake study among blood donors in nepal. | as one of the causative agents of viral hepatitis, hepatitis e virus (hev) has gained public health attention globally. hev epidemics occur in developing countries, associated with faecal contamination of water and poor sanitation. in industrialised nations, hev infections are associated with travel to countries endemic for hev, however, autochthonous infections, mainly through zoonotic transmission, are increasingly being reported. hev can also be transmitted by blood transfusion. nepal has exp ... | 2016 | 27887586 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in patients on dialysis and in solid organ transplant recipients in argentina: exploring associated risk factors. | infection with hepatitis e virus (hev) leads to acute hepatitis infection in immunocompetent hosts. hev genotype 3 can present with high frequency and lead to chronic infection in individuals with a compromised immune system. the risk factors related to increased seroprevalence or chronicity in this population are not entirely understood. moreover, most studies addressing risk factors for hev in non-endemic areas come from developed areas such as north america and europe. in this study we evalua ... | 2017 | 27885564 |
| a novel avian-like hepatitis e virus in wild aquatic bird, little egret (egretta garzetta), in hungary. | hepatitis e virus (hev), family hepeviridae, has public health concerns because of its zoonotic potential; however, the host species spectrum, animal to animal transmissions, the natural chain of hepevirus infections and the genetic diversity of hev in wildlife especially in birds are less known. using random amplification and next generation sequencing technology a genetically divergent avian hev was serendipitously identified in wild bird in hungary. hev rna was detected with high faecal viral ... | 2016 | 27876615 |
| seroprevalence of avian hepatitis e virus and avian leucosis virus subgroup j in chicken flocks with hepatitis syndrome, china. | from 2014 to 2015 in china, many broiler breeder and layer hen flocks exhibited a decrease in egg production and some chickens developed hepatitis syndrome including hepatomegaly, hepatic necrosis and hemorrhage. avian hepatitis e virus (hev) and avian leucosis virus subgroup j (alv-j) both cause decreasing in egg production, hepatomegaly and hepatic hemorrhage in broiler breeder and layer hens. in the study, the seroprevalence of avian hev and alv-j in these flocks emerging the disease from sha ... | 2016 | 27876045 |
| new hepatitis e virus genotype in bactrian camels, xinjiang, china, 2013. | | 2016 | 27869607 |
| acute hepatitis e virus infection in patients with acute liver failure in china: not quite an uncommon cause. | | 2016 | 27862123 |
| neuralgic amyotrophy associated with hepatitis e virus infection: first case in the united states. | hepatitis e is an emerging viral infection in developed countries. it can present with multiple extra-hepatic manifestations, including neuralgic amyotrophy. we report a 52-year-old man who presented with neck and shoulder pain followed by orthopnea and left arm weakness. electrodiagnostic testing showed left phrenic neuropathy and denervation in bilateral c5 and c6 myotomes. he also had elevated liver enzymes, which led to the diagnosis of acute hepatitis e. this is the first case of neuralgic ... | 2016 | 27861224 |
| hepatitis e virus (genotype 3) in slurry samples from swine farming activities in italy. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emergent causative agent of acute hepatitis, transmitted by fecal-oral route. infection with hev is a global cause for morbidity and mortality throughout the world: it mainly causes large outbreaks in endemic areas and sporadic autochthonous cases in industrialized countries where hev infections seem to be an emergent zoonotic disease. infection of porcine livestock and its relationship with the human cases have been demonstrated. the present study describes an inve ... | 2016 | 27853931 |
| hepatitis e virus: emerging from the shadows in developed countries. | following the discovery of hev in the 1980s, it became apparent that hev is endemic in a number of developing countries in asia, africa and mexico. in these geographical settings hev is spread oral faecally by hev genotypes (gt) 1 and 2, which are obligate human pathogens. infection occurs oro-faecally, often as a result in the breakdown of fragile sanitary infrastructure allowing drinking water supplies to become contaminated with human sewage. hepatitis e usually causes a self-limiting hepatit ... | 2016 | 27843081 |
| persistence of antibodies acquired by natural hepatitis e virus infection and effects of vaccination. | naturally acquired anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) immunity can protect against new hev infections. the aim of this study was to analyse the persistence of naturally acquired anti-hev immunoglobulin (ig) g and anti-hev igg concentrations after vaccination. | 2016 | 27836809 |
| exacerbation of hepatitis e virus infection during anti-tnfα treatment. | chronic hepatitis e virus (hev) infection may occur in immunocompromised patients. previous studies report that different immunosuppressive agents interfere with viral replication. however, the role of tnfα in hev infection is currently unknown. here, we describe a case of severe exacerbation of a chronic hev infection in a patient undergoing treatment with a tnfα-inhibitor for psoriatic arthritis despite potent anti-hev t-cell responses. we used state-of-the-art hev cell culture methods to test ... | 2017 | 27836355 |
| investigation of liver dysfunction: who should we test for hepatitis e? | hepatitis e virus (hev) is endemic in developed countries, but unrecognized infection is common. many national guidelines now recommend hev testing in patients with acute hepatitis irrespective of travel history. the biochemical definition of 'hepatitis' that best predicts hev infection has not been established. this study aimed to determine parameters of liver biochemistry that should prompt testing for acute hev. | 2017 | 27832041 |
| acute hepatitis e: two sides of the same coin. | the relevance of acute hepatitis e virus (hev) infections has been underestimated for a long time. in the past, hev infection had been interpreted falsely as a disease limited to the tropics until the relevance of autochthonous hev infections in the western world became overt. due to increased awareness, the incidence of diagnosed autochthonous hev infections (predominantly genotype 3) in industrialized countries has risen within the last decade. the main source of infections in industrialized c ... | 2016 | 27827877 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus differs in dutch and first generation migrant populations in amsterdam, the netherlands: a cross-sectional study. | in the last decade hepatitis e virus (hev) is increasingly recognized as a cause of acute viral hepatitis in developed countries. hev is transmitted via the fecal-oral route. in countries like the netherlands, hev infection is suspected to be a zoonosis but hev may also be introduced by migrants. we studied the seroprevalence of hev among different migrants, mainly moroccans and turks, and compared this to that of the native dutch population in amsterdam, the netherlands. | 2016 | 27825308 |
| hepatitis e virus and guillain-barré syndrome. | | 2017 | 27820625 |
| diagnostic challenges and clinical characteristics of hepatitis e virus-associated guillain-barré syndrome. | hepatitis e virus (hev) recently has been shown to be an antecedent infection in guillain-barré syndrome (gbs), but the clinical spectrum of hev-associated gbs is not yet documented, and diagnosing acute hev infection can be a challenge. | 2017 | 27820624 |
| the effect of phylogenetic signal reduction on genotyping of hepatitis e viruses of the species orthohepevirus a. | commonly, hepatitis e virus (hev) sequences are genotyped phylogenetically using subgenomic sequences. this paper examines this practice with sequences from members of the species orthohepevirus a. as the length of sequences becomes progressively shorter, the number of identical sequences in an alignment tends to increase; however, these sequences retain their genotypic identity down to 100 nucleotides in length. the best substitution models tend to become less parameterized, bootstrap support d ... | 2017 | 27817109 |
| erratum to: hepatitis e virus in farmed rabbits, wild rabbits and petting farm rabbits in the netherlands. | | 2016 | 27577506 |
| detection and phylogenetic analysis of the hepatitis e virus in a canadian swine production network. | viral contamination along the production chain is a significant concern in both food safety and livestock health. pigs have been reported to act as a reservoir for zoonotic viruses, sometimes emerging ones, and epidemiological studies have shown direct links between the consumption of uncooked pork offal and cases of hepatitis caused by the hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 in humans. the presence of hev in swine herds has been reported, but its dissemination in pork production environments is ... | 2016 | 27422131 |
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| evidence of hepatitis e virus breaking through the blood-brain barrier and replicating in the central nervous system. | neurologic dysfunctions such as guillain-barre' syndrome, encephalitis, meningitis and transverse myelitis occur frequently in patients with hepatitis e virus (hev) infection, and this study was conducted to better characterize the role of hev in the pathogenesis of neurologic disorders. genotype 4 strain of swine hev was used to inoculate mongolian gerbils. reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (rt-npcr), elisa, histopathology, ultrastructural pathology and enzyme immunohistoch ... | 2016 | 27329366 |
| binding preference of anti-hev antibodies in sera collected in algeria for antigens derived from hev genotype 1. | two hepatitis e virus (hev) outbreaks occurred in algeria (1979 - 1980 and 1987 - 1988). however, to date, no study on the prevalence of anti-hev antibodies has been conducted in algeria, and the genotype of the circulating strains remains unclear. | 2016 | 27795723 |
| epizootiological study of rodent-borne hepatitis e virus hev-c1 in small mammals in hanoi, vietnam. | there is concern about the zoonotic potential of rodent-borne hepatitis e virus, designated as hev-c1. however, epizootiological information about hev-c1 is limited. to address this issue, serum samples from 443 small mammals captured at 5 sites in hanoi, vietnam, were examined for anti-hev-c1 igg antibodies. in addition, livers of seropositive animals were examined for viral rna. anti-hev-c1 antibodies were detected in 57 (12.9%) of the 443 serum samples. seropositive animals were found in all ... | 2017 | 27795461 |
| real-time stability of a hepatitis e vaccine (hecolin®) demonstrated with potency assays and multifaceted physicochemical methods. | the first prophylactic vaccine against hepatitis e virus (hev), hecolin®, was licensed in china. recombinant p239 virus-like particle (vlp) is its active component with dimeric protein as the basic building block harboring the immuno dominant and neutralizing epitopes. the real time and real condition stability of the prefilled syringes for the vaccine was demonstrated using both in vivo mouse potency and in vitro antigenicity assays. a total of 12 lots of hecolin® were assessed with a set of as ... | 2016 | 27793484 |
| characterization of the specificity, functionality, and durability of host t-cell responses against the full-length hepatitis e virus. | the interplay between host antiviral immunity and immunopathology during hepatitis e virus (hev) infection determines important clinical outcomes. we characterized the specificity, functionality, and durability of host t-cell responses against the full-length hev virus and assessed a novel "quantiferon" assay for the rapid diagnosis of hev infection. eighty-nine volunteers were recruited from oxford, truro (uk), and toulouse (france), including 44 immune-competent patients with acute hev infecti ... | 2016 | 27631819 |
| red blood cell transfusion-transmitted acute hepatitis e in an immunocompetent subject in europe: a case report. | acute hepatitis e in industrialized countries is usually related to intake or manipulation of undercooked or raw meat. cases of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis e have rarely been documented in immunosuppressed patients, mainly after receiving frozen plasma. | 2017 | 27785789 |
| seroepidemiology of hev and hav in two populations with different socio-economic levels and hygienic/sanitary conditions. | the epidemiological scenarios of hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav) infections have changed in the last few decades, but precise epidemiological data on the prevalence of anti-hev and anti-hav, alone or in combination, in the general population are scanty. we investigated hev and hav seroprevalence comparing two population samples living in northern (abbiategrasso, milan) and southern italy (cittanova, reggio calabria), the latter being characterized by a poorer socio-economic l ... | 2017 | 27785638 |
| a single lineage of hepatitis e virus causes both outbreaks and sporadic hepatitis in sudan. | few studies have reported sporadic hepatitis e virus (hev) infections during non-outbreak periods in africa. in this study, the prevalence of hev infection in sudan was investigated in 432 patients with acute hepatitis from 12 localities in north kordofan, and from 152 patients involved in smaller outbreaks of hepatitis in the neighbouring darfur. hev infection was diagnosed in 147 (25%) patients: 98 from kordofan and 49 from darfur. the mortality was 10%; six of the patients who died from the i ... | 2016 | 27782061 |
| treatment of hepatitis e virus. | over the last 10 years, it has become apparent that hepatitis e virus (hev) is a pathogen of global significance. in contrast to hev in the developing world, hev in developed countries is caused by hev genotypes 3 and 4, which are enzoonotic with a porcine primary host and cause both acute and chronic infection. chronic infection occurs in the immunosuppressed, including transplant recipients, and untreated can cause rapidly progressive cirrhosis. | 2016 | 27607911 |
| epidemiology of hepatitis e in pregnant women and children in iran: a general overview. | from an epidemiological point of view, hepatitis e is an old infection in iran, but only recently has its importance as a public health concern been considered from research and public health standpoints. as such, there is still a long road ahead to clarify the real burden of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in iran. according to the available epidemiological studies, the seroprevalence of hev infection among pregnant women is between 3.6% and 7.4%, and among iranian children is between 0.9% to ... | 2016 | 27777896 |
| sofosbuvir shows antiviral activity in a patient with chronic hepatitis e virus infection. | | 2017 | 27702641 |
| evidence of hepatitis e virus transmission by renal graft. | hepatitis e virus (hev) can cause chronic infection among immunocompromised patients, especially solid organ transplant recipients, and can evolve to cirrhosis. several modes of transmission are known. here we describe the first two cases, to our knowledge, of hev infection transmitted by a kidney graft from the same infected donor that led to chronic hepatitis. consequently, systematic screening of donors by hev serology and hev rna detection by polymerase chain reaction, particularly in endemi ... | 2017 | 27775205 |
| a novel astrovirus-like rna virus detected in human stool. | several novel clades of astroviruses have recently been identified in human faecal samples. here, we describe a novel astrovirus-like rna virus detected in human stools, which we have tentatively named bastrovirus. the genome of this novel virus consists of 6,300 nucleotides organized in three open reading frames. several sequence divergent strains were detected sharing 67-93 per cent nucleotide identity. bastrovirus encodes a putative structural protein that is homologous to the capsid protein ... | 2016 | 27774298 |
| prevalence of hepatitis e virus antibodies in workers occupationally exposed to swine in portugal. | the concept of zoonotic hepatitis e in industrialized countries has emerged with the discovery of swine strains of hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3, closely related to human hev. different routes of zoonotic hev transmission have been recognized, including contact with infected pigs. workers occupationally exposed to swine (woes) have been considered a risk group for hev infection, but contradictory results have been reported. in the present study, we searched for anti-hev igg in woes (butcher ... | 2017 | 27770276 |
| simple and specific method for detection of antibodies against hepatitis e virus in mammalian species. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of hepatitis e, a food- and water-borne disease. in developed countries, consumption of meats from pigs, wild boars and deer is a major source of infection. although hev and hev-related viruses have been detected in many animal species, their zoonotic potential and prevalence has not been completely understood. to detect anti-hev antibody in mammalian species, a simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was established using extract from cell ... | 2016 | 27732880 |
| hepatitis e virus in donor plasma collected in japan. | human hepatitis e virus (hev) is prevalent worldwide. iatrogenic hev has recently been identified based on the reports of transfusion-transmitted cases. the detection rate of hev-rna and seroprevalence of hev-igg/igm have been regionally evaluated in japan, and donor plasma collected in hokkaido is currently screened by nucleic acid amplification testing. however, the detection rate of hev-rna in blood donors in japan outside of hokkaido has not been reported. | 2016 | 27280485 |
| comment on: acute and chronic hepatitis e virus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected u.s. women. | | 2016 | 27018541 |
| [chronic hepatitis caused by hepatitis e virus and treated with ribavirin]. | | 2016 | 26589539 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in patients with acute non-a, non-b, non-c hepatitis in central brazil. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection has a worldwide distribution and represents an important cause of acute hepatitis. this study aims to investigate the occurrence of hev infection and factors associated with this infection in patients with acute non-a, non-b, non-c hepatitis in central brazil. from april 2012 to october 2014, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 379 patients with acute non-a, non-b, non-c hepatitis in the city of goiania, central brazil. serum samples of all patients were ... | 2016 | 27759769 |
| hepatitis e virus rna in australian blood donations. | hepatitis e virus (hev) poses a risk to transfusion safety. in australia, locally acquired hev is rare and cases are mainly reported in travelers returning from countries endemic for hev. the risk posed by hev to transfusion safety in australia is unknown; therefore, we aimed to measure the rate of current hev infection in australian blood donations. | 2016 | 27667133 |
| high prevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus antibodies in outpatients with chronic liver disease in a university medical center in germany. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging disease in developed countries. hev seroprevalence ranges from 3.2 to 10% in europe, but is higher in endemic areas such as southern france. in germany, an increasing incidence of hev infections has been reported recently. risk factors for the acquisition of hev are incompletely understood. | 2016 | 27552296 |
| [hepatitis e and pregnancy]. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection among pregnant women is severe, often leading to fulminant hepatic failure and death, with mortality rates up to 15-25%. studies suggest that differences in genotypes/subgenotypes, hormonal and immunological changes during pregnancy may contribute to the severe consequences for pregnant women with hev. although the increased mortality among pregnant women predominantly is seen in developing countries where genotype 1 is endemic, there are also large differences ... | 2016 | 27745581 |
| treatment of hepatitis e. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infections are the most common cause of acute hepatitis, but they can also take a chronic course. there is no specific therapy for acute hepatitis, and current treatment is supportive. choosing ribavirin as the first-line therapy for chronic hev is advisable, especially in solid organ transplant patients. pegylated interferon-α has been used successfully for treatment of hepatitis e but is associated with major side effects. cholestasis is one of the most common, but deva ... | 2016 | 27738987 |
| laboratory diagnosis of hev infection. | serological and nucleic acid tests for detecting hepatitis e virus (hev) have been developed for both epidemiologic and diagnostic purposes. the laboratory diagnosis of hev infection depends on the detection of hev antigen, hev rna, and serum antibodies against hev (immunoglobulin [ig]a, igm, and igg). anti-hev igm antibodies can be detected during the acute phase of the illness and can last approximately 4 or 5 months, representing recent exposure, whereas anti-hev igg antibodies can last more ... | 2016 | 27738986 |
| animal models for hepatitis e virus. | animal models are one of the most important tools in the study of human hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. they are particularly important in light of the major limitations of the cell culture system for hev. besides nonhuman primates, which are extremely valuable because of their susceptibility to hev genotypes 1-4, animals like swine, rabbit, and chicken are also potential models for studies of pathogenesis, cross-species infection, and the molecular biology of hev. identification of the most ... | 2016 | 27738984 |
| immunobiology and host response to hev. | hepatitis e virus (hev) causes acute self-limiting hepatitis in most cases and chronic infection in rare circumstances. it is believed to be noncytopathic, so immunologically mediated events should play important roles in its pathogenesis and infection outcomes. the anti-hev antibody response was clarified when the major antigenic determinants on the orf2 polypeptide were determined, which are located in its c-terminal portion. this subregion also forms the conformational neutralization epitopes ... | 2016 | 27738982 |
| transmission of hepatitis e virus. | transmission of hepatitis e virus (hev) occurs predominantly by the fecal-oral route. large epidemics of hepatitis e in the developing countries of asia and africa are waterborne and spread through contaminated drinking water. the reservoir of hev in developed countries is believed to be in animals with zoonotic transmission to humans, possibly through direct contact or the consumption of undercooked contaminated meat. hev transmission through blood and vertical transmission have also been repor ... | 2016 | 27738981 |
| genetic evolution of hepatitis e virus. | comparative analysis of the genomic sequences of multiple hepatitis e virus (hev) isolates has revealed extensive genomic diversity among them. recently, a variety of genetically distinct hev variants have also been isolated and identified from large numbers of animal species, including birds, rabbits, rats, ferrets, bats, cutthroat trout, and camels, among others. furthermore, it has been reported that recombination in hev genomes takes place in animals and in human patients. also, chronic hev ... | 2016 | 27738980 |
| hepatitis e as a zoonosis. | hepatitis e (he) virus infection is not limited to spread from human to human but also occurs between animals and more importantly as zoonotic spread from animals to humans. genotyping of strains from hepatitis e virus-infected patients has revealed that these infections are not all caused by genotypes 1 or 2 but often by genotypes 3 or 4. therefore, it is important to understand the striking difference between the spread of genotypes 1 and 2 in countries with poor sanitary standards and the spr ... | 2016 | 27738979 |
| epidemiology of hepatitis e. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is globally prevalent with relatively high percentages of anti-hev immunoglobulin g-positive individuals in the populations of developing and developed countries. there are two distinct epidemiologic patterns of hepatitis e. in areas with high disease endemicity, primarily developing countries in asia and africa, this disease is caused mainly by genotype 1 or 2 hev, both of which transmit predominantly through contaminated water and occur as either outbreaks or as sporadi ... | 2016 | 27738978 |
| characteristics and functions of hev proteins. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a non-enveloped virus containing a single-stranded, positive-sense rna genome of 7.2 kb, which consists of a 5' noncoding region, three open reading frames (orfs), and a 3' noncoding region. orf1 is diverse between genotypes and encodes the nonstructural proteins, which include the enzymes needed for virus replication. in addition to its role in virus replication, the function of orf1 is relevant to viral adaption in cultured cells and may also relate to virus infectio ... | 2016 | 27738977 |
| hepatitis e virus. | since the sequence of hepatitis e virus (hev) was determined from a patient with enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis in 1989, similar sequences have been isolated from many different animals, including pigs, wild boars, deer, rabbits, bats, rats, chicken, and trout. all of these sequences have the same genomic organization, which contains open reading frames (orfs) 1, 2, and 3, although their genomic sequences are variable. some have proposed that they be classified as new family, hep ... | 2016 | 27738976 |
| epidemiology of hepatitis e virus in children in the province of van, turkey. | hepatitis e virus is an etiological agent of hepatitis which is transmitted enterically and may lead to water-born outbreaks. although it is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route, it is estimated that many cases are associated with zoonotic transmission in developing countries. in this study, we aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of hepatitis e in the childhood age group in the province of van and to demonstrate the relationship between seroprevalence and demographic properties, reside ... | 2016 | 27738399 |
| emerging foodborne and agriculture-related viruses. | viruses rapidly evolve and can emerge in unpredictable ways. transmission pathways by which foodborne viruses may enter human populations and evolutionary mechanisms by which viruses can become virulent are discussed in this chapter. a majority of viruses emerge from zoonotic animal reservoirs, often by adapting and infecting intermediate hosts, such as domestic animals and livestock. viruses that are known foodborne threats include hepatitis e virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, enteroviruses ... | 2016 | 27726774 |
| chronic hepatitis e infection in a persistently immunosuppressed patient unable to be eliminated after ribavirin therapy. | recent case reports have shown that hepatitis e virus (hev) infection can cause chronic hepatitis in immunosuppressed or immunocompromised patients. a 37-year-old woman suffered from prolonged elevation of aminotransferases after chemotherapy for burkitt's lymphoma and was diagnosed with chronic hepatitis e due to a transfusion during chemotherapy. after an 8-month administration of ribavirin, complete hev clearance was not achieved, likely due to prolonged hypogammaglobulinemia. this case indic ... | 2017 | 27725541 |
| risk profile of hepatitis e virus from pigs or pork in canada. | the role and importance of pigs and pork as sources of zoonotic hepatitis e virus (hev) has been debated in canada and abroad for over 20 years. to further investigate this question, we compiled data to populate a risk profile for hev in pigs or pork in canada. we organized the risk profile (rp) using the headings prescribed for a foodborne microbial risk assessment and used research synthesis methods and inputs wherever possible in populating the fields of this rp. a scoping review of potential ... | 2016 | 27718330 |
| no evidence for zoonotic hepatitis e virus infection through dairy milk in germany. | | 2017 | 27718279 |
| virological quality of irrigation water in leafy green vegetables and berry fruits production chains. | this study condenses data acquired during investigations of the virological quality of irrigation water used in production of fresh produce. one hundred and eight samples of irrigation water were collected from five berry fruit farms in finland (1), the czech republic (1), serbia (2), and poland (1), and sixty-one samples were collected from three leafy green vegetable farms in poland, serbia, and greece. samples were analyzed for index viruses of human or animal fecal contamination (human and p ... | 2017 | 27709435 |
| zoonotic hepatitis e virus: classification, animal reservoirs and transmission routes. | during the past ten years, several new hepatitis e viruses (hevs) have been identified in various animal species. in parallel, the number of reports of autochthonous hepatitis e in western countries has increased as well, raising the question of what role these possible animal reservoirs play in human infections. the aim of this review is to present the recent discoveries of animal hevs and their classification within the hepeviridae family, their zoonotic and species barrier crossing potential, a ... | 2016 | 27706110 |
| time course of hepatitis e-specific antibodies in adults. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is highly endemic in industrialized countries, but there is a lack of knowledge on individual and overall antibody concentration dynamics. the aim of this study was to characterize longitudinal concentration changes of anti-hev immunoglobulin g (anti-hev igg) by enzyme immunoassay (eia). in total, 199 serum samples collected from 45 subjects over 18 years were analysed. a wide range of anti-hev igg levels was found. overall, anti-hev igg significantly decreased after an o ... | 2017 | 27699946 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus in iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | background hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of common causes of viral hepatitis worldwide with higher prevalence in tropical and subtropical regions. although epidemics of hev have been reported from iran, there are variable reports of this infection out of epidemics from different parts of iran. this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hev in iran. methods in this systematic review and meta-analysis we searched pubmed, scopus, science direct, google scholar, scientific information data ... | 2016 | 27698968 |
| hepatitis e in norway: seroprevalence in humans and swine. | in norway, no published data on seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) in humans and swine exists. serum samples from blood donors, veterinarians, swine farm workers and swine were analysed by elisa to estimate the seroprevalence of hev in norway and to investigate the association between direct contact with swine and hev seroprevalence in humans. the seroprevalence of hev igg antibodies was 30% (24/79) in farm workers, 13% (21/163) in veterinarians, 14% (162/1200) in blood donors and 90% (13 ... | 2017 | 27671461 |
| hepatitis e virus seroprevalence among farmers, veterinarians and control subjects in jilin province, shandong province and inner mongolia autonomous region, china. | china is commonly considered to be a hev-endemic region but limited epidemiological data for hev among farmers and veterinarians are available. thus, a case-control study was carried out to detect the seroprevalence and assess potential risk factors associated with the acquisition of hev infection by farmers and veterinarians in china from july 2013 to may 2015. three hundred veterinarians and 600 farmers recruited from jilin province, shandong province, and inner mongolia autonomous region and ... | 2017 | 27664799 |
| transmission of hepatitis e virus in developing countries. | hepatitis e virus (hev), an rna virus of the hepeviridae family, has marked heterogeneity. while all five hev genotypes can cause human infections, genotypes hev-1 and -2 infect humans alone, genotypes hev-3 and -4 primarily infect pigs, boars and deer, and genotype hev-7 primarily infects dromedaries. the global distribution of hev has distinct epidemiological patterns based on ecology and socioeconomic factors. in resource-poor countries, disease presents as large-scale waterborne epidemics, a ... | 2016 | 27657112 |
| transcriptome analysis of hepg2 cells expressing orf3 from swine hepatitis e virus to determine the effects of orf3 on host cells. | hepatitis e virus- (hev-) mediated hepatitis has become a global public health problem. an important regulatory protein of hev, orf3, influences multiple signal pathways in host cells. in this study, to investigate the function of orf3 from the swine form of hev (shev), high-throughput rna-seq-based screening was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes in orf3-expressing hepg2 cells. the results were validated with quantitative real-time pcr and gene ontology was employed to ass ... | 2016 | 27648443 |
| detection of hepatitis e virus (hev) in goats. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. genotypes 1 and 2 are restricted to humans, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 also occur in animals and are recognized as zoonotic pathogens. in this study, by screening goat faecal samples collected from six small farms located in the province of teramo (abruzzo region, italy), hev rna was found with an overall prevalence of 9.2% (11/119). upon sequence analysis of a 0.8kb portion of the orf2 gene, four strains were grouped with ani ... | 2016 | 27647265 |
| production of monoclonal antibodies against the orf3 protein of rat hepatitis e virus (hev) and demonstration of the incorporation of the orf3 protein into enveloped rat hev particles. | eight murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the c-terminal 15-amino-acid portion of the orf3 protein of rat hepatitis e virus (rathev) were produced and characterized. immunofluorescence assays using the anti-rathev orf3 mabs revealed the accumulation of orf3 protein in the cytoplasm of plc/prf/5 cells transfected with orf3-expressing plasmids or inoculated with cell-culture-generated rathev strains. anti-orf3 mabs could capture rathev particles in cult ... | 2016 | 27638774 |
| first directly sequenced genome of hepatitis e virus from the serum of a patient from the united kingdom. | hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 is endemic in the united kingdom but the complete sequence of hev, generated directly from a clinical sample, is lacking. we report a near full-length genome sequence of genotype 3 hev from the serum of a patient with acute hepatitis. | 2016 | 27634993 |
| detection of hepatitis e virus genotype 1 among blood donors from southwest of iran. | infection with hepatitis e virus (hev) is endemic in developing countries and reveals significant regional differences. several studies have reported virus transmission via blood transfusion. to date, however, no cases of hev rna detection in blood donors have been reported from iran. | 2016 | 27630719 |
| hepatitis e virus antibodies in finnish veterinarians. | we investigated hepatitis e virus (hev) infections in finnish veterinarians engaged in different practice specialties and evaluated the effect of different background factors on hev exposure by examining total hev antibodies in samples collected from the participants of the 2009 national veterinary congress in helsinki, finland. finnish veterinarians commonly have total hev antibodies with seroprevalence of 10.2%. of the non-veterinarians, 5.8% were seropositive. increasing age was associated wi ... | 2017 | 27621202 |
| extended microbiological characterization of göttingen minipigs: porcine cytomegalovirus and other viruses. | to prevent transmission of zoonotic microorganisms from pig transplants to human recipients when performing xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues, or organs, donor pigs have to be carefully characterized. göttingen minipigs (gömp) are often used for various biomedical investigations and are well characterized concerning the presence of numerous bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. recently, we studied the prevalence and expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses and the prevalence ... | 2016 | 27615035 |
| surface modulatable nanocapsids for targeting and tracking toward nanotheranostic delivery. | nanoparticle diagnostics and therapeutics (nanotheranostics) have significantly advanced cancer detection and treatment. however, many nanotheranostics are ineffective due to defects in tumor localization and bioavailability. an engineered hepatitis e virus (hev) nanocapsid is a proposed platform for targeted cancer-cell delivery. self-assembling from hev capsid subunits, nanocapsids retain the capacity to enter cells and resist proteolytic/acidic conditions, but lack infectious viral elements. ... | 2016 | 27610752 |
| hepatitis e: discovery, global impact, control and cure. | hepatitis e was identified as an epidemic of non-a, non-b hepatitis from kashmir, india in 1978. hepatitis e virus (hev), the etiological agent is the sole member of family hepeviridae. the virus has marked heterogeneity and infects many animals like bats, camel, chicken, deer, boar, mongoose, pigs, rats, rabbit and cutthroat trout. hepatitis e is a disease with a major global impact and has two distinct epidemiological patterns. hepatitis e is an imperative health issue in developing nations, t ... | 2016 | 27610014 |
| hepatitis e in blood donors: investigation of the natural course of asymptomatic infection, germany, 2011. | asymptomatic hepatitis e virus (hev) infections have been found in blood donors from various european countries, but the natural course is rarely specified. here, we compared the progression of hev viraemia, serostatus and liver-specific enzymes in 10 blood donors with clinically asymptomatic genotype 3 hev infection, measuring hev rna concentrations, plasma concentrations of alanine/aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase and bilirubin and anti-hev iga, igm and igg antibodies. rna c ... | 2016 | 27608433 |
| acute, recent and past hev infection among voluntary blood donors in china: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | hepatitis e virus is one of new threats to blood safety which was usually considered to be transmitted via fecal-oral route. china is one of the hyperendemic regions where frequent outbreaks of hepatitis e are noted. however, the overall prevalence of hev infection among mainland chinese blood donors is not clear until now. | 2016 | 27597991 |
| hepatitis e virus in pork and variety meats sold in fresh markets. | swine is an economically important livestock, yet pork consumption and close contact with pigs are associated with the risk of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. limited data on the prevalence of hev in southeast asia have mainly examined farm animals. to investigate the potential zoonotic transmission of hev from dietary consumption of pork and variety meats (i.e., offal or organ meats), we obtained 1090 liver, 559 pork meat, and 556 intestine samples from fresh markets in the bangkok metropoli ... | 2017 | 27580911 |
| no evidence of rat hepatitis e virus excretion into urine of rats. | to investigate whether rat hepatitis e virus (rat hev) is excreted into the urine of rats, we infected three wistar and six nude rats with rat hev and examined the rat hev rna in serum, fecal and urine samples. we detected rat hev rna in the serum and fecal samples of all rats but not in the urine. our results suggest that in rats, rat hev is not transmitted via urine. | 2016 | 27580584 |
| a korean patient with guillain-barré syndrome following acute hepatitis e whose cholestasis resolved with steroid therapy. | autochthonous hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging pathogen in developed countries, and several cases of acute hev infection have been reported in south korea. however, there have been no reports on hev-associated guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) in korea. we recently experienced the case of a 58-year-old korean male with acute hev infection after ingesting raw deer meat. persistent cholestasis was resolved by the administration of prednisolone. at 2.5 months after the clinical presentation of he ... | 2016 | 27572076 |
| monitoring of anti-hepatitis e virus antibody seroconversion in asymptomatically infected blood donors: systematic comparison of nine commercial anti-hev igm and igg assays. | diagnosis of hepatitis e virus (hev) is usually determined serologically by detection of the presence of immunoglobulin (ig)m antibodies or rising anti-hev igg titers. however, serological assays have demonstrated a significant variation in their sensitivities and specificities. in this study, we present the systematic comparison of different immunological anti-hev assays using complete seroconversion panels of 10 virologically confirmed hev genotype 3 infected individuals. assay sensitivities w ... | 2016 | 27556482 |
| quantification of hev rna by droplet digital pcr. | the sensitivity of real-time pcr for hepatitis e virus (hev) rna quantification differs greatly among techniques. standardized tools that measure the real quantity of virus are needed. we assessed the performance of a reverse transcription droplet digital pcr (rt-ddpcr) assay that gives absolute quantities of hev rna. analytical and clinical validation was done on hev genotypes 1, 3 and 4, and was based on open reading frame (orf)3 amplification. the within-run and between-run reproducibilities ... | 2016 | 27548205 |
| a linear surface epitope in a proline-rich region of orf3 product of genotype 1 hepatitis e virus. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the viral pathogens causing hepatitis in humans. hev open reading frame 3 (orf3) encodes a small multifunctional protein (vp13), which is essential for hev infection. in this study, a linear epitope was identified in a polyproline (pxxp) motif from vp13 of genotype 1 hev by using a monoclonal antibody. the epitope was detected in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays. epitope mapping showed that the epitope locat ... | 2016 | 27548202 |
| role of envelopment in the hev life cycle. | hepatitis e virus (hev), an enterically transmitted hepatotropic virus, was thought to be non-enveloped for decades. however, recent studies have revealed that the virus circulating in the patient's blood is completely cloaked in host membranes and resistant to neutralizing antibodies. the discovery of this novel enveloped form of hev has raised a series of questions about the fundamental biology of hev and the way this virus, which has been understudied in the past, interacts with its host. her ... | 2016 | 27548201 |
| epidemiological investigation of a tap water-mediated hepatitis e virus genotype 4 outbreak in zhejiang province, china. | an outbreak of acute hepatitis recently occurred in a nursing home in zhejiang province, china. the objectives of this study were to confirm the outbreak and identify the aetiology, source and transmission patterns. all residents and staff in or near the nursing home during the period from 1 october 2014 to 21 may 2015 were investigated regarding hygiene and for epidemiological information including water and food (eating meat especially pork products). serum and stool specimens were collected f ... | 2016 | 27546066 |
| the global burden of hepatitis e outbreaks: a systematic review. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is responsible for repeated water-borne outbreaks since the past century, representing an emerging issue in public health. however, the global burden of hev outbreak has not been comprehensively described. we performed a systematic review of confirmed hev outbreaks based on published literatures. hev outbreaks have mainly been reported from asian and african countries, and only a few from european and american countries. india represents a country with the highest number ... | 2017 | 27542764 |
| apolipoprotein e polymorphisms and their protective effect on hepatitis e virus replication. | | 2016 | 27541341 |
| treatment of hev infection in patients with a solid-organ transplant and chronic hepatitis. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection can cause hepatic and extra-hepatic manifestations. treatment of hev infection has been thoroughly studied in solid-organ-transplant patients who have developed a chronic hev infection. in this review, we report on our current knowledge regarding treatment of hev infection. | 2016 | 27537905 |
| quantification of hepatitis e virus in naturally-contaminated pig liver products. | hepatitis e virus (hev), the cause of self-limiting acute hepatitis in humans, is widespread and endemic in many parts of the world. the foodborne transmission of hev has become of concern due to the identification of undercooked pork products as a risk factor for infection. foodborne enteric viruses are conventionally processed by quantitative rt-pcr (rt-qpcr), which gives sensitive and quantitative detection results. recently, digital pcr (dpcr) has been described as a novel approach to genome ... | 2016 | 27536278 |
| the bama miniature swine is susceptible to experimental hev infection. | the hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the main causes of enterically transmitted hepatitis worldwide. although the mortality rates associated with hev are generally low, they can be up to 28% in hev-infected pregnant women, and the elderly are more susceptible. the reasons for this selective severity are unclear, partially because there is no suitable, easy-to-use model in which to study hev infection. non-human primates and standard swine have been identified as being sensitive to infection wit ... | 2016 | 27534702 |
| hepatitis e virus mutations: functional and clinical relevance. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a major cause of acute hepatitis and affects more than 20 million individuals, with three million symptomatic cases and 56,000 recognized hev-related deaths worldwide. hev is endemic in developing countries and is gaining importance in developed countries, due to increased number of autochthone cases. although hev replication is controlled by the host immune system, viral factors (especially specific viral genotypes and mutants) can modulate hev replication, ... | 2016 | 27528267 |
| a case report about the most common yet most forgotten hepatitis e. | background hepatitis e virus (hev) is the most common cause of enterically acquired acute viral hepatitis worldwide with major prevalence in the developing countries. an increasing number of sporadic cases of acute hev infection have also been found in developed countries, but there is still no role for hev testing in cases of seronegative acute hepatitis in such nonendemic regions. case report a 59-year-old male residing in the united states for seven months with a history of malaria treated on ... | 2016 | 27527551 |
| hepatitis e pathogenesis. | although most hepatitis e virus (hev) infections are asymptomatic, some can be severe, causing fulminant hepatitis and extra-hepatic manifestations, including neurological and kidney injuries. chronic hev infections may also occur in immunocompromised patients. this review describes how our understanding of the pathogenesis of hev infection has progressed in recent years. | 2016 | 27527210 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in the irish blood donor population. | hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 (g3) infection is a zoonosis that may be transmitted during the acute phase by transfusion. the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of hev and seroprevalence among irish blood donors. | 2016 | 27522065 |
| chronic hepatitis e - an emerging disease in an immunocompromised host. | chronic hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is increasingly being reported in immunosuppressed individuals with hiv, patients with haematological malignancy and transplant recipients. the diagnosis of cirrhosis and liver failure post chronic hev is controversial due to lack of standard diagnostic criteria. the treatment benefits of ribavirin in chronic hev of genotype 1 are not well reported. we report a case of chronic hev infection of genotype 1 leading to chronic liver disease in a child cured ... | 2016 | 27516529 |
| serological evidence of infection with rodent-borne hepatitis e virus hev-c1 or antigenically related virus in humans. | zoonotic potential of a rat-derived hepatitis e virus (hev), designated as hev-c1, remains unknown. to evaluate the risk for hev-c1 infection in humans, paired sera of 208 hospitalized febrile patients collected from 2001 to 2003 in hanoi, vietnam, were examined for igg antibodies to hev-c1 and genotype 1 hev (hev-1), which is common in humans. igg antibodies to virus-like particles (vlps) of hev-c1 and/or hev-1 were detected from 99 of the 208 convalescent sera in enzyme-linked immunosorbent as ... | 2016 | 27499185 |
| [acute hepatitis due to hepatitis e virus after raw meat consumption]. | | 2016 | 27496809 |
| hepatitis e virus in acute liver failure: an unusual suspect? | | 2016 | 27496198 |
| high prevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus antibodies among blood donors in central italy, february to march 2014. | prevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) antibodies is highly variable in developed countries, which seems partly due to differences in assay sensitivity. using validated sensitive assays, we tested 313 blood donors attending a hospital transfusion unit in central italy in january and february 2014 for anti-hev igg and igm and hev rna. data on hev exposure were collected from all donors. overall anti-hev igg prevalence was 49% (153/313). eating raw dried pig-liver sausage was the only independ ... | 2016 | 27494608 |
| expanding host range and cross-species infection of hepatitis e virus. | | 2016 | 27490119 |