| two genotypes of h1n2 swine influenza viruses appeared among pigs in china. | h1n2 is one of the main subtypes of influenza, which circulates in swine all over the world. | 2009 | 19632889 |
| [elicitation of protective immune responses by a recombinant adenovirus expressing hemagglutinin of h3n2 siv in swine]. | to evaluate the immunity of the adenovirus recombinant rad-ha-gfp encoding an h3n2 swine influenza virus hemagglutinin. | 2009 | 19637575 |
| rapid multiplex reverse transcription-pcr typing of influenza a and b virus, and subtyping of influenza a virus into h1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, n1 (human), n1 (animal), n2, and n7, including typing of novel swine origin influenza a (h1n1) virus, during the 2009 outbreak in milwaukee, wisconsin. | a large outbreak of novel influenza a (h1n1) virus (swine origin influenza virus [s-oiv]) infection in milwaukee, wi, occurred in late april 2009. we had recently developed a rapid multiplex reverse transcription-pcr enzyme hybridization assay (fluplex) to determine the type (a or b) and subtype (h1, h2, h3, h5, h7, h9, n1 [human], n1 [animal], n2, or n7) of influenza viruses, and this assay was used to confirm the diagnoses for the first infected patients in the state. the analytical sensitivit ... | 2009 | 19641063 |
| prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip), 2009. | this report updates the 2008 recommendations by cdc's advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine for the prevention and control of seasonal influenza (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2008;57[no. rr-7]). information on vaccination issues related to the recently identified novel influenza a h1n1 virus will be published later in 2009. the 2009 seasonal influenza ... | 2009 | 19644442 |
| a dose-ranging study of a subunit respiratory syncytial virus subtype a vaccine with and without aluminum phosphate adjuvantation in adults > or =65 years of age. | we studied the safety and immunogenicity of a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-a vaccine containing subunit antigens f, g and m in older persons, and its effect on influenza vaccine immunogenicity. in a dose-ranging, placebo-controlled, blinded trial 561 adults > or =65 years of age at five canadian sites were randomized to one intramuscular injection of either 100, 50 or 25 microg rsv-a-alum vaccine or 100 microg non-adjuvanted rsv-a vaccine, or alum-placebo. all participants were offered inac ... | 2009 | 19651171 |
| evaluation of rapid influenza diagnostic tests for detection of novel influenza a (h1n1) virus - united states, 2009. | the recent appearance and worldwide spread of novel influenza a (h1n1) virus has highlighted the need to evaluate commercially available, widely used, rapid influenza diagnostic tests (ridts) for their ability to detect these viral antigens in respiratory clinical specimens. as an initial assessment, cdc conducted an evaluation of multiple ridts. sixty-five clinical respiratory specimens collected during april-may 2009 that had previously tested positive either for novel influenza a (h1n1) or fo ... | 2009 | 19661856 |
| [cloning and characterization of m1 gene of h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus]. | influenza a virus matrix protein (m1) is encoded by a spliced mrna derived from rna segment 7 and plays an important role in the virus life cycle. in the present study, we extracted the viral genome rnas from allantoic fluid of 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs infected with swine influenza a virus (siv) h3n2 subtype and amplified the siv m1 gene by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using the isloated viral genome rnas as template. the amplified cdna was cloned into an expression ... | 2009 | 19670634 |
| antibodies to pb1-f2 protein are induced in response to influenza a virus infection. | pb1-f2 is a small influenza a virus (iav) protein encoded by an alternative (+1) reading frame of the pb1 gene. while dispensable for iav replication in cultured cells, pb1-f2 has been implicated in iav pathogenicity. to better understand pb1-f2 expression in vivo and its immunogenicity, we analyzed anti-pb1-f2 antibodies (abs) in sera of mice infected intranasally (i.n.) with a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) virus and human acute and convalescent sera collected from the influenza h3n2 winter 2003-2004 epidemic ... | 2009 | 19672555 |
| [rescue of h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus and substitution of hemagglutinin, neuraminidase]. | to study the mechanisms of trans-species transmission of influenza virus for developing novel vaccine of influenza in future. | 2009 | 19673419 |
| mechanisms of the action of povidone-iodine against human and avian influenza a viruses: its effects on hemagglutination and sialidase activities. | influenza virus infection causes significant morbidity and mortality and has marked social and economic impacts throughout the world. the influenza surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na), act cooperatively to support efficient influenza a virus replication and provide the most important targets for anti-influenza chemotherapy. in this study, povidone-iodine (pvp-i), which has a broad-spectrum microbicidal property, was examined for its inhibitory effects against influen ... | 2009 | 19678928 |
| what will the next influenza season bring about: seasonal influenza or the new a(h1n1)v? an analysis of german influenza surveillance data. | for the next influenza season (winter 2009-10) the relative contributions to virus circulation and influenza-associated morbidity of the seasonal influenza viruses a(h3n2), a(h1n1) and b, and the new influenza a(h1n1)v are still unknown. we estimated the chances of seasonal influenza to circulate during the upcoming season using data of the german influenza sentinel scheme from 1992 to 2009. we calculated type and subtype-specific indices for past exposure and the corresponding morbidity indices ... | 2009 | 19679036 |
| h3n2 influenza a virus replicates in immortalized human first trimester trophoblast cell lines and induces their rapid apoptosis. | epidemiological data suggested that pandemic influenza increased the risks of spontaneous abortion and premature labor, while seasonal influenza also increased the risk of schizophrenia in adolescence. however, their pathogenesis is so far unknown. | 2009 | 19694639 |
| influenza epidemiology and characterization of influenza viruses in patients seeking treatment for acute fever in cambodia. | the epidemiology, symptomology, and viral aetiology of endemic influenza remain largely uncharacterized in cambodia. in december 2006, we established passive hospital-based surveillance to identify the causes of acute undifferentiated fever in patients seeking healthcare. fever was defined as tympanic membrane temperature >38 degrees c. from december 2006 to december 2008, 4233 patients were screened for influenza virus by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr). of t ... | 2010 | 19698213 |
| differential suppressive effect of promyelocytic leukemia protein on the replication of different subtypes/strains of influenza a virus. | promyelocytic leukemia protein (pml) plays an important role in the defense against a number of viruses, including influenza a virus. however, the sensitivity of influenza a virus subtypes/strains to pml is unknown. we investigated the role of pml in the replication of different influenza a virus subtypes/strains using pan-pml knock-down a549 cells and pml-vi-overexpressed mdck cells. we found that (i) depletion of pan-pml by sirna rendered a549 cells more susceptible to influenza a virus strain ... | 2009 | 19703418 |
| using a mutual information-based site transition network to map the genetic evolution of influenza a/h3n2 virus. | mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution pathways of influenza a is of critical importance in the vaccine development and drug design of influenza virus. in this article, we have analyzed more than 4000 a/h3n2 hemagglutinin (ha) sequences from 1968 to 2008 to model the evolutionary path of the influenza virus, which allows us to predict its future potential drifts with specific mutations. | 2009 | 19706746 |
| [comparative study of avian influenza virus propagation in the cell culture and chick embryos]. | comparative reproduction studies of 7 avian influenza virus strains (h5n1, h5n2, h3n2, h4n6, h7n7) in vero and mdck cell lines have indicated that the mdck cell line is an optimal substrate for all study strains. the maximum viral output depends on trypsin concentrations and infection doses, which can differ for individual viral strains. the use of the optimal parameters of avian influenza virus replication in the mdck cell lines yields virus titers comparable with virus reproduction in the chic ... | 2009 | 19708550 |
| differences in patient age distribution between influenza a subtypes. | since the spring of 1977, two subtypes of influenza a virus (h3n2 and h1n1) have been seasonally infecting the human population. in this work we study the distribution of patient ages within the populations that exhibit the symptomatic disease caused by each of the different subtypes of seasonal influenza viruses. when the publicly available extensive information is pooled across multiple geographical locations and seasons, striking differences emerge between these subtypes. we report that the s ... | 2009 | 19718262 |
| identification of amino acid residues of influenza a virus h3 ha contributing to the recognition of molecular species of sialic acid. | to identify a determinant of human h3 hemagglutinin (ha) amino acid residues linked to the recognition of molecular species of sialic acid, we generated six mutant viruses possessing either the wild-type ha gene from a/memphis/1/71 (h3n2) or a genetically single-mutated ha gene at position 137, 144, 155, 158 or 193 from a genetic backbone of a/wsn/33 (h1n1) by reverse genetics. we evaluated the binding ability with four types of synthetic sialylglycolipids. the results indicate that the amino ac ... | 2009 | 19720062 |
| virologically confirmed population-based burden of hospitalization caused by influenza a and b among children in hong kong. | we sought to determine the virologically confirmed hospitalization rates associated with influenza virus infection among hong kong children. | 2009 | 19722912 |
| detection and subtyping of influenza a virus based on a short oligonucleotide microarray. | we report the design and characterization of a microarray with 46 short virus-specific oligonucleotides for detecting influenza a virus of 5 subtypes: h1n1, h1n2, h3n2, h5n1, and h9n2. a unique combination of 3 specific modifications was introduced into the microarray assay: (1) short probes of 19 to 27 nucleotides, (2) simple amplification of full-length hemagglutinin and neuraminidase cdnas with universal primers, and (3) klenow-mediated labeling and further amplification of the samples before ... | 2009 | 19733996 |
| recent human influenza a/h3n2 virus evolution driven by novel selection factors in addition to antigenic drift. | examination of the evolutionary dynamics of complete influenza viral genomes reveals that other processes, in conjunction with antigenic drift, play important roles in viral evolution and selection, but there is little biological evidence to support these genomic data. previous work demonstrated that after the a/fujian/411/2002-like h3n2 influenza a epidemic during 2003-2004, a preexisting nondominant fujian-like viral clade gained a small number of changes in genes encoding the viral polymerase ... | 2009 | 19743921 |
| single residue deletions along the length of the influenza ha fusion peptide lead to inhibition of membrane fusion function. | a panel of eight single amino acid deletion mutants was generated within the first 24 residues of the fusion peptide domain of the of the hemagglutinin (ha) of a/aichi/2/68 influenza a virus (h3n2 subtype). the mutant has were analyzed for folding, cell surface transport, cleavage activation, capacity to undergo acid-induced conformational changes, and membrane fusion activity. we found that the mutant deltaf24, at the c-terminal end of the fusion peptide, was expressed in a non-native conformat ... | 2009 | 19755201 |
| influenza virus vaccination in kidney transplant recipients: serum antibody response to different immunosuppressive drugs. | this study prospectively accessed the immune response to the inactivated influenza vaccine in renal transplant recipients receiving either azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil (mmf). side effects were investigated. | 2010 | 19758368 |
| detection of influenza a(h1n1)v virus by real-time rt-pcr. | influenza a(h1n1)v virus was first identified in april 2009. a novel real-time rt-pcr for influenza a(h1n1)v virus was set up ad hoc and validated following industry-standard criteria. the lower limit of detection of the assay was 384 copies of viral rna per ml of viral transport medium (95% confidence interval: 273-876 rna copies/ml). specificity was 100% as assessed on a panel of reference samples including seasonal human influenza a virus h1n1 and h3n2, highly pathogenic avian influenza a vir ... | 2009 | 19758541 |
| rapid quantification of single-nucleotide mutations in mixed influenza a viral populations using allele-specific mixture analysis. | monitoring antiviral resistance in influenza is critical to public health epidemiology and pandemic preparedness activities. effective monitoring requires methods to detect low-level resistance and to monitor the change in resistance as a function of time and drug treatment. resistance-conferring single-nucleotide mutations in influenza virus are ideal targets for such methods. in the present study, fives sets of paired taqman allele-specific pcr (aspcr) assays were developed and validated for q ... | 2010 | 19761797 |
| [anti-viral effects of tankejing preparations against influenza virus a]. | to investigate the anti-viral effects of tankejing preparations (including solutions, dry power inhalation and powder) against influenza virus a in vitro and the relationship between its anti-viral effect and preparations. | 2009 | 19764333 |
| an influenza a h1n1 virus revival - pandemic h1n1/09 virus. | in april 2009, a novel h1n1 influenza a virus, the so-called pandemic h1n1/09 virus (former designations include swine influenza, novel influenza, swine-origin influenza a [h1n1] virus [s-oiv], mexican flu, north american flu) was identified in mexico. the virus has since spread throughout the world and caused an influenza pandemic as defined by the criteria of the world health organization. this represents the first influenza a virus pandemic since the emergence of h3n2 (''hong kong'' flu) in 1 ... | 2009 | 19768379 |
| pandemic influenza as a current threat. | pandemics of influenza emerge from the aquatic bird reservoir, adapt to humans, modify their severity, and cause seasonal influenza. the catastrophic spanish h1n1 virus may have obtained all of its eight gene segments from the avian reservoir, whereas the asian h2n2 and the hong kong h3n2 pandemics emerged by reassortment between the circulating human virus and an avian h2 or h3 donor. of the 16 hemagglutinin subtypes, the h2, h5, h6, h7, and h9 viruses are considered to have pandemic potential. ... | 2009 | 19768398 |
| the feasibility of using high resolution genome sequencing of influenza a viruses to detect mixed infections and quasispecies. | the rapidly expanding availability of de novo sequencing technologies can greatly facilitate efforts to monitor the relatively high mutation rates of influenza a viruses and the detection of quasispecies. both the mutation rates and the lineages of influenza a viruses are likely to play an important role in the natural history of these viruses and the emergence of phenotypically and antigenically distinct strains. | 2009 | 19771155 |
| evaluation of twenty rapid antigen tests for the detection of human influenza a h5n1, h3n2, h1n1, and b viruses. | twenty rapid antigen assays were compared for their ability to detect influenza using dilutions of virus culture supernatants from human isolates of influenza a h5n1 (clade 1 and 2 strains), h3n2 and h1n1 viruses, and influenza b. there was variation amongst the rapid antigen assays in their ability to detect different influenza viruses. six of the 12 assays labeled as distinguishing between influenza a and b had comparable analytical sensitivities for detecting both influenza a h5n1 strains, al ... | 2009 | 19774693 |
| comparative efficacy of inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines. | the efficacy of influenza vaccines may vary from year to year, depending on a variety of factors, and may differ for inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. | 2009 | 19776407 |
| comparison of the usefulness of the caco-2 cell line with standard substrates for isolation of swine influenza a viruses. | influenza a virus isolation is undertaken routinely in embryonated chicken eggs, but to improve virus detection various cell lines can be used. the caco-2 cell line was compared to the mdck cell line and embryonated chicken eggs for the isolation of h1n1, h1n2, h3n2 swine influenza a virus subtypes from clinical specimens. from 2006 to 2008, 104 influenza a samples found positive by pcr from 42 respiratory outbreaks in italian swine farms were examined by virus isolation. sixty swine influenza a ... | 2010 | 19781571 |
| switching gears for an influenza pandemic: validation of a duplex reverse transcriptase pcr assay for simultaneous detection and confirmatory identification of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza virus. | rapid methods for the detection and confirmatory identification of pandemic influenza a virus (also known as pandemic [h1n1] 2009) are of utmost importance. in this study, a conventional reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) assay for the detection of influenza a virus and the hemagglutinin of swine lineage h1 (swh1) was designed, optimized, and validated. nucleic acids were extracted from 198 consecutive nasopharyngeal, nasal, or throat swab specimens collected early in the outbreak (127 negative ... | 2009 | 19794033 |
| efficacy and safety of a live attenuated influenza vaccine in adults 60 years of age and older. | this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of laiv in community-dwelling ambulatory adults > or =60 years of age in south africa in 2001. nose and throat swabs were obtained for influenza virus culture based on the symptoms of influenza-like illness. a total of 3242 subjects were enrolled, with a mean age of 69.5 years. the efficacy of laiv against influenza viruses antigenically similar to the vaccine was 42.3% (95% ci, 21.6-57. ... | 2009 | 19796721 |
| detection of influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 mutations conferring resistance to oseltamivir using rolling circle amplification. | in the event of an influenza pandemic, the use of oseltamivir (otv) will undoubtedly increase and therefore it is more likely that otv-resistant influenza strains will also arise. otv-resistance genotyping using sequence-based testing on viruses isolated in cell culture is time consuming and less likely to detect the low-level presence of drug-resistant virus populations. we have developed a novel rolling circle amplification (rca) method to achieve the sensitive detection of otv-resistant virus ... | 2009 | 19800370 |
| genetic relatedness of h6 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and domestic ducks in korea and their pathogenicity in animals. | we report the genetic characterization of h6 avian influenza (ai) viruses isolated from domestic ducks and wild birds in korea between april 2008 and april 2009. a phylogenetic analysis showed that the h6n1 viruses of wild birds and domestic ducks were of the same genotype (k-1) and were similar to the h6n1 virus isolated from a live poultry market in 2003, as six of the eight gene segments of those viruses had a common source. however, the h6n2 viruses of domestic poultry were separated into fo ... | 2010 | 19812266 |
| residual immunity in older people against the influenza a(h1n1)--recent experience in northern spain. | the 2009 pandemic influenza a(h1n1) virus has a higher incidence in children and young adults, a pattern that has also been reported in seasonal influenza caused by the influenza a(h1n1)virus. we analysed age at infection in symptomatic patients with influenza in the basque country (northern spain), reported through the sentinel influenza surveillance system which monitors 2.2-2.5%of the population. between september 1999 and august 2009,influenza a(h3n2) or seasonal influenza a(h1n1) was detect ... | 2009 | 19814966 |
| development of a real-time rt-pcr assay for a novel influenza a (h1n1) virus. | a pandemic caused by a novel influenza a virus (h1n1) poses a serious public health threat. in this study, a real-time reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) assay based on the hemagglutinin gene was developed that discriminates the novel h1n1 from swine influenza virus, seasonal h1n1/h3n2 virus and the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus. the sensitivity of this assay was 0.2 50% tissue culture infective dose of virus and 200 copies of in vitro-transcribed target rna. three hundred and for ... | 2010 | 19815030 |
| probabilistic indoor transmission modeling for influenza (sub)type viruses. | to use a probability based transmission modeling approach to examine the influenza risk of infection virus in indoor environments. this was based on 10 years of data gathered from influenza-like illness sentinel physician and laboratory surveillance, and experimental viral shedding data in taiwan. | 2010 | 19818365 |
| transmission of pandemic h1n1 influenza virus and impact of prior exposure to seasonal strains or interferon treatment. | novel swine-origin influenza viruses of the h1n1 subtype were first detected in humans in april 2009. as of 12 august 2009, 180,000 cases had been reported globally. despite the fact that they are of the same antigenic subtype as seasonal influenza viruses circulating in humans since 1977, these viruses continue to spread and have caused the first influenza pandemic since 1968. here we show that a pandemic h1n1 strain replicates in and transmits among guinea pigs with similar efficiency to that ... | 2010 | 19828604 |
| the effects of influenza a virus pb1-f2 protein on polymerase activity are strain specific and do not impact pathogenesis. | the influenza a virus pb1-f2 protein has been implicated as a virulence factor, but the mechanism by which it enhances pathogenicity is not understood. the pb1 gene segment of the h1n1 swine-origin influenza virus pandemic strain codes for a truncated pb1-f2 protein which terminates after 11 amino acids but could acquire the full-length form by mutation or reassortment. it is therefore important to understand the function and impact of this protein. we systematically assessed the effect that pb1 ... | 2010 | 19828614 |
| sialyltransferases of marine bacteria efficiently utilize glycosphingolipid substrates. | bacterial sialyltransferases (sts) from marine sources were characterized using glycosphingolipids (gsls). bacterial sts were found to be beta-galacotoside sts. there were two types of sts: (1) st obtained from strains such as ishi-224, 05jtc1 (#1), ishi-467, 05jtd2 (#2), and faj-16, 05jte1 (#3), which form alpha2-3 sialic acid (sia) linkages, named alpha2-3st, (2) st obtained from strains such as ish-224, n1c0 (#4), pda-rec, 05jtb2 (#5), and pda-0160, 05jta2 (#6), which form alpha2-6 sia linkag ... | 2010 | 19837852 |
| signature peptides of influenza nucleoprotein for the typing and subtyping of the virus by high resolution mass spectrometry. | the use of high resolution mass spectrometry to record the accurate mass of signature peptides within proteolytic digests of the nucleoprotein antigen, and whole influenza virus, is shown to be able to rapidly type and subtype the virus. conserved sequences for predicted tryptic peptides were identified through alignments of those for the nucleoprotein across all influenza types and subtypes. peptides with unique theoretical masses from those generated in silico for all influenza antigen sequenc ... | 2009 | 19838412 |
| influenza virus ctl epitopes, remarkably conserved and remarkably variable. | virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) contribute to the control of virus infections including those caused by influenza viruses. especially under circumstances when antibodies induced by previous infection or vaccination fail to recognize and neutralize the virus adequately, ctl are important and contribute to protective immunity. during epidemic outbreaks caused by antigenic drift variants and during pandemic outbreaks of influenza, humoral immunity against influenza viruses is inadequat ... | 2009 | 19840674 |
| formulation and coating of microneedles with inactivated influenza virus to improve vaccine stability and immunogenicity. | microneedle patches coated with solid-state influenza vaccine have been developed to improve vaccine efficacy and patient coverage. however, dip coating microneedles with influenza vaccine can reduce antigen activity. in this study, we sought to determine the experimental factors and mechanistic pathways by which inactivated influenza vaccine can lose activity, as well as develop and assess improved microneedle coating formulations that protect the antigen from activity loss. after coating micro ... | 2010 | 19840825 |
| amantadine- and oseltamivir-resistant variants of influenza a viruses in thailand. | amantadine and oseltamivir are used to treat influenza a virus infections; however, resistance to these drugs has been widely reported throughout the world. in this study, the frequency and genetic characteristics of the drug-resistant influenza a viruses that circulated in thailand from 2006 to 2008 were investigated. the nucleotide sequences of the na and m2 genes were elucidated in order to identify mutations that confer oseltamivir- and amantadine-resistant phenotypes, respectively. a total ... | 2009 | 19850010 |
| prime-boost immunization with ha/c3d dna followed by a recombinant pseudorabies virus boost enhanced protective immunity against h3n2 swine influenza virus in mice. | dna and recombinant virus vaccines against swine influenza virus (siv) have been pursued with promising results, but induce poor immunogenicity. this study evaluated the effects of a vaccine regimen in mice including priming with three dna vaccines expressing soluble ha (sha), complete ha (tmha), or sha fused with three copies murine c3d (sha-mc3d3) and boosting with recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing ha (rprv-ha). immune responses were monitored by elisa, hi assays, and virus neutralizat ... | 2010 | 19850311 |
| alphavirus replicon particle vaccines developed for use in humans induce high levels of antibodies to influenza virus hemagglutinin in swine: proof of concept. | a propagation-defective, single-cycle, alphavirus replicon particle (rp) system was used to produce two vaccines against human influenza virus a/wyoming/03/2003 (h3n2). one vaccine was prepared from venezeulan equine encephalitis virus (veev) strain 3014 and the other from veev strain tc-83. both vaccines induced high antibody titers to the influenza hemagglutinin (ha) protein and illustrated the potential of using alphavirus rp influenza vaccines in swine. | 2010 | 19853679 |
| a novel assay for influenza virus quantification using surface plasmon resonance. | quantification of hemagglutinin (ha) by single-radial immuno diffusion (srid) is the predominant method to ensure product potency in seasonal influenza vaccines. here a new method for quantification of influenza virus using biosensor technology is presented. the method employs quantification of virus via an inhibition assay format using ha proteins for h1n1, h3n2 and b immobilized on a sensor chip. initial results showed the assay to have higher sensitivity (detection range 0.5-10 microg/ml), hi ... | 2010 | 19857452 |
| [comparison of detection sensitivity in rapid-diagnosis influenza virus kits]. | rapid-diagnosis kits able to detect influenza a and b virus by immunochromatography developed by different manufacturers, while useful in early diagnosis, may vary widely in detection sensitivity. we compared sensitivity results for eight virus-detection kits in current use--quick chaser flua, b (mizuho medy), espline influenza a & b-n (fujirebio), capilia flu a + b (nippon beckton dickinson & alfesa pharma), poctem influenza a/b (otsuka pharma & sysmex), bd flu examan (nippon beckton dickinson) ... | 2009 | 19860254 |
| the first swedish h1n2 swine influenza virus isolate represents an uncommon reassortant. | the european swine influenza viruses (sivs) show considerable diversity comprising different types of h1n1, h3n2, and h1n2 strains. the intensifying full genome sequencing efforts reveal further reassortants within these subtypes. here we report the identification of an uncommon reassortant variant of h1n2 subtype influenza virus isolated from a pig in a multisite herd where h1n2 swine influenza was diagnosed for the first time in sweden during the winter of 2008-2009. the majority of the europe ... | 2009 | 19863790 |
| innate immune responses to influenza a h5n1: friend or foe? | avian influenza a h5n1 remains unusual in its virulence for humans. although infection of humans remains inefficient, many of those with h5n1 disease have a rapidly progressing viral pneumonia that leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death, but its pathogenesis remains an enigma. comparison of the virology and pathogenesis of human seasonal influenza viruses (h3n2 and h1n1) and h5n1 in patients, animal models and relevant primary human cell cultures is instructive. although the dire ... | 2009 | 19864182 |
| reassortment between amantadine-resistant and -sensitive h1n1 influenza a viruses generated an amantadine-sensitive virus during the 2007-2008 season. | the frequency of the amantadine-resistant h1n1 influenza a virus has been increasing since the 2005-2006 season. it is unclear whether reassortment was involved in this trend. here, we show that cocirculation of amantadine-resistant and -sensitive strains led to the genesis of amantadine-sensitive reassortant virus during the 2007-2008 season. thereafter, the reassortant virus predominated. this contrasts with the trend for the h3n2 virus, in which the amantadine-resistant reassortant virus beca ... | 2009 | 19874176 |
| [antiviral activity of immunomodulator selank in experimental influenza infection]. | the main objective of this study was to evaluate the antiviral properties of the glyproline selank in both in vitro and in vivo against the influenza virus strain a/aichi 2/68 (h3n2). the pronounced antiviral effect of the agent was detected in both systems. selank added to the cell culture 24 hours before inoculation (a preventive use scheme) showed the highest efficiency, by completely suppressing viral reproduction. the in vivo studies also demonstrated that the highest survival of laboratory ... | 2009 | 19882898 |
| [monitoring of the sensitivity of epidemic influenza virus strains isolated in russia to etiotropic chemical agents]. | the paper presents the results of studying the spectrum of influenza a and b viruses to rimantadine, arbidol, and oseltamivir and describes the methods used for these purposes for epidemiological surveillance. different sensitivities to rimantadine were found among influenza a viruses. during the 2007-2008 season, the vast majority of influenza a(h3n2) virus strains were resistant to rimantadine (77%) while all influenza a(h1n1) virus strains preserved their resistance to this drug. the fact tha ... | 2009 | 19882899 |
| [the characteristics of epidemic influenza a and b virus strains circulating in russia during the 2007-2008 season]. | in 2007-2008 in russia, the epidemic upsurge of influenza morbidity was caused by the active circulation of influenza a(h1n1, a(h3n2), and b viruses. the center for ecology and epidemiology of influenza studied 334 epidemic strains. the results of a comparative study of the svirus specificity of commercial test systems (amplisens influenza virus a/b and amplisens influenza virus a/h5n1) for the polymerase chain reaction diagnosis and virological assays, including virus isolation, revealed their ... | 2009 | 19882900 |
| protective memory responses are modulated by priming events prior to challenge. | human infections with highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza a viruses in the last decade have legitimized fears of a long-predicted pandemic. we thus investigated the response to secondary infections with an engineered, but still highly virulent, h5n1 influenza a virus in the c57bl/6 mouse model. mice primed with the h1n1 a/puerto rico/8/34 (pr8) virus were partially protected from lethality following respiratory infection with the modified h5n1 virus a/vietnam/1203/04 (deltavn1203). in contras ... | 2010 | 19889782 |
| comparison of a rapid antigen test with nucleic acid testing during cocirculation of pandemic influenza a/h1n1 2009 and seasonal influenza a/h3n2. | the rapid diagnosis of influenza is critical in optimizing clinical management. rapid antigen tests have decreased sensitivity in detecting pandemic influenza a/h1n1 2009 virus compared to seasonal influenza a subtypes (53.4% versus 74.2%, p < 0.001). nucleic acid tests should be used to detect pandemic influenza virus when rapid antigen tests are negative. | 2010 | 19889892 |
| rapid and specific detection of amantadine-resistant influenza a viruses with a ser31asn mutation by the cycling probe method. | amantadine is one of the antiviral agents used to treat influenza a virus infections, but resistant strains have widely emerged worldwide. in the present study, we developed a novel method to detect amantadine-resistant strains harboring the ser31asn mutation in the m2 gene based on the cycling probe method and real-time pcr. we also studied the rate of amantadine resistance in the 2007-2008 influenza season in japan. two different primer and cycling probe sets were designed for a/h1n1 and a/h3n ... | 2010 | 19889895 |
| evidence for persistence of and antiviral resistance and reassortment events in seasonal influenza virus strains circulating in cambodia. | the analysis of a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 influenza viruses collected between 2005 and 2008 in cambodia detected strains resistant to oseltamivir and confirmed widespread resistance to adamantanes. phylogenetic analyses revealed intrasubtype reassortment, probable reemergence of a/h3n2 viruses in two consecutive seasons, and cocirculation of different lineages in each subtype. | 2010 | 19889906 |
| universal influenza dna vaccine encoding conserved cd4+ t cell epitopes protects against lethal viral challenge in hla-dr transgenic mice. | the goal of the present study was to design a vaccine that would provide universal protection against infection of humans with diverse influenza a viruses. accordingly, protein sequences from influenza a virus strains currently in circulation (h1n1, h3n2), agents of past pandemics (h1n1, h2n2, h3n2) and zoonotic infections of man (h1n1, h5n1, h7n2, h7n3, h7n7, h9n2) were evaluated for the presence of amino acid sequences, motifs, that are predicted to mediate peptide epitope binding with high af ... | 2010 | 19895924 |
| influenza virus infections in dogs and cats. | during the last decade reports of influenza a virus infections in dogs and cats draw considerable attention to veterinary practitioners and scientists in the fields of virology and epidemiology. earlier experimental studies showed that dogs and cats are susceptible to influenza a virus infection, but animals did not develop clinical signs. in recent years transmission of influenza virus of subtype h3n8 from horses to dogs, however, was accompanied by severe clinical signs and the infection was s ... | 2010 | 19896216 |
| effects of the combination of favipiravir (t-705) and oseltamivir on influenza a virus infections in mice. | favipiravir (t-705 [6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide]) and oseltamivir were combined to treat influenza virus a/nws/33 (h1n1), a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2), and a/duck/mn/1525/81 (h5n1) infections. t-705 alone inhibited viruses in cell culture at 1.4 to 4.3 microm. oseltamivir inhibited these three viruses in cells at 3.7, 0.02, and 0.16 microm and in neuraminidase assays at 0.94, 0.46, and 2.31 nm, respectively. oral treatments were given twice daily to mice for 5 to 7 days starting, generall ... | 2010 | 19901093 |
| genomic events underlying the changes in adamantane resistance among influenza a(h3n2) viruses during 2006-2008. | adamantanes resistance in h3n2 viruses has been increasing since 2000, and in 2005-2006 reached nearly 100% in most countries, with the circulation of the n-lineage. in 2006-2007, however, a significant decrease in resistance was observed in many regions. | 2009 | 19903212 |
| efficacy of inactivated split-virus influenza vaccine against culture-confirmed influenza in healthy adults: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. | a new trivalent inactivated split-virus influenza vaccine (tiv) was recently introduced in the united states. we assessed the efficacy of tiv against culture-confirmed influenza a and/or b. | 2009 | 19909082 |
| boost of mucosal secretory immunoglobulin a response by clarithromycin in paediatric influenza. | the antiviral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir (osv) is used to treat influenza. the macrolide clarithromycin (cam) is used to treat bacterial infections and has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. this retrospective study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of cam in children presenting with influenza a. | 2009 | 19909463 |
| clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir and zanamivir for treatment of influenza a virus subtype h1n1 with the h274y mutation: a japanese, multicenter study of the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 influenza seasons. | influenza a virus subtype h1n1 with the h274y mutation emerged and spread worldwide. however, the clinical effectiveness of the neuraminidase inhibitors, oseltamivir and zanamivir, has not been adequately reevaluated. | 2009 | 19911968 |
| detection of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against human h1 and h3 strains of influenza a viruses in pigs in ibadan, nigeria. | agricultural and commercial activities have continued to bring people and pigs into regular, close contact in ibadan, nigeria. this study was therefore designed to investigate the transmission of human influenza viruses to pigs in ibadan, using serological surveillance. serum specimens were collected from ninety-one (91/199) apparently healthy, unvaccinated landrace pigs at three locations within ibadan from april to june, 2008. two strains of human influenza virus a: a/brisbane/59/2007 (h1n1) a ... | 2010 | 19912605 |
| innate immune response to h3n2 and h1n1 influenza virus infection in a human lung organ culture model. | we studied cytokine responses to influenza virus pr8 (h1n1) and oklahoma/309/06 (ok/06, h3n2) in a novel human lung tissue model. exposure of the model to influenza virus rapidly activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling (mapk) pathways erk, p38 and jnk. in addition, rnase protection assay demonstrated the induction of several cytokine and chemokine mrnas by virus. this finding was reflected at the translational level as il-6, mcp-1, mip-1 alpha/beta, il-8 and ip-10 proteins were ... | 2010 | 19913271 |
| neutrophils ameliorate lung injury and the development of severe disease during influenza infection. | the clinical response to influenza infection ranges from mild disease to severe pneumonia and it remains unclear whether the inflammatory response to infection is protective or pathogenic. we have defined a novel role for neutrophils in ameliorating lung injury during influenza infection, thereby limiting development of severe disease. infection of neutrophil-depleted mice with influenza virus hkx31 (h3n2) led to rapid weight loss, pneumonia, and death. neutropenia was associated with enhanced v ... | 2009 | 19917678 |
| seasonal, avian, and novel h1n1 influenza: prevention and treatment modalities. | to review the pathophysiology, pandemics/epidemics, transmissibility, clinical presentation, treatment, prevention/immunization, and resistance associated with seasonal, avian, and swine influenza. | 2009 | 19920156 |
| evolutionary trends of a(h1n1) influenza virus hemagglutinin since 1918. | the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 is spreading to numerous countries and causing many human deaths. although the symptoms in humans are mild at present, fears are that further mutations in the virus could lead to a potentially more dangerous outbreak in subsequent months. as the primary immunity-eliciting antigen, hemagglutinin (ha) is the major agent for host-driven antigenic drift in a(h3n2) virus. however, whether and how the evolution of ha is influenced by existing immunity is poorly understood for ... | 2009 | 19924230 |
| temperature sensitivity on growth and/or replication of h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated from pigs and birds in mammalian cells. | influenza a viruses have been isolated from a wide range of animal species, aquatic birds being the reservoir for their genetic diversity. avian influenza viruses can be transmitted to humans, directly or indirectly through an intermediate host like pig. this study aimed to define in vitro conditions that could prove useful to evaluate the potential of influenza viruses to adapt to a different host. growth of h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 influenza viruses belonging to different lineages isolated from bir ... | 2010 | 19926410 |
| [synthesis and biological activity of complexes of sulfonate-containing polyanions and gentamycin]. | a series of copolymers of acrylamide (am) with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (ammpsa) and n-2-hydroxypropyl-methacrylamide (hpma) with acrylic acid (aa) have been synthesized. complexes of gentamycin in the base form with these polymers and dextran sulfate were obtained. it is established that both poly(ammpca) and its complex with gentamycin exhibit an antiviral activity in vitro against human a(h3n2) influenza virus and herpes simplex virus of type 1 (hsv-1). the hpma-aa copolymer ... | 2009 | 19928575 |
| loss of a single n-linked glycan from the hemagglutinin of influenza virus is associated with resistance to collectins and increased virulence in mice. | glycosylation on the globular head of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein of influenza virus acts as an important target for recognition and destruction of virus by innate immune proteins of the collectin family. this, in turn, modulates the virulence of different viruses for mice. the role of particular oligosaccharide attachments on the ha in determining sensitivity to collectins has yet to be fully elucidated. | 2009 | 19930664 |
| from where did the 2009 'swine-origin' influenza a virus (h1n1) emerge? | the swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus that appeared in 2009 and was first found in human beings in mexico, is a reassortant with at least three parents. six of the genes are closest in sequence to those of h1n2 'triple-reassortant' influenza viruses isolated from pigs in north america around 1999-2000. its other two genes are from different eurasian 'avian-like' viruses of pigs; the na gene is closest to h1n1 viruses isolated in europe in 1991-1993, and the mp gene is closest to h3n2 viruses ... | 2009 | 19930669 |
| trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine given to two-month-old children: an off-season pilot study. | although children less than 6 months of age have the highest risk for hospitalization related to influenza infection, influenza vaccine is not approved for these children. | 2009 | 19935270 |
| incidence, seasonality and mortality associated with influenza pneumonia in thailand: 2005-2008. | data on the incidence, seasonality and mortality associated with influenza in subtropical low and middle income countries are limited. prospective data from multiple years are needed to develop vaccine policy and treatment guidelines, and improve pandemic preparedness. | 2009 | 19936224 |
| pandemic h1n1 2009 influenza a virus induces weak cytokine responses in human macrophages and dendritic cells and is highly sensitive to the antiviral actions of interferons. | in less than 3 months after the first cases of swine origin 2009 influenza a (h1n1) virus infections were reported from mexico, who declared a pandemic. the pandemic virus is antigenically distinct from seasonal influenza viruses, and the majority of human population lacks immunity against this virus. we have studied the activation of innate immune responses in pandemic virus-infected human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dc) and macrophages. pandemic a/finland/553/2009 virus, representing a t ... | 2010 | 19939920 |
| [safety and immunological effect of domestic split influenza virus vaccine]. | to evaluate the safety and immunological effect of domestic split influenza virus vaccine. | 2009 | 19954075 |
| development of a rapid automated influenza a, influenza b, and respiratory syncytial virus a/b multiplex real-time rt-pcr assay and its use during the 2009 h1n1 swine-origin influenza virus epidemic in milwaukee, wisconsin. | rapid, semiautomated, and fully automated multiplex real-time rt-pcr assays were developed and validated for the detection of influenza (flu) a, flu b, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) from nasopharyngeal specimens. the assays can detect human h1n1, h3n2, and swine-origin (s-oiv) h1n1 flu a viruses and were effectively used to distinguish flu a infections (of all subtypes) from flu b and rsv infections during the current s-oiv outbreak in milwaukee, wi. the analytical limits of detection we ... | 2010 | 19959800 |
| pathology in dogs with experimental canine h3n2 influenza virus infection. | avian-lineage h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ)-associated respiratory disease, which can be fatal, emerged in south korean dogs in 2007. we show here that dogs experimentally infected with civ only developed respiratory tract diseases, as no extrapulmonary lesions and virus antigens were detected. this differs from the multiorgan diseases that avian influenza h5n1 induces in small experimental animals. however, the civ-infected dogs developed a distinctively severe, long-persistent bronchointer ... | 2010 | 19963232 |
| direct multiplex reverse transcription-nested pcr detection of influenza viruses without rna purification. | this paper describes the development a of direct multiplex reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method, devised for simultaneous detection and typing of influenza viruses. this method combines the direct reverse transcription reaction without rna purification with the enhancement of sensitivity and specificity of nested pcr. the method successfully detected three major human influenza viruses: influenza virus a subtype 1 (h1n1) and subtype 3 (h3n2), and influenza b virus ... | 2009 | 19996703 |
| subtype identification of the novel a h1n1 and other human influenza a viruses using an oligonucleotide microarray. | a novel strain of influenza a (h1n1) virus was isolated in mexico and the us in march and april 2009. this novel virus spread to many countries and regions in a few months, and who raised the level of pandemic alert from phase 5 to phase 6 on june 11, 2009. the accurate identification of h1n1 virus and other human seasonal influenza a viruses is very important for further treatment and control of their infections. in this study, we developed an oligonucleotide microarray to subtype human h1n1, h ... | 2010 | 19998047 |
| fitness of pandemic h1n1 and seasonal influenza a viruses during co-infection: evidence of competitive advantage of pandemic h1n1 influenza versus seasonal influenza. | on june 11, 2009 the world health organization (who) declared a new h1n1 influenza pandemic. this pandemic strain is as transmissible as seasonal h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses. major concerns facing this pandemic are whether the new virus will replace, co-circulate and/or reassort with seasonal h1n1 and/or h3n2 human strains. using the ferret model, we investigated which of these three possibilities were most likely favored. our studies showed that the current pandemic virus is more transmis ... | 2009 | 20029606 |
| [swine influenza virus: evolution mechanism and epidemic characterization--a review]. | pigs may play an important role in the evolution and ecology of influenza a virus. the tracheal epithelium of pigs contain both sa alpha 2,6 gal and sa alpha 2,3 gal receptors and can be infected with swine, human and avian viruses, therefore, pigs have been considered as an intermediate host for the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to humans or as mixing vessels for the generation of genetically reassortant viruses. evolution patterns among swine influenza viruses including evolution of ho ... | 2009 | 20030049 |
| severe pneumonia associated with pandemic (h1n1) 2009 outbreak, san luis potosí, mexico. | we describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of adults hospitalized with pneumonia during the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 outbreak. patients admitted to a general hospital in san luis potosí, mexico, from april 10 through may 11, 2009, suspected to have influenza virus-associated pneumonia were evaluated. we identified 50 patients with suspected influenza pneumonia; the presence of influenza virus was confirmed in 18: 11 with pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus, 5 with unsubtypeable influenza a virus, ... | 2010 | 20031039 |
| pandemic (h1n1) 2009 surveillance and prevalence of seasonal influenza, singapore. | on april 25, 2009, singapore implemented strict containment measures for pandemic (h1n1) 2009 with enhanced surveillance and hospital isolation. in the first month, seasonal influenza, predominantly virus subtype h3n2, was diagnosed for 32% of patients with acute febrile respiratory illness. our findings underscore the high prevalence of seasonal influenza in singapore. | 2010 | 20031051 |
| enhancement of immune responses to influenza vaccine (h3n2) by ginsenoside re. | this study was designed to evaluate the adjuvant effect of ginsenoside re isolated from the root of panax ginseng on the immune responses elicited by split inactivated h3n2 influenza virus antigen in a mouse model. forty-eight icr mice were randomly distributed into six groups with 8 mice in each group. all animals were subcutaneously (s.c.) immunized twice on weeks 0 and 3 with 50 microg re, inactivated h3n2 influenza virus antigen equivalent to 10 or 100 ng of hemogglutinin (ha) or inactivated ... | 2010 | 20034596 |
| protective efficacy and immunogenicity of an inactivated avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza vaccine in dogs challenged with the virulent virus. | transmission of avian-origin influenza a virus (h3n2) to dogs had been reported and since then the h3n2 virus infection across south korea has been occurred repeatedly in the country's animal clinics and kennels. dog-to-dog transmission of the virus had also been experimentally demonstrated by direct contact. in this study, immunogenicity and protective efficacy against challenge exposure of the formalin-inactivated h3n2 influenza virus vaccine with a synthetic polymer adjuvant was investigated ... | 2010 | 20034748 |
| clarithromycin inhibits type a seasonal influenza virus infection in human airway epithelial cells. | human influenza viruses attach to sialic acid with an alpha2,6linkage (saalpha2,6gal) on the airway epithelial cells, and the entry of the viruses into the cells and uncoating of the viruses require low ph of endosomes. bafilomycin a(1), a macrolide antibiotic and a specific inhibitor of vacuolar h(+)-atpase, inhibits growth of type a and type b human influenza viruses in madin-darby canine kidney cells. however, the inhibitory effects of clinically used macrolide antibiotics on influenza virus ... | 2010 | 20040578 |
| virological surveillance and preliminary antigenic characterization of influenza viruses in pigs in five european countries from 2006 to 2008. | this study presents the results of the virological surveillance for swine influenza viruses (sivs) in belgium, uk, italy, france and spain from 2006 to 2008. our major aims were to clarify the occurrence of the three siv subtypes - h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 - at regional levels, to identify novel reassortant viruses and to antigenically compare sivs with human h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses. lung tissue and/or nasal swabs from outbreaks of acute respiratory disease in pigs were investigated by virus ... | 2011 | 20042068 |
| a high dosage influenza vaccine induced significantly more neuraminidase antibody than standard vaccine among elderly subjects. | antibody to the neuraminidase (na) antigen of influenza viruses has been shown to correlate with immunity to influenza in humans and animal models. in a previous report, we showed that an inactivated influenza vaccine containing 60microg of the hemagglutinin (ha) of each strain induced significantly more serum anti-ha antibody among elderly persons than did the standard vaccine containing 15microg of the ha of each component. we developed a lectin-based assay for anti-na antibody and used it to ... | 2010 | 20044052 |
| [new betulin derivatives in combination with rimantadine for inhibition of influenza virus reproduction]. | the preliminary studies mainly revealed comparable inhibition activities of 3-oxime of betulonic acid, 3beta-o-acetyl-28-o-hemiphthalate of betulin and 3,28-dioxime of betulin against reproduction of influenza viruses a (h1n1), a (h7n1), a (h3n2) and b, as well as against the strains of influenza virus a (h1n1) with intrinsic resistance to rimantadine and a (h7n1) with acquired resistance to the drug. the level of the activity depended on the system used for the virus reproduction. the highest l ... | 2009 | 20052912 |
| broad-spectrum antiviral effect of agrimonia pilosa extract on influenza viruses. | influenza virus continues to emerge and re-emerge, posing new threats for humans. here we tested various korean medicinal plant extracts for potential antiviral activity against influenza viruses. among them, an extract of agrimonia pilosa was shown to be highly effective against all three subtypes of human influenza viruses including h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a subtypes and influenza b virus. the ec(50) value against influenza a virus, as tested by the plaque reduction assay on mdck cells, was 14 ... | 2010 | 20055938 |
| a ctl-based liposomal vaccine capable of inducing protection against heterosubtypic influenza viruses in hla-a*0201 transgenic mice. | the current vaccination strategy against influenza is to induce the production of antibodies directed against surface antigens of viruses. however, the frequent changes in the surface antigens of influenza viruses allow the viruses to avoid antibody-mediated immunity. on the other hand, it is known that cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) populations directed against internal antigens of influenza a virus are broadly cross-reactive to influenza virus subtypes. in the present study, liposomal conjugates ... | 2010 | 20060099 |
| analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of human influenza a/h3n2 viruses circulating in iran between 2005 and 2007: antigenic and phylogenetic relationships to vaccine strains. | to study the antigenic variations in influenza a/h3n2 viruses circulating in iran for characterization and phylogenetic relationships to vaccine strains. | 2010 | 20068347 |
| development of an immunochromatographic assay specifically detecting pandemic h1n1 (2009) influenza virus. | the pandemic caused by a new type of influenza virus, pandemic h1n1 (2009) influenza virus a (ah1pdm), has had a major worldwide impact. since hemagglutinin (ha) genes are among the most specific genes in the influenza virus genome, ah1pdm can be definitively diagnosed by viral gene analysis targeting the ha genes. this type of analysis, however, cannot be easily performed in clinical settings. while commercially available rapid diagnosis kits (rdks) based on immunochromatography can be used to ... | 2010 | 20071549 |
| [the meta analysis on the safety and immunogenicity of domestic and imported split influenza virus vaccines]. | to compare the safety and immunogenicity between domestic and imported, imported and imported split influenza virus vaccine in chinese population. | 2009 | 20077670 |
| maternal influenza infection during pregnancy impacts postnatal brain development in the rhesus monkey. | maternal infection with influenza and other pathogens during pregnancy has been associated with increased risk for schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders. in rodent studies, maternal inflammatory responses to influenza affect fetal brain development. however, to verify the relevance of these findings to humans, research is needed in a primate species with more advanced prenatal corticogenesis. | 2010 | 20079486 |