| inactivation and mineralization of aerosol deposited model pathogenic microorganisms over tio2 and pt/tio2. | air disinfection from bacteria and viruses by means of photocatalytic oxidation is investigated with microorganisms loaded over photocatalysts' films from aerosols. deposition method and equipment have been developed to load mycobacterium smegmatis , bacillus thuringiensis , vaccinia virus, and influenza a (h3n2) virus on slides with undoped tio(2) and platinized sulfated tio(2) (pt/tio(2)). inactivation dynamics was measured under uva irradiation and in the dark. about 90% inactivation is reach ... | 2010 | 20521809 |
| outcomes of adults hospitalised with severe influenza. | the aim of this study was to investigate factors affecting clinical outcomes of adults hospitalised with severe seasonal influenza. | 2010 | 20522848 |
| comparative age distribution of influenza morbidity and mortality during seasonal influenza epidemics and the 2009 h1n1 pandemic. | several studies have shown a relatively high mortality rate among young people infected by the 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) virus. here we compared the age distributions of morbidity and mortality during two seasonal influenza epidemics (h1n1 and h3n2) in france and the united states with those of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic waves in the same countries. | 2010 | 20534113 |
| a phylogenetic approach to detecting reassortments in viruses with segmented genomes. | when multiple strains of viruses with segmented genomes co-infect a single cell, strains with novel genomic constellations may be created. this mutational process, called reassortment, has caused pandemics of influenza a virus in 1957 and 1968. here a phylogenetic approach to detecting reassortments, which can be used even when the phylogenetic tree constructed for all strains analyzed is unreliable, is presented. a quartet of strains is examined at a time, where a phylogenetic tree is construct ... | 2010 | 20546849 |
| induction of cross-neutralizing antibody against h5n1 virus after vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine in copd patients. | archival serum samples from elderly individuals with underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) who were enrolled in a double-blind case-control study of seasonal influenza vaccine efficacy were assayed for cross-neutralizing antibody formation to avian influenza a (h5n1) virus. of 118 serum samples, 58 were collected from influenza vaccinees (mean age 68.5 y), and 60 from placebo controls (mean age 68.4 y) who received vitamin b injections. blood samples were collected before and a ... | 2010 | 20565296 |
| design, assembly, and validation of a nose-only inhalation exposure system for studies of aerosolized viable influenza h5n1 virus in ferrets. | the routes by which humans acquire influenza h5n1 infections have not been fully elucidated. based on the known biology of influenza viruses, four modes of transmission are most likely in humans: aerosol transmission, ingestion of undercooked contaminated infected poultry, transmission by large droplets and self-inoculation of the nasal mucosa by contaminated hands. in preparation of a study to resolve whether h5n1 viruses are transmissible by aerosol in an animal model that is a surrogate for h ... | 2010 | 20573226 |
| [phylogenetic analysis based on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes between swine influenza virus and human influenza a/h3n2 virus strains isolated in zhejiang province]. | to investigate the phylogenetic relationship between swine influenza a/h3n2 virus and the representative strains of human influenza a/h3n2 virus isolated in two epidemics in recent years through comparing the sequences within ha and na genes. | 2010 | 20575270 |
| intanza 15 microg intradermal seasonal influenza vaccine: in older adults (aged >or=60 years). | intradermal seasonal influenza vaccine delivered by a microneedle injection system (intanza) contains inactivated split virion antigens from influenza type a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b strains as recommended annually by the who and the eu for the prevention of seasonal influenza. in randomized, comparator-controlled, phase iii trials in elderly volunteers, intanza 15 microg elicited a strong immune response against influenza virus. in a pivotal trial, seroprotection rates with intanza 15 microg were ... | 2010 | 20583853 |
| immunity to pre-1950 h1n1 influenza viruses confers cross-protection against the pandemic swine-origin 2009 a (h1n1) influenza virus. | the 2009 h1n1 influenza virus outbreak is the first pandemic of the twenty-first century. epidemiological data reveal that of all the people afflicted with h1n1 virus, <5% are over 51 y of age. interestingly, in the uninfected population, 33% of those >60 y old have pre-existing neutralizing abs against the 2009 h1n1 virus. this finding suggests that influenza strains that circulated 50-60 y ago might provide cross-protection against the swine-origin 2009 h1n1 influenza virus. to test this, we d ... | 2010 | 20585035 |
| estimating pathogen-specific asymptomatic ratios. | the asymptomatic ratio (the proportion of asymptomatic infected cases among the total infected cases) is an important indicator in public health. however, symptoms manifested by a case infected with a pathogen may result from infections other than the specific pathogen of interest. when a case is infected with multiple pathogens, it can be difficult to distinguish which pathogen is causing the symptoms. these conditions complicate the estimation of asymptomatic ratios. we used influenza serologi ... | 2010 | 20585253 |
| novel swine influenza virus reassortants in pigs, china. | during swine influenza virus surveillance in pigs in china during 2006-2009, we isolated subtypes h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 and found novel reassortment between contemporary swine and avian panzootic viruses. these reassortment events raise concern about generation of novel viruses in pigs, which could have pandemic potential. | 2010 | 20587196 |
| [seroprevalence of the swine influenza virus in fattening pigs in argentina in the 2002 season: evaluation by hemagglutination-inhibition and elisa tests]. | the seroprevalence of the influenza virus against h1n1 and h3n2 was determined by the hemagglutination-inhibition test (hi) and a commercial swine influenza elisa kit, in 13 argentinean swine herds. the results of within-herd and between-herd prevalence obtained by both tests were statistically correlated. the within-herd prevalence observed by the hi test varied from 38.46 to 100% against h1 and 7.69 to 100% for h3. when the within-herd prevalence was measured with the elisa test, it varied fro ... | 2010 | 20589329 |
| production of cell culture (mdck) derived live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) in a fully disposable platform process. | the majority of influenza vaccines are manufactured using embryonated hens' eggs. the potential occurrence of a pandemic outbreak of avian influenza might reduce or even eliminate the supply of eggs, leaving the human population at risk. also, the egg-based production technology is intrinsically cumbersome and not easily scalable to provide a rapid worldwide supply of vaccine. in this communication, the production of a cell culture (madin-darby canine kidney (mdck)) derived live attenuated influ ... | 2010 | 20589670 |
| the impact of matching vaccine strains and post-sars public health efforts on reducing influenza-associated mortality among the elderly. | public health administrators do not have effective models to predict excess influenza-associated mortality and monitor viral changes associated with it. this study evaluated the effect of matching/mismatching vaccine strains, type/subtype pattern changes in taiwan's influenza viruses, and the impact of post-sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome) public health efforts on excess influenza-associated mortalities among the elderly. a negative binomial model was developed to estimate taiwan's month ... | 2010 | 20592764 |
| influenza a subtyping: seasonal h1n1, h3n2, and the appearance of novel h1n1. | influenza virus subtyping has emerged as a critical tool in the diagnosis of influenza. antiviral resistance is present in the majority of seasonal h1n1 influenza a infections, with association of viral strain type and antiviral resistance. influenza a virus subtypes can be reliably distinguished by examining conserved sequences in the matrix protein gene. we describe our experience with an assay for influenza a subtyping based on matrix gene sequences. viral rna was prepared from nasopharyngeal ... | 2010 | 20595627 |
| [study of the antiviral activity of russian anti-influenza agents in cell culture and animal models]. | the study of the antiviral activity of russian anti-influenza agents in the cultured mdck cells demonstrated that arbidol and ribavirin inhibited the reproduction of various influenza a virus strains, including rimantadine- and ozeltamivir-resistant variants, as well as influenza b viruses (ic50 2-8.5 microg/ml). rimantadine at concentrations of 1-5 microg/ml completely inhibited the reproduction of reference and ozeltamivir-resistant influenza a virus strains, and it had no effect on the reprod ... | 2010 | 20608077 |
| prior infection of pigs with swine influenza viruses is a barrier to infection with avian influenza viruses. | although pigs are susceptible to avian influenza viruses (aiv) of different subtypes, the incidence of aiv infections in the field appears to be low. swine h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 influenza viruses (siv) are enzootic worldwide and most pigs have antibodies to 1 or more siv subtypes. this study aimed to examine whether infection-immunity to h1n1 or h3n2 siv may (1) protect pigs against subsequent infections with aiv of various haemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase subtypes and/or (2) interfere with the ... | 2010 | 20627621 |
| assessing the viral fitness of oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses in ferrets, using a competitive-mixtures model. | to determine the relative fitness of oseltamivir-resistant strains compared to susceptible wild-type viruses, we combined mathematical modeling and statistical techniques with a novel in vivo "competitive-mixtures" experimental model. ferrets were coinfected with either pure populations (100% susceptible wild-type or 100% oseltamivir-resistant mutant virus) or mixed populations of wild-type and oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses (80%:20%, 50%:50%, and 20%:80%) at equivalent infectivity tite ... | 2010 | 20631138 |
| influenza virus variation in susceptibility to inactivation by pomegranate polyphenols is determined by envelope glycoproteins. | pomegranates have high levels of polyphenols (pps) and may be a rich source of compounds with antiviral activity. we evaluated the direct anti-influenza activity of three commercially available pomegranate extracts: pomegranate juice (pj), a concentrated liquid extract (pomxl), and a 93% pp powder extract (pomxp). the acidity of pj and pomxl solutions contributed to rapid anti-influenza activity, but this was not a factor with pomxp. studies using pomxp showed that 5min treatment at room tempera ... | 2010 | 20637243 |
| detection of viruses via statistical gene expression analysis. | we develop a new bayesian construction of the elastic net (enet), with variational bayesian analysis. this modeling framework is motivated by analysis of gene expression data for viruses, with a focus on h3n2 and h1n1 influenza, as well as rhino virus and rsv (respiratory syncytial virus). our objective is to understand the biological pathways responsible for the host response to such viruses, with the ultimate objective of developing a clinical test to distinguish subjects infected by such viru ... | 2011 | 20643599 |
| influenza in the tropics. | data on influenza in tropical countries remain scarce compared with that in temperate countries. however, the emergence of avian influenza virus (h5n1) and the 2009 pandemic represented a major stimulus for advances in knowledge about influenza in many of these countries. this review summarizes recent data on viral and epidemiologic aspects of the condition in tropical countries. | 2010 | 20644472 |
| influenza virus infections among a sample of hospital attendees in ragama, sri lanka. | this study was carried out to define the types of influenza viruses circulating among humans and to understand the seasonality of influenza virus activity. such information is essential for deciding on influenza vaccination strategy and on the appropriate time for delivering influenza vaccination, if such a vaccination policy was decided to be a priority. | 2010 | 20645542 |
| prevalence of antibodies to swine influenza viruses in humans with occupational exposure to pigs, thuringia, germany, 2008-2009. | the eurasian lineages of swine influenza viruses are different genetically from classical swine h1n1 influenza viruses and comprise avian-like h1n1 and human-like h1n2 and h3n2 subtypes. although sporadic isolation of such viruses from human specimens has been reported, the prevalence of human infections is not known. in the present study, the seroprevalence against eurasian swine influenza viruses was investigated. sera were collected in thuringia, germany, from december 2007 to april 2009. the ... | 2010 | 20648619 |
| a fungal cu/zn-containing superoxide dismutase enhances the therapeutic efficacy of a plant polyphenol extract in experimental influenza virus infection. | the combined protective effect of a polyphenol-rich extract, isolated from geranium sanguineum l. (pc), and a novel naturally glycosylated cu/zn-containing superoxide dismutase, produced from the fungal strain humicula lutea 103 (hl-sod), in the experimental influenza a virus infection (eivi) in mice, induced with the virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2), was investigated. the combined application of hl-sod and pc in doses, which by themselves do not defend significantly mice in eivi, resulted in a synergi ... | 2010 | 20653246 |
| heterologous sh3-p85beta inhibits influenza a virus replication. | phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k)/akt signalling pathway can support the replication of influenza a virus through binding of viral ns1 protein to the src homology 3 (sh3) domain of p85beta regulatory subunit of pi3k. here we investigated the effect of heterologously overexpressed sh3 on the replication of different influenza a virus subtypes/strains, and on the phosphorylation of akt in the virus-infected cells. we found that heterologous sh3 reduced replication of influenza a viruses at vary ... | 2010 | 20653952 |
| experimental infection with h1n1 european swine influenza virus protects pigs from an infection with the 2009 pandemic h1n1 human influenza virus. | the recent pandemic caused by human influenza virus a(h1n1) 2009 contains ancestral gene segments from north american and eurasian swine lineages as well as from avian and human influenza lineages. the emergence of this a(h1n1) 2009 poses a potential global threat for human health and the fact that it can infect other species, like pigs, favours a possible encounter with other influenza viruses circulating in swine herds. in europe, h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 subtypes of swine influenza virus currently ... | 2010 | 20663475 |
| highly sensitive and quantitative detection of the h274y oseltamivir resistance mutation in seasonal a/h1n1 influenza virus. | a c-to-t transition mutation in the neuraminidase gene from seasonal a/h1n1 causes a his-to-tyr mutation at amino acid position 275 (h274y, universal n2 numbering), conferring resistance against oseltamivir (tamiflu). this mutation was first detected in clinical samples in europe during the 2007-2008 influenza season. viruses with this mutation reached a prevalence of ∼11% by the end of the season in north american isolates tested by the cdc. we developed a highly sensitive and specific quantita ... | 2010 | 20668122 |
| comparison of 10 indirect fluorescent antibodies to detect and type influenza a specimens. | management of influenza infections relies on rapid, accurate, and sensitive diagnostic techniques. influenza a (ia) strain typing has become more important since the emergence of highly pathogenic avian and novel influenza strains and the high frequency of oseltamivir resistance in circulating h1n1 isolates. | 2010 | 20670139 |
| evaluation of the xpert flu a panel nucleic acid amplification-based point-of-care test for influenza a virus detection and pandemic h1 subtyping. | influenza antigenic point-of-care (poc) tests are too insensitive for individual reliable diagnosis of influenza virus infections without additional laboratory confirmation. molecular poc tests could be a valuable alternative. | 2010 | 20674478 |
| inactivated split-virion seasonal influenza vaccine (fluarix): a review of its use in the prevention of seasonal influenza in adults and the elderly. | fluarix is a trivalent, inactivated, split-virion influenza vaccine containing 15 microg haemagglutinin from each of the three influenza virus strains (including an h1n1 influenza a virus subtype, an h3n2 influenza a virus subtype and an influenza b virus) that are expected to be circulating in the up-coming influenza season. fluarix is highly immunogenic in healthy adults and elderly, and exceeds the criteria that make it acceptable for licensure in various regions (including the us and europe) ... | 2010 | 20687619 |
| prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip), 2010. | this report updates the 2009 recommendations by cdc's advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine for the prevention and control of influenza (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2009;58[no. rr-8] and cdc. use of influenza a (h1n1) 2009 monovalent vaccine---recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip], 2009. mmwr 2009;58:[no. rr-10]). ... | 2010 | 20689501 |
| pandemic influenza a(h1n1) 2009 outbreak in a residential school at panchgani, maharashtra, india. | an outbreak of influenza was investigated between june 24 and july 30, 2009 in a residential school at panchgani, maharashtra, india. the objectives were to determine the aetiology, study the clinical features in the affected individuals and, important epidemiological and environmental factors. the nature of public health response and effectiveness of the control measures were also evaluated. | 2010 | 20693592 |
| [in vitro efficacy of ingavirin against the pandemic influenza virus a(h1n1/09)v]. | ingavirin was shown to be efficient in inhibition of the influenza virus strains a/california/04/2009 (h1n1)v, a/california/07/2009 (h1n1)v, a/moscow/225/2009 (h1n1)v and a/moscow/226/2009 (h1n1)v, as well as the strains a/chicken/kurgan/05/2005 (h5n1) and a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) in the mdck cell culture. the hemagglutinin and cytopathic activity of the influenza virus strains decreased at entering ingavirin in vitro. | 2010 | 20695202 |
| establishment of a multiplex rt-pcr assay to detect different lineages of swine h1 and h3 influenza a viruses. | classical swine h1n1, emerging european avian-like h1n1 and human-like h3n2 lineages are co-circulating in the swine population in china. the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay is an effective method for use in influenza surveillance. in this study, a multiplex rt-pcr method was developed for simultaneous identification of hemagglutinin (ha) genes derived from the three lineages of swine influenza viruses. three primer sets were designed and aimed specifically at ha g ... | 2010 | 20700759 |
| quantitative proteomics using silac coupled to lc-ms/ms reveals changes in the nucleolar proteome in influenza a virus-infected cells. | influenza a virus (iav) is a major human pathogen whose genotypic diversity results in unpredictable pandemics and epidemics. interaction with the cell nucleus is essential to iav infection, allowing recruitment of cellular components to facilitate virus replication. viral proteins are also targeted to the nucleolus, a subnuclear structure involved in ribosomal biogenesis, rna maturation, stress response, and control of cell growth, but the functional consequences of this are unclear. we took an ... | 2010 | 20701360 |
| the esev pdz-binding motif of the avian influenza a virus ns1 protein protects infected cells from apoptosis by directly targeting scribble. | the ns1 protein from influenza a viruses contains a four-amino-acid sequence at its carboxyl terminus that is termed the pdz-binding motif (pbm). the ns1 pbm is predicted to bind to cellular pdz proteins and functions as a virulence determinant in infected mice. esev is the consensus pbm sequence of avian influenza viruses, while rskv is the consensus sequence of human viruses. currently circulating highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza viruses encode an ns1 protein with the esev pbm. we identified c ... | 2010 | 20702615 |
| pb2 and hemagglutinin mutations are major determinants of host range and virulence in mouse-adapted influenza a virus. | serial mouse lung passage of a human influenza a virus, a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) (hk-wt), produced a mouse-adapted variant, ma, with nine mutations that was >10(3.8)-fold more virulent. in this study, we demonstrate that ma mutations of the pb2 (d701n) and hemagglutinin (ha) (g218w in ha1 and t156n in ha2) genes were the most adaptive genetic determinants for increased growth and virulence in the mouse model. recombinant viruses expressing each of the mutated ma genome segments on the hk-wt backb ... | 2010 | 20702632 |
| human influenza is more effective than avian influenza at antiviral suppression in airway cells. | airway epithelial cells are the initial site of infection with influenza viruses. the innate immune responses of airway epithelial cells to infection are important in limiting virus replication and spread. however, relatively little is known about the importance of this innate antiviral response to infection. avian influenza viruses are a potential source of future pandemics, therefore it is critical to examine the effectiveness of the host antiviral system to different influenza viruses. we use ... | 2010 | 20705938 |
| immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an elastase-dependent live attenuated swine influenza virus vaccine administered intranasally in pigs. | influenza a virus is an important respiratory pathogen of swine that causes significant morbidity and economic impact on the swine industry. vaccination is the first choice for prevention and control of influenza infections. live attenuated influenza vaccines (laiv) are approved for use in humans and horses and their application provides broad protective immunity, however no laiv against swine influenza virus (siv) exists in the market. previously we reported that an elastase-dependent mutant si ... | 2010 | 20708697 |
| the need for quadrivalent vaccine against seasonal influenza. | seasonal influenza epidemics represent a substantial public health burden, causing significant morbidity and mortality. influenza in humans can be caused by influenza type a and type b viruses, and although influenza a is responsible for the majority of seasonal influenza infections, influenza b disease is common in children and young adults, and causes seasonal epidemics every 2-4 years. influenza strains circulating during a seasonal epidemic may be influenza type a strains a/h1n1 and a/h3n2, ... | 2010 | 20713260 |
| [rapid detection of novel influenza a virus and seasonal influenza a (h1n1, h3n2) viruses by reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp)]. | reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay we developed detects novel influenza a (h1n1) of swine origin and seasonal influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) viruses. individual primer sets targeting the ha gene for novel h1n1, h1n1, and h3n2 were newly designed to specifically detect these subtypes. no cross-reactions occurred among novel h1n1, h1n1, and h3n2, and 7 respiratory viruses-influenza b virus, influenza c virus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneum ... | 2010 | 20715552 |
| highly conserved cross-reactive cd4+ t-cell ha-epitopes of seasonal and the 2009 pandemic influenza viruses. | the relatively mild nature of the 2009 influenza pandemic (nh1n1) highlights the overriding importance of pre-existing immune memory. the absence of cross-reactive antibodies to nh1n1 in most individuals suggests that such attenuation may be attributed to pre-existing cellular immune responses to epitopes shared between nh1n1 virus and previously circulating strains of inter-pandemic influenza a viruses. | 2010 | 20716156 |
| [study on the antigenicity and ha1 gene characteristics of influenza a viruses during 2004-2008 year in china]. | to under stand influenza a viruses epidemic, antigenicity and genetic characteristics variation between the vaccine and circulation strains during 2004-2008 year in china. | 2009 | 20718339 |
| synthesis, antiviral activity and cytotoxicity evaluation of schiff bases of some 2-phenyl quinazoline-4(3)h-ones. | a new series of 3-(benzylideneamino)-2-phenylquinazoline-4(3h)-ones were prepared through schiff base formation of 3-amino-2-phenyl quinazoline-4(3)h-one with various substituted carbonyl compounds. their chemical structures were elucidated by spectral studies. cytotoxicity and antiviral activity were evaluated against herpes simplex virus-1 (kos), herpes simplex virus-2 (g), vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes simplex virus-1 tk- kos acvr, para influenza-3 virus, reovirus-1, sind ... | 2010 | 20724039 |
| glycan analysis and influenza a virus infection of primary swine respiratory epithelial cells: the importance of neuac{alpha}2-6 glycans. | to better understand influenza virus infection of pigs, we examined primary swine respiratory epithelial cells (srecs, the primary target cells of influenza viruses in vivo), as a model system. glycomic profiling of srecs by mass spectrometry revealed a diverse range of glycans terminating in sialic acid or galαgal. in terms of sialylation, α2-6 linkage was more abundant than α2-3, and neuac was more abundant than neugc. virus binding and infection experiments were conducted to determine functio ... | 2010 | 20724471 |
| avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza a viruses in southern china. | this study reports four sporadic cases of h3n2 canine influenza in southern china, which were identified from sick dogs from may 2006 to october 2007. the evolutionary analysis showed that all eight segments of these four viruses are avian-origin and phylogenetically close to the h3n2 canine influenza viruses reported earlier in south korea. systematic surveillance is required to monitor the disease and evolutionary behavior of this virus in canine populations in china. | 2010 | 20732458 |
| genetic correlation between current circulating h1n1 swine and human influenza viruses. | h1n1 is the main subtype influenza a virus circulating in human and swine population, and has long been a threat to economy and public health. | 2010 | 20732830 |
| serological characterization of guinea pigs infected with h3n2 human influenza or immunized with hemagglutinin protein. | recent and previous studies have shown that guinea pigs can be infected with, and transmit, human influenza viruses. therefore guinea pig may be a useful animal model for better understanding influenza infection and assessing vaccine strategies. to more fully characterize the model, antibody responses following either infection/re-infection with human influenza a/wyoming/03/2003 h3n2 or immunization with its homologous recombinant hemagglutinin (ha) protein were studied. | 2010 | 20735849 |
| seroepidemiology of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 virus infections in pune, india. | in india, pune was one of the badly affected cities during the influenza a (h1n1) 2009 pandemic. we undertook serosurveys among the risk groups and general population to determine the extent of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 virus infections. | 2010 | 20738878 |
| clinical importance and impact on the households of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal a/h1n1 influenza virus in healthy children in italy. | a resistance of a/h1n1 influenza viruses to oseltamivir has recently emerged in a number of countries. however, the clinical and socioeconomic importance of this resistance has not been precisely defined. as children have the highest incidence of influenza infection and are at high risk of severe disease, the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical importance and the impact on the households of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal a/h1n1 influenza virus in an otherwise healthy pediatric populat ... | 2010 | 20738882 |
| the impact of the pandemic influenza a(h1n1) 2009 virus on seasonal influenza a viruses in the southern hemisphere, 2009. | data collected over winter 2009 by five world health organisation national influenza centres in the southern hemisphere were used to examine the circulation of pandemic and seasonal influenza a strains during the first pandemic wave in the southern hemisphere.there is compelling evidence that the pandemic influenza a(h1n1) 2009 virus significantly displaced seasonal influenza a(h1n1) and, to a lesser extent, a(h3n2) viruses circulating in the southern hemisphere. complete replacement of seasonal ... | 2010 | 20738990 |
| influenza antiviral prescribing practices during the 2007-08 and 2008-09 influenza seasons in the setting of increased resistance to oseltamivir among circulating influenza viruses. | in december 2008, new interim guidelines on the use of influenza antiviral agents were released in response to a high prevalence of circulating oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza a(h1n1) and adamantane-resistant influenza a(h3n2) viruses. zanamivir, oseltamivir +/- an adamantane, or oseltamivir was recommended, depending on virus type, subtype, and local surveillance data. | 2010 | 20739002 |
| rapid detection of respiratory tract viral infections and coinfections in patients with influenza-like illnesses by use of reverse transcription-pcr dna microarray systems. | we prospectively tested 95 nasal swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates taken from 56 adults and 39 children visiting the reims university medical centre (northern france) for influenza-like illnesses (ili) during the early stage of the french influenza a/h1n1v pandemic (october 2009). respiratory samples were tested using a combination of two commercially available reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) dna microarray systems allowing rapid detection of influenza a virus strains, including the new a/h1n ... | 2010 | 20739481 |
| [swine-origin influenza h1n1/california--passions and facts]. | analysis of pandemic caused by swine influenza virus h1n1/california showed moderate virulence of this virus compared to pandemic viruses, which caused pandemics in 1918, 1957, and 1968. during seasonal influenza epidemic in countries of southern hemisphere (june-august 2009) despite on circulation of h1n1/california strain, epidemics was caused by human influenza viruses h3n2 and h1n1. it was concluded that strain h1n1/california could not be attributed to pandemic strains of influenza viruses. | 2010 | 20795393 |
| production and antigenic properties of influenza virus from suspension mdck-siat7e cells in a bench-scale bioreactor. | in efforts to overcome limitations associated with egg-based influenza vaccines, mammalian cell substrates have gradually emerged as potential production platforms. recently, a suspension madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cell line for influenza virus production was created by expressing the human siat7e gene. to examine the broad susceptibility of this novel cell line, the scalability of the production process, and the antigenic stability of cell-derived progeny viruses, infection experiments us ... | 2010 | 20800699 |
| genetic content of influenza h3n2 vaccine seeds. | influenza vaccine seeds produced in chicken eggs are selected through ha and na surface glycoproteins antigenicity, as well as through high replicative ability. here we characterize the genetic content of recently used thirteen h3n2 influenza vaccine seeds. interestingly, sequence analysis of the vaccine seeds shows reassortment events leading to pr8:h3n2 segment constellations, ranging from the 6:2 to 2:6 constellations. this study shows that the h3n2 pb1 is the most frequent internal segment i ... | 2010 | 20802842 |
| policy statement--recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2010-2011. | the purpose of this statement is to update current recommendations for routine use of trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine and antiviral medications for the prevention and treatment of influenza in children. the 2009 influenza a (h1n1) pandemic virus is expected to circulate, with infants and children at increased risk of severe illness and death. this year's trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine contains a/california/7/2009 (h1n1)-like antigen (derived from the 2009 pandemic influenza a [h1n1] v ... | 2010 | 20805143 |
| genetic divergence of influenza a ns1 gene in pandemic 2009 h1n1 isolates with respect to h1n1 and h3n2 isolates from previous seasonal epidemics. | the influenza a pandemic sustained by a new h1n1 variant (h1n1v) started in mexico and the usa at the end of april 2009 spreading worldwide in a few weeks. in this study we investigate the variability of the ns1 gene of the pandemic h1n1v strain with respect to previous seasonal strains circulating in humans and the potential selection of virus variants through isolation in cell culture. | 2010 | 20809948 |
| serological response in rt-pcr confirmed h1n1-2009 influenza a by hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays: an observational study. | we describe the serological response following h1n1-2009 influenza a infections confirmed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). | 2010 | 20814575 |
| neonates investigated for influenza-like illness during the outbreak of pandemic h1n1 2009: trivial infections but major triage implications. | we report eight cases of neonates (from birth to 25 days) admitted to the neonatal service of a teaching hospital with influenza-like illness during the outbreak of pandemic h1n1 2009, and discuss their management and infection control issues. empirical antibiotics were often promptly initiated and timely stopped when sepsis was ruled out. also, there was no pandemic h1n1-09 but influenza a (h3n2, n = 1), parainfluenza (type 3, n = 3) and respiratory syncytial virus (n = 1) have been isolated. t ... | 2010 | 20814838 |
| amantadine resistance in relation to the evolution of influenza a(h3n2) viruses in iran. | the aminoadamantanes, amantadine and rimantadine, have been used to prevent and treat influenza a virus infections for many years. several reports have shown an increased level of resistance to these drugs, particularly among influenza a(h3n2) subtype viruses, during recent years. we observed an increase in amantadine resistance, due to a ser31asn mutation in the m2 channel protein, among a(h3n2) viruses circulating in iran during 2005-2007. sequence analyses of the haemagglutinin and neuraminid ... | 2010 | 20816700 |
| molecular characteristics of the human pandemic influenza a virus (h1n1). | the outbreak of the human pandemic influenza a (h1n1) has caused a considerable public concern. the aim of this review was to improve our understanding of this novel virus by analyzing the relationships between its molecular characteristics and pathogenic properties. results of this analysis indicate that the human pandemic influenza a (h1n1) virus is a new re-assorted virus, which combines genetic materials from the avian flu (h1n1) virus, classical swine flu (h1n1) virus, human flu (h3n2) viru ... | 2010 | 20822307 |
| enhanced immunogenicity of stabilized trimeric soluble influenza hemagglutinin. | the recent swine-origin h1n1 pandemic illustrates the need to develop improved procedures for rapid production of influenza vaccines. one alternative to the current egg-based manufacture of influenza vaccine is to produce a hemagglutinin (ha) subunit vaccine using a recombinant expression system with the potential for high protein yields, ease of cloning new antigenic variants, and an established safety record in humans. | 2010 | 20824188 |
| reassortant between human-like h3n2 and avian h5 subtype influenza a viruses in pigs: a potential public health risk. | human-like h3n2 influenza viruses have repeatedly been transmitted to domestic pigs in different regions of the world, but it is still uncertain whether any of these variants could become established in pig populations. the fact that different subtypes of influenza viruses have been detected in pigs makes them an ideal candidate for the genesis of a possible reassortant virus with both human and avian origins. however, the determination of whether pigs can act as a "mixing vessel" for a possible ... | 2010 | 20830295 |
| a comprehensive surveillance of adamantane resistance among human influenza a virus isolated from mainland china between 1956 and 2009. | adamantane-derived drugs have been used for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza a virus infection for many years worldwide. rapid surveillance of antiviral drug resistance is important for appropriate clinical guideline development. here, we retrospectively assessed adamantane resistance among different influenza a subtypes (h1n1, h3n2 and h5n1) over 53 years (1956-2009) in mainland china. | 2010 | 20834097 |
| [history of pandemic influenza in japan]. | in japan, influenza like epidemics were described many times since heian era. however, spanish flu as the modern medicine invaded japan in 1918, thus almost infected 390,000 patients died with associated pneumonia. after the discovery of influenza virus in 1933, japan experienced pandemic influenza--asian flu(h2n2) in 1957. after about 10 years, hong kong flu (h3n2) came to japan at 1968. however, we had many reliable antibiotics but had not any antiviral drug at the early time. after year 2000, ... | 2010 | 20845733 |
| an influenza b outbreak during the 2007/2008 winter among appropriately immunized elderly people living in a nursing home. | the study evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of a trivalent subunit mf59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (a/wisconsin/67/05 (h3n2), a/solomon islands/3/06 (h1n1) and b/malaysia/2506/04) in preventing serologically diagnosed infections in a group of 67 institutionalized elderly volunteers during 2007/2008 winter, characterized by co-circulation of drifted a/h3n2, a/h1n1 and b influenza viruses. influenza vaccination induced a significant increase in the amounts of hemagglutination inhibiting ... | 2010 | 20846530 |
| development of a novel bead-based multiplex pcr assay for combined subtyping and oseltamivir resistance genotyping (h275y) of seasonal and pandemic h1n1 influenza a viruses. | the identification of influenza a virus subtypes in clinical specimens is becoming increasingly important for clinical laboratories since seasonal h1n1, h3n2 and pandemic h1n1 influenza a viruses can have defined antiviral resistance patterns and subtyping can be used as a surrogate for antiviral resistance testing. | 2010 | 20846903 |
| influenza a virus replication induces cell cycle arrest in g0/g1 phase. | many viruses interact with the host cell division cycle to favor their own growth. in this study, we examined the ability of influenza a virus to manipulate cell cycle progression. our results show that influenza a virus a/wsn/33 (h1n1) replication results in g(0)/g(1)-phase accumulation of infected cells and that this accumulation is caused by the prevention of cell cycle entry from g(0)/g(1) phase into s phase. consistent with the g(0)/g(1)-phase accumulation, the amount of hyperphosphorylated ... | 2010 | 20861262 |
| rapid evolution of low-pathogenic h9n2 avian influenza viruses following poultry vaccination programmes. | to investigate whether currently circulating h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) in domestic poultry have evolved in korean poultry since 2007, genetic and serological comparisons were conducted of h9n2 isolates from poultry slaughterhouses from january 2008 to december 2009. the isolation rate was relatively low in 2008 but increased gradually from january 2009 onwards. genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that reassortant viruses had emerged, generating at least five novel genotypes, mos ... | 2011 | 20861321 |
| immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in children with pediatric rheumatic diseases receiving immunosuppressive agents. | children with rheumatic diseases receiving immunosuppressive therapy are a high-risk group for influenza virus infection; however, few data are available regarding the efficacy and safety of influenza vaccine for those individuals. | 2011 | 20861757 |
| a highly sensitive immuno-pcr assay for detection of h5n1 avian influenza virus. | with an aim at detecting the ultra-low concentration of avian influenza virus (aiv), a highly sensitive hybrid assay based on immunology and polymerase chain reaction was developed. the topyield microtiter plates were coated with ten-fold serial dilutions of h5n1 subtype aiv ranging from 10 eid(50 )ml(-1)~10(-4) eid(50) ml(-1),which was recognized by mouse anti-aiv h5 monoclonal antibody (mab) that was directly linked with reporter dna using a heterobifunctional cross-linker. after extensive was ... | 2011 | 20862550 |
| redundancy of the influenza a virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte response in hla-b*2705 transgenic mice limits the impact of a mutation in the immunodominant np(383-391) epitope on influenza pathogenesis. | during the 1993-1994 flu season, influenza a/h3n2 viruses emerged with an amino acid substitution (r384g) at the anchor residue of the hla-b*2705 restricted np(383-391) epitope located in the nucleoprotein (np). the r384g substitution reached fixation rapidly and abrogated recognition of a/h3n2 viruses by np(383-391)-specific cd8+ t cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) completely. to test the impact of the r384g substitution in the immunodominant np(383-391) epitope in vivo, influenza a viruses that di ... | 2010 | 20863862 |
| detection of excess influenza severity: associating respiratory hospitalization and mortality data with reports of influenza-like illness by primary care physicians. | we explored whether excesses in influenza severity can be detected by combining respiratory syndromic hospital and mortality data with data on influenza-like illness (ili) cases obtained from general practitioners. | 2010 | 20864730 |
| comparison of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and cellular signal transduction in human macrophages infected with different influenza a viruses. | influenza a virus infection of macrophages and virus-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression are regarded to contribute to severity of influenza a virus-caused diseases. although some data are available on cytokine production by influenza a virus-infected macrophages, systematic comparisons of the virus types are currently considered to be of high relevance in humans (pandemic h1n1/2009, seasonal h1n1, seasonal h3n2, highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1) on pro-inflammatory potential, and rel ... | 2010 | 20865277 |
| pandemic h1n1 and seasonal h3n2 influenza infection in the human population show different distributions of viral loads, which substantially affect the performance of rapid influenza tests. | a wide range of sensitivity has been reported for rapid influenza antigen tests (riat). in this study, we analyzed the viral loads of 778 pandemic h1n1- and 227 seasonal h3n2-virus positive clinical specimens collected during the same period and found that viral loads in pandemic h1n1 viruses was characterized by lower copy numbers than seasonal h3n2 viruses. among various factors including the timing of specimen collection, patient age, patient gender and subtype of influenza, we found that the ... | 2010 | 20875469 |
| seroprevalence of seasonal and pandemic influenza a viruses in domestic cats. | infection of domestic cats with pandemic h1n1 influenza virus has recently been documented. we conducted a seroprevalence survey and found that 17 of 78 (21.8%) cats sampled during the 2009-2010 influenza season had antibody titers ≥40 against the novel h1n1 strain by hemagglutinin-inhibition assay, compared to only 1 of 39 (2.6%) sampled in 2008 prior to emergence of the pandemic (p = 0.006). seroprevalance of seasonal h1n1 (41.9%) and h3n2 (25.6%) viruses was similarly high. these data reflect ... | 2010 | 20878192 |
| characterization of an h3n2 triple reassortant influenza virus with a mutation at the receptor binding domain (d190a) that occurred upon virus transmission from turkeys to pigs. | the hemagglutinin (ha) protein of influenza virus mediates essential viral functions including the binding to host receptor and virus entry. it also has the antigenic sites required for virus neutralization by host antibodies. here, we characterized an h3n2 triple reassortant (tr) influenza virus (a/turkey/ohio/313053/04) with a mutation at the receptor binding domain (asp190ala) that occurred upon virus transmission from turkeys to pigs in an experimental infection study. the mutant virus repli ... | 2010 | 20920297 |
| influence of an additional amino group on the potency of aminoadamantanes against influenza virus a. ii - synthesis of spiropiperazines and in vitro activity against influenza a h3n2 virus. | spiro[piperidine-2,2'-adamantane] 4 is one of the most potent synthetic anti-influenza a aminoadamantanes or other cage structure amines tested so far. based on previous results tataridis et al. (2007) [5h] which demonstrate the boost of in vitro potency by the presence of an additional amino group, we examined whether the incorporation of a second amino group into this heterocycle would increase the anti-influenza a virus activity. the new synthetic molecules 5-7 are capable of forming two hydr ... | 2010 | 20926112 |
| contrasting substitution patterns between ha proteins of avian and human influenza viruses: implication for monitoring human influenza epidemics. | the ha1 domain of influenza a viruses is critical for immune escape and host receptor recognition. however, the association between ha1 evolution and host species-specific adaptations remains unclear. we have identified the amino acid sites that are related to the host species-specific adaptations by systematically comparing the evolutionary dynamics of ha1 between human and avian hosts for both h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. we can thus refine the "positively selected sites" in the ha1 domain of these ... | 2010 | 20933040 |
| influenza a virus strains that circulate in humans differ in the ability of their ns1 proteins to block the activation of irf3 and interferon-β transcription. | we demonstrate that influenza a virus strains that circulate in humans differ markedly in the ability of their ns1 proteins to block the activation of irf3 and interferon-β transcription. strong activation occurs in cells infected with viruses expressing ns1 proteins of seasonal h3n2 and h2n2 viruses, whereas activation is blocked in cells infected with viruses expressing ns1 proteins of some, but not all seasonal h1n1 viruses. the ns1 proteins of the 2009 h1n1 and h5n1 viruses also block these ... | 2010 | 20934196 |
| glycan shielding of the influenza virus hemagglutinin contributes to immunopathology in mice. | pandemic influenza viruses historically have had few potential sites for n-linked glycosylation on the globular head of the hemagglutinin (ha) on emergence from the avian reservoir. gain of glycans within antigenic sites of the ha during adaptation to the mammalian lung facilitates immune evasion. | 2010 | 20935106 |
| inhibition of lectin-mediated innate host defences in vivo modulates disease severity during influenza virus infection. | host-mediated recognition of mannose-rich glycans on the surface of pathogens represents an ancient mechanism of innate immune defence. in this study, we demonstrate that the virus strains that differ in the degree of n-linked glycosylation on the globular head of their hemagglutinin glycoprotein also differed in their (i) sensitivity to neutralization by a mannose-specific lectin in mouse lung fluids and (ii) ability to infect (and, therefore, to be destroyed) by airway macrophages. virus strai ... | 2010 | 20938455 |
| possible role of aerosol transmission in a hospital outbreak of influenza. | we examined the role of aerosol transmission of influenza in an acute ward setting. | 2010 | 20942655 |
| multiplexed, rapid detection of h5n1 using a pcr-free nanoparticle-based genomic microarray assay. | for more than a decade there has been increasing interest in the use of nanotechnology and microarray platforms for diagnostic applications. in this report, we describe a rapid and simple gold nanoparticle (np)-based genomic microarray assay for specific identification of avian influenza virus h5n1 and its discrimination from other major influenza a virus strains (h1n1, h3n2). | 2010 | 20942949 |
| combination of peramivir and rimantadine demonstrate synergistic antiviral effects in sub-lethal influenza a (h3n2) virus mouse model. | efficacy of combination of the intramuscularly administered neuraminidase (na) inhibitor, peramivir, and the orally administered m2 ion channel blocker, rimantadine was evaluated in mouse influenza a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2) model. mice were challenged with a sub-lethal virus dose (0-40% mortality in placebo group) and changes in body weights were analyzed by three-dimensional effect analysis to assess mode of drug interactions. compounds were administered in a 5-day treatment course starting 1h bef ... | 2010 | 20943201 |
| cationic lipid/dna complex-adjuvanted influenza a virus vaccination induces robust cross-protective immunity. | influenza a virus is a negative-strand segmented rna virus in which antigenically distinct viral subtypes are defined by the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) major viral surface proteins. an ideal inactivated vaccine for influenza a virus would induce not only highly robust strain-specific humoral and t-cell immune responses but also cross-protective immunity in which an immune response to antigens from a particular viral subtype (e.g., h3n2) would protect against other viral subtypes ( ... | 2010 | 20943978 |
| influenza antigen-sparing by immune stimulation with gram-positive enhancer matrix (gem) particles. | gram-positive enhancer matrix (gem) particles, produced from non-genetically modified lactococcus lactis bacteria have an inherent immunostimulatory activity. it was investigated whether co-administration of gem particles can reduce the amount of influenza subunit vaccine (ha) necessary to protect mice from viral infection. decreasing ha amounts of 5, 1, 0.2 and 0.04μg admixed with gem particles were tested in intramuscular immunizations. combinations of gem and seasonal ha (a/wisconsin/67/2005 ... | 2010 | 20946860 |
| transforming growth factor-β: activation by neuraminidase and role in highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza pathogenesis. | transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-β), a multifunctional cytokine regulating several immunologic processes, is expressed by virtually all cells as a biologically inactive molecule termed latent tgf-β (ltgf-β). we have previously shown that tgf-β activity increases during influenza virus infection in mice and suggested that the neuraminidase (na) protein mediates this activation. in the current study, we determined the mechanism of activation of ltgf-β by na from the influenza virus a/gray teal ... | 2010 | 20949074 |
| vaccination with a synthetic peptide from the influenza virus hemagglutinin provides protection against distinct viral subtypes. | current influenza virus vaccines protect mostly against homologous virus strains; thus, regular immunization with updated vaccine formulations is necessary to guard against the virus' hallmark remodeling of regions that mediate neutralization. development of a broadly protective influenza vaccine would mark a significant advance in human infectious diseases research. antibodies with broad neutralizing activity (nabs) against multiple influenza virus strains or subtypes have been reported to bind ... | 2010 | 20956293 |
| transmission of influenza a viruses between pigs and people, iowa, 2002-2004. | triple-reassortant (tr) viruses of human, avian, and swine origin, including h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 subtypes, emerged in north american swine herds in 1998 and have become predominant. while sporadic human infections with classical influenza a (h1n1) and with tr-swine influenza viruses have been reported, relatively few have been documented in occupationally exposed swine workers (sw). | 2010 | 20958933 |
| analysis of synonymous codon usage bias in 09h1n1. | a novel subtype of influenza a virus 09h1n1 has rapidly spread across the world. evolutionary analyses of this virus have revealed that 09h1n1 is a triple reassortant of segments from swine, avian and human influenza viruses. in this study, we investigated factors shaping the codon usage bias of 09h1n1 and carried out cluster analysis of 60 strains of influenza a virus from different subtypes based on their codon usage bias. we discovered that more preferentially used codons of 09h1n1 are a-ende ... | 2010 | 20960179 |
| modifications in the polymerase genes of a swine-like triple-reassortant influenza virus to generate live attenuated vaccines against 2009 pandemic h1n1 viruses. | on 11 june 2009, the world health organization (who) declared that the outbreaks caused by novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus had reached pandemic proportions. the pandemic h1n1 (h1n1pdm) virus is the predominant influenza virus strain in the human population. it has also crossed the species barriers and infected turkeys and swine in several countries. thus, the development of a vaccine that is effective in multiple animal species is urgently needed. we have previously demonstrated that ... | 2010 | 20962084 |
| potential role of viral surface glycoproteins in the replication of h3n2 triple reassortant influenza a viruses in swine and turkeys. | the h3n2 triple reassortant (tr) influenza viruses emerged in swine in 1998 and then in turkeys in 2003. it was then hypothesized that these viruses crossed the species barrier and transmitted from pigs to turkeys. in previous work we identified viruses with different transmission behavior between the two species, of which a/turkey/ohio/313053/04 (tk04) transmitted both ways between swine and turkeys, and a/swine/north carolina/03 (sw03) did not transmit either way between the two species. utili ... | 2010 | 20965669 |
| genomic signature-based identification of influenza a viruses using rt-pcr/electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry (esi-ms) technology. | the emergence and rapid spread of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic influenza a virus (h1n1pdm) in humans highlights the importance of enhancing the capability of existing influenza surveillance systems with tools for rapid identification of emerging and re-emerging viruses. one of the new approaches is the rt-pcr electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (rt-pcr/esi-ms) technology, which is based on analysis of base composition (bc) of rt-pcr amplicons from influenza "core" genes. combination of the bc si ... | 2010 | 20967258 |
| single-dose mucosal immunization with a candidate universal influenza vaccine provides rapid protection from virulent h5n1, h3n2 and h1n1 viruses. | the sudden emergence of novel influenza viruses is a global public health concern. conventional influenza vaccines targeting the highly variable surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase must antigenically match the emerging strain to be effective. in contrast, "universal" vaccines targeting conserved viral components could be used regardless of viral strain or subtype. previous approaches to universal vaccination have required protracted multi-dose immunizations. here we evaluate a ... | 2010 | 20976273 |
| outbreaks of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and seasonal influenza a (h3n2) on cruise ship. | to determine the extent and pattern of influenza transmission and effectiveness of containment measures, we investigated dual outbreaks of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and influenza a (h3n2) that had occurred on a cruise ship in may 2009. of 1,970 passengers and 734 crew members, 82 (3.0%) were infected with pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus, 98 (3.6%) with influenza a (h3n2) virus, and 2 (0.1%) with both. among 45 children who visited the ship's childcare center, infection rate for pandemic (h1n1) 2009 was hi ... | 2010 | 21029531 |
| one-step real-time reverse transcription-pcr assays for detecting and subtyping pandemic influenza a/h1n1 2009, seasonal influenza a/h1n1, and seasonal influenza a/h3n2 viruses. | pandemic influenza a/h1n1 2009 (a/h1n1pdm) virus has caused significant outbreaks worldwide. a previous one-step real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rrt-pcr) assay for detecting a/h1n1pdm virus (h1pdm rrt-pcr assay) was improved since the former probe had a low melting temperature and low tolerance to viral mutation. to help with the screening of the a/h1n1pdm virus, rrt-pcr assays were also developed for detecting human seasonal a/h1n1 (h1 rrt-pcr assay) and a/h3n2 influenza viruses (h3 rrt-pc ... | 2010 | 21029748 |
| [in vivo efficacy of ingavirin against pandemic a (h1n1/09)v influenza virus]. | ingavirin was shown to be efficient in inhibition of the pandemic influenza virus strains a/california/04/2009 (h1n1)v, a/california/07/2009 (h1n1)v, a/moscow/225/2009 (h1n1)v and a/moscow/226/2009 (h1n1)v. as well as the influenza virus strain a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) in the lungs of the infected mice. after oral administration of ingavirin the titers of the influenza virus strains in the lung homogenates lowered. | 2010 | 21033472 |
| investigation of the influence of eps® 7630, a herbal drug preparation from pelargonium sidoides, on replication of a broad panel of respiratory viruses. | the pelargonium sidoides extract eps® 7630 is an approved drug for the treatment of acute bronchitis in germany. the postulated mechanisms underlying beneficial effects of eps® 7630 in bronchitis patients include immunomodulatory and cytoprotective effects, inhibition of interaction between bacteria and host cells, and increase of cilliary beat frequency on respiratory cells. here, we investigated the influence of eps® 7630 on replication of a panel of respiratory viruses. determination of virus ... | 2010 | 21036571 |