| design and selection of a camelid single-chain antibody yeast two-hybrid library produced de novo for the cap protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). | nanobodies (or variable domain of the heavy chain of the heavy-chain antibodies, vhhs) are single-domain antigen-binding fragments derived from camelid heavy chain antibodies. their comparatively small size, monomeric behavior, high stability, high solubility, and ability to bind epitopes inaccessible to conventional antibodies make them especially suitable for many therapeutic and biotechnological applications. in this paper, for the first time, we created the immunized camelus bactrianus vhh y ... | 2013 | 23469171 |
| intracellularly expressed nanobodies against non-structural protein 4 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus inhibit virus replication. | to isolate specific nanobodies to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) non-structural protein 4 (nsp4) and investigate their potential antiviral activities. | 2016 | 27010387 |
| characterization of gm-csf-inhibitory factor and uracil dna glycosylase encoding genes from camel pseudocowpoxvirus. | the present study describes the pcr amplification of gm-csf-inhibitory factor (gif) and uracil dna glycosylase (udg) encoding genes of pseudocowpoxvirus (pcpv) from the indian dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) infected with contagious ecthyma using the primers based on the corresponding gene sequences of human pcpv and reindeer pcpv, respectively. the length of gif gene of pcpv obtained from camel is 795 bp and due to the addition of one cytosine residue at position 374 and one adenine residue a ... | 2015 | 25816930 |
| a retrospective study on clinical findings of 7300 cases (2007-2014) of barren female dromedaries. | the objective of this study was to investigate the clinical findings in barren female dromedaries examined for different complaints. female camels were examined for repeat breeding with regular heat interval (rb-r, n = 5444), refused mating (rm, n = 1299), repeat breeding with long heat interval (rb-l, n = 489), difficulties or bleeding during mating (dm, n = 53), and for manifestation of male-like behavior (mb, n = 15). the genital tracts of all females were evaluated using transrectal palpatio ... | 2015 | 25935372 |
| reprint of “inhibition of biofilm formation by camelid single-domainantibodies against the flagellum of pseudomonas aeruginosa”. | pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections in patients with compromised host defense mechanisms, including burn wound victims. in addition to its intrinsic resistance against most antibiotics, p. aeruginosa has the ability to form biofilms adhering to biotic or abiotic surfaces. these factors make treatment of p. aeruginosa infections complicated and demand new therapies and drugs. the flagellum of p. aeruginosa plays an important role in cell–cell and cell–surface ... | 2014 | 25450637 |
| inhibition of biofilm formation by camelid single-domain antibodies against the flagellum of pseudomonas aeruginosa. | pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections in patients with compromised host defense mechanisms, including burn wound victims. in addition to its intrinsic resistance against most antibiotics, p. aeruginosa has the ability to form biofilms adhering to biotic or abiotic surfaces. these factors make treatment of p. aeruginosa infections complicated and demand new therapies and drugs. the flagellum of p. aeruginosa plays an important role in cell-cell and cell-surface ... | 2014 | 24997356 |
| post-exposure treatment with anti-rabies vhh and vaccine significantly improves protection of mice from lethal rabies infection. | post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) against rabies infection consists of a combination of passive immunisation with plasma-derived human or equine immune globulins and active immunisation with vaccine delivered shortly after exposure. since anti-rabies immune globulins are expensive and scarce, there is a need for cheaper alternatives that can be produced more consistently. previously, we generated potent virus-neutralising vhh, also called nanobodies, against the rabies glycoprotein that are effect ... | 2016 | 27483431 |
| protective effect of different anti-rabies virus vhh constructs against rabies disease in mice. | rabies virus causes lethal brain infection in about 61000 people per year. each year, tens of thousands of people receive anti-rabies prophylaxis with plasma-derived immunoglobulins and vaccine soon after exposure. anti-rabies immunoglobulins are however expensive and have limited availability. vhh are the smallest antigen-binding functional fragments of camelid heavy chain antibodies, also called nanobodies. the therapeutic potential of anti-rabies vhh was examined in a mouse model using intran ... | 2014 | 25347556 |
| molecular detection of rickettsia aeschlimannii in hyalomma spp. ticks from camels (camelus dromedarius) in nigeria, west africa. | several species of the spotted fever group rickettsiae have been identified as emerging pathogens throughout the world, including in africa. in this study, 197 hyalomma ticks (ixodida: ixodidae) collected from 51 camels (camelus dromedarius) in kano, northern nigeria, were screened by amplification and sequencing of the citrate synthase (glta), outer membrane protein a (ompa) and 17-kda antigen gene fragments. rickettsia sp. glta fragments were detected in 43.3% (42/97) of the tick pools tested. ... | 2015 | 25565180 |
| molecular detection of rickettsia africae, rickettsia aeschlimannii, and rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae in camels and hyalomma spp. ticks from israel. | in this study, we aimed to identify and genetically characterize spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae in ticks, domestic one-humped camels, and horses from farms and bedouin communities in southern israel. a total of 618 ixodid ticks (hyalomma dromedarii, hyalomma turanicum, hyalomma excavatum, and hyalomma impeltatum) collected from camels and horses, as well as 152 blood samples from 148 camels and four horses were included in the study. initial screening for rickettsiae was carried out by ta ... | 2013 | 24107206 |
| first detection of rickettsia aeschlimannii in hyalomma dromedarii ticks from tunisia. | tick-borne rickettsioses have long been described in north africa. these human diseases and their causative agents occur in several countries in this region, including mauritania, morocco, algeria, tunisia, libya, and egypt. in tunisia, the first described and most well-known rickettsiosis is mediterranean spotted fever, which is caused by rickettsia conorii conorii. cases of r. aeschlimannii infections have been documented by serology, but the agent has never actually been detected in patients ... | 2012 | 23182544 |
| rickettsia africae in hyalomma dromedarii ticks from sub-saharan algeria. | spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsioses are caused by obligate, intracellular gram-negative bacteria of the genus rickettsia. in recent years, several species and subspecies of rickettsias have been identified as emerging pathogens throughout the world, including sub-saharan africa. we report here the detection of rickettsia africae, the agent responsible for african tick-bite fever, by amplification of fragments of glta and ompa genes and multi-spacer typing from hyalomma dromedarii ticks colle ... | 2012 | 23164496 |
| vaccination of alpacas against rift valley fever virus: safety, immunogenicity and pathogenicity of mp-12 vaccine. | rift valley fever (rvf) is an emerging zoonosis of major public health concern in africa and arabia. previous outbreaks attributed camelids a significant role in the epidemiology of rift valley fever virus (rvfv), making them an important target species for vaccination. using three alpacas as model-organisms for dromedary camels, the safety, immunogenicity and pathogenicity of the mp-12 vaccine were evaluated in this study. to compare both acute and subacute effects, animals were euthanized at 3 ... | 2017 | 28012779 |
| chimpanzee adenovirus vaccine provides multispecies protection against rift valley fever. | rift valley fever virus (rvfv) causes recurrent outbreaks of acute life-threatening human and livestock illness in africa and the arabian peninsula. no licensed vaccines are currently available for humans and those widely used in livestock have major safety concerns. a 'one health' vaccine development approach, in which the same vaccine is co-developed for multiple susceptible species, is an attractive strategy for rvfv. here, we utilized a replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus vaccine pla ... | 2016 | 26847478 |
| comprehensive phylogenetic reconstructions of rift valley fever virus: the 2010 northern mauritania outbreak in the camelus dromedarius species. | rift valley fever (rvf) is a mosquito-borne disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by rvf virus (rvfv), a phlebovirus (bunyaviridae). rvf is widespread in sub-saharan africa. in september of 2010, an rvf outbreak occurred in northern mauritania involving mass abortions in small ruminants and camels (camelus dromedarius) and at least 63 human clinical cases, including 13 deaths. in camels, serological prevalence was 27.5-38.5% (95% confidence interval, n=279). for the first time, clinical ... | 2014 | 25514121 |
| seroprevalence of rift valley fever virus infection in camels (dromedaries) in northern tanzania. | rift valley fever (rvf) is an arthropod-borne viral zoonotic disease that affects a wide range of animals including sheep, goats, cattle, camels and humans. camels have only recently been introduced into tanzania and, as a result, there is no credible diseases status information concerning this population, estimated to be in the low hundreds. as part of a broader study on camel diseases in different localities of northern tanzania, serum samples (n = 109) were collected from apparently healthy, ... | 2015 | 25432300 |
| whole-genome characterization of a peruvian alpaca rotavirus isolate expressing a novel vp4 genotype. | the sa44 isolate of rotavirus a (rva) was identified from a neonatal peruvian alpaca presenting with diarrhea, and the full-length genome sequence of the isolate (designated rva/alpaca-tc/per/sa44/2014/g3p[40]) was determined. phylogenetic analyses showed that the isolate possessed the genotype constellation g3-p[40]-i8-r3-c3-m3-a9-n3-t3-e3-h6, which differs considerably from those of rva strains isolated from other species of the order artiodactyla. overall, the genetic constellation of the sa4 ... | 2016 | 27939152 |
| controlling rotavirus-associated diarrhea: could single-domain antibody fragments make the difference? | group a rotavirus (rva) remains a leading cause of severe diarrhea and child mortality. the variable domain of camelid heavy chain antibodies (vhh) display potent antigen-binding capacity, have low production costs and are suitable for oral therapies. two sets of anti-rva vhhs have been developed: arp1-arp3; 2kd1-3b2. here, we explore the potential of both sets as a prevention strategy complementary to vaccination and a treatment option against rva-associated diarrhea in endangered populations. ... | 2016 | 26654700 |
| novel g10p[14] rotavirus strain, northern territory, australia. | we identified a genotype g10p[14] rotavirus strain in 5 children and 1 adult with acute gastroenteritis from the northern territory, australia. full genome sequence analysis identified an artiodactyl-like (bovine, ovine, and camelid) g10-p[14]-i2-r2-c2-m2-a11-n2-t6-e2-h3 genome constellation. this finding suggests artiodactyl-to-human transmission and strengthens the need to continue rotavirus strain surveillance. | 2013 | 23876354 |
| an organic solvent-stable lipase from a newly isolated staphylococcus aureus ala1 strain with potential for use as an industrial biocatalyst. | in this study, a new strain, ala1, was identified as staphylococcus aureus by biochemical tests, and its 16s ribosomal dna sequence was isolated from dromedary milk. ala1 lipase production was optimized in shake flask experiments and measured with varying ph (3-11), temperature (20-55 °c) and substrate concentrations. the maximum lipase production was recorded at ph 8 and 30 °c for up to 30 h of culture period for the s. aureus ala1 strain. among the substrates tested, selected carbon sources, x ... | 2016 | 25828848 |
| evaluation of the microbial quality of fresh ejaculates of camel (camelus dromedarius) semen. | a series of five factorial arranged experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of different management during semen collection on the microbial quality (bacterial load, type of microbes and frequency of isolation) of dromedaries' semen. microbial analysis of seventy-nine fresh ejaculates from twenty-two camels showed the presence of nine variant colonies. the most prevalent organisms in the dromedary semen were species of staphylococcus, bacillus and streptococcus. one yeast species wa ... | 2014 | 25132210 |
| nanobody-based products as research and diagnostic tools. | since the serendipitous discovery 20 years ago of bona fide camelid heavy-chain antibodies, their single-domain antigen-binding fragments, known as vhhs or nanobodies, have received a progressively growing interest. as a result of the beneficial properties of these stable recombinant entities, they are currently highly valued proteins for multiple applications, including fundamental research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. today, with the original patents expiring, even more academic and industr ... | 2014 | 24698358 |
| activation and allosteric modulation of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. | despite recent advances in crystallography and the availability of g-protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) structures, little is known about the mechanism of their activation process, as only the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2ar) and rhodopsin have been crystallized in fully active conformations. here we report the structure of an agonist-bound, active state of the human m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor stabilized by a g-protein mimetic camelid antibody fragment isolated by conformational selection us ... | 2013 | 24256733 |
| performance evaluation of affinity ligands for depletion of abundant plasma proteins. | human plasma is a commonly used diagnostic fluid in clinical chemistry. in-depth plasma proteomic analysis is performed to search for disease biomarkers, however the large dynamic range of protein abundance in plasma presents a substantial analytical challenge. removal of abundant plasma proteins using antibody capture approaches is a common and attractive means to reduce sample complexity and to aid the analysis of lower abundance proteins of interest. a novel class of heavy chain camelid-deriv ... | 2013 | 24090752 |
| recombinant expression of trypanosome surface glycoproteins in pichia pastoris for the diagnosis of trypanosoma evansi infection. | serodiagnosis of surra, which causes vast economic losses in livestock, is still based on native antigens purified from bloodstream form trypanosoma (t.) evansi grown in rodents. to avoid the use of laboratory rodents in antigen preparation we expressed fragments of the invariant surface glycoprotein (isg) 75, cloned from t. brucei gambiense cdna, and the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) rotat 1.2, cloned from t. evansi gdna, recombinantly in pichia (p.) pastoris. the m5 strain of this yeast h ... | 2013 | 23747105 |
| complete genome sequence of staphylococcus aureus, strain ilri_eymole1/1, isolated from a kenyan dromedary camel. | we report the genome of a staphylococcus aureus strain (ilri_eymole1/1) isolated from a nasal swab of a dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) in north kenya. the complete genome sequence of this strain consists of a circular chromosome of 2,874,302 bp with a gc-content of 32.88 %. in silico annotation predicted 2755 protein-encoding genes and 76 non-coding genes. this isolate belongs to mlst sequence type 30 (st30). phylogenetic analysis based on a subset of 283 core genes revealed that it falls ... | 2015 | 26594310 |
| secretory phospholipase a2 in dromedary tears: a host defense against staphylococci and other gram-positive bacteria. | the best known physiologic function of secreted phospholipase a2 (spla2) group iia (spla2-iia) is defense against bacterial infection through hydrolytic degradation of bacterial membrane phospholipids. in fact, spla2-iia effectively kills gram-positive bacteria and to a lesser extent gram-negative bacteria and is considered a major component of the eye's innate immune defense system. the antibacterial properties of spla2 have been demonstrated in rabbit and human tears. in this report, we have a ... | 2013 | 23344945 |
| genome sequences of two pathogenic streptococcus agalactiae isolates from the one-humped camel camelus dromedarius. | streptococcus agalactiae causes a range of clinical syndromes in camels (camelus dromedarius). we report the genome sequences of two s. agalactiae isolates that induce abscesses in kenyan camels. these genomes provide novel data on the composition of the s. agalactiae "pan genome" and reveal the presence of multiple genomic islands. | 2013 | 23868134 |
| streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus pleuropneumonia and peritonitis in a dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) calf in north america. | a 12-week-old female dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) calf was evaluated because of acute (< 24 hours) inappetence and lethargy. the calf was being bottle-fed because of maternal rejection. | 2015 | 26176731 |
| molecular identification of hemoprotozoan parasites in camels (camelus dromedarius) of iran. | although camels represent a valuable source of food, wool and hide in many countries, in-depth information about their vector-borne pathogens is scarce compared to other animals. the aim of the current study was to characterize vector-borne protozoa in the blood of dromedaries from iran by molecular tools. | 2017 | 28127369 |
| vector identification and clinical, hematological, biochemical, and parasitological characteristics of camel (camelus dromedarius) theileriosis in egypt. | the objectives of the present study were to identify a possible tick vector and to determine the prevalence of camel theileriosis in egypt using blood smears stained with giemsa's stain and pcr assay. hemogram and serum biochemical constituents were also investigated. a total of 243 camels, aged 3-5 years, were examined. the results revealed that 75 (30.86 %) camels were infected with theileria spp. of giemsa-stained blood smears. hyalomma dromedarii was identified as the carrier tick of theiler ... | 2015 | 25677167 |
| toxoplasmosis in camels (camelus dromedarius) of borana zone, oromia region, ethiopia: seroprevalence and risk factors. | toxoplasmosis is one of the most prevalent parasitic infections of medical and veterinary importance. a cross-sectional study was conducted from november 2013 to january 2014 to estimate the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in camels from four districts of borana zone, southern oromia, ethiopia. in addition, a questionnaire survey was administered to 124 pastoralists to identify possible risk factors and to assess the awareness level of pastoral communities about toxoplasmosis. a to ... | 2016 | 27554500 |
| a study on the status of inflammatory systems in camels naturally infected with toxoplasma gondii. | toxoplasma gondii is a unique intracellular parasite with a worldwide distribution. this parasite infects a variety of cells in a wide range of animal species such as dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). in order to evaluate the pattern of possible changes in the blood level of some inflammatory mediators and antioxidant enzymes in camels infected with t. gondii, blood samples were taken from a total of 493 dromedary camels and serum concentrations of inflammatory mediators, acute phase prote ... | 2015 | 25846570 |
| first report of toxoplasma gondii in camels (camelus dromedarius) in ethiopia: bioassay and seroepidemiological investigation. | toxoplasmosis is a major public health concern in many countries of the world. a cross-sectional and follow up experimental study designs were used for seroepidemiological and bioassay studies, respectively from november 2012 to april 2013. the objectives were to estimate the seroprevalence of t. gondii infection, to assess risk factors and to isolate the parasite from camels in the fentale district, ethiopia. a direct agglutination test (dat) and indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elis ... | 2014 | 25266944 |
| taxonomy and phylogeny of trichuris globulosa von linstow, 1901 from camels. a review of trichuris species parasitizing herbivorous. | at the present work, we carried out a morph-biometrical and molecular study of trichuris species isolated from camelus dromedarius from iran and from ovis aries from south africa comparatively with other species of trichuris from different herbivorous hosts and geographical regions. the population from camels from iran was identified as trichuris globulosa. two different morphometrically populations of trichuris sp. from sheep from south africa were identified: trichuris ovis and trichuris skrja ... | 2015 | 26070887 |
| reconstructing the life of an unknown (ca. 500 years-old south american inca) mummy--multidisciplinary study of a peruvian inca mummy suggests severe chagas disease and ritual homicide. | the paleopathological, paleoradiological, histological, molecular and forensic investigation of a female mummy (radiocarbon dated 1451-1642 ad) provides circumstantial evidence for massive skull trauma affecting a young adult female individual shortly before death along with chronic infection by trypanosoma cruzi (chagas disease). the mummy (initially assumed to be a german bog body) was localized by stable isotope analysis to south america at/near the peruvian/northern chilean coast line. this ... | 2014 | 24586848 |
| vertical transmission of trypanosoma evansi in dromedary camels and studies on fetal pathology, diagnosis and treatment. | in the present study, a total of 14 (73.68%) cases of abortions and two (100%) cases of still births were detected positive for trypanosoma evansi infection by wet and dry blood smear examination and fetal tissue pcr in camels of an organized farm. the abortions in infected dams were recorded from 8 to 11.5 month of gestation, however majority occurred during 9th to 10th month. the important laboratorial findings in infected dams were anemia, hypoglycemia, hyperproteinemia and leukocytosis. at n ... | 2016 | 27078656 |
| new trypanosoma evansi type b isolates from ethiopian dromedary camels. | trypanosoma (t.) evansi is a dyskinetoplastic variant of t. brucei that has gained the ability to be transmitted by all sorts of biting flies. t. evansi can be divided into type a, which is the most abundant and found in africa, asia and latin america and type b, which has so far been isolated only from kenyan dromedary camels. this study aimed at the isolation and the genetic and phenotypic characterisation of type a and b t. evansi stocks from camels in northern ethiopia. | 2016 | 27035661 |
| trypanosoma evansi in naturally infected dromedary camels: lipid profile, oxidative stress parameters, acute phase proteins and proinflammatory cytokines. | additional biomarkers are essential for control of trypanosoma evansi (t. evansi) infection in dromedary camels. two groups of 30 camels each, one naturally infected with t. evansi and other normal healthy were executed. the basis for the infection was the positive findings of clinical examination, blood smears and latex agglutination test. blood samples of both groups and its harvested serum were used for the estimation of present serobiochemical parameters. the present findings revealed signif ... | 2016 | 26887646 |
| parasitological, serological and molecular survey of trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels from cholistan desert, pakistan. | surra, a vector borne disease caused by trypanosoma (t.) evansi, affects the health, productivity and working capacity of camels. since clinical signs are not pathognomonic, diagnosis must be confirmed by laboratory methods. this is a first study on the prevalence of surra in cholistan desert, pakistan using a broad variety of diagnostic tests thereby emphasizing it as a risk for the dromedaries of pakistan. | 2015 | 26259616 |
| trypanosome infection in dromedary camels in eastern ethiopia: prevalence, relative performance of diagnostic tools and host related risk factors. | a cross-sectional study was conducted in chifra and dewe districts of afar region, eastern ethiopia, to determine the prevalence, agreement between diagnostic tests and host related risk factors of trypanosome infection in camel. an overall prevalence of 2%, 24.1%, 21.3%, 9.5% and 7.8% was recorded with respectively giemsa stained thin blood smear, catt/t. evansi, rotat1.2 pcr, 18s pcr and its-1pcr in a cohort of 399 animals. only one t. vivax infection was confirmed by tvprac pcr indicating t. ... | 2015 | 26071981 |
| epidemiology of trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma vivax in domestic animals from selected districts of tigray and afar regions, northern ethiopia. | african animal trypanosomosis, transmitted cyclically by tsetse flies or mechanically by other biting flies, causes serious inflictions to livestock health. this study investigates the extent of non-tsetse transmitted animal trypanosomosis (nttat) by trypanosoma (t.) evansi and t. vivax in domestic animals in the tsetse-free regions of northern ethiopia, afar and tigray. | 2015 | 25889702 |
| cardiac and oxidative stress biomarkers in trypanosoma evansi infected camels: diagnostic and prognostic prominence. | this study was conducted to investigate the level of cardiac and oxidative stress markers in camels infected with trypanosoma evansi and to explore the diagnostic and prognostic value of cardiac troponin i (ctni) and creatine kinase-myocardial band (ck-mb) in response to infection. seventy four dromedary camels with clinical and laboratory evidence of trypanosomosis and 20 healthy controls were included in this study. serum ctni, ck-mb, ck, malondialdehyde (mda) and super oxide dismutase (sod) w ... | 2015 | 25578857 |
| control and eventual eradication of trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels after an episodic outbreak in mainland spain: an example in a non-endemic area. | in 2008, trypanosoma evansi was detected on a camel farm in mainland spain. the animals were isolated, confined in a closed stable, and treated twice with melarsamine (cymelarsan(®), merial, lyon, france) with an interval of 1 month. clinical and laboratory examinations by means of parasitological, serological, and molecular procedures (polymerase chain reaction (pcr)) were carried out regularly for 6 years. after the treatment, all parasitemic camels were cleared of parasites, and in the seropo ... | 2014 | 24933467 |
| trypanosomiasis of camels (camelus dromedarius) in algeria: first report. | camel trypanosomosis is a life-threatening disease in the camel species and responsible for severe economic losses either in milk or meat productions. this study was carried out on the south-east area of algeria on 100 camels of various ages and either sex from two herds. microscopic examination of blood smears revealed higher levels of trypanosomosis caused by trypanosoma evansi, an elongated parasite with a kinetoplast and a single nucleus located in its half-length and one flagellum with grea ... | 2013 | 25568684 |
| genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of trypanosoma evansi in iranian dromedary camels. | whole blood samples were collected from 117 male clinically healthy camelus dromedarius aged between 6 months to 18 years from several farms in yazd province of iran. trypanosoma evansi-affected camels were detected by giemsa-stained blood smears, and the positive blood samples (4 out of 117) were submitted to pcr examination and phylogenetic analysis. basic local alignment search tool data of the obtained complete internal transcribed spacer (its) sequences revealed that they corresponded to th ... | 2013 | 23007725 |
| cross-sectional study on prevalence of trypanosoma evansi infection in domestic ruminants in an endemic area of the canary islands (spain). | trypanosoma evansi is the most widely spread of the pathogenic african trypanosomes of animals. the disease (surra) was first diagnosed in the canary islands in a dromedary camel in 1997; thus, a control plan was implemented achieving the eventual eradication of t. evansi from most of the infected areas in the archipelago. however, a little area remains still infected despite the use of the same control measures. to evaluate possible reservoirs in the area a representative sample of domestic rum ... | 2012 | 22386739 |
| identification of lamanema chavezi becklund 1963 infection in a llama (lama glama) in the united states. | infection with lamanema chavezi, a parasitic nematode of new world camelids, was diagnosed by examination of feces and formalin-fixed liver from a 14-month-old female llama (lama glama) that died after a 6-week illness. infection with l. chavezi was initially suspected when a granuloma containing an unidentified nematode was detected microscopically in the hepatic parenchyma from a necropsy specimen. the subsequent diagnosis of l. chavezi infection was based on the morphologic features of 2 imma ... | 2014 | 24398908 |
| digesta retention patterns of solute and different-sized particles in camelids compared with ruminants and other foregut fermenters. | the mean retention times (mrt) of solute or particles in the gastrointestinal tract and the forestomach (fs) are crucial determinants of digestive physiology in herbivores. besides ruminants, camelids are the only herbivores that have evolved rumination as an obligatory physiological process consisting of repeated mastication of large food particles, which requires a particle sorting mechanism in the fs. differences between camelids and ruminants have hardly been investigated so far. in this stu ... | 2015 | 25921796 |
| genetic variation in codons 167, 198 and 200 of the beta-tubulin gene in whipworms (trichuris spp.) from a range of domestic animals and wildlife. | a recurrent problem in the control of whipworm (trichuris spp.) infections in many animal species and man is the relatively low efficacy of treatment with a single application of benzimidazoles (bzs). the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in codons 167, 198 and 200 in the beta-tubulin gene has been associated with bz anthelmintic resistance in intestinal nematodes of veterinary importance. we hypothesized that the low susceptibility to bz could be related to a natural tolerance ... | 2013 | 23352105 |
| genomics, phylogeny and in silico analysis of mitochondrial glutathione s-transferase-kappa from the camel camelus dromedarius. | the domesticated one-humped camel, camelus dromedarius, is one of the most important animals in the arabian peninsula. for most of its life, this species is exposed to both intrinsic and extrinsic genotoxic factors that cause gross dna alterations in many organisms. gst enzymes constitute an important supergene family involved in protection against the deleterious effects of oxidative stress and xenobiotics. cloning the camel mitochondrial gst kappa (gstk) gene and comparing its structural simil ... | 2014 | 24810173 |
| amblyomma parvitarsum (acari: ixodidae): localities, hosts and host-parasite ecology. | only a few aspects of the biology of amblyomma parvitarsum neumann are known. adults of this hard tick species are parasites of south american camelids in the andean plateau of argentina, bolivia, peru and chile and also in the argentine patagonia, but they have been also rarely found on other artyodactils and two species of birds. the larva has been collected from reptiles in northern chile, whereas the hosts for the nymph remain unknown. on nine localities included within altitude tropical and ... | 2014 | 23979654 |
| generation of vhh antibodies against the arabidopsis thaliana seed storage proteins. | antibodies and antibody derived fragments are excellent tools for the detection and purification of proteins. however, only few antibodies targeting arabidopsis seed proteins are currently available. here, we evaluate the process to make antibody libraries against crude protein extracts and more particularly to generate a vhh phage library against native arabidopsis thaliana seed proteins. after immunising a dromedary with a crude arabidopsis seed extract, we cloned the single-domain antigen-bin ... | 2014 | 23963604 |
| head-to-tail fusions of camelid antibodies can be expressed in planta and bind in rumen fluid. | we have compared the accumulation of recombinant variable heavy-chain portions [vhh (variable heavy-chain antibody from camelids)] of camelid antibodies in a variety of subcellular compartments produced in planta. the vhh coding sequences were optimized for expression in thale cress (arabidopsis thaliana) and placed individually or as fused tandem heterodimers in synthetic plant-organelle-targeting cassettes designed to target the protein to either the cytoplasm, er (endoplasmic reticulum), prot ... | 2009 | 18844608 |
| effect of feeding different proportions of groundnut haulms (arachis hypogaea) and cluster bean straw (cyamopsis tetragonoloba) on nutrient utilisation and serum biochemical parameters in dromedary camels. | the effect of feeding different proportions of groundnut haulms (arachis hypogaea) and cluster bean straw (cyamopsis tetragonoloba) on nutrient digestibility, nutritive value, nutrient intake and serum biochemical parameters was studied using nine male dromedary camels of bikaneri breeds (637.5 kg average body weight; 8-9 years of age). groundnut haulms (gnh) and cluster bean straw (cbs) were fed in one of three ratios, 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 in treatments t(1), t(2) and t(3), respectively. in a ... | 2012 | 22476733 |
| molecular analysis of an 11,700-year-old rodent midden from the atacama desert, chile. | dna was extracted from an 11,700-year-old rodent midden from the atacama desert, chile and the chloroplast and animal mitochondrial dna (mtdna) gene sequences were analysed to investigate the floral environment surrounding the midden, and the identity of the midden agent. the plant sequences, together with the macroscopic identifications, suggest the presence of 13 plant families and three orders that no longer exist today at the midden locality, and thus point to a much more diverse and humid c ... | 2002 | 11975707 |
| preparation of goat and rabbit anti-camel immunoglobulin g whole molecule labeled with horseradish peroxidase. | as the labeled anti-camel immunoglobulins (igs) with enzymes for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) are unavailable in the egyptian market, the present investigation was directed for developing local labeled anti-camel igg with horseradish peroxidase (hrp) to save hard curacy. | 2017 | 28246453 |
| nanoimmunoassay onto a screen printed electrode for her2 breast cancer biomarker determination. | a chip format sandwich-type immunoassay based on nanobodies(®) (nbs) with the human epidermal growth factor receptor (her2) extracellular domain as antigen model has been developed. the her2 is considered as an important biomarker because its overexpression causes an aggressive type of breast cancer. nbs are single domain antigen-binding fragments derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies. the strategy of the presently developed sandwich immunoassay takes advantage of the small size of nbs for ... | 2014 | 25159394 |
| characterization and enzyme-conjugation of a specific anti-l1 nanobody. | persistent infection of the human papillomaviruses (hpv) has been shown to result in cervical cancer and intraepithelial neoplasia. early detection and screening programs are essential strategies against cervical cancer. a nanobody is the smallest antigen-binding fragment known and is derived from a camelid heavy-chain antibody. this tiny protein shows high solubility and stability. it can be produced cost-effectively with high yield production. in this study, we enriched a nanobody library agai ... | 2012 | 22963491 |
| identification and phylogenetic analysis of contagious ecthyma virus from camels (<i>camelus dromedarius</i>) in iran. | contagious ecthyma is a highly contagious disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants such as sheep, goats and camels. the identification and characterisation of a parapoxvirus (ppv) infecting camels is described here. the virus was detected in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) from kerman and shiraz in iran. ppv-specific amplification by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) further confirmed that the disease was associated with ppv infection. phylogenetic analysis of orf011 (b2l) gene sequenc ... | 2017 | 28397518 |
| a brief and critical review on hydrofluorosis in diverse species of domestic animals in india. | india is one of the fluoride-endemic countries where the maximum numbers of ground or drinking water sources are naturally fluoridated. in india, a total of 23, out of 36 states and union territories have drinking water contaminated with fluoride in varying concentration. in the present scenario, especially in rural india, besides the surface waters (perennial ponds, dams, rivers, etc.), bore wells and hand pumps are the principal drinking water sources for domestic animals such as cattle (bos t ... | 2017 | 28144801 |
| identification of macroscopic sarcocysts of sarcocystis cameli from one- humped camel (camelus dromedarius) in iraq. | there is considerable confusion concerning the identity of macroscopic sarcocystis species in camels. currently 2 species: sarcocystis cameli, and sarcocystis ippeni are recognized from 1-humped camel (camelus dromedarius), and sarcocysts of both species are microscopic. here, we report identity of macroscopic sarcocysts from the c. dromedarius in iraq as sarcocystis cameli. five sarcocysts from the muscle of 2 adult camels collected in 1999 and stored in 10% formalin were studied by transmissio ... | 2017 | 28121491 |
| high prevalence of middle east respiratory coronavirus in young dromedary camels in jordan. | prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was determined in 45 dromedary camels from two geographically separated herds in jordan. virus shedding was only detected in swabs obtained from the respiratory tract and primarily observed in camels younger than 3 years. mers-cov seroprevalence increased with age of camels. bovine and sheep sera were seronegative. phylogenetic analysis of partial s2 clustered the jordanian mers-cov strains with contemporary mers-cov strains a ... | 2017 | 28009529 |
| alpha s1-casein polymorphisms in camel (camelus dromedarius) and descriptions of biological active peptides and allergenic epitopes. | milk samples of 193 camels (camelus dromedarius) from different regions of sudan were screened for casein variability by isoelectric focusing. kappa-casein and beta-casein were monomorphic, whereas three protein patterns named αs1-casein a, c, and d were identified. the major allele a revealed frequencies of 0.79 (lahaoi), 0.75 (shanbali), 0.90 (arabi khali), and 0.88 (arabi gharbawi) in the different ecotypes. csn1s1*c shows a single g > t nucleotide substitution in the exon 5, leading to a non ... | 2016 | 26922739 |
| acute clinical leptospirosis (grippotyphosa serovar) in an adult dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | a 9-yr-old castrated male dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) presented with lethargy and partial anorexia. a diagnostic examination revealed fever, and further workup revealed a neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenemia, renal azotemia, and a rapid onset of a high leptospira antibody titer during the acute clinical period (grippotyphosa serovar). the camel responded clinically to antimicrobial treatment with ceftiofur crystalline free acid injections, but renal azotemia persisted, presumably secondar ... | 2015 | 26352970 |
| identification of amino acid changes in the envelope glycoproteins of bovine viral diarrhea viruses isolated from alpaca that may be involved in host adaptation. | bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdv) are most commonly associated with infections of cattle. however, bvdv are often isolated from closely related ruminants with a number of bvdv-1b viruses being isolated from alpacas that were both acutely and persistently infected. the complete nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame of eleven alpaca-adapted bvdv isolates and the region encoding the envelope glycoproteins of an additional three isolates were determined. with the exception of one, all alp ... | 2015 | 26072370 |
| the vγ9vδ2 t cell antigen receptor and butyrophilin-3 a1: models of interaction, the possibility of co-evolution, and the case of dendritic epidermal t cells. | most circulating human gamma delta t cells are vγ9vδ2 t cells. their hallmark is the expression of t cell antigen receptors (tcr) whose γ-chains show a vγ9-jp (vγ2-jγ1.2) rearrangement and are paired with vδ2-containing δ-chains, a dominant tcr configuration, which until recently seemed to occur in primates only. vγ9vδ2 t cells respond to phosphoantigens (pag) such as (e)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (hmbpp), which is produced by many pathogens and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (ipp), ... | 2014 | 25566259 |
| purification and functional characterization of pancreatic insulin from camel (camelus dromedarius). | large-scale production of insulin still represents the key step in helping diabetic patients throughout the world. many species and approaches have been used for the production of insulin. in this study, we purified and characterized for the first time pancreatic insulin from the arabian camel (camelus dromedarius) using a modified acid-alcohol extraction method. after extraction insulin was purified using a one-step gel filtration on a sephadex g-50 column leading to a purification yield of 80 ... | 2014 | 25473366 |
| heterologous antigen selection of camelid heavy chain single domain antibodies against tetrabromobisphenol a. | tetrabromobisphenol a (tbbpa) is a ubiquitous flame retardant. a high-throughput immunoassay would allow for monitoring of human and environmental exposures as a part of risk assessment. naturally occurring antibodies in camelids that are devoid of light chain, show great promise as an efficient tool in monitoring environmental contaminants, but they have been rarely used for small molecules. an alpaca was immunized with a tbbpa hapten coupled to thyroglobulin and a variable domain of heavy chai ... | 2014 | 25068372 |
| host species restriction of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus through its receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in 2012. recently, the mers-cov receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4) was identified and the specific interaction of the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of mers-cov spike protein and dpp4 was determined by crystallography. animal studies identified rhesus macaques but not hamsters, ferrets, or mice to be susceptible for mers-cov. here, we investigated the role of dpp4 in this observed species tropism. cell lines of human and nonhuman ... | 2014 | 24899185 |
| diagnostic nanoparticle targeting of the egf-receptor in complex biological conditions using single-domain antibodies. | for effective localization of functionalized nanoparticles at diseased tissues such as solid tumours or metastases through biorecognition, appropriate targeting vectors directed against selected tumour biomarkers are a key prerequisite. the diversity of such vector molecules ranges from proteins, including antibodies and fragments thereof, through aptamers and glycans to short peptides and small molecules. here, we analyse the specific nanoparticle targeting capabilities of two previously sugges ... | 2014 | 24777583 |
| bovine calves as ideal bio-indicators for fluoridated drinking water and endemic osteo-dental fluorosis. | relative susceptibility to fluoride (f) toxicosis in the form of osteo-dental fluorosis was observed in an observational survey of 2,747 mature and 887 immature domestic animals of diverse species living in areas with naturally fluoridated (>1.5 ppm f) drinking water. these animals included buffaloes (bubalus bubalis), cattle (bos taurus), camels (camelus dromedarius), donkeys (equus asinus), horses (equus caballus), goats (capra hircus), and sheep (ovis aries). of these mature and immature anim ... | 2014 | 24671615 |
| antibodies against mers coronavirus in dromedary camels, united arab emirates, 2003 and 2013. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has caused an ongoing outbreak of severe acute respiratory tract infection in humans in the arabian peninsula since 2012. dromedary camels have been implicated as possible viral reservoirs. we used serologic assays to analyze 651 dromedary camel serum samples from the united arab emirates; 151 of 651 samples were obtained in 2003, well before onset of the current epidemic, and 500 serum samples were obtained in 2013. recombinant spike prote ... | 2014 | 24655412 |
| a comparative study of free oligosaccharides in the milk of domestic animals. | the present study was conducted to obtain a comprehensive overview of oligosaccharides present in the milk of a variety of important domestic animals including cows, goats, sheep, pigs, horses and dromedary camels. using an analytical workflow that included ultra-performance liquid chromatography-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight ms, detailed oligosaccharide libraries were established. the partial or full characterisati ... | 2014 | 24635885 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) serology in major livestock species in an affected region in jordan, june to september 2013. | between june and september 2013, sera from 11 dromedary camels, 150 goats, 126 sheep and 91 cows were collected in jordan, where the first human middle-east respiratory syndrome (mers) cluster appeared in 2012. all sera were tested for mers-coronavirus (mers-cov) specific antibodies by protein microarray with confirmation by virus neutralisation. neutralising antibodies were found in all camel sera while sera from goats and cattle tested negative. although six sheep sera reacted with mers-cov an ... | 2013 | 24342516 |
| feasibility of utilising an infrared-thermographic technique for early detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy camels (camelus dromedarius). | despite the proven ability of infrared thermography (irt) technology for early detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows/sheep/goats, studies on its diagnostic feasibility in dairy camels are lacking. sixty-five lactating camels in mid lactation, machine milked twice-daily and managed under intensive conditions were screened to evaluate the feasibility of utilising irt compared with other routine indicators in detecting subclinical mastitis. immediately before the morning milking, a portab ... | 2014 | 24331516 |
| isolation and characterization of serum albumin from camelus dromedarius. | serum albumin constitutes 35-50 mg/ml of plasma proteins and performs various physiological activities including the regulation of osmotic pressure on blood, maintaining buffering of the blood ph, carrying different fatty acids and other small molecules, such as bilirubin, hormones, drugs and metal ions, as well as participating in immunological responses. serum albumin is an extensively used protein in biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries. the camel (camelus dromedarius) is well tailo ... | 2013 | 24137219 |
| characteristics of residency training associated with first-time pass rate on the american college of veterinary ophthalmologists certifying examination. | the aim of this study was to examine the association of various aspects of veterinary ophthalmology residency training with the first-time pass rate (ftpr) of the american college of veterinary ophthalmologists (acvo) examination, as well as the individual written, image recognition, animal examination, and surgical sections of the examination. | 2014 | 24131796 |
| proteomic characterization and cross species comparison of mammalian seminal plasma. | seminal plasma contains a large protein component which has been implicated in the function, transit and survival of spermatozoa within the female reproductive tract. however, the identity of the majority of these proteins remains unknown and a direct comparison between the major domestic mammalian species has yet to be made. as such, the present study characterized and compared the seminal plasma proteomes of cattle, horse, sheep, pig, goat, camel and alpaca. gelc-ms/ms and shotgun proteomic an ... | 2013 | 23748023 |
| comparison of activated chromatography resins for protein immobilization. | the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (bsa) to an immobilized camelid-derived antibody fragment was investigated using six different activated resins, of which two are prototypes. the resins differed in base material, coupling chemistry and particle size. the adsorption, washing and desorption stage of the affinity chromatography process were taken into account. dynamic binding capacities at 10% breakthrough ranged between 0.76 and 4.8 mg bsa/ml resin. the washing volume ranged between 2.9 and ... | 2013 | 23471886 |
| proteomics of the milk fat globule membrane from camelus dromedarius. | camel milk has been widely characterized with regards to casein and whey proteins. however, in camelids, almost nothing is known about the milk fat globule membrane (mfgm), the membrane surrounding fat globules in milk. the purpose of this study was thus to identify mfgm proteins from camelus dromedarius milk. major mfgm proteins (namely, fatty acid synthase, xanthine oxidase, butyrophilin, lactadherin, and adipophilin) already evidenced in cow milk were identified in camel milk using ms. in add ... | 2013 | 23349047 |
| molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiome in the forestomach fluid from the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | rumen microorganisms play an important role in ruminant digestion and absorption of nutrients and have great potential applications in the field of rumen adjusting, food fermentation and biomass utilization etc. in order to investigate the composition of microorganisms in the rumen of camel (camelus dromedarius), this study delves in the microbial diversity by culture-independent approach. it includes comparison of rumen samples investigated in the present study to other currently available meta ... | 2013 | 23277394 |
| factors influencing embryo transfer success in alpacas: a retrospective study. | embryo transfer offers great advantages to south american camelid farmers to reach their breeding goals but the technology still plays a relatively minor role in comparison to other domestic farm animals like cattle. the aim of the present study was to analyse a data set of 5547 single or multiple ovulation embryo transfers performed in commercial alpaca farms in australia to determine the factors that influence number and quality of embryos produced, embryo transfer success (percentage of crias ... | 2013 | 23141430 |
| novel nsp4 genotype in a camel g10p[15] rotavirus strain. | in this study a kuwaiti camel rotavirus strain, rva/camel-wt/kuw/s21/2010/g10p[15], is characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. the strain had multiple genes with high nucleotide sequence similarities to ovine and bovine strains (vp2, ≤ 96%; nsp2 and nsp5, ≤ 97%, nsp3, ≤ 94%), or, to porcine strains (vp1, ≤ 89%). other genes had moderate sequence similarities (vp4, ≤ 87%; vp6, ≤ 81%; vp7, ≤ 82%) with reference strains from ruminants. the nsp4 gene shared limited sequence identity ( ... | 2012 | 22982644 |
| cloning, phylogenetic analysis and 3d modeling of a putative lysosomal acid lipase from the camel, camelus dromedarius. | acid lipase belongs to a family of enzymes that is mainly present in lysosomes of different organs and the stomach. it is characterized by its capacity to withstand acidic conditions while maintaining high lipolytic activity. we cloned for the first time the full coding sequence of camel's lysosomal acid lipase, clipa using rt-pcr technique (genbank accession numbers jf803951 and aeg75815, for the nucleotide and aminoacid sequences respectively). the cdna sequencing revealed an open reading fram ... | 2012 | 22936112 |
| a synthetic protein g adsorbent based on the multi-component ugi reaction for the purification of mammalian immunoglobulins. | numerous efforts have been devoted to develop synthetic affinity ligands mimicking natural immunoglobulin-binding proteins, such as proteins a and l, in order to overcome intrinsic drawbacks involving their high cost and acidic ph elution. however, few reports have focused on a protein g mimic. this work describes the use of the solid phase multi-component ugi reaction to generate a low cost, rationally designed, affinity ligand to mimic protein g for the purification of mammalian immunoglobulin ... | 2012 | 22575289 |
| physico-chemical and antigenic characterization of unconventional heavy chain antibodies of indian desert camel (camelus dromedarius l.). | heavy chain antibodies (hcabs) of igg2 and igg3 subtypes were purified from the sera of indian desert camel (camelus dromedarius l.) by ammonium sulphate precipitation, followed by ion-exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose and affinity chromatography on protein a-sepharose and protein g-sepharose, and characterized by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, agar gel immunodiffusion (agid), counter-immunoelectrophoresis (ciep), immunoelectrophoresis (iep), elisa and immunoblotting. igg2 and i ... | 2004 | 22900358 |
| animal models of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. | the emergence of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012 marked the second time that a new, highly pathogenic coronavirus has emerged in the human population in the 21st century. in this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge of animal models of mers-cov infection. commonly used laboratory animal species such as syrian hamsters, mice and ferrets are not susceptible to mers-cov, due to differences in the mers-cov receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4). the i ... | 2015 | 26192750 |
| genomic data from extinct north american camelops revise camel evolutionary history. | recent advances in paleogenomic technologies have enabled an increasingly detailed understanding of the evolutionary relationships of now-extinct mammalian taxa. however, a number of enigmatic quaternary species have never been characterized with molecular data, often because available fossils are rare or are found in environments that are not optimal for dna preservation. here, we analyze paleogenomic data extracted from bones attributed to the late pleistocene western camel, camelops cf. heste ... | 2015 | 26037535 |
| the history of old world camelids in the light of molecular genetics. | old world camels have come into the focus as sustainable livestock species, unique in their morphological and physiological characteristics and capable of providing vital products even under extreme environmental conditions. the evolutionary history of dromedary and bactrian camels traces back to the middle eocene (around 40 million years ago, mya), when the ancestors of camelus emerged on the north american continent. while the genetic status of the two domestic species has long been establishe ... | 2016 | 27048619 |
| the major histocompatibility complex in old world camelids and low polymorphism of its class ii genes. | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) is a genomic region containing genes with crucial roles in immune responses. mhc class i and class ii genes encode antigen-presenting molecules expressed on the cell surface. to counteract the high variability of pathogens, the mhc evolved into a region of considerable heterogeneity in its organization, number and extent of polymorphism. studies of mhcs in different model species contribute to our understanding of mechanisms of immunity, diseases and th ... | 2016 | 26931144 |
| diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphism markers to identify hybridization between dromedary and bactrian camels. | the technique to produce hybrid tulu or nar camels from crosses between dromedary and bactrian camels is common throughout middle eastern and central asian countries. formerly, these hybrids were highly valued as strong and persistent pack animals but today are bred to improve milk or wool quality in the respective species and for camel wrestling. we developed a diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) panel to identify cryptic ancestry in f1 hybrids and their backcrosses by selecting loc ... | 2017 | 26161164 |
| molecular analysis of heavy chain-only antibodies of camelus bactrianus. | in this work, igg content and structures of antigen-binding domains and hinge regions of different igg subtypes of camelus bactrianus were analyzed in detail for the first time. our data demonstrate that c. bactrianus contains a very large amount of heavy chain-only antibodies that can be used as a source of vhh domain-containing molecules. despite some minor sequence differences identified in this study, c. bactrianus vhh domains possess principally the same unique features as those of c. drome ... | 2014 | 25716733 |
| camelid genomes reveal evolution and adaptation to desert environments. | bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus), dromedary (camelus dromedarius) and alpaca (vicugna pacos) are economically important livestock. although the bactrian camel and dromedary are large, typically arid-desert-adapted mammals, alpacas are adapted to plateaus. here we present high-quality genome sequences of these three species. our analysis reveals the demographic history of these species since the tortonian stage of the miocene and uncovers a striking correlation between large fluctuations in po ... | 2014 | 25333821 |
| the β-casein in camels: molecular characterization of the csn2 gene, promoter analysis and genetic variability. | the β-casein is the most abundant protein in camel milk and its encoding gene (csn2) is considered in other species a 'major' gene for the presence of alleles associated to different level of expression. in the present paper, we report for the first time the characterization of the nucleotide sequence of the whole β-casein-encoding gene (csn2) plus 2,141 bp at the 5'-flanking region in camelus dromedarius. the promoter region and the complete cdna are also provided for the first time in camelus ... | 2014 | 24973699 |
| genetic diversity and population structure of mongolian domestic bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus). | the tradition of animal husbandry in the context of a nomadic lifestyle has been of great significance in the mongolian society. both bactrian camels and horses have been invaluable for the survival and development of human activities in the harsh arid environment of the mongolian steppe. as camels offer unique and sustainable opportunities for livestock production in marginal agro-ecological zones, we investigated the current genetic diversity of three local mongolian camel breeds and compared ... | 2014 | 24749721 |
| analysis of heavy and light chain sequences of conventional camelid antibodies from camelus dromedarius and camelus bactrianus species. | camel antibodies have been widely investigated, but work has focused upon the unique heavy chain antibodies found across camelid species. these are homodimers, devoid of light chains and the first constant heavy chain domain. camelid species also display conventional hetero-tetrameric antibodies with identical pairs of heavy and light chains; in camelus dromedarius these constitute 25% of circulating antibodies. few investigations have been made on this subset of antibodies and complete conventi ... | 2014 | 24444705 |
| expression of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein family in the epitheliochorial placenta of two camelidae species (c. dromedarius and c. bactrianus). | this study describes placental morphology and immunolocalization of the placental pregnancy associated glycoprotein-like family (pags) identified in two selected taxa of old-world camels of the camelidae family: camelus dromedarius (cd) and camelus bactrianus (cb). placental tissues of cd from days 140-293 post-coitum (dpc), term (404 dpc); and of cb from term (440 dpc) were examined. histological staining (hematoxylin/eosin and propidium iodine) revealed the development of the placental structu ... | 2013 | 23498309 |
| identification and isolation of stimulator of interferon genes (sting): an innate immune sensory and adaptor gene from camelids. | the mechanism by which type i interferon-mediated antiviral response is mounted by hosts against invading pathogen is an intriguing one. of late, an endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein encoded by a gene called stimulator of interferon genes (sting) is implicated in the innate signalling pathways and has been identified and cloned in few mammalian species including human, mouse and pig. in this article, we report the identification of sting from three different species of a highly conserv ... | 2013 | 23350682 |
| molecular characterization and genetic variability at κ-casein gene (csn3) in camels. | κ-casein is a glycosilated protein belonging to a family of phosphoproteins (αs1, β, αs2, κ) that represent the major protein component in mammalian milk. κ-casein plays an essential role in the casein micelle stabilization, determining the size and the specific function. in the present paper, we report for the first time the characterization of the nucleotide sequence of the whole κ-casein-encoding gene (csn3) plus 1045 nucleotides at the 5' flanking region in camelus dromedarius. the promoter ... | 2013 | 23154061 |