| buccal cancer in a female patient with human immunodeficiency virus-2 infection. | this is the first-case report of isolated human immunodeficiency virus-2 (hiv-2) infection that developed squamous cell carcinoma (scc) of the buccal mucosa. she was treated with radiotherapy 66 gy in 30 fractions. hiv-2 infection was diagnosed with tridot test, and quantitative estimation was done with polymerase chain reaction. viral load is usually low in hiv-2 patients; similarly tempo of disease progression is also slow. treatment of scc of buccal mucosa with or without hiv infection is not ... | 2016 | 26458687 |
| samhd1: at the crossroads of cell proliferation, immune responses, and virus restriction. | samhd1 is a triphosphohydrolase enzyme that controls the intracellular level of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dntps) and plays a role in innate immune sensing and autoimmune disease. samhd1 has also been identified as an intrinsic virus restriction factor, inactivated through degradation by hiv-2 vpx or through a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism. phosphorylation of samhd1 by cyclin-dependent kinases has been strongly associated with inactivation of the virus restriction mechanism, ... | 2015 | 26439297 |
| evaluation of performance of human immunodeficiency virus antigen/antibody combination assays in taiwan. | the fourth-generation human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) combination assay, which can simultaneously detect the presence of anti-hiv antibody and hiv antigen, has been shown to shorten the window period in hiv diagnosis compared with the third-generation hiv antibody immunoassay. this study was aimed to determine the performance of hiv combination assays in taiwan, where the hiv-1 seroprevalence is 0.007% and hiv-2 infection has never been reported. | 2015 | 26433754 |
| conserved determinants of lentiviral genome dimerization. | retroviruses selectively package two copies of their unspliced genomes by what appears to be a dimerization-dependent rna packaging mechanism. dimerization of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) genomes is initiated by "kissing" interactions between gc-rich palindromic loop residues of a conserved hairpin (dis), and is indirectly promoted by long-range base pairing between residues overlapping the gag start codon (aug) and an upstream unique 5' element (u5). the dis and u5:aug structures ... | 2015 | 26420212 |
| six-week follow-up after hiv-1 exposure: a position statement from the public health agency of sweden and the swedish reference group for antiviral therapy. | in 2014 the public health agency of sweden and the swedish reference group for antiviral therapy (rav) conducted a review and analysis of the state of knowledge on the duration of follow-up after exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). up until then a follow-up of 12 weeks after exposure had been recommended, but improved tests and new information on early diagnosis motivated a re-evaluation of the national recommendations by experts representing infectious diseases and microbiology, cou ... | 2016 | 26414596 |
| a multiple sirna-based anti-hiv/shiv microbicide shows protection in both in vitro and in vivo models. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) are the etiologic agents of aids. most hiv-1 infected individuals worldwide are women, who acquire hiv infections during sexual contact. blocking hiv mucosal transmission and local spread in the female lower genital tract is important in preventing infection and ultimately eliminating the pandemic. microbicides work by destroying the microbes or preventing them from establishing an infection. thus, a number of different types of ... | 2015 | 26407080 |
| the nucleoside analog bms-986001 shows greater in vitro activity against hiv-2 than against hiv-1. | treatment options for individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) are restricted by the intrinsic resistance of the virus to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis) and the reduced susceptibility of hiv-2 to several protease inhibitors (pis) used in antiretroviral therapy (art). in an effort to identify new antiretrovirals for hiv-2 treatment, we evaluated the in vitro activity of the investigational nucleoside analog bms-986001 (2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxy ... | 2015 | 26392486 |
| dental age estimation in brazilian hiv children using willems' method. | the notification of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in brazilian children was first reported in 1984. since that time more than 21 thousand children became infected. approximately 99.6% of the children aged less than 13 years old are vertically infected. in this context, most of the children are abandoned after birth, or lose their relatives in a near future, growing with uncertain identification. the present study aims to estimate the dental age of brazilian hiv patients in face of healt ... | 2015 | 26318404 |
| evaluation of performance of two rapid tests for detection of hiv-1 and -2 in high- and low-prevalence populations in nigeria. | the availability of reliable human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1/2) rapid tests in resource-limited settings represents an important advancement in the accurate diagnosis of hiv infection and presents opportunities for implementation of effective prevention and treatment interventions among vulnerable populations. a study of the potential target populations for future hiv vaccine studies examined the prevalence of hiv infections at six selected sites in nigeria and evaluated the us ... | 2015 | 26311857 |
| development of water-soluble polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers as novel and highly potent topical anti-hiv-2 microbicides. | the development of topical microbicide formulations for vaginal delivery to prevent hiv-2 sexual transmission is urgently needed. second- and third-generation polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers with a silicon atom core and 16 sulfonate (g2-s16), napthylsulfonate (g2-ns16) and sulphate (g3-sh16) end-groups have shown potent and broad-spectrum anti-hiv-1 activity. however, their antiviral activity against hiv-2 and mode of action have not been probed. cytotoxicity, anti-hiv-2, anti-sperm and antim ... | 2015 | 26274532 |
| dutpase: the frequently overlooked enzyme encoded by many retroviruses. | retroviruses are among the best studied viruses in last decades due to their pivotal involvement in cellular processes and, most importantly, in causing human diseases, most notably-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) that is triggered by human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively). numerous studied were conducted to understand the involvement of the three cardinal retroviral enzymes, reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease, in the life cycle of the v ... | 2015 | 26259899 |
| determinants in hiv-2 env and tetherin required for functional interaction. | the interferon-inducible factor bst-2/tetherin blocks the release of nascent virions from the surface of infected cells for certain enveloped virus families. the primate lentiviruses have evolved several counteracting mechanisms which, in the case of hiv-2, is a function of its env protein. we sought to further understand the features of the env protein and tetherin that are important for this interaction, and to evaluate the selective pressure on hiv-2 to maintain such an activity. | 2015 | 26248668 |
| cenicriviroc, a novel ccr5 (r5) and ccr2 antagonist, shows in vitro activity against r5 tropic hiv-2 clinical isolates. | maraviroc activity against hiv-2, a virus naturally resistant to different hiv-1 antiretroviral drugs, has been recently demonstrated. the aim of this study was to assess hiv-2 susceptibility to cenicriviroc, a novel, once-daily, dual ccr5 and ccr2 antagonist that has completed phase 2b development in hiv-1 infection. | 2015 | 26247470 |
| vpx-independent lentiviral transduction and shrna-mediated protein knock-down in monocyte-derived dendritic cells. | the function of dendritic cells (dcs) in the immune system is based on their ability to sense and present foreign antigens. powerful tools to research dc function and to apply in cell-based immunotherapy are either silencing or overexpression of genes achieved by lentiviral transduction. to date, efficient lentiviral transduction of dcs or their monocyte derived counterparts (mddcs) required high multiplicity of infection (moi) or the exposure to the hiv-2/siv protein vpx to degrade viral restri ... | 2015 | 26208151 |
| lv4 is a capsid-specific antiviral activity in human blood cells that restricts viruses of the sivmac/sivsm/hiv-2 lineage prior to integration. | hiv-2 and sivmac are aids-causing, zoonotic lentiviruses that jumped to humans and rhesus macaques, respectively, from sivsm-bearing sooty mangabey monkeys. cross-species transmission events such as these sometimes necessitate virus adaptation to species-specific, host restriction factors such as trim5. here, a new human restriction activity is described that blocks viruses of the sivsm/sivmac/hiv-2 lineage. human t, b, and myeloid cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and dendritic cel ... | 2015 | 26181333 |
| hiv-1 and hiv-2 exhibit similar mutation frequencies and spectra in the absence of g-to-a hypermutation. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is often distinguished clinically by lower viral loads, reduced transmissibility, and longer asymptomatic periods than for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). differences in the mutation frequencies of hiv-1 and hiv-2 have been hypothesized to contribute to the attenuated progression of hiv-2 observed clinically. | 2015 | 26160407 |
| executive summary of the gesida/national aids plan consensus document on antiretroviral therapy in adults infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (updated january 2015). | in this update, antiretroviral therapy (art) is recommended for all patients infected by type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1). the strength and grade of the recommendation vary depending on the cd4+ t-lymphocyte count, the presence of opportunistic infections or comorbid conditions, age, and the efforts to prevent the transmission of hiv. the objective of art is to achieve an undetectable plasma viral load (pvl). initial art should comprise three drugs, namely, two nucleoside reverse tran ... | 2015 | 26021186 |
| the expression of functional vpx during pathogenic sivmac infections of rhesus macaques suppresses samhd1 in cd4+ memory t cells. | for nearly 20 years, the principal biological function of the hiv-2/siv vpx gene has been thought to be required for optimal virus replication in myeloid cells. mechanistically, this vpx activity was recently reported to involve the degradation of sterile alpha motif and hd domain-containing protein 1 (samhd1) in this cell lineage. here we show that when macaques were inoculated with either the t cell tropic sivmac239 or the macrophage tropic sivmac316 carrying a vpx point mutation that abrogate ... | 2015 | 25996507 |
| a direct interaction with rna dramatically enhances the catalytic activity of the hiv-1 protease in vitro. | though the steps of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) virion maturation are well documented, the mechanisms regulating the proteolysis of the gag and gag-pro-pol polyproteins by the hiv-1 protease (pr) remain obscure. one proposed mechanism argues that the maturation intermediate p15nc must interact with rna for efficient cleavage by the pr. we investigated this phenomenon and found that processing of multiple substrates by the hiv-1 pr was enhanced in the presence of rna. the accelera ... | 2015 | 25986307 |
| the importance of glutamine 294 that affects the ribonuclease h activity of the reverse transcriptase of hiv-2 to viral replication. | most currently-used antiretroviral drugs inhibit the reverse-transcriptase (rt) of hiv. the differences between hiv-1 and hiv-2 rts explain why some of the anti-hiv-1 drugs are not effective against hiv-2. one major difference between the two hiv rts is the low ribonuclease h (rnase h) activity of hiv-2 rt relative to hiv-1 rt. our previous studies showed that residue gln294 in hiv-2 rt accounts for this rnase h reduction (the comparable residue in hiv-1 rt is pro294), as the q294p mutant of hiv ... | 2015 | 25965791 |
| [gesida/national aids plan: consensus document on antiretroviral therapy in adults infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (updated january 2015)]. | this consensus document is an update of combined antiretroviral therapy (cart) guidelines and recommendations for hiv-1 infected adult patients. | 2015 | 25959461 |
| cyclin d3-dependent control of the dntp pool and hiv-1 replication in human macrophages. | cyclins control the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk), which in turn, control the cell cycle and cell division. intracellular availability of deoxynucleotides (dntp) plays a fundamental role in cell cycle progression. sam domain and hd domain-containing protein 1 (samhd1) degrades nucleotide triphosphates and controls the size of the dntp pool. samhd1 activity appears to be controlled by cdk. here, we show that knockdown of cyclin d3 a partner of cdk6 and e2 a partner of cdk2 had a ma ... | 2015 | 25927932 |
| samhd1 limits hiv-1 antigen presentation by monocyte-derived dendritic cells. | monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mddc) stimulate cd8 cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) by presenting endogenous and exogenous viral peptides via major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc-i) molecules. mddc are poorly susceptible to hiv-1, in part due to the presence of samhd1, a cellular enzyme that depletes intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dntps) and degrades viral rna. vpx, an hiv-2/sivsm protein absent from hiv-1, antagonizes samhd1 by inducing its degradation. the impact of samh ... | 2015 | 25926647 |
| fluorescent image analysis of hiv-1 and hiv-2 uncoating kinetics in the presence of old world monkey trim5α. | uncoating of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) conical cores is an important early step for establishment of infection. in old world monkey (owm) cells, the trim5α cellular factor potently suppresses an early step of infection by hiv-1. previously, biochemical studies using whole cell lysates of infected cells revealed that owm trim5α accelerates the uncoating of hiv-1, leading to premature reverse transcription. in the present study, we re-evaluated uncoating kineti ... | 2015 | 25803716 |
| characterization of the interactions between sivrcm vpx and red-capped mangabey samhd1. | samhd1 (sam domain- and hd domain-containing protein 1) inhibits hiv-1 infection of myeloid cells and resting cd4+ t-cells. two lineages of primate lentiviruses, the sooty mangabey siv (simian immunodeficiency virus) (sivsm)/macaque siv (sivmac)/hiv-2 lineage and the red-capped mangabey siv (sivrcm) lineage, carry a samhd1 antagonist called vpx. vpx recognizes samhd1 and recruits a ubiquitin e3 ligase complex that is composed of cul4 (cullin4), ddb1 (damaged dna-binding protein 1) and a member o ... | 2015 | 25791246 |
| laboratory-confirmed hiv and sexually transmitted infection seropositivity and risk behavior among sexually active transgender patients at an adolescent and young adult urban community health center. | the sexual health of transgender adolescents and young adults who present for health care in urban community health centers is understudied. a retrospective review of electronic health record (ehr) data was conducted from 180 transgender patients aged 12-29 years seen for one or more health-care visits between 2001 and 2010 at an urban community health center serving youth in boston, ma. analyses were restricted to 145 sexually active transgender youth (87.3% of the sample). laboratory-confirmed ... | 2015 | 25790139 |
| degradation of samhd1 by vpx is independent of uncoating. | sterile alpha motif domain and hd domain-containing protein 1 (samhd1) restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication in myeloid and resting t cells. lentiviruses such as hiv-2 and some simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) counteract the restriction by encoding vpx or vpr, accessory proteins that are packaged in virions and which, upon entry of the virus into the cytoplasm, induce the proteasomal degradation of samhd1. as a tool to study these mechanisms, we generated hela c ... | 2015 | 25762741 |
| aav-expressed ecd4-ig provides durable protection from multiple shiv challenges. | long-term in vivo expression of a broad and potent entry inhibitor could circumvent the need for a conventional vaccine for hiv-1. adeno-associated virus (aav) vectors can stably express hiv-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnabs). however, even the best bnabs neutralize 10-50% of hiv-1 isolates inefficiently (80% inhibitory concentration (ic80) > 5 μg ml(-1)), suggesting that high concentrations of these antibodies would be necessary to achieve general protection. here we show that ecd4-ig, a ... | 2015 | 25707797 |
| dolutegravir in hiv-2-infected patients with resistant virus to first-line integrase inhibitors from the french named patient program. | dolutegravir has shown in vitro activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2). we report safety and efficacy data of regimens containing dolutegravir (50 mg twice daily) in antiretroviral-experienced, hiv-2-infected patients. | 2015 | 25690598 |
| hiv-2 infects resting cd4+ t cells but not monocyte-derived dendritic cells. | human immunodeficiency virus-type 2 (hiv-2) encodes vpx that degrades samhd1, a cellular restriction factor active in non-dividing cells. hiv-2 replicates in lymphocytes but the susceptibility of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mddcs) to in vitro infection remains partly characterized. | 2015 | 25582927 |
| [positioning of lopinavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral treatment schemes]. | lopinavir/ritonavir (lpv/r) was approved for use in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in 2001 and is the protease inhibitor that has been most widely studied in clinical trials. despite the time interval since its approval, all the evidence accumulated in the last 14 years indicates that lpv/r continues to occupy an important position among antiretroviral drugs. firstly, lpv/r plus 2 nucleoside/nucleotide analogs is still considered a good option for initial antiretro ... | 2014 | 25542874 |
| how does the humoral response to hiv-2 infection differ from hiv-1 and can this explain the distinct natural history of infection with these two human retroviruses? | a substantial proportion of people infected with hiv-2, the second causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), behave as long-term non-progressors (ltnp) and are able to control the infection more effectively than most hiv-1-infected patients. a better understanding of the differences in the natural history of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection, and how these relate to the relative immunogenicity and evolution of the two virus strains, could provide important insights into the mechanis ... | 2015 | 25445493 |
| hiv-2 interaction with cell coreceptors: amino acids within the v1/v2 region of viral envelope are determinant for ccr8, ccr5 and cxcr4 usage. | human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) use cellular receptors in distinct ways. besides a more promiscuous usage of coreceptors by hiv-2 and a more frequent detection of cd4-independent hiv-2 isolates, we have previously identified two hiv-2 isolates (hiv-2mic97 and hiv-2mjc97) that do not use the two major hiv coreceptors: ccr5 and cxcr4. all these features suggest that in hiv-2 the env glycoprotein subunits may have a different structural organization enabling distinct - althou ... | 2014 | 25421818 |
| a modular system to evaluate the efficacy of protease inhibitors against hiv-2. | the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease is a homodimeric aspartyl protease that is crucial for the viral life-cycle, cleaving proviral polyproteins, hence creating mature protein components that are required for the formation of an infectious virus. with diagnostic measures and clinically used protease inhibitors focusing on hiv-1, due to its higher virulence and prevalence, studies of the efficacy of those inhibitors on hiv-2 protease remain widely lacking. utilizing a wild-type hiv-2 v ... | 2014 | 25419967 |
| hiv-2 x4 tropism is associated with lower cd4+ cell count in treatment-experienced patients. | the distribution and evolution of x4/r5 viral tropism during hiv-2 infection remains unknown. hiv-2 tropism was assessed in 83 antiretroviral-experienced patients with virological failure. tropism was predicted as x4 in 58% of patients and was associated with a cd4 cell count of less than 100 cells/μl, and with a higher number of drug resistance mutations. this high prevalence of x4 virus might compromise the use of ccr5 inhibitors, currently mostly considered in hiv-2 salvage therapy of highly ... | 2014 | 25265081 |
| novel inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infectivity. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infects about two million people worldwide. hiv-2 has fewer treatment options than hiv-1, yet may evolve drug resistance more quickly. we have analysed several novel drugs for anti-hiv-2 activity. it was observed that 5-azacytidine, clofarabine, gemcitabine and resveratrol have potent anti-hiv-2 activity. the ec50 values for 5-azacytidine, clofarabine and resveratrol were found to be significantly lower with hiv-2 than with hiv-1. a time-of-addition as ... | 2014 | 25103850 |
| national hiv testing day and new testing recommendations. | june 27 marks the 20th annual observance of national hiv testing day, which promotes testing as an important first step in a strategy to detect, treat, and prevent human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. hiv testing is entering a new era in the united states because of food and drug administration approval of 1) combination tests that detect both hiv antigen and antibody, and 2) tests that accurately differentiate hiv-1 from hiv-2 antibodies. as a result, cdc has issued new guidelines, now ... | 2014 | 25095328 |
| [diagnosing hiv in switzerland]. | the diagnosis "hiv infection" has severe consequences. false positive or false negative hiv results must be avoided. the swiss federal office of public health generated a concept for hiv testing which also includes the characterization of hiv for optimal medical care of the hiv-infected patient. this concept requests that the following four questions are answered: 1. is the patient indeed hiv-infected? 2. is it hiv-1 or hiv-2, and if the patient is tested positive for hiv-1, what group, m or o? ... | 2014 | 25093309 |
| reference panel of cloned hiv-2 plasmid dna for nucleic acid assay development, evaluation, and quality monitoring. | currently, no fda-approved hiv-2 nucleic acid assay is commercially available in the united states, although several laboratories have developed in-house assays to confirm hiv-2 infections. a major limitation in the development of novel hiv-2 diagnostic assays is the lack of reference materials that can be used to evaluate, optimize, and monitor assay performance. | 2014 | 25066885 |
| false human immunodeficiency virus test results associated with rheumatoid factors in rheumatoid arthritis. | to investigate if immunological factors associated with rheumatoid arthritis (ra) affect the result of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) screening by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (eclia) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). | 2014 | 24998232 |
| hiv 2: a benign onlooker or a subtle threat? | hiv-2 infection, originally discovered in west africa, has now been found in many countries throughout the world including india. despite it being a long acquaintance with the virus, not much is known about it conclusively. the present study was conducted at the ictc of a tertiary care hospital catering to the needs of jaipur and adjoining districts, to find the prevalence of hiv 2 among ictc attendees. a total of 8190 clients accessed ictc services during the study period, out of which 135 were ... | 2014 | 24995186 |
| executive summary of the gesida/national aids plan consensus document on antiretroviral therapy in adults infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (updated january 2014). | in this update, antiretroviral therapy (art) is recommended for all patients infected by type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1). the strength and grade of the recommendation varies with clinical circumstances, number of cd4 cells, comorbid conditions and prevention of transmission of hiv. the objective of art is to achieve an undetectable plasma viral load. initial art should always comprise a combination of 3 drugs, including 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and a third drug f ... | 2014 | 24986715 |
| hiv-1 and hiv-2 vif interact with human apobec3 proteins using completely different determinants. | human apobec3 (a3) restriction factors provide intrinsic immunity against zoonotic transmission of pathogenic viruses. a3d, a3f, a3g, and a3h haplotype ii (a3h-hapii) can be packaged into virion infectivity factor (vif)-deficient hivs to inhibit viral replication. to overcome these restriction factors, vif binds to the a3 proteins in viral producer cells to target them for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus preventing their packaging into assembling virions. therefore, the vif-a3 i ... | 2014 | 24942576 |
| decreased hiv type 1 transcription in ccr5-δ32 heterozygotes during suppressive antiretroviral therapy. | individuals who are heterozygous for the ccr5-δ32 mutation provide a natural model to examine the effects of reduced ccr5 expression on human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) persistence. we evaluated the hiv reservoir in 18 ccr5-δ32 heterozygotes and 54 ccr5 wild-type individuals during suppressive antiretroviral therapy. cell-associated hiv rna levels (p=.035), rna to dna transcriptional ratios (p=.013), and frequency of detectable hiv 2-long terminal repeat circular dna (p=.013) were significantl ... | 2014 | 24935955 |
| evaluation of the bio-rad geenius hiv-1/2 test as a confirmatory assay. | we have evaluated the recently conformité européenne (ce)-marked bio-rad geenius human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)1/2 as a rapid and simple alternative to western blot for confirmation of hiv screening results. | 2014 | 24932737 |
| modeling scenarios for the end of aids. | at the end of 2012, 3 decades after the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was first identified, neither a cure nor a fully preventive vaccine was available. despite multiple efforts, the epidemic remains an exceptional public health challenge. at the end of 2012, it was estimated that, globally, 35 million people were living with hiv, 2.3 million had become newly infected, and 1.6 million had died from aids-related causes. despite substantial prevention efforts and increases in the number of in ... | 2014 | 24926027 |
| phylogenetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 isolated from cuban individuals. | the presence of infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in cuba has been previously documented. however, genetic information on the strains that circulate in the cuban people is still unknown. the present work constitutes the first study concerning the phylogenetic relationship of hiv-2 cuban isolates conducted on 13 cuban patients who were diagnosed with hiv-2. the env sequences were analyzed for the construction of a phylogenetic tree with reference sequences of hiv-2. phyloge ... | 2014 | 24925342 |
| samhd1 specifically affects the antiviral potency of thymidine analog hiv reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartic domain-containing protein 1 (samhd1) is a deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dntp) triphosphohydrolase recently recognized as an antiviral factor that acts by depleting dntp availability for viral reverse transcriptase (rt). samhd1 restriction is counteracted by the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) accessory protein vpx, which targets samhd1 for proteosomal degradation, resulting in an increased availability of dntps and consequently enhanced vira ... | 2014 | 24913159 |
| atypical presentations of genital herpes simplex virus in hiv-1 and hiv-2 effectively treated by imiquimod. | atypical presentations of genital herpes simplex virus have been described in hiv. we report two cases with hypertrophic presentations which were effectively treated with imiquimod, one of which is the first reported case occurring in a patient with hiv-2. | 2015 | 24912536 |
| how can mathematical models advance tuberculosis control in high hiv prevalence settings? | existing approaches to tuberculosis (tb) control have been no more than partially successful in areas with high human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) prevalence. in the context of increasingly constrained resources, mathematical modelling can augment understanding and support policy for implementing those strategies that are most likely to bring public health and economic benefits. in this paper, we present an overview of past and recent contributions of tb modelling in this key area, and suggest a ... | 2014 | 24903784 |
| protection versus pathology in aviremic and high viral load hiv-2 infection-the pivotal role of immune activation and t-cell kinetics. | many human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2-infected individuals remain aviremic and behave as long-term non-progressors but some progress to aids. we hypothesized that immune activation and t-cell turnover would be critical determinants of non-progressor/progressor status. | 2014 | 24803534 |
| hiv-1 vpr-a still "enigmatic multitasker". | like other hiv-1 auxiliary proteins, vpr is conserved within all the human (hiv-1, hiv-2) and simian (siv) immunodeficiency viruses. however, vpr and homologous hiv-2, and siv vpx are the only viral auxiliary proteins specifically incorporated into virus particles through direct interaction with the gag precursor, indicating that this presence in the core of the mature virions is mainly required for optimal establishment of the early steps of the virus life cycle in the newly infected cell. in s ... | 2014 | 24744753 |
| cullin4a and cullin4b are interchangeable for hiv vpr and vpx action through the crl4 ubiquitin ligase complex. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seizes control of cellular cullin-ring e3 ubiquitin ligases (crls) to promote viral replication. hiv-1 vpr and hiv-2/simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) vpr and vpx engage the cullin4 (cul4)-containing ubiquitin ligase complex (crl4) to cause polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of host proteins, including ones that block infection. hiv-1 vpr engages crl4 to trigger the degradation of uracil-n-glycosylase 2 (ung2). both hiv-1 vpr and hiv-2/siv vpr tap ... | 2014 | 24719410 |
| revised surveillance case definition for hiv infection--united states, 2014. | following extensive consultation and peer review, cdc and the council of state and territorial epidemiologists have revised and combined the surveillance case definitions for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection into a single case definition for persons of all ages (i.e., adults and adolescents aged ≥13 years and children aged <13 years). the revisions were made to address multiple issues, the most important of which was the need to adapt to recent changes in diagnostic criteria. laborat ... | 2014 | 24717910 |
| hiv-2 integrase polymorphisms and longitudinal genotypic analysis of hiv-2 infected patients failing a raltegravir-containing regimen. | to characterize the hiv-2 integrase gene polymorphisms and the pathways to resistance of hiv-2 patients failing a raltegravir-containing regimen, we studied 63 integrase strand transfer inhibitors (insti)-naïve patients, and 10 heavily pretreated patients exhibiting virological failure while receiving a salvage raltegravir-containing regimen. all patients were infected by hiv-2 group a. 61.4% of the integrase residues were conserved, including the catalytic motif residues. no insti-major resista ... | 2014 | 24681625 |
| moderate restriction of macrophage-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by samhd1 in monocyte-derived macrophages. | macrophage-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) strains are able to grow to high titers in human monocyte-derived macrophages. however, it was recently reported that cellular protein samhd1 restricts hiv-1 replication in human cells of the myeloid lineage, including monocyte-derived macrophages. here we show that degradation of samhd1 in monocyte-derived macrophages was associated with moderately enhanced growth of the macrophage-tropic hiv-1 strain. samhd1 degradation was induced ... | 2014 | 24599229 |
| samhd1 restricts hiv-1 replication and regulates interferon production in mouse myeloid cells. | samhd1 restricts the replication of hiv-1 and other retroviruses in human myeloid and resting cd4(+) t cells and that is counteracted in siv and hiv-2 by the vpx accessory protein. the protein is a phosphohydrolase that lowers the concentration of deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dntp), blocking reverse transcription of the viral rna genome. polymorphisms in the gene encoding samhd1 are associated with aicardi-goutières syndrome, a neurological disorder characterized by increased type-i interferon ... | 2014 | 24586870 |
| origin and diversity of human retroviruses. | simian immunodeficiency viruses, simian t‑cell lymphotropic viruses, and simian foamy viruses from nonhuman primates have crossed the species barrier to humans at several time points, leading to the hiv and human t lymphotropic virus epidemic and to sporadic cases of human infections with simian foamy viruses, respectively. efficient infection and spread in humans differs between simian foamy virus, simian lymphotropic virus, and simian immunodeficiency virus, but seems also to differ among the ... | 2017 | 24584106 |
| dendritic cell-lymphocyte cross talk downregulates host restriction factor samhd1 and stimulates hiv-1 replication in dendritic cells. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication in dendritic cells (dcs) is restricted by samhd1. this factor is counteracted by the viral protein vpx; vpx is found in hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from sooty mangabeys (sivsm) or from macaques (sivmac) but is absent from hiv-1. we previously observed that hiv-1 replication in immature dcs is stimulated by cocultivation with primary t and b lymphocytes, suggesting that hiv-1 restriction in dcs may be overcome under cocultu ... | 2014 | 24574390 |
| new automated chemiluminescence immunoassay for simultaneous but separate detection of human immunodeficiency virus antigens and antibodies. | the recently launched liaison xl murex hiv ab/ag assay (diasorin s.p.a) uses chemiluminescence immunoassay technology for the combined qualitative determination of p24 antigen of hiv-1 and specific antibodies to both hiv-1 and hiv-2. we studied 571 serum samples from those submitted to our laboratory for hiv screening. the samples were divided into 3 subsets: subset a, 365 samples collected prospectively during 1 week; subset b, 158 samples from confirmed hiv-positive patients; and subset c, 48 ... | 2014 | 24574285 |
| cohort profile: french hospital database on hiv (fhdh-anrs co4). | the french hospital database on hiv (fhdh) is a hospital-based multicentre open cohort with inclusions ongoing since 1989. the research objectives focus mainly on mid- and long-term clinical outcomes and therapeutic strategies, as well as severe aids and non-aids morbidities, and public health issues relative to hiv infection. fhdh also serves to describe hiv-infected patients receiving hospital care in france. fhdh includes data on more than 120,000 hiv-infected patients from 70 french general ... | 2014 | 24550249 |
| hiv-1 nef down-modulates c-c and c-x-c chemokine receptors via ubiquitin and ubiquitin-independent mechanism. | human and simian immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1, hiv-2, and siv) encode an accessory protein, nef, which is a pathogenesis and virulence factor. nef is a multivalent adapter that dysregulates the trafficking of many immune cell receptors, including chemokine receptors (ckrs). physiological endocytic itinerary of agonist occupied cxcr4 involves ubiquitinylation of the phosphorylated receptor at three critical lysine residues and dynamin-dependent trafficking through the escrt pathway into lysosome ... | 2014 | 24489825 |
| vpx rescue of hiv-1 from the antiviral state in mature dendritic cells is independent of the intracellular deoxynucleotide concentration. | sivmac/hiv-2 vpx recruits the cul4a-dcaf1 e3 ubiquitin ligase complex to degrade the deoxynucleotide hydrolase samhd1. this increases the concentration of deoxynucleotides available for reverse transcription in myeloid cells and resting t cells. accordingly, transduction of these cells by sivmac requires vpx. virus-like particles containing sivmac vpx (vpx-vlps) also increase the efficiency of hiv-1 transduction in these cells, and rescue transduction by hiv-1, but not sivmac, in mature monocyte ... | 2014 | 24485168 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infections in austria. | the first case of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) seropositivity in austria was confirmed in 1993 in a dually human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)- and hiv-2-infected patient from ghana, who died in 2001. before this investigation, no further hiv-2 infection was published. | 2014 | 24442861 |
| ruxolitinib and tofacitinib are potent and selective inhibitors of hiv-1 replication and virus reactivation in vitro. | the jak-stat pathway is activated in both macrophages and lymphocytes upon human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection and thus represents an attractive cellular target to achieve hiv suppression and reduced inflammation, which may impact virus sanctuaries. ruxolitinib and tofacitinib are jak1/2 inhibitors that are fda approved for rheumatoid arthritis and myelofibrosis, respectively, but their therapeutic application for treatment of hiv infection was unexplored. both drugs demonstrat ... | 2014 | 24419350 |
| novel restriction factor rna-associated early-stage anti-viral factor (reaf) inhibits human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. | the discovery of novel anti-viral restriction factors illuminates unknown aspects of innate sensing and immunity. we identified rna-associated early-stage anti-viral factor (reaf) using a whole genome sirna screen for restriction factors to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) that act in the early phase of viral replication. | 2014 | 24410916 |
| antiretroviral therapy and drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection. | one to two million people worldwide are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), with highest prevalences in west african countries, but also present in western europe, asia and north america. compared to hiv-1, hiv-2 infection undergoes a longer asymptomatic phase and progresses to aids more slowly. in addition, hiv-2 shows lower transmission rates, probably due to its lower viremia in infected individuals. there is limited experience in the treatment of hiv-2 infection an ... | 2014 | 24345729 |
| comparative evaluation of the bio-rad geenius hiv-1/2 confirmatory assay and the bio-rad multispot hiv-1/2 rapid test as an alternative differentiation assay for clsi m53 algorithm-i. | the clsi-m53-a, criteria for laboratory testing and diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection; approved guideline includes an algorithm in which samples that are reactive on a 4th generation eia screen proceed to a supplemental assay that is able to confirm and differentiate between antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2. the recently ce-marked bio-rad geenius hiv-1/2 confirmatory assay was evaluated as an alternative to the fda-approved bio-rad multispot hiv-1/hiv-2 rapid test which has ... | 2013 | 24342484 |
| field evaluation of the abbott architect hiv ag/ab combo immunoassay. | fourth generation assays for hiv diagnosis are progressively being introduced into routine services, due to their improvement of diagnosis. in spite of this, hiv diagnosis remains a challenge in sub-saharan africa, due to false positive reactivity. there is a continuous need for field evaluations and routine validations of fourth generation hiv tests in african populations. | 2013 | 24342480 |
| validation and clinical use of a sensitive hiv-2 viral load assay that uses a whole virus internal control. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is distantly related to the more widespread hiv-1. although hiv-2 infection is rare in the u.s., cases are concentrated in the northeast. no fda-approved hiv-2 viral load assays exist. a clinically validated laboratory-developed assay is currently available in the u.s., however it is not currently approved for use on new york state patients. | 2013 | 24342472 |
| structural basis of lentiviral subversion of a cellular protein degradation pathway. | lentiviruses contain accessory genes that have evolved to counteract the effects of host cellular defence proteins that inhibit productive infection. one such restriction factor, samhd1, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 infection of myeloid-lineage cells as well as resting cd4(+) t cells by reducing the cellular deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate (dntp) concentration to a level at which the viral reverse transcriptase cannot function. in other lentiviruses, including hiv-2 and related ... | 2014 | 24336198 |
| antagonism of samhd1 is actively maintained in natural infections of simian immunodeficiency virus. | restriction factors are effectors of the innate immune response to viral pathogens that inhibit viral replication by operating as molecular barriers to steps of the viral life cycle. the restriction factor samhd1 blocks lentiviral reverse transcription in myeloid cells and resting cd4+ t cells. many lineages of lentiviruses, including hiv-2 and other simian immunodeficiency viruses, encode accessory genes that serve to counteract host samhd1 restriction by causing degradation of the antiviral fa ... | 2013 | 24324150 |
| [mechanisms of viral emergence and interspecies transmission: the exemple of simian foamy viruses in central africa]. | a large proportion of viral pathogens that have emerged during the last decades in humans are considered to have originated from various animal species. this is well exemplified by several recent epidemics such as those of nipah, severe acute respiratory syndrome, avian flu, ebola, monkeypox, and hantaviruses. after the initial interspecies transmission per se, the viruses can disseminate into the human population through various and distinct mechanisms. some of them are well characterized and u ... | 2013 | 26137812 |
| the capsids of hiv-1 and hiv-2 determine immune detection of the viral cdna by the innate sensor cgas in dendritic cells. | hiv-2 is less pathogenic for humans than hiv-1 and might provide partial cross-protection from hiv-1-induced pathology. although both viruses replicate in the t cells of infected patients, only hiv-2 replicates efficiently in dendritic cells (dcs) and activates innate immune pathways. how hiv is sensed in dc is unknown. capsid-mutated hiv-2 revealed that sensing by the host requires viral cdna synthesis, but not nuclear entry or genome integration. the hiv-1 capsid prevented viral cdna sensing u ... | 2013 | 24269171 |
| malaria and hiv co-infection and their effect on haemoglobin levels from three health-care institutions in lagos, southwest nigeria. | malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are two major infections with enormous public health consequence. together, they are endemic in many developing countries with anaemia being the most frequent haematological consequence of the infections. | 2013 | 24235927 |
| influence of hiv-1 and/or hiv-2 infection and cd4 count on cervical hpv dna detection in women from senegal, west africa. | hiv infection is associated with greater risk of precancerous lesions and cervical cancer in women. however, several factors remain unclarified regarding the association between hiv infection and hpv detection, especially among those with hiv type 2 versus type 1 infection and severely immunocompromised persons. | 2013 | 24210330 |
| samhd1 host restriction factor: a link with innate immune sensing of retrovirus infection. | samhd1 [sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartic domain (hd) containing protein 1] is the most recent addition to a unique group of host restriction factors that limit retroviral replication at distinct stages of the viral life cycle. samhd1 is a deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase that degrades the intracellular pool of deoxynucleoside triphosphates available during early reverse transcription. samhd1 activity is blocked by the vpx accessory function present in human immunodefici ... | 2013 | 24161438 |
| [consensus statement by gesida/national aids plan secretariat on antiretroviral treatment in adults infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (updated january 2013)]. | this consensus document is an update of combined antiretroviral therapy (cart) guidelines for hiv-1 infected adult patients. | 2013 | 24161378 |
| evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope in the first years of infection is associated with the dynamics of the neutralizing antibody response. | differently from hiv-1, hiv-2 disease progression usually takes decades without antiretroviral therapy and the majority of hiv-2 infected individuals survive as elite controllers with normal cd4⁺ t cell counts and low or undetectable plasma viral load. neutralizing antibodies (nabs) are thought to play a central role in hiv-2 evolution and pathogenesis. however, the dynamic of the nab response and resulting hiv-2 escape during acute infection and their impact in hiv-2 evolution and disease progr ... | 2013 | 24156513 |
| discovery and full genome characterization of two highly divergent simian immunodeficiency viruses infecting black-and-white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza) in kibale national park, uganda. | african non-human primates (nhps) are natural hosts for simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv), the zoonotic transmission of which led to the emergence of hiv-1 and hiv-2. however, our understanding of siv diversity and evolution is limited by incomplete taxonomic and geographic sampling of nhps, particularly in east africa. in this study, we screened blood specimens from nine black-and-white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza occidentalis) from kibale national park, uganda, for novel sivs using a ... | 2013 | 24139306 |
| distribution of jc virus genotypes among serbian patients infected with hiv and in healthy donors. | certain factors lead to increased reactivation of jc virus (jcv) and immunodeficiency seems to be the most important. jcv isolates can be classified into eight different genotypes and several subtypes based on nucleotide difference in the vp1 gene. jcv genotypes are strongly associated with particular ethnic groups and frequently used as genetic markers for human evolution and migration. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of jcv urinary shedding and genotype distribution in ser ... | 2014 | 24123117 |
| poly-proline motif in hiv-2 vpx is critical for its efficient translation. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) carries an accessory protein vpx that is important for viral replication in natural target cells. in its c-terminal region, there is a highly conserved poly-proline motif (ppm) consisting of seven consecutive prolines, encoded in a poly-pyrimidine tract. we have previously shown that ppm is critical for vpx expression and viral infectivity. to elucidate the molecular basis underlying this observation, we analysed the expression of vpx proteins with var ... | 2014 | 24114794 |
| further characterisation of rotavirus cores: ss(+)rnas can be packaged in vitro but packaging lacks sequence specificity. | rotavirus (rv) cores were released from double-layered particles (dlps) by high concentrations of cacl2, purified and 'opened' by treatment with edta or egta. under appropriate in vitro conditions dlps have been shown to have transcriptase and 'open cores' replicase activity. furthermore, it has been demonstrated that transcriptase activity and infectivity of native cores can be restored by transcapsidation with vp6, vp7 and vp4. the missing link for particle reconstitution in vitro has been the ... | 2013 | 24091366 |
| [study of molecular function of proteins in human immunodeficiency virus]. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has no more than nine genes expressing approximately twenty proteins. when t lymphocytes and macrophages in a body are infected with hiv, these proteins work in turn at specific time and location, causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), a disease yet to be overcome. since the elucidation of molecular mechanism of hiv proteins should lead to remedy of aids, the author has been engaged in the study of hiv protein in the past decade. described herein ar ... | 2013 | 24088354 |
| selection and characterization of viruses resistant to the dual acting pyrimidinedione entry and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor iqp-0410. | the 1-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)-6-(phenylthio)thymine (hept)-like compounds with homocyclic moieties at the n-1 of the pyrimidinedione, including the highly potent lead compound iqp-0410, inhibit hiv-1 at sub-nanomolar concentrations primarily through a typical non-nucleoside mechanism involving allosteric inhibition at the hydrophobic binding pocket of the hiv-1 rt. like all nnrtis, the pyrimidinediones have no activity against hiv-2 rt. the pyrimidinediones, however, also possess a second mode o ... | 2013 | 24055450 |
| ccr6 functions as a new coreceptor for limited primary human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. | more than 12 chemokine receptors (ckrs) have been identified as coreceptors for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), type 2 (hiv-2), and simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) into target cells. the expression of cc chemokine receptor 6 (ccr6) on th17 cells and regulatory t cells make the host cells vulnerable to hiv/siv infection preferentially. however, only limited information is available concerning the specific role of ccr6 in hiv/siv infection. we examined ccr6 as a co ... | 2013 | 24009735 |
| prevalence of hiv infection among tuberculosis patients in eastern india. | india has a high tuberculosis (tb) burden. a significant percentage of tb patients are human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) positive. as the hiv epidemic is fueling the global tb epidemic, the prevalence of the virus in tb patients is a sensitive indicator of the spread of hiv into the general population in many regions. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hiv-tb co-infection among a less studied population of eastern india. | 2013 | 23999356 |
| evaluation of five simple rapid hiv assays for potential use in the brazilian national hiv testing algorithm. | since 2005, the department of sexually transmitted diseases (stds), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and viral hepatitis under the health surveillance secretariat in brazil's ministry of health has approved a testing algorithm for using rapid human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) tests in the country. given the constant emergence of new rapid hiv tests in the market, it is necessary to maintain an evaluation program for them. conscious of this need, this multicenter study was conducted to ... | 2013 | 23994148 |
| vif proteins from diverse primate lentiviral lineages use the same binding site in apobec3g. | apobec3g (a3g) is a cytidine deaminase that restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and other lentiviruses. most of these viruses encode a vif protein that directly binds a3g and leads to its proteasomal degradation. both vif proteins of hiv-1 and african green monkey simian immunodeficiency virus (sivagm) bind residue 128 of a3g. however, this position does not control the a3g degradation by vif variants derived from hiv-2 and sivmac, which both originated from siv of sooty mangab ... | 2013 | 23986590 |
| inhibition of cul4a neddylation causes a reversible block to samhd1-mediated restriction of hiv-1. | the deoxynucleoside triphosphohydrolase samhd1 restricts retroviral replication in myeloid cells. human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and a simian immunodeficiency virus from rhesus macaques (sivmac) encode vpx, a virion-packaged accessory protein that counteracts samhd1 by inducing its degradation. samhd1 is thought to work by depleting the pool of intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphates but has also been reported to have exonuclease activity that could allow it to degrade the viral ... | 2013 | 23986575 |
| [role of line immunoassay in the diagnosis of early hiv infection: a diagnostic case]. | combined p24 antigen-hiv antibody fourth-generation assays that identify most of the early hiv infections have been used extensively worldwide for several years. this poses challenges for the traditional algorithm of line immunoassay (lia) confirmation. lia tests are useful methods with their high specificity and their ability to differentiate hiv-1 from hiv-2, but they are reactive days after the fourth generation enzyme immunoassays. with acute hiv infection, high levels of infectious virus ar ... | 2013 | 23971936 |
| restriction of virus infection but not catalytic dntpase activity is regulated by phosphorylation of samhd1. | samhd1 is a host protein responsible, at least in part, for the inefficient infection of dendritic, myeloid, and resting t cells by hiv-1. interestingly, hiv-2 and sivsm viruses are able to counteract samhd1 by targeting it for proteasomal degradation using their vpx proteins. it has been proposed that samhd1 is a dgtp-dependent deoxynucleoside triphosphohydrolase (dntpase) that restricts hiv-1 by reducing cellular dntp levels to below that required for reverse transcription. however, nothing is ... | 2013 | 23966382 |
| defective hiv-1 quasispecies in the form of multiply drug-resistant proviral dna within cells can be rescued by superinfection with different subtype variants of hiv-1 and by hiv-2 and siv. | hiv-1 generates swarms of similar, but genetically distinct, variants termed quasispecies and many of these variants can be defective. a relevant question is whether such defective species can contribute to viral pathogenesis. indeed, we previously reported that a presumed recombination of defective proviral dna with other complementary defective proviral dna or with wild-type viral dna in the aftermath of superinfection could lead to the rescue of defective provirus and the production of replic ... | 2014 | 23963235 |
| high level of hiv-2 false positivity in kwazulu-natal province: a region of south africa with a very high hiv-1 subtype c prevalence. | human immunodeficiency virus 2 (hiv-2) is found predominantly in west africa. it is not unlikely, however, that hiv-2 may also be found in south africa, due to the influx of immigrants into this country. it is important to distinguish between hiv-1 and hiv-2 since the clinical courses and treatment responses of these viruses are different. routine serological methods for diagnosing hiv do not differentiate between hiv-1 and -2 infections, while rapid tests, viral load quantification and pcr are ... | 2013 | 23959597 |
| a twin-cysteine motif in the v2 region of gp120 is associated with siv envelope trimer stabilization. | the v1 and v2 variable regions of the primate immunodeficiency viruses contribute to the trimer association domain of the gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein. a pair of v2 cysteine residues at 183 and 191 ("twin cysteines") is present in several simian immunodeficiency viruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and some siv(cpz) lineages, but not in hiv-1. to examine the role of this potentially disulfide-bonded twin-cysteine motif, the cysteine residues in the sivmac239 envelope glyc ... | 2013 | 23936006 |
| hiv type 1 infection of plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells is restricted by high levels of samhd1 and cannot be counteracted by vpx. | dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system and are major producers of type-i interferon. their role in hiv-1 infection is not well understood. they express cd4 and ccr5 yet appear to be resistant to infection. in culture, infection of the cells with hiv-1 is inhibited by the host cell restriction factor samhd1. lentiviruses such as hiv-2/sivmac counteract the restriction by encoding vpx, a virion-packaged accessory protein that induces the proteasomal degradat ... | 2014 | 23924154 |
| hiv vaccine to induce cytotoxic t cells recognizing conserved hiv-1/2-epitopes derived from the most frequent hla types of the human population. | evaluation of: pleguezuelos o, stoloff ga, caparros-wanderley w. synthetic immunotherapy induces hiv virus specific th1 cytotoxic response and death of an hiv-1 infected human cell line through classic complement activation. virol. j. 10(1), 107 (2013). aids vaccine development represents an unprecedented challenge in both immunogen design and delivery to induce potent and long-lasting hiv-specific immune responses, including neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl). pleguezuelo ... | 2013 | 23902551 |
| would clsi m53-a have helped in the diagnosis of hiv in canada? results of the performance of canadian laboratories participating in a recent nlhrs proficiency testing panel containing hiv-1 antigen positive (antibody negative) and hiv-2 samples. | the clinical and laboratory standards institute recently published m53-a, criteria for laboratory testing and diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection; approved guideline (2011), which includes a state of the art algorithm for identifying hiv-1 acute and hiv-2 infections. to assess the ability of canadian laboratories to detect these sample types and the impact of m53-a, the national laboratory for hiv reference services distributed a special proficiency testing panel. | 2013 | 23890809 |
| evolutionary toggling of vpx/vpr specificity results in divergent recognition of the restriction factor samhd1. | samhd1 is a host restriction factor that blocks the ability of lentiviruses such as hiv-1 to undergo reverse transcription in myeloid cells and resting t-cells. this restriction is alleviated by expression of the lentiviral accessory proteins vpx and vpr (vpx/vpr), which target samhd1 for proteasome-mediated degradation. however, the precise determinants within samhd1 for recognition by vpx/vpr remain unclear. here we show that evolution of vpx/vpr in primate lentiviruses has caused the interfac ... | 2013 | 23874202 |
| low expression of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related protein in non-hodgkin lymphoma and significant correlations with lactic acid dehydrogenase and β2-microglobulin. | dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related protein (dc-signr), a type ii integral membrane protein and a member of the c-type lectins, has been reported to bind various strains of hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus. serum dc-signr is not currently available for the detection of non-hodgkin lymphoma (nhl). using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), we assessed the serum levels of dc-signr in 70 cancer patients and 100 healthy control ... | 2013 | 23859015 |