| clostridium difficile: an update on its epidemiology and role in hospital outbreaks in england and wales. | data from the surveillance system of general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease and from laboratory reports collated by the communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc) and requests for outbreak investigation by the phls anaerobe reference unit were used to evaluate the current epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in england and wales. between january 1992 and december 1996, cdsc received 10,220 laboratory reports of c difficile isolation from patient's faeces and 26,873 of ... | 1999 | 10204123 |
| laboratory diagnosis of toxigenic clostridium difficile by polymerase chain reaction: presence of toxin genes and their stable expression in toxigenic isolates from japanese individuals. | clostridium difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the definitive diagnosis of c. difficile infection is finally accomplished by the isolation of toxigenic c. difficile. however, only a small number of japanese clinical laboratories are able to reach a definitive diagnosis of c. difficile infection, probably because simple reliable assays for toxins in the isolates are not available. in this study, we examined the compatibility of a polymerase chain reactio ... | 1999 | 10204609 |
| trends in infection morbidity in a pediatric oncology ward, 1986-1995. | we retrospectively studied the type, severity, frequency, and outcome of febrile infectious complications in 217 cancer patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy (603 episodes) over a 10-year period in a single pediatric institution. | 1999 | 10219334 |
| estimated incidence of clostridium difficile infection. | | 1999 | 10221890 |
| accuracy of fecal lactoferrin and other stool tests for diagnosis of invasive diarrhea at a colombian pediatric hospital. | estimate under "real life" conditions the operating characteristics of several stool tests for determining whether a diarrheal episode is invasive-inflammatory. | 1999 | 10223687 |
| in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of t-3811me, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone. | the in vitro and in vivo activities of t-3811me, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone, were evaluated in comparison with those of some fluoroquinolones, including a newly developed one, trovafloxacin. t-3811, a free base of t-3811me, showed a wide range of antimicrobial spectra, including activities against chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and mycobacterium tuberculosis. in particular, t-3811 exhibited potent activity against various gram-positive cocci, with mics at which 90% of the isolates ... | 1999 | 10223917 |
| immunogenicity of a salmonella typhimurium aroa arod vaccine expressing a nontoxic domain of clostridium difficile toxin a. | the c-terminal repeat domain of clostridium difficile toxin a harbors toxin-neutralizing epitopes and is considered to be a candidate component of a vaccine against c. difficile-associated disease (cdad). fourteen of the 38 c-terminal toxin a repeats (14cdta) were cloned into ptech-1 in frame with the immunogenic fragment c of tetanus toxin (tetc) to generate plasmid p56tetc. expression of the tetc-14cdta fusion protein was driven from the anaerobically inducible nirb promoter within attenuated ... | 1999 | 10225867 |
| the diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | this study was initiated to evaluate the role of c. difficile in diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics, to determine which antibiotics are most often responsible, to characterize the response to several different treatment regimens, and to define the relapse rate as seen in a large teaching hospital in turkey. | 1999 | 10228818 |
| in vitro activity of ly 333328 against anaerobic gram-positive bacteria. | ly 333328 is a new semisynthetic glycopeptide with reported activity against aerobic gram-positive cocci such as enterococci, pneumococci, streptococci and staphylococci. the present investigation was undertaken to determine the in vitro activity of ly 333328 against 178 gram-positive anaerobic bacteria recently isolated from human infections. the activity was compared with that of vancomycin, teicoplanin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin and metronidazole. peptostreptococci (48 strains): ly 333 ... | 1999 | 10326737 |
| detection and transcription of toxin dna in a nontoxigenic strain of clostridium difficile. | genomic dna from three clostridium difficile strains was analyzed by pcr for dna sequences encoding toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). toxigenic control strain vpi 10463 possessed tcda, tcdb, and an open reading frame (tcde) between these two genes, whereas nontoxigenic control strain 85 lacked each of these genetic determinants. however, strain m90, also a nontoxigenic strain, was found to possess tcda, tcdb, and tcde. normally the presence of toxin genes is associated with toxigenicity. analys ... | 1999 | 10341072 |
| teneurin-1, a vertebrate homologue of the drosophila pair-rule gene ten-m, is a neuronal protein with a novel type of heparin-binding domain. | the drosophila gene ten-m is the first pair-rule gene not encoding a transcription factor, but an extracellular protein. we have characterized a highly conserved chicken homologue that we call teneurin-1. the c-terminal part harbors 26 repetitive sequence motifs termed yd-repeats. the yd-repeats are most similar to the core of the rhs elements of escherichia coli. related repeats in toxin a of clostridium difficile are known to bind specific carbohydrates. we show that recombinantly expressed pr ... | 1999 | 10341219 |
| susceptibility testing of clostridium difficile against metronidazole and vancomycin by disk diffusion and etest. | a prospective study on the susceptibility of clostridium difficile to metronidazole and vancomycin using the etest and disk diffusion test was performed over a 6-month period. one hundred strains were tested; one strain was highly resistant to metronidazole (mic = 64 micrograms/ml). the zone size of inhibition by the disk diffusion test correlated with the mic as determined by the etest (regression coefficient = -0.043 for metronidazole and -0.044 for vancomycin, p < 0.001 for both antibiotics). ... | 1999 | 10342100 |
| characterization of surface layer proteins from clostridium difficile by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. | surface layers (s-layers) are regularly ordered protein subunits found as the outermost cell envelope component of many bacteria. most s-layers are composed of a single protein or glycoprotein species with a molecular weight varying between 40 and 200 kda. clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) and pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) in humans. detection of the s-layer in some c. difficile strains, and preliminary characterization of two glycoproteins, ... | 1999 | 10343411 |
| an outbreak of toxin a negative, toxin b positive clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a canadian tertiary-care hospital. | | 1999 | 10344088 |
| clostridium difficile in leicester hospital. | | 1999 | 10344091 |
| factors associated with prolonged symptoms and severe disease due to clostridium difficile. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is responsible for a spectrum of disease severity ranging from mild diarrhoea to fulminant colitis. this study attempts to determine the proportion of patients in each category of severity and evaluate the risk factors for a more prolonged and complicated course. | 1999 | 10350405 |
| the accordion sign at ct: a nonspecific finding in patients with colonic edema. | to determine whether the "accordion sign" is a specific computed tomographic (ct) sign of clostridium difficile colitis. | 1999 | 10352600 |
| possible role of cross-transmission between neonates and mothers with recurrent clostridium difficile infections. | | 1999 | 10358237 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea. | | 1999 | 10360986 |
| clinical characteristics and antibiotic utilization in surgical patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) remains a significant problem in surgical patients. to address this, we prospectively studied all episodes of treated cdad in surgical inpatients at the university of virginia hospital from december 1996 through march 1998. cdad accounted for 3.2 per cent (32) of 1000 total infections. compared with a randomly selected control group with other nosocomial infections, patients with cdad had a longer period from the time of admission to diagnosis of ... | 1999 | 10366203 |
| incidence and outcome of clostridium difficile infection following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. | a retrospective evaluation of 200 consecutive recipients of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (pbsct) was conducted to ascertain the incidence and outcome of infection with clostridium difficile. the diagnosis was confirmed in 14 patients with diarrhea (15 episodes) at a median of 33 days after stem cell infusion. five patients were neutropenic at the time of diagnosis. every individual had adverse known risk factors such as recent or current use of antibiotic, corticosteroid ... | 1999 | 10373070 |
| nucleotide and peptide sequences of the open reading frame encoding a truncated toxin a gene of clostridium difficile strain ccug 20309. | the open reading frame encoding a putative truncated toxin a gene of clostridium difficile in strain ccug 20309 (atcc 8864), a strain that produces toxin b but not toxin a, was sequenced by cycle sequencing method. the coding region contains 2097 base pairs and has a gc content of 26.4%. the deduced polypeptide is 50 kda and is generally hydrophilic. although strain ccug 20309 of c. difficile was reported not to produce toxin a, it is enterotoxic, an inherent property of toxin a in pathogenic st ... | 1999 | 10376209 |
| [detection of clostridium difficile toxin a from stool specimens by an enzyme immunoassay kit]. | toxin detection from stool specimens is prerequisite for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. however, in japan only one toxin detection kit is commercially available, which requires computerized vidas fluorescence reader. in this study we evaluated immunocard toxin a, which is an enzyme immunoassay with a format of individual cassette and needs no special equipment to perform, by comparing with the vidas cda kit. of 61 stool specimens 12 were positive and 39 were negative by b ... | 1999 | 10386027 |
| deletions in the repeating sequences of the toxin a gene of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile strains. | the repeating sequences of the toxin a gene from toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive (toxin a-, toxin b+) strains of clostridium difficile which were isolated in geographically separated facilities in japan and indonesia were determined. all six strains tested had identical repeating sequences with two deletions (1548 and 273 nucleotides in size) in the toxin a gene. a pcr method was designed to detect the deletions and the deletions were confirmed in all 50 toxin a-, toxin b+ strains examined by ... | 1999 | 10386368 |
| development of a new pcr-ribotyping method for clostridium difficile based on ribosomal rna gene sequencing. | pcr-ribotying, a typing method based on polymorphism in the 16s-23s intergenic spacer region, has been recently used to investigate outbreaks due to clostridium difficile. however, this method generates bands of high and close molecular masses which are difficult to separate on agarose gel electrophoresis. to improve reading of banding patterns of pcr-ribotyping applied to c. difficile, a partial sequencing of the rrna genes (16s and 23s) and intergenic spacer region has been performed, then a n ... | 1999 | 10386377 |
| enterotoxin a of clostridium difficile and alpha-gal epitopes. | | 1999 | 10391997 |
| n-acetylcysteine protects epithelial cells against the oxidative imbalance due to clostridium difficile toxins. | toxins a and b from the anaerobic bacterium clostridium difficile are the causative agents of the antibiotic-associated pseudomembraneous colitis. at the subcellular level, they inhibit the rho family gtpases, thus causing alterations of the actin cytoskeleton. the cytoskeletal integrity is also controlled by the redox state of cells. therefore, we have evaluated whether an oxidative imbalance could be involved in the toxin-induced cytopathic effects. our results indicate that both toxins induce ... | 1999 | 10403388 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea after short term vaginal administration of clindamycin. | a 32-yr-old woman developed frequent watery diarrhea with occult blood after 3 days treatment with clindamycin vaginal cream. clostridium difficile toxin was demonstrated in stool samples and was considered the cause of an antibiotic-associated diarrhea. no other antibiotic was used at least 3 months before the start of diarrhea. to our knowledge, antibiotic-associated diarrhea after vaginal application has previously been reported only once. | 1999 | 10406271 |
| ["second look" at cytotoxin b of clostridium difficile in the course of diarrhea associated with antibiotic therapy]. | clostridium difficile is a sporulated obligate anaerobe responsible for most cases of antibiotic-associated colitis, for 15 to 25% of cases of antibiotic-related diarrhea, and for a substantial proportion of nosocomial infections. the most important laboratory test for the diagnosis of c. difficile infection is examination of the stool for c. difficile toxins a and/or b. detection of cytotoxin b using the direct cytotoxicity assay (d-ca) is the gold standard test. whether routine isolation of th ... | 1999 | 10418011 |
| [susceptibility of clostridium difficile to metronidazole using the e-test: effect of the culture medium]. | the treatment of intestinal clostridium difficile infections rests on administration of either a glycopeptide or metronidazole. given the current shifts in resistance patterns of anaerobes to antimicrobials, a study of the susceptibility of c. difficile to metronidazole was timely. the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the culture medium on the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of metronidazole as determined using the e-test. thirty-one strains were grown on three dif ... | 1999 | 10418031 |
| the actin-based motility of intracellular listeria monocytogenes is not controlled by small gtp-binding proteins of the rho- and ras-subfamilies. | in this study, we analyzed whether the actin-based motility of intracellular listeria monocytogenes is controlled by the small gtp-binding proteins of the rho- and ras-subfamilies. these signalling proteins are key regulatory elements in the control of actin dynamics and their activity is essential for the maintenance of most cellular microfilament structures. we used the clostridium difficile toxins tcdb-10463 and tcdb-1470 to specifically inactivate these gtp-binding proteins. treatment of euk ... | 1999 | 10418138 |
| [acute infectious diarrheal disease in romania: 1993-1998]. | the decrease of morbidity-mortality caused by gastroenteritis is in relation to the factors largely responsible for the fall in infant mortality and mortality from communicable diseases in developing countries. nevertheless, diarrhea is still a considerable public health problem in these countries, especially among children under 5 years old. 98% of all deaths in children younger than 15 years are in the developing world. five of the ten leading killers are communicable, perinatal, and nutrition ... | 1998 | 10422319 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhea. it can be serious. | | 1999 | 10424198 |
| [five cases of detected fecal clostridium difficile toxin during elemental diet]. | | 1999 | 10434560 |
| prevalence of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and clostridium difficile toxin a in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic. | to determine prevalence of clostridial enterotoxins in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic, and to determine whether an association exists between detection of clostridial enterotoxins in feces and development of diarrhea as a complication of colic. | 1999 | 10434974 |
| successful treatment of cytomegalovirus colitis with ganciclovir in a patient with adult t cell leukemia lymphoma: case report. | an 84-year-old patient with adult t cell leukemia lymphoma (atll) developed diarrhea on day 5 of chemotherapy and was diagnosed with cytomegalovirus (cmv) colitis. sigmoidoscopy revealed multiple superficial erosions surrounded by a flare. computed tomography (ct) and ultrasonogram of the abdomen revealed marked thickening of the colonic mucosa. there were 186 cmv antigen-positive leukocytes per 31,000 white blood cells (wbc). a colonic biopsy specimen showed typical cmv nuclear inclusions. immu ... | 1999 | 10435685 |
| transfer of a conjugative transposon, tn5397 in a model oral biofilm. | a tetracycline resistance profile was established from a microcosm dental plaque in a constant depth film fermenter. the fermenter was inoculated with a bacillus subtilis strain which contained the conjugative transposon, tn5397, which confers tetracycline resistance upon its host. after 6 hour and 24 hour the tetracycline resistance profile of the biofilm was redetermined and a tetracycline resistant streptococcus species was isolated. a molecular analysis of this strain confirmed that tn5397 w ... | 1999 | 10436923 |
| suppression of toxin production in clostridium difficile vpi 10463 by amino acids. | the impact of various growth conditions on the expression of toxins and other proteins by clostridium difficile vpi 10463 was studied. during non-starved conditions, the rate of toxin synthesis paralleled that of total protein during both exponential growth and stationary phase, and in both defined and complex media. biotin limitation reduced growth rate and bulk protein synthesis, whereas toxin expression continued, leading to a 50- to 200-fold increase in intracellular toxin levels. concomitan ... | 1999 | 10439407 |
| prevalence of toxin a negative/b positive clostridium difficile strains. | | 1999 | 10440000 |
| prognosis of adult-onset idiopathic bile acid malabsorption. | from 1986 to 1993, 150 patients were investigated with the 75se-homocholic acid taurine (sehcat) test as a late step in the investigation of chronic diarrhoea. on basis of low sehcat values and response to cholestyramine treatment, 33 patients were initially classified as having idiopathic bile acid malabsorption (ibam). the aim was to describe the long-term clinical course of the disease and to assess the reliability of the sehcat test in diagnosing ibam. | 1999 | 10440608 |
| immunological evidence for a bacterial toxin aetiology in sudden infant death syndrome. | toxin-specific antibodies to clostridial, enterobacterial and staphylococcal toxins implicated in sudden infant death syndrome were studied in sera from sudden infant death syndrome infants and a comparison group of infants (babies with phenylketonuria). the results indicated a higher proportion of sera from sudden infant death syndrome infants contained iga that bound to clostridial and enterobacterial toxins but a higher proportion of sera from the phenylketonuria comparison group contained ig ... | 1999 | 10443490 |
| evaluation of two rapid assays for detection of clostridium difficile toxin a in stool specimens. | rapid laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is highly desirable in the setting of hospital cost containment. we tested 654 stool specimens to compare the performance of two assays for rapid detection of toxin a, the immunocard toxin a test (meridian diagnostics, inc.) and the culturette brand toxin cd enzyme immunoassay (eia) (becton dickinson microbiology systems), with a cytotoxin assay (cytotoxi test; advanced clinical diagnostics) and culture on cycloserine ... | 1999 | 10449503 |
| detection of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci in routine diagnostic faeces specimens. | faeces received in a diagnostic laboratory were screened for glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (gre) on modified lewisham medium, with and without enrichment in enterococcosel broth. colonization by gre was detected in 102/838 patients (12.2%). in 74 (73%) of colonized patients gre were detected by both methods and in 28 (27%) they were detected only after enrichment. the carriage rate in hospitalized patients was 32% (93/289) compared with 2.3% (11/425) in the community (gp patients and food-h ... | 1999 | 10462636 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin by an indigenously developed latex agglutination assay. | an indigenously developed latex agglutination assay using c. sordelli antitoxin was used to screen 211 stool samples received from hospitalized patients. of 126 samples from patients receiving single to multiple antibiotics for various ailments, 38 (30%) were positive by the toxin assay, whereas only 6/85 (7%) of samples of patients not receiving antibiotics were also positive. thus, of 211 samples a total of 44 (20.8%) were positive by our toxin assay, giving titers ranging from 1 in 5 to 1 in ... | 1999 | 10464446 |
| pseudomembranous colitis: spectrum of imaging findings with clinical and pathologic correlation. | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is a potentially life-threatening acute infectious colitis caused by one or more toxins produced by an unopposed proliferation of clostridium difficile bacteria. pmc is characterized by the presence of elevated, yellow-white plaques forming pseudomembranes on the colonic mucosa. these plaques can be visualized at both pathologic analysis and endoscopy. plain radiography, contrast enema studies, and computed tomography (ct) are useful in the evaluation of pmc. plain ... | 1999 | 10464797 |
| clostridium difficile infection of a prosthetic joint presenting 12 months after antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile is a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, but it rarely causes extra-colonic disease. an 83-year-old woman who developed culture-positive c. difficile-associated diarrhoea following pneumonia and a total hip replacement was treated successfully with oral metronidazole therapy. she was readmitted 12 months later for revision of the hip prosthesis because of increasing pain. at surgery an abscess associated with the prosthesis was discovered. culture of the pus gr ... | 1999 | 10468137 |
| reactive arthritis induced by clostridium difficile enteritis as a complication of helicobacter pylori eradication. | clostridium difficile has recently been established as a cause of reactive arthritis (rea). we present a case of clostridium difficile-induced rea as a complication of helicobacter pylori eradication, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first such case reported. | 1999 | 10468177 |
| in vitro activity of gemifloxacin (sb 265805) against anaerobes. | gemifloxacin mesylate (sb 265805), a new fluoronaphthyridone, was tested against 359 recent clinical anaerobic isolates by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards reference agar dilution method with supplemented brucella blood agar and an inoculum of 10(5) cfu/spot. comparative antimicrobials tested included trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, grepafloxacin, sparfloxacin, sitafloxacin (du-6859a), penicillin g, amoxicillin clavulanate, imipenem, cefoxitin, clindamycin, and metronidazole ... | 1999 | 10471570 |
| clostridium difficile cell attachment is modified by environmental factors. | adherence of clostridium difficile to vero cells under anaerobic conditions was increased by a high sodium concentration, calcium-rich medium, an acidic ph, and iron starvation. the level of adhesion of nontoxigenic strains was comparable to that of toxigenic strains. depending on the bacterial culture conditions, vero cells could bind to one, two, or three bacterial surface proteins with molecular masses of 70, 50, and 40 kda. | 1999 | 10473442 |
| primary intravenous paclitaxel and platinum chemotherapy for high-risk stage i epithelial ovarian carcinoma. | to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous (i.v.) paclitaxel and platinum chemotherapy in patients with high-risk stage i epithelial ovarian carcinoma. | 1999 | 10475122 |
| [diagnosis of clostridium difficile as cause of diarrhea]. | | 1999 | 10476491 |
| comparative value of colonic biopsy and intraluminal fluid culture for diagnosis of bacterial acute colitis in immunocompetent patients. infectious colitis study group. | we compared the yield of intraluminal fluid culture to that of biopsy specimens obtained during colonoscopy for the diagnosis of bacterial colitis in 93 immunocompetent patients with a recent episode of diarrhea and macroscopic lesions of colitis. stool culture findings were also available for 68 patients. at least one bacterial pathogen was isolated from the biopsy specimen, intraluminal fluid, or stool from 48 patients (51.6%). salmonella species, clostridium difficile, klebsiella oxytoca, shi ... | 1999 | 10476742 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with infant botulism: near-fatal case analogous to hirschsprung's enterocolitis. | we present the first five reported cases of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in children with infant botulism caused by clostridium botulinum. we compare two fulminant cases of colitis in children with colonic stasis, the first caused by infant botulism and the second caused by hirschsprung's disease. in both children, colitis was accompanied by hypovolemia, hypotension, profuse ascites, pulmonary effusion, restrictive pulmonary disease, and femoral-caval thrombosis. laboratory f ... | 1999 | 10476744 |
| a nonsense mutation abrogates production of a functional enterotoxin a in clostridium difficile toxinotype viii strains of serogroups f and x. | clostridium difficile strains of toxinotype viii from serogroups f and x are described as toxin b-positive, toxin a-negative (tcdb+ a-), although they harbour almost the entire tcda gene. to identify the reason for the lack of tcda detection, we analyzed catalytic and ligand domains of tcda-1470 of the type strain of serogroup f, strain 1470. using recombinant fragments, the c-terminal immunodominant ligand domain tcda3-1470, spanning amino acid residues 1694-2711 (corresponding to vpi 10463 seq ... | 1999 | 10483735 |
| clostridium difficile colitis after kidney and kidney-pancreas transplantation. | to determine the timing and risk factors involved in the development of clostridium difficile (cd) colitis in kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients. | 1999 | 10485373 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis: a clinical overview. | infection with toxin-producing strains of clostridium difficile is common and potentially life-threatening. it occurs mostly in patients in the hospital or nursing home who are taking or have recently taken antibiotics. two toxins, a and b, damage the colonic mucosa, resulting in symptoms ranging from mild diarrhea to bloody diarrhea with fever and abdominal pain, colitis, or even pseudomembranous colitis. severe cases may involve dehydration, toxic megacolon, or colonic perforation. this articl ... | 1999 | 10486998 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with chronic renal failure. | | 1999 | 10489247 |
| treatment of primary peritoneal mesothelioma by continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion (chpp). | primary peritoneal mesothelioma is a locally aggressive disease that is difficult to treat or even palliate. continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion (chpp) with cisplatin (cddp) allows uniform, high regional delivery of chemotherapeutics and hyperthermia to the peritoneal surface for the treatment of peritoneal tumors. this article summarizes the results of 18 patients with peritoneal mesothelioma treated with chpp. | 1999 | 10493628 |
| local and systemic neutralizing antibody responses induced by intranasal immunization with the nontoxic binding domain of toxin a from clostridium difficile. | fourteen of the 38 c-terminal repeats from clostridium difficile toxin a (14cdta) were cloned and expressed either with an n-terminal polyhistidine tag (14cdta-his) or fused to the nontoxic binding domain from tetanus toxin (14cdta-tetc). the recombinant proteins were successfully purified by bovine thyroglobulin affinity chromatography. both c. difficile toxin a fusion proteins bound to known toxin a ligands present on the surface of rabbit erythrocytes. intranasal immunization of balb/c mice w ... | 1999 | 10496886 |
| monoglucosylation of rhoa at threonine 37 blocks cytosol-membrane cycling. | the small gtpases rho, rac, and cdc42 are monoglucosylated at effector domain amino acid threonine 37/35 by clostridium difficile toxins a and b. glucosylation renders the rho proteins inactive by inhibiting effector coupling. to understand the functional consequences, effects of glucosylation on subcellular distribution and cycling of rho gtpases between cytosol and membranes were analyzed. in intact cells and in cell lysates, glucosylation leads to a translocation of the majority of rhoa gtpas ... | 1999 | 10506156 |
| the hunt for clostridium difficile: 21-year follow-up of a stool specimen sent for culture. | | 1999 | 10509517 |
| association of iga nephropathy with clostridium difficile colitis. | immunoglobulin a (iga) nephropathy, the most common cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide, is usually idiopathic in origin and renal limited. secondary iga nephropathy has been associated with systemic disease, including such gastrointestinal tract disturbances as celiac sprue and inflammatory bowel disease. we describe gross hematuria and reversible acute renal failure from iga nephropathy in a patient with cephalosporin-induced clostridium difficile colitis. in addition to mesangial iga and c3 ... | 1999 | 10518470 |
| is "negative" positive? | | 1999 | 10520871 |
| case-control study of enteropathogens associated with childhood diarrhea in dhaka, bangladesh. | the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh, is a major center for research into diarrheal diseases. the center treats more than 100,000 patients a year. to obtain useful information representative of all patients, a surveillance system in which a 4% systematic sample of all patients is studied in detail, including etiological agents of diarrhea, was installed in october 1979. the first paper on etiology for the surveillance patients was published in 1982, which identifi ... | 1999 | 10523534 |
| infection control. dazed and confused. | this research project aims to uncover the practical concerns of health care staff on a hospital ward while attempting to implement isolation precaution guidelines for patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). the project is still in progress so this article describes the research methods used and some preliminary findings. | 1999 | 10524156 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin a by reversed passive latex agglutination. | a reversed passive latex agglutination (rpla) assay for detecting clostridium difficile toxin a is presented. purified monoclonal antibody (mab 37b5) was used for latex sensitization. the culture supernatants of 93 strains of c. difficile were tested by rpla assay and the results compared with those of a commercially available latex agglutination test, pcr and cytotoxin assay with vero cells. there was agreement between rpla, cytotoxicity and pcr assays, but 29 strains were positive in the rpla ... | 1999 | 10524790 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. | clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea (cdad) and colitis (cdac) are important nosocomial (hospital)-acquired infections resulting almost exclusively from antibiotic therapy and certain host factors. the severity of these disorders may range from simple diarrhea that can be resolved easily with antibiotic cessation to fulminant pseudomembranous colitis with fever, severe dehydration, abdominal pain and distention, and plaque formation over part or all of the colon. community-acquired cdad and cd ... | 1999 | 10528559 |
| fusidic acid in other infections. | fusidic acid, both systemic and topical, has been used for a wide variety of less common infections. efficacy for oral fusidic acid has been demonstrated in the treatment of clostridium difficile colitis and in staphylococcal infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. topical fusidic acid gel is also effective in bacterial conjunctivitis and other minor external eye infections, and may be effective in reducing bacterial flora in the conjunctival sac prior to eye surgery. studies suggest a pote ... | 1999 | 10528782 |
| enteric carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium in patients tested for clostridium difficile. | to identify independent risk factors for enteric carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) in hospitalized patients tested for clostridium difficile toxin. | 1999 | 10530643 |
| activation of activator protein 1 and stress response kinases in epithelial cells colonized by helicobacter pylori encoding the cag pathogenicity island. | helicobacter pylori interacts with the apical membrane of the gastric epithelium and induces a number of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines. the subsequent infiltration of macrophages and granulocytes into the mucosa leads to gastric inflammation accompanied by epithelial degeneration. gastric diseases, e.g. peptic ulcer or gastric adenocarcinoma, are more common among people infected with h. pylori strains producing vaca (vacuolating cytotoxin a) and possessing a cag (cytotoxin-associated ant ... | 1999 | 10531374 |
| enhancing market value of milk by adding cultures. | fluid milk and several dairy products are an excellent medium to generate an array of products that fit into the current consumer demand for health-driven foods. several technologies associated with culture addition, fermentation, or both are available for creating an assortment of flavors and textures in milk products. it appears that accentuating the positive attributes of inherent milk constituents, incorporating health-promoting cultures, and offering a variety of flavors and textures to the ... | 1999 | 10531614 |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities and serogroups of clinical strains of clostridium difficile isolated in france in 1991 and 1997. | glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin) and metronidazole are the drugs of choice for the treatment of clostridium difficile infections, but trends in susceptibility patterns have not been assessed in the past few years. the objective was to study the mics of glycopeptides and metronidazole for unrelated c. difficile strains isolated in 1991 (n = 100) and in 1997 (n = 98) by the agar macrodilution, the e-test, and the disk diffusion methods. strain susceptibilities to erythromycin, clindamyci ... | 1999 | 10543736 |
| activities of gemifloxacin (sb 265805, lb20304) compared to those of other oral antimicrobial agents against unusual anaerobes. | the activities of gemifloxacin (sb 265805, lb20304) and comparator agents were determined by an agar dilution method against 419 clinical strains of less-commonly identified species of anaerobes. gemifloxacin was generally more active than trovafloxacin against gram-positive strains by one to two dilutions. peptostreptococci (peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, peptostreptococcus magnus, peptostreptococcus micros, and peptostreptococcus prevotii) and porphyromonas spp. (porphyromonas asaccharol ... | 1999 | 10543754 |
| prophylactic lactobacillus gg reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children with respiratory infections: a randomized study. | antimicrobial treatment may disturb the colonization resistance of gastrointestinal microflora, which may induce clinical symptoms, most commonly diarrhea. the severity of antibiotic-associated diarrhea may range from a brief, self-limiting disease to devastating diarrhea with electrolyte disturbances, dehydration, crampy abdominal pain, pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, or even death. the incidence of diarrhea in children receiving a single antimicrobial treatment is unclear. in additi ... | 1999 | 10545590 |
| il-15 is elevated in the patients of postoperative enterocolitis. | serum interleukin 15 (il-15) levels were measured in 77 patients who were consecutively admitted to our intensive care unit. postoperative enterocolitis occurred in four patients and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), but not clostridium difficile, was identified in the faecal specimens from these patients. the il-15 levels in the patients with mrsa enterocolitis were significantly elevated compared with those of other mrsa infections without enterocolitis including pneumonia (n ... | 1999 | 10547278 |
| roles of intracellular calcium and nf-kappa b in the clostridium difficile toxin a-induced up-regulation and secretion of il-8 from human monocytes. | clostridium difficile causes an intense inflammatory colitis through the actions of two large exotoxins, toxin a and toxin b. il-8 is believed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of c. difficile-mediated colitis, although the mechanism whereby the toxins up-regulate the release of il-8 from target cells is not well understood. in this study, we investigated the mechanisms through which toxin a induces il-8 secretion in human monocytes. we found that cellular uptake of toxin a is req ... | 1999 | 10553038 |
| clostridium difficile toxins may augment bacterial penetration of intestinal epithelium. | clostridium difficile can be recovered from many high-risk hospitalized patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. clostridium difficile toxins a and b have been associated with increased intestinal permeability in vitro and there is growing evidence that increased intestinal permeability may be a common mechanism whereby enteric bacteria penetrate the intestinal epithelium. | 1999 | 10555639 |
| sequence analysis of a new open reading frame located in the pathogenicity locus of clostridium difficile strain 8864. | strain 8864 is a natural isolate of clostridium difficile that is toxin b-positive and toxin a-negative. recent work showed that there is a genetic rearrangement occurring at the pathogenicity locus (paloc) of the bacteria. our investigation in the paloc region revealed an open reading frame (tcdf) of 543 bp dna not reported before. this tcdf could encode a putative polypeptide of 22 kda. although no peptide homology was found with other known proteins, we postulate that it could be a novel prot ... | 1999 | 10556718 |
| case records of the massachusetts general hospital. weekly clinicopathological exercises. case 34-1999. a 37-year-old woman with liver disease and recurrent diarrhea. | | 1999 | 10559455 |
| predominant staphylococcus aureus isolated from antibiotic-associated diarrhea is clinically relevant and produces enterotoxin a and the bicomponent toxin luke-lukd. | staphylococcus aureus was isolated as the predominant or only isolate from cultures of stools of 60 patients over 2 years in a university hospital, leading to the collection of 114 isolates. diarrhea was observed in 90% of the patients. ninety-eight percent of the patients had received antibiotics in the month before the diarrhea. ninety-two percent of the s. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant. s. aureus was encountered with antibiotic-associated diarrhea among 47 quite elderly patients ... | 1999 | 10565923 |
| [clostridium difficile diarrhea in the very old. clinical features and course in 21 cases]. | determine the clinical and etiological features of clostridium difficile diarrhea in elderly subjects. | 1999 | 10566275 |
| can quinolones cause hemorrhagic colitis of late onset? report of three cases. | this study was undertaken to demonstrate that quinolones may cause acute colitis resembling penicillin-induced hemorrhagic colitis. | 1999 | 10566543 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in the elderly. | it is widely believed that clostridium difficile (c. difficile)-associated diarrhea is a more severe disease in the elderly than in the young, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. these beliefs are largely anecdotal, and there are few data supporting them. | 1999 | 10566727 |
| epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of clostridium difficile in four hospitals. | large outbreaks of diarrhea caused by a newly recognized strain of clostridium difficile occurred in four hospitals located in different parts of the united states between 1989 and 1992. since frequent use of clindamycin was associated with the outbreak in one of the hospitals, we examined the resistance genes of the epidemic-strain isolates and studied the role of clindamycin use in these outbreaks. | 1999 | 10572152 |
| antibiotics and clostridium difficile. | | 1999 | 10572160 |
| involvement of rho gtpases in calcium-regulated exocytosis from adrenal chromaffin cells. | the rho gtpase family, including rho, rac and cdc42 proteins, is implicated in various cell functions requiring the reorganization of actin-based structures. in secretory cells, cytoskeletal rearrangements are a prerequisite for exocytosis. we previously described that, in chromaffin cells, the trimeric granule-bound go protein controls peripheral actin and prevents exocytosis in resting cells through the regulation of rhoa. to provide further insight into the function of rho proteins in exocyto ... | 1999 | 10574723 |
| phospholipase d stimulation by receptor tyrosine kinases mediated by protein kinase c and a ras/ral signaling cascade. | stimulation of phospholipase d (pld) in hek-293 cells expressing the m(3) muscarinic receptor by phorbol ester-activated protein kinase c (pkc) apparently involves ral gtpases. we report here that pkc, but not muscarinic receptor-induced pld stimulation in these cells, is strongly and specifically reduced by expression of dominant-negative rala, g26a rala, as well as dominant-negative ras, s17n ras. in contrast, overexpression of the ras-activated ral-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, ... | 1999 | 10574935 |
| characterization of the cryptogein binding sites on plant plasma membranes. | cryptogein is a 98-amino acid proteinaceous elicitor of tobacco defense reactions. specific binding of cryptogein to high affinity binding sites on tobacco plasma membranes has been previously reported (k(d) = 2 nm; number of binding sites: 220 fmol/mg of protein). in this study, biochemical characterization of cryptogein binding sites reveals that they correspond to a plasma membrane glycoprotein(s) with an n-linked carbohydrate moiety, which is involved in cryptogein binding. radiation inactiv ... | 1999 | 10574936 |
| choosing the right antibiotic. antibiotic choice may affect risk of clostridium difficile infection. | | 1999 | 10576837 |
| cd14 expression by human mononuclear phagocytes is modulated by clostridium difficile toxin b. | toxin b, an exotoxin produced by the anaerobic gram-positive bacteria clostridium difficile, is responsible for pseudomembranous colitis in humans. it deeply modifies morphology of cultured cells and enhances their membrane surface area, which suggests a possible alteration of membrane receptor distribution. since toxin b and bacterial lipopolysaccharide can act synergistically on tnf-alpha production by mononuclear phagocytes, the effect of toxin b on cd14 expression was investigated using flow ... | 1999 | 10580270 |
| colonic wall thickening in patients with cirrhosis: ct findings and clinical implications. | the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and spectrum of colonic wall changes in patients with cirrhosis and to determine the association between these colonic wall changes and portal hypertension. | 1999 | 10587121 |
| [new knowledge of the molecular biology of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o157]. | since 1982, enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) have been identified as a cause of diarrhoea and haemorrhagic colitis. the most serious complication of the infection is the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (hus) that develops in 5 to 10% of children with diarrhoea. shiga toxins (stx) are the most important presently known virulence factors of ehec. after reaching the bloodstream, the toxins cause damage of endothelial cells but also of tubular cells in the kidneys which may result in renal fai ... | 1999 | 10593045 |
| behaviour of saccharomyces boulardii in recurrent clostridium difficile disease patients. | despite recent interest in therapeutic microorganisms taken orally, little is known about the pharmacodynamics of these agents in a target population of patients with disease. the present study reports the stool concentrations of saccharomyces boulardii in a patient population with clostridium difficile disease (cdd) and correlates stool concentrations with efficacy. | 1999 | 10594402 |
| [reccurent pseudomembranous colitis treated with the donor feces]. | | 1996 | 10596179 |
| isolation of clostridium difficile from the ruminal reservoir of newborn lambs. | | 1999 | 10596876 |
| antibiotics and clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is now established as a major nosocomial pathogen. c. difficile infection is seen almost exclusively as a complication of antibiotic therapy, and is particularly associated with clindamycin and third-generation cephalosporins. depletion of the indigenous gut microflora by antibiotic therapy has long been established as a major factor in the disease. however, the direct influence of antimicrobials upon virulence mechanisms such as toxin production and adhesion in the bowel, ... | 1999 | 10602670 |
| ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (ice) in metastatic and refractory breast cancer. | twenty-five patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with ice after failure of previous chemotherapy. their median age was 50 years (range 36-73). all but 1 patient had multiple sites of metastases. nineteen (76%) patients had undergone two or more chemotherapy regimens for metastatic disease prior to ice. the performance status (ps) of the patients was eastern cooperative oncology group (ecog) 0:6; 1:12; 2:5; 3:2. ifosfamide 1.25 g/m(2) over 3 h d1-3 along with mesna, etoposide 80 mg ... | 1999 | 10602907 |
| an antibiotic policy associated with reduced risk of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | antibiotic-associated diarrhoea caused by clostridium difficile is increasing in hospitals, and older people are at particular risk. | 1999 | 10604512 |
| [nosocomial infections]. | glycopeptide resistance: resistance to glycopeptides raises many therapeutic problems when it occurs in strains such as enterococci or staphylococci causing clinical infections. two observations described here exemplify the emergence of such resistance in a metacillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) strain during vancomycin treatment and in a clostridium difficile strain. nasal mrsa in hospital personnel: nasal cavities of hospital personnel is a not well recognized reservoir of mrsa. a s ... | 1999 | 10605463 |
| p21-activated kinase 1 phosphorylates the death agonist bad and protects cells from apoptosis. | bad is a critical regulatory component of the intrinsic cell death machinery that exerts its death-promoting effect upon heterodimerization with the antiapoptotic proteins bcl-2 and bcl-x(l). growth factors promote cell survival through phosphorylation of bad, resulting in its dissociation from bcl-2 and bcl-x(l) and its association with 14-3-3tau. survival of interleukin 3 (il-3)-dependent fl5.12 lymphoid progenitor cells is attenuated upon treatment with the rho gtpase-inactivating toxin b fro ... | 2000 | 10611223 |