| epidemiology, determinants and dynamics of cholera in pakistan: gaps and prospects for future research. | cholera is one of the notifiable endemic diseases in pakistan, but the reporting of cholera cases is still unsatisfactory. most of the diagnosed cases are never reported to the relevant authorities. in the year 1993 - 2005, the country did not report any single case of cholera to the who. the objectives of this review were to understand the epidemiology and to identify the possible determinants of cholera infection in pakistan. medscape, medline, pakmedinet and pubmed, was searched, using key wo ... | 2014 | 25404447 |
| development of stable vibrio cholerae o1 hikojima type vaccine strains co-expressing the inaba and ogawa lipopolysaccharide antigens. | we describe here the development of stable classical and el tor v. cholerae o1 strains of the hikojima serotype that co-express the inaba and ogawa antigens of o1 lipopolysaccharide (lps). mutation of the wbet gene reduced lps perosamine methylation and thereby gave only partial transformation into ogawa lps on the cell surface. the strains express approximately equal amounts of inaba- and ogawa-lps antigens which are preserved after formalin-inactivation of the bacteria. oral immunizations of b ... | 2014 | 25397871 |
| evaluation of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of vibrio cholerae. | we evaluated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (ms) for the identification of vibrio cholerae. ms identified all 42 isolates of v. cholerae o1 and o139 and 7 of 9 non-o1/o139 isolates. ms correctly discriminated between all aeromonas and v. cholerae isolates. overall, ms performed as well as or better than biochemical methods. | 2015 | 25392355 |
| high-frequency rugose exopolysaccharide production by vibrio cholerae strains isolated in haiti. | in october, 2010, epidemic cholera was reported for the first time in haiti in over 100 years. establishment of cholera endemicity in haiti will be dependent in large part on the continued presence of toxigenic v. cholerae o1 in aquatic reservoirs. the rugose phenotype of v. cholerae, characterized by exopolysaccharide production that confers resistance to environmental stress, is a potential contributor to environmental persistence. using a microbiologic medium promoting high-frequency conversi ... | 2014 | 25390633 |
| antibiotic resistant shigella is a major cause of diarrhoea in the highlands of papua new guinea. | diarrhoea remains a major cause of illness in papua new guinea (png); however, little is known about its aetiology. as a result of the cholera outbreak that spread throughout png in 2009-2011, we conducted diarrhoeal surveillance in eastern highlands province. | 2014 | 25390051 |
| urban-rural differentials in overweight and obese individuals with diarrhea in bangladesh. | the study aimed to determine urban and rural differences in overweight and obesity (oo) with diarrhea regarding subjects' sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, etiology, and antimicrobial susceptibility. | 2014 | 25386993 |
| environmental surveillance for toxigenic vibrio cholerae in surface waters of haiti. | epidemic cholera was reported in haiti in 2010, with no information available on the occurrence or geographic distribution of toxigenic vibrio cholerae in haitian waters. in a series of field visits conducted in haiti between 2011 and 2013, water and plankton samples were collected at 19 sites. vibrio cholerae was detected using culture, polymerase chain reaction, and direct viable count methods (dfa-dvc). cholera toxin genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction in broth enrichments of sam ... | 2015 | 25385860 |
| xerd-mediated ftsk-independent integration of tlcϕ into the vibrio cholerae genome. | as in most bacteria, topological problems arising from the circularity of the two vibrio cholerae chromosomes, chri and chrii, are resolved by the addition of a crossover at a specific site of each chromosome, dif, by two tyrosine recombinases, xerc and xerd. the reaction is under the control of a cell division protein, ftsk, which activates the formation of a holliday junction (hj) intermediate by xerd catalysis that is resolved into product by xerc catalysis. many plasmids and phages exploit x ... | 2014 | 25385643 |
| application of chitosan microparticles for reduction of vibrio species in seawater and live oysters (crassostrea virginica). | human vibrio infections associated with consumption of raw shellfish greatly impact the seafood industry. vibrio cholerae-related disease is occasionally attributed to seafood, but v. vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus are the primary targets of postharvest processing (php) efforts in the united states, as they pose the greatest threat to the industry. most successful php treatments for vibrio reduction also kill the molluscs and are not suitable for the lucrative half-shell market, while nonlet ... | 2015 | 25381244 |
| draft genome sequence of non-o1 and non-o139 vibrio cholerae strain vcc19. | vibrio cholerae o1 is the causative agent of cholera and is ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, while v. cholerae strains non-o1 and non-o139 are recognized as causative agents of sporadic and localized outbreaks of diarrhea. here, we report the complete sequence of a non-o1 and non-o139 v. cholerae strain (vcc19), which was isolated from the environment in brazil. the sequence includes the integrative conjugative element (ice). this paper is the first report of the presence of such an elemen ... | 2014 | 25377699 |
| genomic epidemiology of the haitian cholera outbreak: a single introduction followed by rapid, extensive, and continued spread characterized the onset of the epidemic. | for centuries, cholera has been one of the most feared diseases. the causative agent vibrio cholerae is a waterborne gram-negative enteric pathogen eliciting a severe watery diarrheal disease. in october 2010, the seventh pandemic reached haiti, a country that had not experienced cholera for more than a century. by using whole-genome sequence typing and mapping strategies of 116 serotype o1 strains from global sources, including 44 haitian genomes, we present a detailed reconstructed evolutionar ... | 2014 | 25370488 |
| host intestinal signal-promoted biofilm dispersal induces vibrio cholerae colonization. | vibrio cholerae causes human infection through ingestion of contaminated food and water, leading to the devastating diarrheal disease cholera. v. cholerae forms matrix-encased aggregates, known as biofilms, in the native aquatic environment. while the formation of v. cholerae biofilms has been well studied, little is known about the dispersal from biofilms, particularly upon entry into the host. in this study, we found that the exposure of mature biofilms to physiologic levels of the bile salt t ... | 2015 | 25368110 |
| vibrio cholerae: measuring natural transformation frequency. | many bacteria can become naturally competent to take up extracellular dna across their outer and inner membranes by a dedicated competence apparatus. whereas some studies show that the dna delivered to the cytoplasm may be used for genome repair or for nutrition, it can also be recombined onto the chromosome by homologous recombination: a process called natural transformation. along with conjugation and transduction, natural transformation represents a mechanism for horizontal transfer of geneti ... | 2014 | 25367272 |
| twin outbreak of cholera in rural north karnataka, india. | successive outbreaks of acute watery diarrhoea occurred in talikoti and harnal, located in bijapur district of the southern indian s0 tate of karnataka, in july and august 2012, respectively. these outbreaks were investigated to identify the aetiology and epidemiology. | 2014 | 25366211 |
| genome sequence of vibrio cholerae strain o1 ogawa el tor, isolated in mexico, 2013. | we present the draft genome sequence of vibrio cholerae indre 3140 recovered in 2013 during a cholera outbreak in mexico. the genome showed the vibrio 7th pandemic islands vsp1 and vsp2, the pathogenic islands vpi-1 and vpi-2, the integrative and conjugative element sxt/r391 (ice-sxt), and both prophages ctxφ and rs1φ. | 2014 | 25359919 |
| a new epithelial cell line, hbf from caudal fin of endangered yellow catfish, horabagrus brachysoma (gunther, 1864). | a new epithelial cell line, horabagrus brachysoma fin (hbf), was established from the caudal fin tissue of yellow catfish, h. brachysoma and characterized. this hbf cell line was maintained in leibovitz's-15 medium supplemented with 15 % fetal bovine serum (fbs) and subcultured more than 62 times over a period of 20 months. the hbf cell line consists predominantly of epithelial cells and is able to grow at temperatures between 20 and 35 °c with an optimum temperature of 28 °c. the growth rate of ... | 2016 | 25359669 |
| multidrug-resistant inca/c plasmid in vibrio cholerae from haiti. | | 2014 | 25340576 |
| nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae non-o1/o139 isolate from a case of human gastroenteritis in the u.s. gulf coast. | an occurrence of vibrio cholerae non-o1/o139 gastroenteritis in the u.s. gulf coast is reported here. genomic analysis revealed that the isolate lacked known virulence factors associated with the clinical outcome of a v. cholerae infection but did contain putative genomic islands and other accessory virulence factors. many of these factors are widespread among environmental strains of v. cholerae, suggesting that there might be additional virulence factors in non-o1/o139 v. cholerae yet to be de ... | 2015 | 25339398 |
| [the development of reagents set in the format of dna-chip for genetic typing of strains of vibrio cholerae]. | the necessity of development of methods of genic diagnostic of cholera is conditioned by continuation of the seventh pandemic of cholera, taxonomic variability of strains of vibrio cholerae involved into pandemic and also permanent danger of delivery of disease to the territory of the russian federation. the methods of genic diagnostic of cholera make it possible in a comparatively short time to maximally minutely characterize strains isolated from patients or their environment. the article pres ... | 2014 | 25338464 |
| single-molecule tracking in live vibrio cholerae reveals that toxr recruits the membrane-bound virulence regulator tcpp to the toxt promoter. | vibrio cholerae causes the human disease cholera by producing a potent toxin. the v. cholerae virulence pathway involves an unusual transcription step: the bitopic inner-membrane proteins tcpp and toxr activate toxt transcription. as toxt is the primary direct transcription activator in v. cholerae pathogenicity, its regulation by membrane-localized activators is key in the disease process. however, the molecular mechanisms by which membrane-localized activators engage the transcription process ... | 2015 | 25318589 |
| occurrence of vibrio cholerae in fish and water from a reservoir and a neighboring channel in ouagadougou, burkina faso. | vibrio cholerae is a human pathogen and natural inhabitant of aquatic environments. in this study, we surveyed the occurrence of v. cholerae in fish harvested from a reservoir that receives discharges from the population in ouagadougou through several channels. | 2014 | 25313612 |
| type three secretion system in non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1, mexico. | | 2014 | 25298162 |
| [etiologic characteristics of vibrio cholerae in guangdong province in 2009-2013]. | to analyze the etiologic characteristics of o1/o139 vibrio cholerae in guangdong province in 2009-2013. | 2014 | 25294076 |
| adhesion as a weapon in microbial competition. | microbes attach to surfaces and form dense communities known as biofilms, which are central to how microbes live and influence humans. the key defining feature of biofilms is adhesion, whereby cells attach to one another and to surfaces, via attachment factors and extracellular polymers. while adhesion is known to be important for the initial stages of biofilm formation, its function within biofilm communities has not been studied. here we utilise an individual-based model of microbial groups to ... | 2015 | 25290505 |
| abundance of vibrio cholerae, v. vulnificus, and v. parahaemolyticus in oysters (crassostrea virginica) and clams (mercenaria mercenaria) from long island sound. | vibriosis is a leading cause of seafood-associated morbidity and mortality in the united states. typically associated with consumption of raw or undercooked oysters, vibriosis associated with clam consumption is increasingly being reported. however, little is known about the prevalence of vibrio spp. in clams. the objective of this study was to compare the levels of vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters and clams harvested concurrently from long island sound ... | 2014 | 25281373 |
| insights into vibrio cholerae intestinal colonization from monitoring fluorescently labeled bacteria. | vibrio cholerae, the agent of cholera, is a motile non-invasive pathogen that colonizes the small intestine (si). most of our knowledge of the processes required for v. cholerae intestinal colonization is derived from enumeration of wt and mutant v. cholerae recovered from orogastrically infected infant mice. there is limited knowledge of the distribution of v. cholerae within the si, particularly its localization along the villous axis, or of the bacterial and host factors that account for this ... | 2014 | 25275396 |
| the type ii secretion system delivers matrix proteins for biofilm formation by vibrio cholerae. | gram-negative bacteria have evolved several highly dedicated pathways for extracellular protein secretion, including the type ii secretion (t2s) system. since substrates secreted via the t2s system include both virulence factors and degradative enzymes, this secretion system is considered a major survival mechanism for pathogenic and environmental species. previous analyses revealed that the t2s system mediates the export of ≥ 20 proteins in vibrio cholerae, a human pathogen that is indigenous t ... | 2014 | 25266381 |
| worldwide occurrence of integrative conjugative element encoding multidrug resistance determinants in epidemic vibrio cholerae o1. | in the last decades, there has been an increase of cholera epidemics caused by multidrug resistant strains. particularly, the integrative and conjugative element (ice) seems to play a major role in the emergence of multidrug resistant vibrio cholerae. this study fully characterized, by whole genome sequencing, new ices carried by multidrug resistant v. cholerae o1 strains from nigeria (2010) (icevchnig1) and nepal (1994) (icevchnep1). the gene content and gene order of these two ices are the sam ... | 2014 | 25265418 |
| differential management of the replication terminus regions of the two vibrio cholerae chromosomes during cell division. | the replication terminus region (ter) of the unique chromosome of most bacteria locates at mid-cell at the time of cell division. in several species, this localization participates in the necessary coordination between chromosome segregation and cell division, notably for the selection of the division site, the licensing of the division machinery assembly and the correct alignment of chromosome dimer resolution sites. the genome of vibrio cholerae, the agent of the deadly human disease cholera, ... | 2014 | 25255436 |
| identification of capsule, biofilm, lateral flagellum, and type iv pili in vibrio mimicus strains. | vibrio mimicus is a bacterium that causes gastroenteritis; it is closely related to vibrio cholerae, and can cause acute diarrhea like cholera- or dysentery-type diarrhea. it is distributed worldwide. factors associated with virulence (such as hemolysins, enterotoxins, proteases, phospholipases, aerobactin, and hemagglutinin) have been identified; however, its pathogenicity mechanism is still unknown. in pathogenic vibrio species such as v. cholerae, vibrio. parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificu ... | 2014 | 25246027 |
| crystal structure of the novel di-nucleotide cyclase from vibrio cholerae (dncv) responsible for synthesizing a hybrid cyclic gmp-amp. | | 2014 | 25245040 |
| vibrio cholerae use pili and flagella synergistically to effect motility switching and conditional surface attachment. | we show that vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, use their flagella and mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha) type iv pili synergistically to switch between two complementary motility states that together facilitate surface selection and attachment. flagellar rotation counter-rotates the cell body, causing msha pili to have periodic mechanical contact with the surface for surface-skimming cells. using tracking algorithms at 5 ms resolution we observe two motility behaviours: 'roami ... | 2014 | 25234699 |
| phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated from the sierra leone cholera outbreak in 2012. | this study describes phenotypic, genotypic and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the strains isolated from the 2012 sierra leone cholera outbreak. rectal swabs were collected from patients and cultured for vibrio cholerae o1. | 2014 | 25233936 |
| molecular insights into the evolutionary pathway of vibrio cholerae o1 atypical el tor variants. | pandemic v. cholerae strains in the o1 serogroup have 2 biotypes: classical and el tor. the classical biotype strains of the sixth pandemic, which encode the classical type cholera toxin (ct), have been replaced by el tor biotype strains of the seventh pandemic. the prototype el tor strains that produce biotype-specific cholera toxin are being replaced by atypical el tor variants that harbor classical cholera toxin. atypical el tor strains are categorized into 2 groups, wave 2 and wave 3 strains ... | 2014 | 25233006 |
| members of the human gut microbiota involved in recovery from vibrio cholerae infection. | given the global burden of diarrhoeal diseases, it is important to understand how members of the gut microbiota affect the risk for, course of, and recovery from disease in children and adults. the acute, voluminous diarrhoea caused by vibrio cholerae represents a dramatic example of enteropathogen invasion and gut microbial community disruption. here we conduct a detailed time-series metagenomic study of faecal microbiota collected during the acute diarrhoeal and recovery phases of cholera in a ... | 2014 | 25231861 |
| cholera and shigellosis: different epidemiology but similar responses to climate variability. | comparative studies of the associations between different infectious diseases and climate variability, such as the el niño-southern oscillation, are lacking. diarrheal illnesses, particularly cholera and shigellosis, provide an important opportunity to apply a comparative approach. cholera and shigellosis have significant global mortality and morbidity burden, pronounced differences in transmission pathways and pathogen ecologies, and there is an established climate link with cholera. in particu ... | 2014 | 25229494 |
| detection of virulence genes in environmental strains of vibrio cholerae from estuaries in northeastern brazil. | the objectives of this study were to detect the presence of vibrio cholerae in tropical estuaries (northeastern brazil) and to search for virulence factors in the environmental isolates. water and sediment samples were inoculated onto a vibrio-selective medium (tcbs), and colonies with morphological resemblance to v. cholerae were isolated. the cultures were identified phenotypically using a dichotomous key based on biochemical characteristics. the total dna extracted was amplified by pcr to det ... | 2017 | 25229224 |
| [the study of ctxb and rstr variations of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains isolated from 1961 to 2010 in china]. | to understand the ctxb and rstr variations of toxigenic vibrio cholerae (v.cholerae) o1 el tor strains isolated from different provinces in china from 1961 to 2010. | 2014 | 25219433 |
| [molecular characteristics and antibiotic resistance of vibrio cholerae o139 in shandong province]. | to investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance profiles of vibrio cholerae o139 in shandong province. | 2014 | 25219432 |
| genome sequencing of 15 clinical vibrio isolates, including 13 non-o1/non-o139 serogroup strains. | we present draft genome sequences of 15 clinical vibrio isolates of various serogroups. these are valuable data for use in studying vibrio cholerae genetic diversity, epidemic potential, and strain attribution. | 2014 | 25212618 |
| central role of the na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr) in sodium bioenergetics of vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacterium that lives in brackish or sea water environments. strains of v. cholerae carrying the pathogenicity islands infect the human gut and cause the fatal disease cholera. vibrio cholerae maintains a na(+) gradient at its cytoplasmic membrane that drives substrate uptake, motility, and efflux of antibiotics. here, we summarize the major na(+)-dependent transport processes and describe the central role of the na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase ( ... | 2014 | 25205724 |
| structural biochemistry of a vibrio cholerae dinucleotide cyclase reveals cyclase activity regulation by folates. | cyclic dinucleotides are a newly expanded class of second messengers that contribute to the regulation of multiple different pathways in bacterial, eukaryotic, and archaeal cells. the recently identified vibrio cholerae dinucleotide cyclase (dncv, the gene product of vc0179) can generate three different cyclic dinucleotides and preferentially synthesize a hybrid cyclic-gmp-amp. here, we report the crystal structural and functional studies of dncv. we unexpectedly observed a 5-methyltetrahydrofol ... | 2014 | 25201413 |
| quinazoline-sulfonamides with potent inhibitory activity against the α-carbonic anhydrase from vibrio cholerae. | thirteen novel sulfonamide derivatives incorporating the quinazoline scaffold were synthesized by simple, eco-friendly procedures. these compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the α-carbonic anhydrases (ca, ec 4.2.1.1) from vibrio cholerae (vchca) as well as the human α-ca isoforms, hca i and hca ii. nine compounds were highly effective, nanomolar inhibitors of the pathogenic enzyme vchca. three of them were also highly effective sub-nanomolar inhibitors of the cytosolic isoform ii. ... | 2014 | 25194929 |
| isolation and characterization of vibrio cholerae isolates from seafood in hat yai city, songkhla, thailand. | seafood has been identified as an important source of vibrio cholerae in thailand, especially in the southern coastal region. in this study, we isolated and characterized v. cholerae from seafood obtained from several markets in hat yai city, southern thailand. a total of 100 v. cholerae isolates were obtained from 55 of 125 seafood samples. the dominant serotype was non-o1/non-o139. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis was used to detect the presence of pathogenesis-related genes. the stn/s ... | 2014 | 25188839 |
| inhibition of camp-activated intestinal chloride secretion by diclofenac: cellular mechanism and potential application in cholera. | cyclic amp-activated intestinal cl- secretion plays an important role in pathogenesis of cholera. this study aimed to investigate the effect of diclofenac on camp-activated cl- secretion, its underlying mechanisms, and possible application in the treatment of cholera. diclofenac inhibited camp-activated cl- secretion in human intestinal epithelial (t84) cells with ic50 of ∼ 20 µm. the effect required no cytochrome p450 enzyme-mediated metabolic activation. interestingly, exposures of t84 cell mo ... | 2014 | 25188334 |
| killing the killers. | the bacteria that infect humans and cause cholera are themselves infected by viruses, which have the potential to influence the course of a cholera infection. | 2014 | 25182849 |
| feasibility of the hydrogen sulfide test for the assessment of drinking water quality in post-earthquake haiti. | in 2010, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck haiti, severely damaging the drinking and wastewater infrastructure and leaving millions homeless. compounding this problem, the introduction of vibrio cholerae resulted in a massive cholera outbreak that infected over 700,000 people and threatened the safety of haiti's drinking water. to mitigate this public health crisis, non-government organizations installed thousands of wells to provide communities with safe drinking water. however, despite increas ... | 2014 | 25182685 |
| killed oral cholera vaccines: history, development and implementation challenges. | cholera is still a major global health problem, affecting mainly people living in unsanitary conditions and who are at risk for outbreaks of cholera. during the past decade, outbreaks are increasingly reported from more countries. from the early killed oral cholera vaccine, rapid improvements in vaccine development occurred as a result of a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease, pathogenesis of cholera infection and immunity. the newer-generation oral killed cholera vaccines ha ... | 2014 | 25177492 |
| computer based screening for novel inhibitors against vibrio cholerae using nci diversity set-ii: an alternative approach by targeting transcriptional activator toxt. | cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by vibrio cholerae and remains as a major health risk in developing countries. the emergence and spread of multi-drug resistant v. cholerae strains during the past two decades is now a major problem in the treatment of cholera and have created the urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic agents. targeting transcriptional factor is now a novel approach to tackle the development of multi-drug resistant strain. in the recent year virtual high ... | 2014 | 25172449 |
| changing characteristics of rotavirus diarrhea in children younger than five years in urban bangladesh. | childhood rotavirus diarrhea is still one of the major public health challenges. the present study aimed to determine changing characteristics of rotavirus diarrhea in under-5 children at two periods of time. | 2014 | 25171098 |
| evolutionary consequences of intra-patient phage predation on microbial populations. | the impact of phage predation on bacterial pathogens in the context of human disease is not currently appreciated. here, we show that predatory interactions of a phage with an important environmentally transmitted pathogen, vibrio cholerae, can modulate the evolutionary trajectory of this pathogen during the natural course of infection within individual patients. we analyzed geographically and temporally disparate cholera patient stool samples from haiti and bangladesh and found that phage preda ... | 2014 | 25161196 |
| initiator protein dimerization plays a key role in replication control of vibrio cholerae chromosome 2. | rctb, the initiator of replication of vibrio cholerae chromosome 2 (chr2), binds to the origin of replication to specific 12-mer sites both as a monomer and a dimer. binding to 12-mers is essential for initiation. the monomers also bind to a second kind of site, 39-mers, which inhibits initiation. mutations in rctb that reduce dimer binding increase monomer binding to 12-mers but decrease monomer binding to 39-mers. the mechanism of this paradoxical binding behavior has been unclear. using delet ... | 2014 | 25159619 |
| isolation of vibrio cholera el tor inaba from lemna minor and eichhornia crassipens roots in veracruz, mexico. | during epidemic periods, the strain vibrio cholera el tor has been isolated from the aquatic macrophyte roots of eichhornia crassipens and lemna minor, suggesting that aquatic plants could be environmental reservoirs through either a non-specific association or a commensalism relationship. therefore, it is important to understand v. cholera reservoirs in order to establish prevention strategies against this pathogen. | 2014 | 25147681 |
| structure-guided reprogramming of human cgas dinucleotide linkage specificity. | cyclic dinucleotides (cdns) play central roles in bacterial pathogenesis and innate immunity. the mammalian enzyme cgas synthesizes a unique cyclic dinucleotide (cgamp) containing a 2'-5' phosphodiester linkage essential for optimal immune stimulation, but the molecular basis for linkage specificity is unknown. here, we show that the vibrio cholerae pathogenicity factor dncv is a prokaryotic cgas-like enzyme whose activity provides a mechanistic rationale for the unique ability of cgas to produc ... | 2014 | 25131990 |
| pathogenic vibrios in environmental, seafood and clinical sources in germany. | bacteria of the family vibrionaceae naturally occur in marine and estuarine environments. only few species of vibrionaceae are associated with human cases of gastroenteritis, ear and wound infections, caused by ingestion of seafood or contact with vibrio containing water. increasing consumption of seafood (fish, fishery products and shellfish) poses a possible source of vibrio infections in germany. additionally, there is a growing concern that abundances of pathogenic vibrios may increase in ge ... | 2014 | 25129553 |
| occurrence of the three major vibrio species pathogenic for human in seafood products consumed in france using real-time pcr. | vibrio spp. have emerged as a serious threat to human health worldwide. vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae and vibrio vulnificus are of particular concern as they have been linked to gastrointestinal infections and septicemia associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. we developed hydrolysis probe-based real-time pcr systems with an internal amplification control for the detection of these species. we applied these systems to a total of 167 fresh or frozen crustacean, f ... | 2014 | 25128747 |
| two cases of bacteriemia caused by nontoxigenic, non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae isolates in ho chi minh city, vietnam. | the toxigenic bacterium vibrio cholerae belonging to the o1 and o139 serogroups is commonly associated with epidemic diarrhea in tropical settings; other diseases caused by this environmental pathogen are seldom identified. here we report two unassociated cases of nonfatal, nontoxigenic v. cholerae non-o1, non-o139 bacteremia in patients with comorbidities in ho chi minh city, vietnam, that occurred within a 4-week period. | 2014 | 25122858 |
| bacterial shedding in household contacts of cholera patients in dhaka, bangladesh. | multiple vibrio cholerae infections within the same household are common. household contacts of patients with cholera were observed with daily clinical assessments and collection of rectal swab cultures for nine days after presentation of the index case. during the follow-up period, 71 (24%) of 294 household contacts developed a positive v. cholerae rectal swab, signifying bacterial shedding. the average length of bacterial shedding was 2.0 days (95% confidence interval 1.7-2.4). however, 16 (5% ... | 2014 | 25114012 |
| piezoresistive microcantilever-based dna sensor for sensitive detection of pathogenic vibrio cholerae o1 in food sample. | pathogenic vibrio cholerae produces a cholera toxin which is the cause of a severe diarrheal disease called "cholera". available detection methods, including standard bacteriological test and immuno-based detection, are specific to the suspected pathogenic v. cholerae o1 and o139, but they are not specific to the cholera toxin producible strain. this work combined the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of cholera toxin gene, ctxa gene, and microcantilever-based dna sensor to improve the sensitivity ... | 2015 | 25113053 |
| a rapid quantitative activity assay shows that the vibrio cholerae colonization factor gbpa is an active lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. | the discovery of the copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (lpmos) has revealed new territory for chemical and biochemical analysis. these unique mononuclear copper enzymes are abundant, suggesting functional diversity beyond their established roles in the depolymerization of biomass polysaccharides. at the same time basic biochemical methods for characterizing lpmos, such as activity assays are not well developed. here we describe a method for quantification of c1-oxidized chitoo ... | 2014 | 25109775 |
| comparative genomics of 274 vibrio cholerae genomes reveals mobile functions structuring three niche dimensions. | vibrio cholerae is a globally dispersed pathogen that has evolved with humans for centuries, but also includes non-pathogenic environmental strains. here, we identify the genomic variability underlying this remarkable persistence across the three major niche dimensions space, time, and habitat. | 2014 | 25096633 |
| dna-rescuable allosteric inhibition of aptamer ii ligand affinity by aptamer i element in the shortened vibrio cholerae glycine riboswitch. | glycine riboswitches contain two aptamers and turn on the expression of downstream genes in bacteria. although full-length glycine riboswitches were shown to exhibit no glycine-binding cooperativity, the truncated glycine riboswitches were confirmed to bind two glycine molecules cooperatively. thorough understanding of the ligand-binding cooperativity may shed light on the molecular basis of the cooperativity and help design novel intricate biosensing genetic circuits for application in syntheti ... | 2014 | 25092436 |
| caenorhabditis elegans recognizes a bacterial quorum-sensing signal molecule through the awcon neuron. | in a process known as quorum sensing, bacteria use chemicals called autoinducers for cell-cell communication. population-wide detection of autoinducers enables bacteria to orchestrate collective behaviors. in the animal kingdom detection of chemicals is vital for success in locating food, finding hosts, and avoiding predators. this behavior, termed chemotaxis, is especially well studied in the nematode caenorhabditis elegans. here we demonstrate that the vibrio cholerae autoinducer (s)-3-hydroxy ... | 2014 | 25092291 |
| structural basis of nucleoside and nucleoside drug selectivity by concentrative nucleoside transporters. | concentrative nucleoside transporters (cnts) are responsible for cellular entry of nucleosides, which serve as precursors to nucleic acids and act as signaling molecules. cnts also play a crucial role in the uptake of nucleoside-derived drugs, including anticancer and antiviral agents. understanding how cnts recognize and import their substrates could not only lead to a better understanding of nucleoside-related biological processes but also the design of nucleoside-derived drugs that can better ... | 2014 | 25082345 |
| [retrospective macrorestrictive analysis of the vibrio cholerae eltor strains isolated at epidemic complications in the far east of russia]. | the retrospective study of the clonal structure of 24 vibrio cholerae eltor strains isolated at epidemic complications in the far east of russia was carried out on the basis of the macrorestrictive analysis of the genome dna using noti and sfii endonucleases. it was found that clonal (by amplification profiling data) toxigenic strains (n = 23) were characterized by variability of noti/sfii-generated restriction profiles. the v. cholerae eltor isolated in yuzhno-sakhalinsk outbreak were different ... | 2014 | 25080816 |
| effects of flrbc on flagellar biosynthesis of shewanella oneidensis. | as a most conserved complex molecular machine made up of a large number of structural subunits, the flagellum is under tight regulation by hierarchical arrangements. although variations in polar flagellar systems are found, most of them are restricted to multiple-copy components, such as flagellins and stators. therefore, these features are regarded to be peripheral relative to the comprehensive conservation. in this study, however, we present evidence to show that the difference in highly conse ... | 2014 | 25074236 |
| water sources as reservoirs of vibrio cholerae o1 and non-o1 strains in bepanda, douala (cameroon): relationship between isolation and physico-chemical factors. | cholera has been endemic in douala since 1971. most outbreaks start from bepanda, an overcrowded neighbourhood with poor hygiene and sanitary conditions. we investigated water sources in bepanda as reservoirs of vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, determined its antibiotic susceptibility and some physico-chemical characteristics that could maintain the endemicity of this organism in bepanda. | 2014 | 25073409 |
| water-related infrastructure in a region of post-earthquake haiti: high levels of fecal contamination and need for ongoing monitoring. | we inventoried non-surface water sources in the leogane and gressier region of haiti (approximately 270 km(2)) in 2012 and 2013 and screened water from 345 sites for fecal coliforms and vibrio cholerae. an international organization/non-governmental organization responsible for construction could be identified for only 56% of water points evaluated. sixteen percent of water points were non-functional at any given time; 37% had evidence of fecal contamination, with spatial clustering of contamina ... | 2014 | 25071005 |
| preparation and immunogenicity of conjugate based on hydrazine-treated lipopolysaccharide antigen of vibrio cholerae o139. | a glycoconjugate construct was based on attachment of v. cholerae o139 hydrazine-treated lipopolysaccharide (lps) to carboxylated bovine serum albumin (cbsa) via its amino group. the immunological properties of the glycoconjugate were tested using balb/c mice, injected subcutaneously without any adjuvant three times at 2 weeks interval. the immunogenicity of the conjugate was estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, testing of anti-lps igg, igm, and iga antibodies. the conjugate elicited ... | 2014 | 25070088 |
| cranberry extract standardized for proanthocyanidins promotes the immune response of caenorhabditis elegans to vibrio cholerae through the p38 mapk pathway and hsf-1. | botanicals are rich in bioactive compounds, and some offer numerous beneficial effects to animal and human health when consumed. it is well known that phytochemicals in cranberries have anti-oxidative and antimicrobial activities. recently, an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that cranberry phytochemicals may have potential benefits that promote healthy aging. here, we use caenorhabditis elegans as a model to show that water-soluble cranberry extract standardized to 4.0% proanthocyan ... | 2014 | 25062095 |
| [phenotypic diversity of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains identified in china]. | to understand the phenotypic diversity of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains isolated from different provinces in china during the last 50 years. | 2014 | 25059371 |
| the population structure of vibrio cholerae from the chandigarh region of northern india. | cholera infection continues to be a threat to global public health. the current cholera pandemic associated with vibrio cholerae el tor has now been ongoing for over half a century. | 2014 | 25058483 |
| critical analysis of compositions and protective efficacies of oral killed cholera vaccines. | two cholera vaccines, sold as shanchol and dukoral, are currently available. this review presents a critical analysis of the protective efficacies of these vaccines. children under 5 years of age are very vulnerable to cholera and account for the highest incidence of cholera cases and more than half of the resulting deaths. both shanchol and dukoral are two-spaced-dose oral vaccines comprising large numbers of killed cholera bacteria. the former contains vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 cells, and th ... | 2014 | 25056361 |
| vibrio cholerae utilizes direct srna regulation in expression of a biofilm matrix protein. | vibrio cholerae biofilms contain exopolysaccharide and three matrix proteins rbma, rbmc and bap1. while much is known about exopolysaccharide regulation, little is known about the mechanisms by which the matrix protein components of biofilms are regulated. vrra is a conserved, 140-nt srna of v. cholerae, whose expression is controlled by sigma factor σe. in this study, we demonstrate that vrra negatively regulates rbmc translation by pairing to the 5' untranslated region of the rbmc transcript a ... | 2014 | 25054332 |
| the sodium pumping nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na⁺-nqr), a unique redox-driven ion pump. | the na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr) is a unique na(+) pumping respiratory complex found only in prokaryotes, that plays a key role in the metabolism of marine and pathogenic bacteria, including vibrio cholerae and other human pathogens. na(+)-nqr is the main entrance for reducing equivalents into the respiratory chain of these bacteria, catalyzing the oxidation of nadh and the reduction of quinone, the free energy of this redox reaction drives the selective translocat ... | 2014 | 25052842 |
| [proteome mass-spectrometric analysis and typing of vibrio cholerae strains isolated in the territory of russian federation in 2010 - 2012]. | conduction of a comparative proteomic mass-spectrometric (ms) analysis using a personal database of v. cholerae protein mass-spectra and genetic vntr-typing of cholera causative agent strains. | 2014 | 25051705 |
| [vntr-genotyping of vibrio cholerae strains isolated from objects in the territory of russian federation in 2012]. | vntr-typing of vibrio cholerae strains isolated in the territory of russian federation in 2012. | 2014 | 25051696 |
| [algorithm of toxigenic genetically altered vibrio cholerae el tor biovar strain identification]. | development of an algorithm of genetically altered vibrio cholerae biovar el tor strai identification that ensures determination of serogroup, serovar and biovar of the studied isolate based on pheno- and genotypic properties, detection of genetically altered cholera el tor causative agents, their differentiation by epidemic potential as well as evaluation of variability of key pathogenicity genes. | 2014 | 25051695 |
| [comparative resistance of typical and genetically altered vibrio cholerae biovar el tor strains to the effect of unfavorable environmental factors]. | carry out comparative analysis of survival of typical strains and genovariants of v. cholerae biovar el tor imported in different years to the territory of russian federation, in the absence of nutrients and under the conditions of temperature stress. | 2014 | 25051691 |
| diarrhoea in slum children: observation from a large diarrhoeal disease hospital in dhaka, bangladesh. | to determine and compare socio-demographic, nutritional and clinical characteristics of children under five with diarrhoea living in slums with those of children who do not live in slums of dhaka, bangladesh. | 2014 | 25039966 |
| draft genome sequencing of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor isolates collected in the russian federation from imported cholera cases. | we report the draft genome sequencing of five vibrio cholerae o1 el tor clinical isolates collected in the russian federation from imported cholera cases in 2006, 2010, and 2012. in the initial phylogenetic analysis, one isolate clustered with the haiti/nepal-4 group. | 2014 | 25035324 |
| cholera outbreaks (2012) in three districts of nepal reveal clonal transmission of multi-drug resistant vibrio cholerae o1. | although endemic cholera causes significant morbidity and mortality each year in nepal, lack of information about the causal bacterium often hinders cholera intervention and prevention. in 2012, diarrheal outbreaks affected three districts of nepal with confirmed cases of mortality. this study was designed to understand the drug response patterns, source, and transmission of vibrio cholerae associated with 2012 cholera outbreaks in nepal. | 2014 | 25022982 |
| establishing an enteric bacteria reference laboratory in sierra leone. | in 2012, sierra leone experienced its worst cholera outbreak in over 15 years affecting 12 of the country's 13 districts. with limited diagnostic capability, particularly in bacterial culture, the cholera outbreak was initially confirmed by microbiological testing of clinical specimens outside of sierra leone. during 2012 - 2013, in direct response to the lack of diagnostic microbiology facilities, and to assist in investigating and monitoring the cholera outbreak, diagnostic and reference servi ... | 2014 | 25022309 |
| low detection of vibrio cholerae carriage in healthcare workers returning to 12 latin american countries from haiti. | summary this investigation was undertaken to characterize the prevalence of intestinal vibrio cholerae in healthcare workers (hcws) returning from haiti due to the ongoing cholera epidemic. eight hundred and fifty asymptomatic hcws of the cuban medical brigade, who planned to leave haiti, were studied by laboratory screening of stool culture for v. cholerae. a very low percentage (0.23%) of toxigenic v. cholerae serogroup o1, serotype ogawa was found. to the best of our knowledge, this study rep ... | 2015 | 25016919 |
| draft genome sequence of environmental vibrio cholerae 2012el-1759 with similarities to the v. cholerae o1 classical biotype. | vibrio cholerae 2012el-1759 is an environmental isolate from haiti that was recovered in 2012 during a cholera outbreak. the genomic backbone is similar to that of the prototypical v. cholerae o1 classical biotype strain o395, and it carries the vibrio pathogenicity islands (vpi-1 and vpi-2) and a cholera toxin (ctx) prephage. | 2014 | 25013135 |
| molecular simulation of n-acetylneuraminic acid analogs and molecular dynamics studies of cholera toxin-neu5gc complex. | cholera toxin (ct) is an ab5 protein complex secreted by the pathogen vibrio cholera, which is responsible for cholera infection. n-acetylneuraminic acid (neunac) is a derivative of neuraminic acid with nine-carbon backbone. neunac is distributed on the cell surface mainly located in the terminal components of glycoconjugates, and also plays an important role in cell-cell interaction. in our current study, molecular docking and molecular dynamic (md) simulations were implemented to identify the ... | 2015 | 25011464 |
| the length of glycine-rich linker in dna-binding domain is critical for optimal functioning of quorum-sensing master regulatory protein hapr. | hapr is a quorum-sensing master regulatory protein in vibrio cholerae. though many facts are known regarding its structural and functional aspects, much still can be learnt from natural variants of this wild-type protein. while unraveling the underlying cause of functional inertness of a natural variant (haprv2), the significance of a conserved glycine residue at position 39 in a glycine-rich linker in dna-binding domain comes into light. this work aims at investigating how the length of glycine ... | 2014 | 24997084 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a live oral recombinant cholera vaccine va1.4: a randomized, placebo controlled trial in healthy adults in a cholera endemic area in kolkata, india. | a live oral cholera vaccine va 1.4 developed from a non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strain using ctxb gene insertion was further developed into a clinical product following cgmp and was evaluated in a double-blind randomized placebo controlled parallel group two arm trial with allocation ratio of 1∶1 for safety and immunogenicity in men and women aged 18-60 years from kolkata, india. | 2014 | 24983989 |
| high prevalence and diversity of pre-ctxφ alleles in the environmental vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 strains in the zhujiang river estuary. | toxigenic conversion of environmental vibrio cholerae strains through lysogenic infection by the phage ctxφ is an important step in the emergence of new pathogenic clones. the precursor form of the ctxφ phage, pre-ctxφ, does not carry the cholera toxin gene. during our investigation, we frequently found pre-ctxφ prophages in non-toxigenic isolates in the serogroups of o1 and o139 strains in the zhujiang estuary. we observed high amounts of sequence variation of rstr and giii(ctx) in the pre-ctxφ ... | 2014 | 24983529 |
| triplex reverse transcription-pcr for detecting viable toxigenic vibrio cholerae in water samples in thailand. | abstract. detection of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1/o139 in aquatic environment is difficult to achieve using the culture method. for direct detection of viable toxigenic v. cholerae in aquatic environment, we developed a triplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr, targeting genes for the outer membrane protein (ompw), cholera toxin a (ctxa) and toxin-coregulated pilli (tcpa) and compared the assay with the culture method. after enrichment of the bacteria-containing filters in alkaline peptone water ... | 2014 | 24968678 |
| outbreak of vibrio cholerae serogroup o1, serotype ogawa, biotype el tor strain--la huasteca region, mexico, 2013. | on september 2 and 6, 2013, mexico's national system of epidemiological surveillance identified two cases of cholera in mexico city. rectal swab cultures from both patients were confirmed as toxigenic vibrio cholerae serogroup o1, serotype ogawa, biotype el tor. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and virulence gene amplification (ctxa, ctxb, zot, and ace) demonstrated that the strains were identical to one another but different from strains circulating in mexico previously. the strains were indist ... | 2014 | 24964882 |
| identification of genes induced in vibrio cholerae in a dynamic biofilm system. | the facultative human pathogen vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the severe secretory diarrheal disease cholera, persists in its aquatic reservoirs in biofilms during interepidemic periods. biofilm is a likely form in which clinically relevant v. cholerae is taken up by humans, providing an infective dose. thus, a better understanding of biofilm formation of v. cholerae is relevant for the ecology and epidemiology of cholera as well as a target to control the disease. most previous studies ... | 2014 | 24962154 |
| occurrence in mexico, 1998-2008, of vibrio cholerae ctx+ el tor carrying an additional truncated ctx prophage. | the seventh cholera pandemic caused by vibrio cholerae o1 el tor (et) has been superseded in asia and africa by altered et possessing the cholera toxin (ctx) gene of classical (cl) biotype. the cl biotype of v. cholerae was isolated, along with prototypic and altered et, during the 1991 cholera epidemic in mexico and subsequently remained endemic until 1997. microbiological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses of clinical and environmental v. cholerae isolated in mexico between 1998 and 2008 re ... | 2014 | 24958870 |
| structure of the vipa/b type vi secretion complex suggests a contraction-state-specific recycling mechanism. | the bacterial type vi secretion system is a multicomponent molecular machine directed against eukaryotic host cells and competing bacteria. an intracellular contractile tubular structure that bears functional homology with bacteriophage tails is pivotal for ejection of pathogenic effectors. here, we present the 6 å cryoelectron microscopy structure of the contracted vibrio cholerae tubule consisting of the proteins vipa and vipb. we localized vipa and vipb in the protomer and identified structur ... | 2014 | 24953649 |
| γ-hydroxynitrile glucosides from the seeds of prinsepia utilis. | γ-hydroxynitrile glucosides (prinsepicyanosides a-e) were isolated alongside 11 known compounds from seeds of prinsepia utilis royle. their structures were determined by detailed analysis of nmr and ms spectroscopic data. the relative configuration of prinsepicyanoside c was established by cu-kα x-ray crystallography. prinsepicyanoside a, osmaronin, and 4-(hydroxylmethyl)-5h-furan-2-one exhibited borderline antibacterial activity against salmonella gallinarum, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio ... | 2014 | 24952469 |
| cholera. | vibrio cholerae is a comma-shaped, gram-negative rod that produces an enterotoxin, which causes an acute-onset diarrheal disease ranging in severity from mild to life threatening. worldwide, there are an estimated 3?5 million cases per year, with more than 100,000 deaths. the disease remains a significant cause of death and illness in sub-saharan africa, southeast asia (especially bangladesh and india), and haiti, and the infection should be recognized by the special operations forces (sof) medi ... | 2014 | 24952048 |
| antimicrobial drugs for treating cholera. | cholera is an acute watery diarrhoea caused by infection with the bacterium vibrio cholerae, which if severe can cause rapid dehydration and death. effective management requires early diagnosis and rehydration using oral rehydration salts or intravenous fluids. in this review, we evaluate the additional benefits of treating cholera with antimicrobial drugs. | 2014 | 24944120 |
| ompu as a biomarker for rapid discrimination between toxigenic and epidemic vibrio cholerae o1/o139 and non-epidemic vibrio cholerae in a modified maldi-tof ms assay. | cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by vibrio cholerae. outbreaks are caused by a genetically homogenous group of strains from serogroup o1 or o139 that are able to produce the cholera toxin. rapid detection and identification of these epidemic strains is essential for an effective response to cholera outbreaks. | 2014 | 24943244 |
| rs1 satellite phage promotes diversity of toxigenic vibrio cholerae by driving ctx prophage loss and elimination of lysogenic immunity. | in el tor biotype strains of toxigenic vibrio cholerae, the ctxϕ prophage often resides adjacent to a chromosomally integrated satellite phage genome, rs1, which produces rs1ϕ particles by using ctx prophage-encoded morphogenesis proteins. rs1 encodes rstc, an antirepressor against the ctxϕ repressor rstr, which cooperates with the host-encoded lexa protein to maintain ctxϕ lysogeny. we found that superinfection of toxigenic el tor strains with rs1ϕ, followed by inoculation of the transductants ... | 2014 | 24935981 |
| high prevalence of toxin producing enteropathogenic vibrios among estuarine crab in ganges delta of west bengal, india. | | 2014 | 24927645 |