| production of tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta by human mononuclear leukocytes stimulated with mitogens, bacteria, and malarial parasites. | tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta (tnf-alpha and tnf-beta) are multifaceted polypeptide cytokines which may mediate some of the significant changes in cellular homeostasis which accompany the invasion of the mammalian host by viruses, bacteria, and parasites. although it is well established that bacterial lipopolysaccharide is a potent inducer of tnf-alpha, there is still very little known of the types of agents which can trigger the production of tnfs in mononuclear leukocytes. using an enz ... | 1990 | 2254024 |
| the primary antibody response of malaria patients to plasmodium falciparum sexual stage antigens which are potential transmission blocking vaccine candidates. | thirty serum samples collected from adult patients attending the hospital for tropical diseases, london, with p. falciparum malaria, were studied. sera were screened by indirect immunofluorescence for anti-gametocyte antibodies. twelve of the serum samples taken from 14 patients with primary infections were found to have both igm and igg antibodies to gametocyte antigens and total ig titres comparable with those of patients who had had previous malaria attacks. sera of individuals from hyperende ... | 1990 | 2255558 |
| effect of sinefungin on macromolecular biosynthesis and cell cycle of plasmodium falciparum. | the growth of the malarial parasite p. falciparum was arrested by the adenine containing nucleoside sinefungin at the trophozoite stage. the synthesis of dna, of polyamines and the specific proteins of the schizont stage were completely blocked by the drug. the inhibition of dna synthesis was not due to a decrease in the amount of dna polymerase, but to the depletion of polyamines which are required for dna synthesis. | 1990 | 2255844 |
| exchange transfusion of whole blood in the treatment of cerebral malaria. | a case of cerebral malaria in a young british traveller, successfully treated by exchange transfusion of whole blood, is reported and the literature regarding the use of this technique in p. falciparum malaria is briefly reviewed. | 1990 | 2255897 |
| [insufficiency of treatment with halofantrine in chloroquinoresistant plasmodium falciparum malaria in sierra leone]. | | 1990 | 2256604 |
| malaria in nigeria: a revisit. | the frequency of asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia was investigated in rural and urban school-children aged six to 12 years in southwestern nigeria between january 1987 and october 1988. asymptomatic parasitaemia was detected in the rural school-children all year round with the lowest parasite rate in january and the highest in july, corresponding to the mid-dry and wet seasons respectively. asymptomatic parasitaemia was also common amongst urban school-children, but the frequency was lower than ... | 1990 | 2256767 |
| studies of total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in childhood malaria: a preliminary study. | | 1990 | 2256776 |
| anti-resa (pf 155) antibodies in malaria patients from pará and rondonia, brazil. | | 1990 | 2256777 |
| innate resistance to malaria: the intraerythrocytic cycle. | the human innate resistance to p. falciparum malaria is based on genetic features that affect several stages of the intraerythrocytic cycle of the plasmodia. hbs, hbe and alpha and beta thalassemia (in addition to g-6pd deficiency) are protective to the carriers, because they inhibit the intraerythrocytic growth period, and in the case of as red cells, in addition, parasitosis make them detectable expeditiously by the spleen. blood group polymorphisms can interfere with red cell invasion by plas ... | 1990 | 2257317 |
| ultrastructure of malaria-infected erythrocytes. | knobs, caveolae, caveola-vesicle complexes, cytoplasmic clefts, and electron-dense material are five major ultrastructural changes found in the membrane skeleton and cytoplasm of erythrocytes infected with species of primate malaria. knobs are electron-dense, conical evaginations of the erythrocyte surface, which are believed to mediate cytoadherence and sequestration of plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. caveolae and caveola-vesicle complexes are flask-shaped invaginations of the memb ... | 1990 | 2257318 |
| properties of permeation pathways induced in the human red cell membrane by malaria parasites. | the intracellular development of malaria parasites in mature erythrocytes imposes on the host cell a major demand for supply of nutrients and disposal of waste products. so as to cope with these demands, the erythrocyte membrane undergoes profound alterations in its basic permeability properties. a few hours after being invaded by plasmodium falciparum parasites, and before any structural changes are apparent on the surface, the molecular traffic across the red cell membrane changes both in inte ... | 1990 | 2257321 |
| plasmodium falciparum carbohydrate metabolism: a connection between host cell and parasite. | selected aspects of the metabolism of plasmodium falciparum are reviewed, but conclusions based on the study of other species of plasmodia are intentionally not included since these may not be applicable. the parasites increase glucose consumption 50-100 fold as compared to uninfected red cells; most of the glucose is metabolized to lactic acid. the parasite contains a complete set of glycolytic enzymes. some enzymes such a hexokinase, enolase and pyruvate kinase are vastly increased over corres ... | 1990 | 2257322 |
| purines and pyrimidines in malarial parasites. | in order for the plasmodium malarial parasite to replicate in the human erythrocyte it requires metabolic pathways which are not operative in the host erythrocyte. thus, the malarial parasite not only synthesizes enzymes for purine salvage and interconversion, for the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway de novo, and for the folate cycle, but it also alters the host erythrocyte membrane in respect to the transport of purines. several of the plasmodium enzymes from these pathways have been cloned and ... | 1990 | 2257323 |
| proteases in malaria-infected red blood cells. | the discrimination between erythrocyte and plasmodium proteases is now made easier by using synthetic fluorogenic substrates, high-pressure liquid chromatography, reliable methods of cell preparation, as well as radiolabeled extracts from in vitro cultures of p. falciparum. the reinvasion process of an erythrocyte by a merozoite involves specific proteinases, which were recently identified using fluorogenic peptidyl-aec substrates and by analysis of schizont and merozoite extracts with the gelat ... | 1990 | 2257326 |
| gastrointestinal bleeding in malaria. | hematological alterations are frequent in patients with malaria. however, these rarely manifest clinically, except for symptoms due to anemia. two cases with gastrointestinal hemorrhage as a complication of malaria are reported. | 1990 | 2258215 |
| antibodies that protect humans against plasmodium falciparum blood stages do not on their own inhibit parasite growth and invasion in vitro, but act in cooperation with monocytes. | igg extracted from the sera of african adults immune to malaria were injected intravenously into eight plasmodium falciparum-infected nonimmune thai patients. clinical and parasitological improvement was reproducibly obtained in each case. after the disappearance of the transferred ig, recrudescent parasites were equally susceptible to the same ig preparation. high levels of antibodies to most parasite proteins were detected by western blots in the receivers' sera (taken before transfer) as in t ... | 1990 | 2258697 |
| [imported tropical malaria in children]. | | 1990 | 2259604 |
| [malaria imported to cuba]. | | 1990 | 2259784 |
| [malaria prophylaxis: what is safe?]. | plasmodium falciparum is resistant to proguanil, chloroquine and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine (fansidar) in many parts of the world. it can be assumed that in the future resistance to mefloquine and quinine will also increase. this will have important consequences for the recommended schemes for drug prophylaxis. no new drugs suitable for prophylaxis will be on the market in the near future. neither the combination of mefloquine with pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine (fansimef) nor the new drug halofantrin ... | 1990 | 2260020 |
| [recurrent psychiatric manifestations during malaria prevention with mefloquine. a case report]. | the authors report the case of a 22 years old woman without psychiatric antecedent who started a prophylaxis with mefloquine for a journey in a chloroquino resistant area. the first tablet induced an acute psychiatric syndrome which lasted five days; the second tablet induced the recidive of the psychiatric data and a suicide attempt by drowning. | 1990 | 2260038 |
| drug-resistant malaria: mechanisms of development and inferences for malaria control. | | 1990 | 2260158 |
| the pituitary-thyroid axis in severe falciparum malaria: evidence for depressed thyrotroph and thyroid gland function. | abnormal thyroid function is strongly associated with mortality in severe non-thyroidal illness. we have assessed the pituitary-thyroid axis serially in 18 thai adults with severe falciparum malaria and in 18 matched controls. the admission total serum thyroxine (t4) concentrations of the patients (median [range]: 64 nmol/litre [less than 30-91]) were significantly lower than those of controls (81 nmol/litre [61-133]; 2p less than 0.01), and remained depressed until after fever and parasite clea ... | 1990 | 2260159 |
| the clinical and parasitological presentation of plasmodium falciparum malaria in uganda is unaffected by hiv-1 infection. | the relation between plasmodium falciparum malaria and symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) infection was investigated in paediatric and adult patients in kampala, uganda, from 1987 to 1989. both infections contributed largely to hospital morbidity. of 1527 clinically suspicious in-patients, 61% were positive for hiv-1 infection. 52% of patients with positive hiv-1 serology fulfilled the world health organization clinical case definition for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aid ... | 1990 | 2260160 |
| a longitudinal study of antibodies to the plasmodium falciparum antigen pf155/resa and immunity to malaria infection in adult liberians. | 118 adult liberians from 2 villages were studied prospectively for one year with monthly blood examinations for malaria parasites. the crude parasite rate was 41.5% and the crude gametocyte rate was 6.1%. the inoculation rate varied between 0.075 in the dry season and almost 0.4 in the rainy season, which is in accordance with other data from holoendemic areas. 47.5% (56) had a titre to the pf155/resa antigen less than or equal to 1/50 ('low responders') and 52.5% (62) had a titre of greater tha ... | 1990 | 2260161 |
| plasmodium falciparum infection does not increase the precocious mortality rate of anopheles gambiae. | | 1990 | 2260162 |
| failure of anti-malarial prophylaxis with mefloquine in africa. | | 1990 | 2260164 |
| hypoglycaemia in pregnant women with malaria. | | 1990 | 2260165 |
| mononeuritis multiplex in plasmodium falciparum malaria. | | 1990 | 2260166 |
| on the establishment in culture of isolates of plasmodium falciparum. | | 1990 | 2260187 |
| detection of malaria endemicity in community villages in north sumatra, indonesia by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. | an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for malaria was used in north sumatra, indonesia as an epidemiological survey tool. the seroepidemiological investigation was concentrated on junior high schools. serum samples obtained were classified according to the villages of origin of the students. the mean of elisa values of each village group was compared with the parasite rate in primary schools in their native villages. a good correlation was observed between them (r = 0.96). the present results ind ... | 1990 | 2260894 |
| malaria in the amazon. prevalence of plasmodium falciparum antibodies in amerindians inhabiting the venezuelan amazon. | the acquisition of antibodies to plasmodium falciparum in various age groups was studied in 511 amerindians inhabiting the north of the venezuelan amazon. the overall prevalence by elisa was 91.2% and antibodies were acquired early in life. seropositivity was 69.6% in the group aged two to five years and reached 86% at 10 years of age; 96.9% of the adults aged 31-40 years exhibited high elisa values to p. falciparum. the high prevalence of malaria antibodies among amazonians, from early on in li ... | 1990 | 2260895 |
| cytoadherence of plasmodium falciparum-infected alpha-thalassaemic red cells. | | 1990 | 2260906 |
| conformational preferences of synthetic peptides derived from the immunodominant site of the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium falciparum by 1h nmr. | proton nuclear magnetic resonance and ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy have been used to probe the conformational ensemble of the tandemly repeating tetrapeptide unit of the circumsporozoite coat protein of the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. peptides based on the asn-ala-asn-pro and asn-pro-asn-ala cadences and composed of one to three tetrapeptide units were synthesized and examined using one- and two-dimensional nmr spectroscopy. the chemical shift of the amide protons, the ... | 1990 | 2261440 |
| the management of cerebral malaria in a provincial general hospital in kenya. | the practice of physicians at the nakuru provincial general hospital (npgh), kenya, when dealing with cerebral malaria is reviewed over a 4-month period. the definition, management, and outcome of patients labelled to have cerebral malaria is presented and criticism of their practice offered in a manner applicable to other rural hospitals in kenya. | 1990 | 2261869 |
| opsoclonus in malaria: the first report in the literature. | the first report in the literature of opsoclonus in malaria was presented. a 24-year-old woman had a two week history of high fever and lassitude. physical examination revealed no specific neurological sign on admission. ring form and gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum were found in blood smear. combined treatment of quinine and tetracycline were prescribed. she developed classical abnormal eye movement of opsoclonus and hand tremor on the following day, which gradually subsided on the tenth h ... | 1990 | 2262749 |
| monoclonal igm rheumatoid factor-like anti-globulins enhance the inhibitory effects of plasmodium falciparum-specific monoclonal antibodies in vitro. | monoclonal igm rheumatoid factor-like anti-globulins were produced by in vitro stimulation of naive balb/c spleen cells with lipopolysaccharide, and by hyperimmunization of mice with merozoites of plasmodium falciparum, followed by fusion of the spleen cells to mouse myelomas. in vitro, these anti-globulins augmented the inhibitory effects of p. falciparum-specific polyclonal mouse sera and monoclonal igg1 and igg2b antibodies by binding to fc fragments of igg molecules attached to blood-stage p ... | 1990 | 2263412 |
| a rhoptry antigen of plasmodium falciparum is protective in saimiri monkeys. | a non-polymorphic antigen associated with the rhoptry organelles of plasmodium falciparum has been purified by immunoaffinity chromatography. the antigen, rap-1 (rhoptry associated protein-1), which is defined by monoclonal antibodies which inhibit parasite growth in vitro, is a multi-component antigen consisting of four major proteins of 80, 65, 42 and 40 kda and two minor proteins of 77 and 70 kda. these proteins were electro-eluted from preparative sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels ... | 1990 | 2263413 |
| bloodmeal digestion by strains of anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae) of differing susceptibility to plasmodium falciparum. | blood digestion was studied in strains of anopheles stephensi which had been genetically selected for either refractoriness or susceptibility to infection by plasmodium falciparum. females of the refractory pb3-9a strain ingested more blood than selected (sda-500) and unselected (punjab) susceptible females and began to degrade the haemoglobin soon after feeding. in susceptible females, haemoglobin degradation started only after a significant post-feeding lag period. total protein content of the ... | 1990 | 2263414 |
| nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of an actin cdna clone from plasmodium falciparum. | | 1990 | 2263477 |
| plasmodium: resistance to antimalarial drugs. | quinine-resistant plasmodium falciparum was first reported in 1910 from brazil. today this parasite is resistant in most endemic areas to the widely used blood schizonticide, chloroquine. many strains are resistant also to antifols (e.g. pyrimethamine, proguanil) and some are also no longer eliminated by quinine. these polyresistant parasites have an enhanced ability to resist also new drugs such as mefloquine and halofantrine. there are indications that p. vivax is also becoming resistant to ch ... | 1990 | 2264669 |
| [splenic infarction in plasmodium falciparum malarial attack]. | splenic infarct during p. falciparum malaria is rare but well known. we report one case where ultrasonography and computed tomography suggested the diagnostic, showing respectively in splenic parenchyma a peripheral hypoechoic lesion and a low attenuation lesion. diagnostic was confirmed by spontaneous regression during following days. we shall encounter more frequently than nowadays this rare entity due to expanding tourism and p. falciparum resistance. | 1990 | 2266518 |
| [the clinical efficacy of and tolerance for lariam (mefloquine) in tropical malaria in the south of the socialist republic of vietnam]. | the study was performed in the area of distribution of tropical malaria resistant to 4-aminoquinolines (vietnam) on 30 patients receiving lariam (mefloquine). the results were compared to the standard therapy with quinine and fansidar. they indicate a high efficacy of and a good tolerance to the drug tested. the use of lariam leads to a more rapid (as compared to the standard treatment) elimination of parasitemia and complete eradication of the disease relapses. the findings make it possible to ... | 1990 | 2266908 |
| exchange transfusion as an adjunct to the treatment of severe falciparum malaria: case report and review. | malaria associated with complications or a fatal outcome is almost always caused by plasmodium falciparum. the mortality due to this disease parallels the degree of parasitemia. successful use of exchange blood transfusion as a therapeutic adjunct for this infection was first reported in 1974, although the efficacy of this procedure has not been established by randomized, controlled trials. the rationale for this form of therapy is based on: (1) rapid reduction in the parasite load by direct rem ... | 1990 | 2267486 |
| biochemical characterization of plasmodium falciparum hemozoin. | hemozoin, the pigment granule which develops within the blood stage food vacuole of the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum, was biochemically characterized. hemozoin was found to be composed of 65% protein, 16% ferriprotoporphyrin-ix (hematin), 6% carbohydrate, and trace amounts of lipid and nucleic acids. the overwhelming majority of the protein component is a mixture of native and denatured human globin non-covalently associated with the metalloporphyrin. immunoelectron microscopy, employi ... | 1990 | 2267961 |
| immunodot assay of plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in mosquitoes using a direct binding membrane system. | we describe a membrane based immunodot assay for the detection of plasmodium falciparum sporozoites mixed with mosquitoes. a crude sodium dodecyl sulfate extract of mosquitoes and sporozoites is passed through a bi-layered membrane system, the top layer being a polyvinyldiene difluoride hydrophilic pre-filter which screens out debris but allows the passage of antigen. sporozoite, as well as mosquito, proteins are bound to the hydrophobic membrane below. this membrane was probed with a monoclonal ... | 1990 | 2267962 |
| automated flow cytometric analysis of drug susceptibility of malaria parasites. | a method is described for the fully automated reading of plasmodium falciparum drug susceptibility tests. cultured material was fixed and could be stored for greater than or equal to 6 months until analysis. the parasites were stained for dna with the fluorescent dye hoechst 33258 and analyzed by flow cytometry. the procedure was done in 96-well microtiter plates, after which the material was directed through the sensing region in the flow cytometer. the data resulting from the analysis were sto ... | 1990 | 2267963 |
| isoprenoid metabolism in plasmodium falciparum during the intraerythrocytic phase of malaria. | products of the isoprenoid metabolism were identified upon incubations of extracts from plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells with [14c] mevalonate. uninfected erythrocytes and wild type yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae extracts were used as controls. in parasitized red blood cells as well as in yeast extracts, mevalonate was converted into the biosynthetic isoprenoid precursors of sterol pathway until farnesyl pyrophosphate. in contrast, no mevalonate conversion was observed in uninfecte ... | 1990 | 2268347 |
| plasma chloroquine measurement in the evaluation of plasmodium falciparum sensitivity. | in-vivo assessment of the sensitivity of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine was carried out in 63 patients in eastern sudan. standard triple-dose therapy with chloroquine (25 mg base kg-1 body wt) failed in curing 30 patients. all grades of resistance were demonstrated in the study, confirming that the phenomenon of chloroquine resistance is well established in this area. factors which may have accelerated the spread of resistant strains include: a drop in the immunity of the local people caus ... | 1990 | 2270003 |
| the gene product of the plasmodium falciparum 11.1 locus is a protein larger than one megadalton. | the plasmodium falciparum 11.1 gene locus on chromosome 10 extends over 30 kb and contains approximately 22 kb of a tandemly repeated 27-bp sequence. biochemical and size similarities have been noted between the reported 11.1 antigen and a variable-mr, surface-radioiodinatable protein which appears to be involved in the cytoadherence of red blood cells infected with mature intraerythrocytic parasites to venular endothelium. we attempted to determine if these proteins were identical. using rabbit ... | 1990 | 2270101 |
| the lower-molecular-weight protein complex (ri) of the plasmodium falciparum rhoptries lacks the glycolytic enzyme aldolase. | the gene for the plasmodium falciparum glycolytic enzyme aldolase (pfa) has been cloned. since polyclonal antibodies raised to an affinity-purified preparation of an approximately 41-kda parasite rhoptry protein were used to isolate this clone, and its nucleotide sequence was verified using amino acid sequence information generated from the purified 41-kda protein, the authors concluded that this rhoptry protein was pfa. in the present report, monoclonal antibodies which immunoprecipitate those ... | 1990 | 2270105 |
| d-lactate production in erythrocytes infected with plasmodium falciparum. | the production of d-lactate that accompanies the metabolism of glucose to l-lactate in plasmodium falciparum was evaluated with erythrocytes that contained either young or mature parasites. infected cells with ring-stage parasites release l-lactate and d-lactate at rates 1340 and 81 nmol h-1 (10(8) cells)-1, respectively. these rates increase to 2050 and 136 nmol h-1 (10(8) cells)-1, respectively, in infected cells with trophozoite/schizont-stage parasites. d-lactate represents 6-7% of the total ... | 1990 | 2270109 |
| analysis of variation in pf83, an erythrocytic merozoite vaccine candidate antigen of plasmodium falciparum. | | 1990 | 2270110 |
| the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthetase gene in the drug resistance of malaria parasites. | resistance to antifolate drugs such as pyrimethamine is widespread among malaria parasites of the most pathogenic species plasmodium falciparum. these drugs inhibit the dihydrofolate reductase activity of the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthetase (dhfr-ts) bifunctional enzyme. this review examines work done to characterize the enzyme, the cloning of plasmodial dhfr-ts genes, chromosomal mapping studies of these genes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and the structural insights into ... | 1990 | 2274577 |
| inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in blood samples stored as high-salt lysates. | blood samples to be tested for the presence of parasite dna by using specific dna probes are routinely stored in our laboratory as high-salt lysates (hsl). to safeguard against the risk of accidental infection with etiological agents such as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) while manipulating large numbers of blood samples in preparation for dna probing, we determined the residual infectivity of hiv-1 after exposure to hsl components. both high-titer virus stocks or provirus-carry ... | 1990 | 2275531 |
| [comparative studies on the role of anopheles anthropophagus and anopheles sinensis in malaria transmission in china]. | this paper reports on the studies of the role of anopheles anthropophagus and anopheles sinensis in malaria transmission in a sense to elucidate which one of the two species the predominance in this respect. systematic investigations including artificial infection of mosquitoes, quantitative entomological studies and parasitological research were conducted in 1982-1987 in 5 pilot areas in anhui (1), guangxi (2), sichuan (1) and guangdong (1). the results revealed that the susceptibility of an. a ... | 1990 | 2276188 |
| combination of quinine, quinidine and cinchonine for the treatment of acute falciparum malaria: correlation with the susceptibility of plasmodium falciparum to the cinchona alkaloids in vitro. | thirteen patients with acute symptomatic uncomplicated falciparum malaria were enrolled in an open, randomized, phase 2, dose-finding clinical trial of a fixed dosage combination of quinine, quinidine and cinchonine (la40221, sanofi recherche, france), which contained equal parts of the 3 alkaloids and was administered orally every 8 h in doses of 400 mg (7 patients) or 500 mg (6 patients) for 7 d. there was prompt clearance of parasitaemia and fever in all patients. the mean clearance times (+/ ... | 1990 | 2278056 |
| diagnosis of plasmodium vivax malaria using a specific deoxyribonucleic acid probe. | a deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) probe which specifically distinguishes plasmodium vivax from p. falciparum malaria has been derived from a p. vivax genomic dna library. this probe, vpl101, consists of 3.2 kilobase pairs and does not hybridize with up to 6 micrograms of human or p. falciparum dna. vpl101 contains at least two copies of a 205 base pair repeat sequence. the subcloned repeat probe, vpl101/5, reacted with 73 of 76 microscopically diagnosed p. vivax samples but not with any of 17 human ... | 1990 | 2278057 |
| in vitro activity of artemisinin, its derivatives, and pyronaridine against different strains of plasmodium falciparum. | the activities of artemisinin (qinghaosu), dihydroartemisinin (dihydroqinghaosu), artemether and pyronaridine were tested in a 48 h in vitro assay against 3 chloroquine-sensitive and one chloroquine-resistant strains of plasmodium falciparum. growth inhibition was modelled with a sigmoid emax model. all compounds markedly inhibited the growth of all strains although, for the chloroquine-resistant strain, merozoites were detected at concentrations as high as 10(-4) m of artemisinin, dihydroartemi ... | 1990 | 2278058 |
| a national survey of the prevalence of chloroquine resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria in the gambia. | in the gambia, 760 children less than 10 years of age with plasmodium falciparum malaria were treated with chloroquine (25 mg/kg) and followed-up 2 and 9 d after the start of treatment. 700 children (92.1%) completed the study. the level of in vivo resistance to chloroquine varied by area from 0.4% to 16.4%. of the 28 children found to have chloroquine resistant malaria, none was ill when seen at the 9 d follow-up and only 3 (10.3%) required further treatment with alternative antimalarials becau ... | 1990 | 2278059 |
| parenteral sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (fansidar): an effective and safe but under-used method of anti-malarial treatment. | one hundred and eighteen patients with acute falciparum malaria were randomized into treatment with either intramuscular or oral sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (fansidar, roche) and the results were compared with those from 68 patients treated in parallel with chloroquine. parasitological cure rate was 97% with oral sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, 95% with the injection, and only 63% with chloroquine. the time for the disappearance of parasitaemia in sensitive cases was the same with oral and intramuscula ... | 1990 | 2278060 |
| evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of halofantrine in falciparum malaria in ibadan, nigeria. | fifty subjects with acute symptomatic uncomplicated falciparum malaria were treated orally with halofantrine hydrochloride 500 mg 6 hourly for 3 doses if their body weight was 40 kg and above, or 8 mg/kg body weight 6 hourly for 3 doses if their weight was below 40 kg. parasitaemia cleared in all subjects within 72 h. there was recurrence of parasitaemia in 9 subjects after day 14, and retreatment with halofantrine resulted in prompt clearance of parasitaemia in all but one of these patients. th ... | 1990 | 2278061 |
| in vitro resistance patterns of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine--a reflection of strain-specific immunity? | studies in vitro among children on the response of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine were conducted as part of the national long-term monitoring of drug resistance in a holo- to hyperendemic malarious area of tanzania between 1983 and 1989. overall, no significant increase in chloroquine resistance was observed. however, in children under 5 years old resistance increased during this period, whereas in schoolchildren resistance decreased from 1986 to 1989. a hypothesis based on antigenic diffe ... | 1990 | 2278062 |
| sensitivity of plasmodium falciparum to maloprim after five years of targetted chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of the gambia. | | 1990 | 2278063 |
| the in vitro response of plasmodium falciparum to mefloquine at lubwe and kalene in zambia. | the in vitro response of plasmodium falciparum to mefloquine was assessed using who standard test kits. mefloquine resistance at concentrations greater than or equal to 16 pmol/well (3.2 microm) was observed in 15.2% (5/33) and 3.6% (1/28) of the isolates from lubwe and kalene respectively. 48.5% of the isolates from lubwe and 21.4% of those from kalene had minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) greater than or equal to 3.2 microm. mefloquine effective concentration 99% (ec99) values were 2.16 ... | 1990 | 2278064 |
| in vivo sensitivity of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in burkina faso. | | 1990 | 2278065 |
| electrical conductivity of human erythrocytes infected with plasmodium falciparum and its modification following quinine therapy. | | 1990 | 2278066 |
| [fatal pulmonary edema in a pernicious malaria attack]. | a case is reported of a 40-year-old woman presenting with cerebral malaria complicated by an adult respiratory distress syndrome (ards). the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit in a coma, scored 5 on the glasgow scale. plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia was, at the time, 50%. a continuous intravenous quinine infusion (25 mg.kg-1.day-1) was started, together with the required symptomatic treatment. blood was transfused because of increasing anaemia (haemoglobin 60 g.l-1). after 24 h, ... | 1990 | 2278423 |
| hyperendemic malaria in a thai village: dependence of year-round transmission on focal and seasonally circumscribed mosquito (diptera: culicidae) habitats. | in a longitudinal study of hyperendemic malaria in a village in eastern thailand (from october 1985 to november 1987), man-biting anopheline mosquitoes were collected for 16 man-nights per month in 22 of 26 mo. mosquitoes were separated according to collection sites (inner, central, more populated; outer, peripheral, more forested), biting period, and parity, and then they were tested for sporozoite antigen using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). abundance of anopheles dirus peyton & ... | 1990 | 2280385 |
| pcr detection of plasmodium falciparum by oligonucleotide probes. | | 1990 | 2280784 |
| t cell responses in acute falciparum malaria. | t lymphocyte responses to malaria-specific antigens during acute falciparum malaria were studied to determine host-parasite interaction and its relation to the manifestations of the disease. the results indicate that while there is antigen-specific immunodepression, markedly elevated levels of soluble factors such as il2 receptor, cd8 antigen and ifn-gamma suggest that there is intense concurrent cellular activation which however does not seem to be effective in controlling the infection. it is ... | 1990 | 2283144 |
| tnf and inhibition of growth of plasmodium falciparum. | the mechanism of intra-erythrocyte death of plasmodium chabaudi in vivo has not yet been elucidated. here we summarise recent experiments in which serum from mice undergoing a successful immune response to this parasite did not inhibit plasmodium falciparum in vivo unless the p. chabaudi infection and tnf levels were high enough to cause illness in the host. this was true for the 556ka and ds strains of p. chabaudi in intact mice, but not for 556ka in nude mice, which did not generate inhibitory ... | 1990 | 2283147 |
| human cerebral malaria in thailand: a clinico-pathological correlation. | based on the cerebral malaria coma scale, 39 falciparum malaria autopsy cases from the hospital for tropical diseases, mahidol university, bangkok, thailand were divided into two groups of patients that had either cerebral malaria or non-cerebral malaria. we then studied significant pathological differences, such as parasitized erythrocyte (prbc) sequestration, ring hemorrhages and cerebral edema, between these two groups in order to investigate the correlation between the clinical coma scale an ... | 1990 | 2283150 |
| tumour necrosis factor, fever and fatality in falciparum malaria. | in gambian children with plasmodium falciparum infection, uncomplicated malaria fever is associated with moderately elevated circulating tumour necrosis factor (tnf) levels. we review clinical and in vitro data suggesting that schizont rupture stimulates bursts of tnf production that mediate paroxysms of malaria fever, and that the fever could possibly be beneficial to the host. mean plasma tnf levels are ten times higher in fatal cerebral malaria than in uncomplicated malaria, providing support ... | 1990 | 2283152 |
| reduced cellular immune reactivity in healthy individuals during the malaria transmission season. | antigen-induced cellular immune responses are suppressed during acute malaria. the present study engages the possibility that malaria-induced alterations in cellular immune reactivity extend beyond the clinical disease. thus, lymphoproliferative responses of healthy individuals were diminished during the malaria transmission period in individuals living in an area of highly seasonal, unstable malaria transmission. this finding may have important implications for the design of studies of stimulat ... | 1990 | 2283153 |
| cell-mediated immune responses to plasmodium falciparum purified soluble antigens in sickle-cell trait subjects. | to determine the possible differences in the immune response to plasmodium falciparum between sickle-cell trait (hb as) and normal haemoglobin (hb aa) individuals, we examined 35 hb as and 24 hb aa subjects matched for age and microenvironment. their age was 2-55 years and all lived in a malaria endemic area 300 km south of khartoum. antibodies to ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (pf155/resa) and to circumsporozoite (cs) protein (anti-nanp40) indicated equal exposure to falciparum malar ... | 1990 | 2283154 |
| malaria crisis activity in sera from individuals of different ethnic groups of colombia. | sera of negroes of african origin and of indians, living in a malaria endemic village on the pacific coast of colombia, were analyzed to see if they could block intraerythrocytic plasmodium falciparum growth in vitro. a group of mestizos from a malaria-free city in colombia was used as a negative control. blood of each individual was studied for the presence of circulating parasites by thick and thin smears and their sera for antimalarial antibodies by ifat and irma techniques. the inhibition of ... | 1990 | 2283155 |
| malaria antigens and mhc restriction. | in the case of the malaria cs protein we have shown that there is at least one t cell determinant which is able to bind to and be recognized by most human mhc class ii molecules, while for the 190l polypeptide, derived from a conserved region of the p190 merozoite surface protein, we have identified several epitopes recognized by t cell clones in association with different hla-class ii isotypes and alleles. in addition, binding analysis of these epitopes indicated that most of the peptides are a ... | 1990 | 2283157 |
| liposomes containing lipid a: a potent nontoxic adjuvant for a human malaria sporozoite vaccine. | liposomes containing lipid a have been developed as adjuvants for inducing humoral immunity to synthetic antigens containing repeat sequence epitopes from the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium falciparum. preclinical studies demonstrated that liposomes containing lipid a and encapsulated antigen could overcome immunosuppression observed with antigen alone. when liposomes containing lipid a were adsorbed with aluminum hydroxide (alum), further stimulation of humoral immunity against encapsul ... | 1990 | 2283158 |
| t cell responses in a sporozoite-immunized human volunteer and a chimpanzee. | we have recently investigated the specificity of t cells induced in a human volunteer and a chimpanzee immunized by multiple exposures to the bites of large numbers of malaria-infected mosquitoes. t cell lines and clones have been obtained from a human volunteer immunized with plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. these cd4+ t cell clones specifically recognize the native circumsporozoite (cs) protein expressed on sporozoites, as well as bacteria- and yeast-derived recombinant falciparum cs protein ... | 1990 | 2283162 |
| non-cs pre-erythrocytic protective antigens. | three novel non-cs antigens have been identified on p. falciparum and p. berghei sporozoites and exoerythrocytic parasites. csp-2 is a sporozoite surface protein common to p. falciparum and p. berghei that elicits antibody-mediated protection, and is also found within p. berghei ee parasites. lsa is a p. falciparum ee-specific antigen localized within the parasitophorous vacuole. lsa-2 is a p. berghei ee-specific antigen, localized on the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, that protected mice to ... | 1990 | 2283163 |
| a rapid inhibition micro elisa for detecting antibodies to plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in human blood. | a sensitive and specific micro elisa, named monoplate elisa, for the detection of antibodies against p. falciparum sporozoites was developed. it can be applied to many kinds of samples including serum, plasma, whole blood, eluted bloodspot and mosquito bloodmeal as well. the method makes use of a single microtiter plate and the chemically synthesized (asn-ala-asn-pro)20 (nanp20) antigen both as coating material and as competitive (binding) inhibitor in the samples. the specific value of each sam ... | 1990 | 2283387 |
| [side-effects of the antimalarial mefloquine. presentation of 20 cases]. | | 1990 | 2283903 |
| a case of p. falciparum malaria from mali: failure of chloroquine chemoprophylaxis. | | 1990 | 2284673 |
| [failure of prevention of malaria by mefloquine in west africa]. | mefloquine (lariam) is extensively prescribed for the prevention of malaria in chloroquine-resistant areas. however, in west africa, most of the strains of plasmodium falciparum are still sensitive to chloroquine. in addition, a few of these strains are inherently resistant to mefloquine. under these conditions, we must expect to see the failure of mefloquine prophylaxis in travellers returning from west africa. we report here 5 such failures. the in vitro susceptibility of plasmodium falciparum ... | 1990 | 2285203 |
| malaria in tourists to the dominican republic. | | 1990 | 2285947 |
| [pulmonary manifestations of malaria]. | pulmonary edema is a classic and severe manifestation of falciparum malaria. to evaluate the predictive factors of this severe complication, we studied epidemiological, clinical and biological data of 136 patients with acute malaria. two groups were individualized according to the presence (group i = 53 patients) or the absence (group ii = 83 patients) of pulmonary manifestations. pulmonary signs incidence was not correlated with impairement consciousness, creatinemia, hypoglycemia, and coagulat ... | 1990 | 2286002 |
| [comparative study of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of malaria caused by chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum in maputo, mozambique]. | to compare the efficacy and side-effects of two therapeutic regimens for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria, a randomized study was carried out in 69 patients in maputo central hospital in 1986-1987. the two treatments were sulfadoxine 25 mg/kg + pyrimethamine 1.25 mg/kg as a single dose (s + p) and amodiaquine 10 + 10 + 5 mg/kg over three days with sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine on the third day (a + s + p). the cure rate was 25/29 (86%) with s + p and 27/30 (90%) with a + s + p. no serious ... | 1990 | 2286005 |
| fulminant falciparum malaria. | a case of fulminant falciparum malaria with a 35% parasitaemia, shock and subcoma was treated successfully by using parenteral chemotherapy, exchange transfusion, dexamethasone, circulatory support and mechanical ventilation. pathophysiology and complications of falciparum malaria are discussed. the treatment of severe malaria should aim for a fast reduction in parasitaemia and toxic products. an exchange transfusion can be additive to parenteral chemotherapy. blocking the over-reacting cell-med ... | 1990 | 2286734 |
| pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in combination with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and primaquine in male thai patients with falciparum malaria. | the pharmacokinetics of mefloquine (m) were studied in 59 male thai patients with falciparum malaria. mefloquine was administered alone (750 mg orally; group 1), or with primaquine (pq, 45 mg; group 2), or in combination with sulfadoxine (1.5 g) + pyrimethamine (75 mg) (msp; group 3), or as msp + pq (group 4). all patients in groups 1, 2 and 4 initially responded to treatment, but two patients from group 1 had ri recrudescent infections. one patient in group 3 failed to respond to treatment and ... | 1990 | 2289299 |
| [a computer estimation of plasmodium falciparum sensitivity to antimalarial compounds based on in vitro test data]. | a modified computer programme has been suggested for the assessment of falciparum malaria agent sensitivity to malariacidal agents. regression analysis of the results of the in vitro tests is performed using a logistic function. | 1990 | 2290394 |
| potentiation of chloroquine activity against plasmodium falciparum by the peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide system. | in this study, we examined the potential interactions between antimalarial (chloroquine, quinine, and mefloquine) and oxidant reagents. the data indicate that their effects enhance those of one another in vitro. the viability of plasmodium falciparum in culture was assessed by [3h]hypoxanthine incorporation during 24 h of incubation in the presence of lactoperoxidase, glucose-glucose oxidase, hydrogen peroxide, chloroquine, quinine, and mefloquine, either alone or in combination. at subinhibitor ... | 1990 | 2291663 |
| [malaria index according to age and seasons in the health region of katana, in mountainous kivu, zaire]. | a longitudinal malaria survey was undertaken in children under five in 5 villages of katana rural health zone in kivu, east zaire. during the year 1983, seasonal fluctuations ranging from 25 to 44% were observed in the parasitological index as well as concomitant variations from 5 to 18% in the splenic index. more malaria transmission seems to occur during the long dry season (june to september). in order to prepare an operational research project to be conducted in two geographically delimited ... | 1990 | 2291691 |
| the natural occurrence of circulating antibodies in populations of endemic malarious areas. | the magnitude of humoral response to soluble antigen extracted from plasmodium falciparum schizonts and merozoites was assessed in 744 blood samples collected from different parts of india. in this study, parasitological and immunological data were considered for assessment of antibody during natural infections at various seasons. the antibody response has been measured by enzyme-immuno assay. survey was done in all age groups. overall antimalarial igg level had started increasing after five yea ... | 1990 | 2292317 |
| studies on outbreak of malaria in muliad village of kheda district, gujarat. | irregular and inadequate surveillance of fever cases, misdiagnosis of positive cases and the near nonexistence of an appropriate monitoring mechanism culminated in an outbreak of malaria in a village of kheda district, gujarat. plasmodium falciparum (pf) resistance to chloroquine must have aided in the increase of pf cases. ddt still appears to be effective against the vector, a. culicifacies in the area. amodiaquine was successful in clearing asexual parasites in 83% cases which were resistant ... | 1990 | 2292319 |
| response of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in a tribal area of madhya pradesh. | in vivo tests for chloroquine sensitivity of p. falciparum malaria parasites were carried out on a sample of 130 patients (mean age, 21 years) from two phcs during october-november 1988. during this period 20 cases (5.2%) were found positive for all seven days suggesting the presence of rii/riii chloroquine resistance. all the resistant cases were treated with metakelfin successfully without any recrudescence. | 1990 | 2292323 |
| three case reports of behavioural problems in malaria treatment. | | 1990 | 2292325 |
| biological roles of blood group antigens. | recognition and application of blood group differences on human red cells permitted the development of safe procedures for blood transfusion. blood group antigens are markers on surface-exposed red cell proteins or the sugar moiety of glycoproteins or glycolipids. apart from their presumed biological function, some antigens have been identified as receptors for host/parasite interactions. thus, carbohydrates that determine p antigenicity are the binding receptor for certain strains of pyelonephr ... | 1990 | 2293504 |
| [acute hepatitis following administration of fansidar]. | since 1971 pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (fansidar, roche) has been used worldwide for prophylaxis and therapy of chloroquine resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria. the drug monitoring team of the producing firm has received reports of a number of cutaneous adverse reactions, some severe, and a few even with fatal outcome. liver reactions were also encountered, with severe cases only in the recent literature. we report on two patients with hepatitis in temporal relationship to pyrimethamine-sulfad ... | 1990 | 2309111 |
| phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane of malaria infected erythrocytes. | the transbilayer distribution of glycerophospholipids in the plasma membrane of plasmodium knowlesi infected erythrocytes was studied by using lysine-116-epsilon-n-palmitoyl amidinated pancreatic phospholipase a2. as a consequence of its superior membrane penetrating capacities, this modified enzyme rapidly degrades its substrates in the outer membrane leaflet of intact erythrocytes, a property that makes the enzyme an excellent tool to study the malaria parasitized red cell. the modified phosph ... | 1990 | 2344403 |
| parasitological aspects of malaria persistence in koraput district orissa, india. | a sample survey in 37 villages covering 10,733 people in 1986-87 in the koraput district, orissa showed that the malaria prevalence is of a much higher order than that reported by the national malaria eradication programme (annual parasite incidence between 14.3 and 26.8 during 1981-86). out of 833 positives detected 714 had plasmodium falciparum, 86 had p. vivax, 12 had p. malariae and 21 had mixed infections. there were 650 asymptomatic parasite carriers and 127 gametocyte carriers. the infant ... | 1990 | 2345029 |