| malaria mosquitoes host-locate and feed upon caterpillars. | adult female mosquitoes need blood to develop their eggs and both sexes use nectar and honeydew as carbohydrate resources for flight, survival and to enhance reproduction. however, there are also a few reports in the literature of mosquitoes feeding on haemolymph of soft-bodied insects such as caterpillars. the frequency and significance of this entomophagous behavior is not well understood, but is thought to be a vestige of ancestral feeding behavior or an opportunistic behavior that has evolve ... | 2014 | 25372720 |
| a replicating adenovirus capsid display recombinant elicits antibodies against plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in aotus nancymaae monkeys. | decades of success with live adenovirus vaccines suggest that replication-competent recombinant adenoviruses (rads) could serve as effective vectors for immunization against other pathogens. to explore the potential of a live rad vaccine against malaria, we prepared a viable adenovirus 5 (ad5) recombinant that displays a b-cell epitope from the circumsporozoite protein (csp) of plasmodium falciparum on the virion surface. the recombinant induced p. falciparum sporozoite-neutralizing antibodies i ... | 2014 | 25368113 |
| genome-wide rip-chip analysis of translational repressor-bound mrnas in the plasmodium gametocyte. | following fertilization, the early proteomes of metazoans are defined by the translation of stored but repressed transcripts; further embryonic development relies on de novo transcription of the zygotic genome. during sexual development of plasmodium berghei, a rodent model for human malaria species including p. falciparum, the stability of repressed mrnas requires the translational repressors dozi and cith. when these repressors are absent, plasmodium zygote development and transmission to the ... | 2014 | 25418785 |
| ssp3 is a novel plasmodium yoelii sporozoite surface protein with a role in gliding motility. | plasmodium sporozoites develop within oocysts in the mosquito midgut wall and then migrate to the salivary glands. after transmission, they embark on a complex journey to the mammalian liver, where they infect hepatocytes. proteins on the sporozoite surface likely mediate multiple steps of this journey, yet only a few sporozoite surface proteins have been described. here, we characterize a novel, conserved sporozoite surface protein (ssp3) in the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium yoelii. ssp3 i ... | 2014 | 25156733 |
| the heme biosynthesis pathway is essential for plasmodium falciparum development in mosquito stage but not in blood stages. | heme is an essential cofactor for aerobic organisms. its redox chemistry is central to a variety of biological functions mediated by hemoproteins. in blood stages, malaria parasites consume most of the hemoglobin inside the infected erythrocytes, forming nontoxic hemozoin crystals from large quantities of heme released during digestion. at the same time, the parasites possess a heme de novo biosynthetic pathway. this pathway in the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum has been considered ... | 2014 | 25352601 |
| evaluation of the efficacy of chad63-mva vectored vaccines expressing circumsporozoite protein and me-trap against controlled human malaria infection in malaria-naive individuals. | circumsporozoite protein (cs) is the antigenic target for rts,s, the most advanced malaria vaccine to date. heterologous prime-boost with the viral vectors simian adenovirus 63 (chad63)-modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) is the most potent inducer of t-cells in humans, demonstrating significant efficacy when expressing the preerythrocytic antigen insert multiple epitope-thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (me-trap). we hypothesized that chad63-mva containing cs may result in a significant ... | 2014 | 25336730 |
| susceptibility to plasmodium yoelii preerythrocytic infection in balb/c substrains is determined at the point of hepatocyte invasion. | after transmission by anopheles mosquitoes, plasmodium sporozoites travel to the liver, infect hepatocytes, and rapidly develop as intrahepatocytic liver stages (ls). rodent models of malaria exhibit large differences in the magnitude of liver infection, both between parasite species and between strains of mice. this has been mainly attributed to differences in innate immune responses and parasite infectivity. here, we report that balb/cbyj mice are more susceptible to plasmodium yoelii preeryth ... | 2014 | 25312960 |
| aav8-mediated in vivo overexpression of mir-155 enhances the protective capacity of genetically attenuated malarial parasites. | malaria, caused by protozoan plasmodium parasites, remains a prevalent infectious human disease due to the lack of an efficient and safe vaccine. this is directly related to the persisting gaps in our understanding of the parasite's interactions with the infected host, especially during the clinically silent yet essential liver stage of plasmodium development. previously, we and others showed that genetically attenuated parasites (gap) that arrest in the liver induce sterile immunity, but only u ... | 2014 | 25189739 |
| in silico models for predicting vector control chemicals targeting aedes aegypti. | human arboviral diseases have emerged or re-emerged in numerous countries worldwide due to a number of factors including the lack of progress in vaccine development, lack of drugs, insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, climate changes, societal behaviours, and economical constraints. thus, aedes aegypti is the main vector of the yellow fever and dengue fever flaviviruses and is also responsible for several recent outbreaks of the chikungunya alphavirus. as for the other mosquito species, the a. ... | 2014 | 25275884 |
| baculovirus-vectored multistage plasmodium vivax vaccine induces both protective and transmission-blocking immunities against transgenic rodent malaria parasites. | a multistage malaria vaccine targeting the pre-erythrocytic and sexual stages of plasmodium could effectively protect individuals against infection from mosquito bites and provide transmission-blocking (tb) activity against the sexual stages of the parasite, respectively. this strategy could help prevent malaria infections in individuals and, on a larger scale, prevent malaria transmission in communities of endemicity. here, we describe the development of a multistage plasmodium vivax vaccine wh ... | 2014 | 25092912 |
| humanized hla-dr4.ragko.il2rγcko.nod (drag) mice sustain the complex vertebrate life cycle of plasmodium falciparum malaria. | malaria is a deadly infectious disease affecting millions of people in tropical and sub-tropical countries. among the five species of plasmodium parasites that infect humans, plasmodium falciparum accounts for the highest morbidity and mortality associated with malaria. since humans are the only natural hosts for p. falciparum, the lack of convenient animal models has hindered the understanding of disease pathogenesis and prompted the need of testing anti-malarial drugs and vaccines directly in ... | 2014 | 25266106 |
| zipco, a putative metal ion transporter, is crucial for plasmodium liver-stage development. | the malaria parasite, plasmodium, requires iron for growth, but how it imports iron remains unknown. we characterize here a protein that belongs to the zip (zrt-, irt-like protein) family of metal ion transport proteins and have named zip domain-containing protein (zipco). inactivation of the zipco-encoding gene in plasmodium berghei, while not affecting the parasite's ability to multiply in mouse blood and to infect mosquitoes, greatly impairs its capacity to develop inside hepatocytes. iron/zi ... | 2014 | 25257508 |
| genome analysis of a major urban malaria vector mosquito, anopheles stephensi. | anopheles stephensi is the key vector of malaria throughout the indian subcontinent and middle east and an emerging model for molecular and genetic studies of mosquito-parasite interactions. the type form of the species is responsible for the majority of urban malaria transmission across its range. | 2014 | 25244985 |
| wolbachia do not live by reproductive manipulation alone: infection polymorphism in drosophila suzukii and d. subpulchrella. | drosophila suzukii recently invaded north america and europe. populations in hawaii, california, new york and nova scotia are polymorphic for wolbachia, typically with <20% infection frequency. the wolbachia in d. suzukii, denoted wsuz, is closely related to wri, the variant prevalent in continental populations of d. simulans. wsuz is also nearly identical to wolbachia found in d. subpulchrella, plausibly d. suzukii's sister species. this suggests vertical wolbachia transmission through cladogen ... | 2014 | 25156506 |
| larvicidal, repellent, and irritant potential of the seed-derived essential oil of apium graveolens against dengue vector, aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae). | aedes aegypti l. is one of the primary disease vectors spreading various dreadful diseases throughout the world, specifically over tropics and subtropics. keeping in view the adverse effects of chemical insecticides-based intervention measures, the eco-friendly and bio-degradable essential oil extracted from the seeds of celery, apium graveolens were investigated for its efficacy against ae. aegypti. larvicidal bioassay carried out with the seed oil against early fourth instars of ae. aegypti ca ... | 2014 | 25279371 |
| microscopic and molecular characterization of hepatozoon domerguei (apicomplexa) and foleyella furcata (nematoda) in wild endemic reptiles from madagascar. | madagascar is one of the world's top twelve "megadiversity" hot spots hosting unique and threatened flora and fauna. parasites are a major component of biodiversity but remain largely uncharacterized in wildlife. in this study we combine microscopic and molecular assessment of hemoparasites in endemic reptile species from madagascar. we detected three distinct parasites: the apicomplexans hepatozoon and sarcocystis, and filarial nematodes. the prevalence and intensity of these apicomplexans were ... | 2014 | 25224723 |
| ovipositional behavior of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. | mosquito eggs laid within two hours are necessary for transgenic (injection) studies, because mosquito eggs become hard after that period. thus, in order to have eggs available within this two-hour window, it is important to understand the ovipositional behavior of anopheles gambiae s.s.. in the present study, the ovipositional behavior of an. gambiae s.s. (kisumu) was investigated in several different conditions: age of mosquitoes, time post blood meal to access oviposition substrate, and light ... | 2014 | 25589884 |
| evolution of plastic transmission strategies in avian malaria. | malaria parasites have been shown to adjust their life history traits to changing environmental conditions. parasite relapses and recrudescences--marked increases in blood parasite numbers following a period when the parasite was either absent or present at very low levels in the blood, respectively--are expected to be part of such adaptive plastic strategies. here, we first present a theoretical model that analyses the evolution of transmission strategies in fluctuating seasonal environments an ... | 2014 | 25210974 |
| sterile immunity to malaria after dna prime/adenovirus boost immunization is associated with effector memory cd8+t cells targeting ama1 class i epitopes. | fifteen volunteers were immunized with three doses of plasmid dna encoding p. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (csp) and apical membrane antigen-1 (ama1) and boosted with human adenovirus-5 (ad) expressing the same antigens (dna/ad). four volunteers (27%) demonstrated sterile immunity to controlled human malaria infection and, overall, protection was statistically significantly associated with elispot and cd8+ t cell ifn-γ activities to ama1 but not csp. dna priming was required for protectio ... | 2014 | 25211344 |
| injury and immune response: applying the danger theory to mosquitoes. | the insect immune response can be activated by the recognition of both non-self and molecular by-products of tissue damage. since pathogens and tissue damage usually arise at the same time during infection, the specific mechanisms of the immune response to microorganisms, and to tissue damage have not been unraveled. consequently, some aspects of damage caused by microorganisms in vector-borne arthropods have been neglected. we herein reassess the anopheles-plasmodium interaction, incorporating ... | 2014 | 25250040 |
| distinct temporal recruitment of plasmodium alveolins to the subpellicular network. | the zoite stages of malaria parasites (merozoite, ookinete and sporozoite) possess a distinctive cortical structure termed the pellicle, which is defined by a double membrane layer named the inner membrane complex (imc). the imc is supported by a cytoskeleton of intermediate filaments, termed the subpellicular network (spn). plasmodium imc1 proteins, or alveolins, make up a conserved family of structurally related proteins that comprise building blocks of the spn. here, using green fluorescent p ... | 2014 | 25185663 |
| environmental temperatures significantly change the impact of insecticides measured using whopes protocols. | insecticides are critical components of malaria control programmes. in a variety of insect species, temperature plays a fundamental role in determining the outcome of insecticide exposure. however, surprisingly little is known about how temperature affects the efficacy of chemical interventions against malaria vectors. | 2014 | 25187231 |
| from blue light to clock genes in zebrafish zem-2s cells. | melanopsin has been implicated in the mammalian photoentrainment by blue light. this photopigment, which maximally absorbs light at wavelengths between 470 and 480 nm depending on the species, is found in the retina of all classes of vertebrates so far studied. in mammals, melanopsin activation triggers a signaling pathway which resets the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn). unlike mammals, drosophila melanogaster and danio rerio do not rely only on their eyes to perceive light ... | 2014 | 25184495 |
| mating competitiveness and life-table comparisons between transgenic and indian wild-type aedes aegypti l. | ox513a is a genetically engineered strain of aedes aegypti carrying a repressible, dominantly inherited transgene that confers lethality in immature heterozygous progeny. released male ox513a adults have proven to be effective for the localised suppression of wild ae. aegypti, highlighting its potential in vector control. mating and life-table assessments were used to compare ox513a with reared ae. aegypti strains collected from new delhi and aurangabad regions in india. | 2014 | 25078081 |
| mosquitocidal bacillus amyloliquefaciens: dynamics of growth & production of novel pupicidal biosurfactant. | a strain of bacillus amyloliquefaciens (vcrc b483) producing mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal biosurfactant was isolated from mangrove forest soil. the present study was aimed at studying the kinetics of growth and production of the mosquitocidal biosurfactant by this bacterium. | 0 | 25366212 |
| the cry toxin operon of clostridium bifermentans subsp. malaysia is highly toxic to aedes larval mosquitoes. | the management and control of mosquito vectors of human disease currently rely primarily on chemical insecticides. however, larvicidal treatments can be effective, and if based on biological insecticides, they can also ameliorate the risk posed to human health by chemical insecticides. the aerobic bacteria bacillus thuringiensis and lysinibacillus sphaericus have been used for vector control for a number of decades. but a more cost-effective use would be an anaerobic bacterium because of the eas ... | 2014 | 25002432 |
| kaf156 is an antimalarial clinical candidate with potential for use in prophylaxis, treatment, and prevention of disease transmission. | renewed global efforts toward malaria eradication have highlighted the need for novel antimalarial agents with activity against multiple stages of the parasite life cycle. we have previously reported the discovery of a novel class of antimalarial compounds in the imidazolopiperazine series that have activity in the prevention and treatment of blood stage infection in a mouse model of malaria. consistent with the previously reported activity profile of this series, the clinical candidate kaf156 s ... | 2014 | 24913172 |
| a cysteine protease inhibitor of plasmodium berghei is essential for exo-erythrocytic development. | plasmodium parasites express a potent inhibitor of cysteine proteases (icp) throughout their life cycle. to analyze the role of icp in different life cycle stages, we generated a stage-specific knockout of the plasmodium berghei icp (pbicp). excision of the pbicb gene occurred in infective sporozoites and resulted in impaired sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes, despite residual pbicp protein being detectable in sporozoites. the vast majority of these parasites invading a cultured hepatocyte cell ... | 2014 | 25166051 |
| host pi(3,5)p2 activity is required for plasmodium berghei growth during liver stage infection. | malaria parasites go through an obligatory liver stage before they infect erythrocytes and cause disease symptoms. in the host hepatocytes, the parasite is enclosed by a parasitophorous vacuole membrane (pvm). here, we dissected the interaction between the plasmodium parasite and the host cell late endocytic pathway and show that parasite growth is dependent on the phosphoinositide 5-kinase (pikfyve) that converts phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [pi(3)p] into phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphospha ... | 2014 | 24992508 |
| 4-1bbl enhances cd8+ t cell responses induced by vectored vaccines in mice but fails to improve immunogenicity in rhesus macaques. | t cells play a central role in the immune response to many of the world's major infectious diseases. in this study we investigated the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily costimulatory molecule, 4-1bbl (cd137l, tnfsf9), for its ability to increase t cell immunogenicity induced by a variety of recombinant vectored vaccines. to efficiently test this hypothesis, we assessed a number of promoters and developed a stable bi-cistronic vector expressing both the antigen and adjuvant. co-expressi ... | 2014 | 25140889 |
| a novel plant-produced pfs25 fusion subunit vaccine induces long-lasting transmission blocking antibody responses. | malaria transmission blocking vaccines (tbv) directed against proteins expressed on sexual stages of plasmodium falciparum in the mosquito midgut are considered an effective means to reduce malaria transmission. antibodies induced by tbv block sporogonic development in the mosquito, and thus transmission to the next human host. the pfs25 protein, expressed on the surface of gametes, zygotes and ookinetes, is one of the primary targets for tbv development. using a plant virus-based transient expr ... | 2014 | 25483525 |
| native microbiome impedes vertical transmission of wolbachia in anopheles mosquitoes. | over evolutionary time, wolbachia has been repeatedly transferred between host species contributing to the widespread distribution of the symbiont in arthropods. for novel infections to be maintained, wolbachia must infect the female germ line after being acquired by horizontal transfer. although mechanistic examples of horizontal transfer exist, there is a poor understanding of factors that lead to successful vertical maintenance of the acquired infection. using anopheles mosquitoes (which are ... | 2014 | 25114252 |
| vectored antibody gene delivery protects against plasmodium falciparum sporozoite challenge in mice. | malaria caused by plasmodium falciparum kills nearly one million children each year and imposes crippling economic burdens on families and nations worldwide. no licensed vaccine exists, but infection can be prevented by antibodies against the circumsporozoite protein (csp), the major surface protein of sporozoites, the form of the parasite injected by mosquitoes. we have used vectored immunoprophylaxis (vip), an adeno-associated virus-based technology, to introduce preformed antibody genes encod ... | 2014 | 25114213 |
| chemical interrogation of the malaria kinome. | malaria, an infectious disease caused by eukaryotic parasites of the genus plasmodium, afflicts hundreds of millions of people every year. both the parasite and its host utilize protein kinases to regulate essential cellular processes. bioinformatic analyses of parasite genomes predict at least 65 protein kinases, but their biological functions and therapeutic potential are largely unknown. we profiled 1358 small-molecule kinase inhibitors to evaluate the role of both the human and the malaria k ... | 2014 | 25111632 |
| the remarkable journey of adaptation of the plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite to new world anopheline mosquitoes. | plasmodium falciparum originated in africa, dispersed around the world as a result of human migration and had to adapt to several different indigenous anopheline mosquitoes. anophelines from the new world are evolutionary distant form african ones and this probably resulted in a more stringent selection of plasmodium as it adapted to these vectors. it is thought that plasmodium has been genetically selected by some anopheline species through unknown mechanisms. the mosquito immune system can gre ... | 0 | 25185006 |
| co-occurrence of point mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel of pyrethroid-resistant aedes aegypti populations in myanmar. | single amino acid substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel associated with pyrethroid resistance constitute one of the main causative factors of knockdown resistance in insects. the kdr gene has been observed in several mosquito species; however, point mutations in the para gene of aedes aegypti populations in myanmar have not been fully characterized. the aim of the present study was to determine the types and frequencies of mutations in the para gene of aedes aegypti collected from us ... | 2014 | 25077956 |
| antigen export during liver infection of the malaria parasite augments protective immunity. | protective immunity against preerythrocytic malaria parasite infection is difficult to achieve. intracellular plasmodium parasites likely minimize antigen presentation by surface-expressed major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc-i) molecules on infected cells, yet they actively remodel their host cells by export of parasite factors. whether exported liver-stage proteins constitute better candidates for mhc-i antigen presentation to cd8(+) t lymphocytes remains unknown. here, we systematica ... | 2014 | 25073641 |
| abc transporters are involved in defense against permethrin insecticide in the malaria vector anopheles stephensi. | proteins from the abc family (atp-binding cassette) represent the largest known group of efflux pumps, responsible for transporting specific molecules across lipid membranes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. in arthropods they have been shown to play a role in insecticide defense/resistance. the presence of abc transporters and their possible association with insecticide transport have not yet been investigated in the mosquito anopheles stephensi, the major vector of human malaria in ... | 2014 | 25073980 |
| measurement of parasitological data by quantitative real-time pcr from controlled human malaria infection trials at the walter reed army institute of research. | the use of quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) has allowed for precise quantification of parasites in the prepatent period and greatly improved the reproducibility and statistical power of controlled human malaria infection (chmi) trials. parasitological data presented here are from non-immunized, control-challenged subjects who participated in two chmi trials conducted at the walter reed army institute of research (wrair). | 2014 | 25066459 |
| wolbachia strain walbb confers both fitness costs and benefit on anopheles stephensi. | wolbachia is a maternally transmitted intracellular bacterium that is estimated to infect up to 65% of insect species, but it is not naturally present in anopheles malaria vectors. wolbachia-based strategies for malaria vector control can be developed either through population replacement to reduce vectorial capacity or through population suppression to reduce the mosquito population. we have previously generated an. stephensi mosquitoes carrying a stable walbb wolbachia infection and have demon ... | 2014 | 25041943 |
| resistance mechanisms of anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae) to temephos. | anopheles stephensi is a sub-tropical species and has been considered as one of the most important vector of human malaria throughout the middle east and south asian region including the malarious areas of southern iran. current reports confirmed an. stephensi resistance to temephos in oman and india. however, there is no comprehensive research on mechanisms of temephos resistance in an. stephensi in the literature. this study was designed in order to clarify the enzymatic and molecular mechanis ... | 2014 | 26114145 |
| biological activities and composition of ferulago carduchorum essential oil. | ferulago carduchorum boiss and hausskn belongs to the apiaceae family. this plant grows in west part of iran that local people added it to dairy and oil ghee to delay expiration date and give them a pleasant taste. the aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, acetyl cholinesterase inhibition, cytotoxic, larvicidal activities and composition of essential oil of f. carduchorum. | 2014 | 26114148 |
| ace for all - a molecular perspective. | angiotensin-i converting enzyme (ace, ec 3.4.15.1) is a zinc dependent dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase with an essential role in mammalian blood pressure regulation as part of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (raas). as such, it has long been targeted in the treatment of hypertension through the use of ace inhibitors. although ace has been studied since the 1950s, only recently have the full range of functions of this enzyme begun to truly be appreciated. ace homologues have been found in a ... | 2014 | 25027949 |
| interferons and interferon regulatory factors in malaria. | malaria is one of the most serious infectious diseases in humans and responsible for approximately 500 million clinical cases and 500 thousand deaths annually. acquired adaptive immune responses control parasite replication and infection-induced pathologies. most infections are clinically silent which reflects on the ability of adaptive immune mechanisms to prevent the disease. however, a minority of these can become severe and life-threatening, manifesting a range of overlapping syndromes of co ... | 2014 | 25157202 |
| circumsporozoite protein-specific k(d)-restricted cd8+ t cells mediate protective antimalaria immunity in sporozoite-immunized mhc-i-k(d) transgenic mice. | although the roles of cd8+ t cells and a major preerythrocytic antigen, the circumsporozoite (cs) protein, in contributing protective antimalaria immunity induced by radiation-attenuated sporozoites, have been shown by a number of studies, the extent to which these players contribute to antimalaria immunity is still unknown. to address this question, we have generated c57bl/6 (b6) transgenic (tg) mice, expressing k(d) molecules under the mhc-i promoter, called mhc-i-k(d)-tg mice. in this study, ... | 2014 | 25132735 |
| mass spectrometry based proteomic analysis of salivary glands of urban malaria vector anopheles stephensi. | salivary gland proteins of anopheles mosquitoes offer attractive targets to understand interactions with sporozoites, blood feeding behavior, homeostasis, and immunological evaluation of malaria vectors and parasite interactions. to date limited studies have been carried out to elucidate salivary proteins of an. stephensi salivary glands. the aim of the present study was to provide detailed analytical attributives of functional salivary gland proteins of urban malaria vector an. stephensi. a pro ... | 2014 | 25126571 |
| plasmodium yoelii vitamin b5 pantothenate transporter candidate is essential for parasite transmission to the mosquito. | in nearly all non-photosynthetic cells, pantothenate (vitamin b5) transport and utilization are prerequisites for the synthesis of the universal essential cofactor coenzyme a (coa). early studies showed that human malaria parasites rely on the uptake of pantothenate across the parasite plasma membrane for survival within erythrocytes. recently, a p. falciparum candidate pantothenate transporter (pat) was characterized by functional complementation in yeast. these studies revealed that pfpat medi ... | 2014 | 25012929 |
| gravid females of the mosquito aedes aegypti avoid oviposition on m-cresol in the presence of the deterrent isomer p-cresol. | p-cresol (4-methylphenol) and its isomer m-cresol (3-methylphenol) have been shown to activate the same sensilla in aedes aegypti (linnaeus) mosquitoes. whereas p-cresol has been suggested to play a role in oviposition site choice, the behavioral significance of m-cresol is unknown. | 2014 | 25008201 |
| effect of ingested human antibodies induced by rts, s/as01 malaria vaccination in children on plasmodium falciparum oocyst formation and sporogony in mosquitoes. | the circumsporozoite protein (cs protein) on the malaria parasites in mosquitoes plays an important role in sporogony in mosquitoes. the rts,s/as01 malaria vaccine candidate, which has shown significant efficacy against clinical malaria in a large phase 3 trial, targets the plasmodium falciparum cs protein, but the ability of serum from vaccinated individuals to inhibit sporogony in mosquitoes has not been evaluated. | 2014 | 25007730 |
| genome-wide functional analysis of plasmodium protein phosphatases reveals key regulators of parasite development and differentiation. | reversible protein phosphorylation regulated by kinases and phosphatases controls many cellular processes. although essential functions for the malaria parasite kinome have been reported, the roles of most protein phosphatases (pps) during plasmodium development are unknown. we report a functional analysis of the plasmodium berghei protein phosphatome, which exhibits high conservation with the p. falciparum phosphatome and comprises 30 predicted pps with differential and distinct expression patt ... | 0 | 25011111 |
| characterization of the rel2-regulated transcriptome and proteome of anopheles stephensi identifies new anti-plasmodium factors. | mosquitoes possess an innate immune system that is capable of limiting infection by a variety of pathogens, including the plasmodium spp. parasites responsible for human malaria. the anopheles immune deficiency (imd) innate immune signaling pathway confers resistance to plasmodium falciparum. while some previously identified anopheles anti-plasmodium effectors are regulated through signaling by rel2, the transcription factor of the imd pathway, many components of this defense system remain uncha ... | 2014 | 24998399 |
| integration of mapped rna-seq reads into automatic training of eukaryotic gene finding algorithm. | we present a new approach to automatic training of a eukaryotic ab initio gene finding algorithm. with the advent of next-generation sequencing, automatic training has become paramount, allowing genome annotation pipelines to keep pace with the speed of genome sequencing. earlier we developed genemark-es, currently the only gene finding algorithm for eukaryotic genomes that performs automatic training in unsupervised ab initio mode. the new algorithm, genemark-et augments genemark-es with a nove ... | 2014 | 24990371 |
| pharmacological aspects of nerium indicum mill: a comprehensive review. | phytomedicine is the oldest medical practice known to man. since the dawn of mankind, various plant resources are used to cure different diseases and also for a long and healthy life. the ancient knowledge of plant based medicine has transferred from generations to generations and accumulated as ethnopharmacological knowledge among different ethnic groups. india is the spanning bed of traditional phytomedicinal system where ayurveda was born out of the knowledge of traditional medicine. in vario ... | 0 | 25125887 |
| malaria-induced changes in host odors enhance mosquito attraction. | vector-borne pathogens may alter traits of their primary hosts in ways that influence the frequency and nature of interactions between hosts and vectors. previous work has reported enhanced mosquito attraction to host organisms infected with malaria parasites but did not address the mechanisms underlying such effects. here we document malaria-induced changes in the odor profiles of infected mice (relative to healthy individuals) over the course of infection, as well as effects on the attractiven ... | 2014 | 24982164 |
| identification of morphological and chemical markers of dry- and wet-season conditions in female anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. | increased understanding of the dry-season survival mechanisms of anopheles gambiae in semi-arid regions could benefit vector control efforts by identifying weak links in the transmission cycle of malaria. in this study, we examined the effect of photoperiod and relative humidity on morphologic and chemical traits known to control water loss in mosquitoes. | 2014 | 24970701 |
| human igf1 regulates midgut oxidative stress and epithelial homeostasis to balance lifespan and plasmodium falciparum resistance in anopheles stephensi. | insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling (iis) regulates cell death, repair, autophagy, and renewal in response to stress, damage, and pathogen challenge. therefore, iis is fundamental to lifespan and disease resistance. previously, we showed that insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf1) within a physiologically relevant range (0.013-0.13 µm) in human blood reduced development of the human parasite plasmodium falciparum in the indian malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi. low igf1 (0.013 µm) i ... | 2014 | 24968248 |
| hijacking of host cellular functions by an intracellular parasite, the microsporidian anncaliia algerae. | intracellular pathogens including bacteria, viruses and protozoa hijack host cell functions to access nutrients and to bypass cellular defenses and immune responses. these strategies have been acquired through selective pressure and allowed pathogens to reach an appropriate cellular niche for their survival and growth. to get new insights on how parasites hijack host cellular functions, we developed a silac (stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture) quantitative proteomics workflow ... | 2014 | 24967735 |
| artesunate versus chloroquine infection-treatment-vaccination defines stage-specific immune responses associated with prolonged sterile protection against both pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic plasmodium yoelii infection. | sterile protection against malaria infection can be achieved through vaccination of mice and humans with whole plasmodium spp. parasites. one such method, known as infection-treatment-vaccination (itv), involves immunization with wild type sporozoites (spz) under drug coverage. in this work, we used the different effects of antimalarial drugs chloroquine (cq) and artesunate (as) on blood stage (bs) parasites to dissect the stage-specific immune responses in mice immunized with plasmodium yoelii ... | 2014 | 24958899 |
| engineered single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mosquito mek docking site alter plasmodium berghei development in anopheles gambiae. | susceptibility to plasmodium infection in anopheles gambiae has been proposed to result from naturally occurring polymorphisms that alter the strength of endogenous innate defenses. despite the fact that some of these mutations are known to introduce non-synonymous substitutions in coding sequences, these mutations have largely been used to rationalize knockdown of associated target proteins to query the effects on parasite development in the mosquito host. here, we assay the effects of engineer ... | 2014 | 24957684 |
| identification and characterization of seminal fluid proteins in the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus. | the asian tiger mosquito (aedes albopictus) is an important vector for pathogens that affect human health, including the viruses that cause dengue and chikungunya fevers. it is also one of the world's fastest-spreading invasive species. for these reasons, it is crucial to identify strategies for controlling the reproduction and spread of this mosquito. during mating, seminal fluid proteins (sfps) are transferred from male mosquitoes to females, and these sfps modulate female behavior and physiol ... | 2014 | 24945155 |
| purification of a serine protease and evidence for a protein c activator from the saliva of the tick, ixodes scapularis. | the saliva of ticks is critical to their survival as parasites and hematophagous animals. in this study, we have purified an enzyme with trypsin-like activity from the saliva of the tick vector of lyme disease, ixodes scapularis. this enzyme, named as ixosp (i. scapularis salivary serine protease), is a 29.9 kda molecule with n-terminus fpxmvxlrikxr. a blast search identified ixosp as a secreted serine protease (aay66740) with a conserved catalytic triad his, asp, and ser. in vitro studies demon ... | 2013 | 24184517 |
| insecticidal potency of aspergillus terreus against larvae and pupae of three mosquito species anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus, and aedes aegypti. | microbial control agents offer alternatives to chemical pest control, as they can be more selective than chemical insecticides. the present study evaluates the mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal potential of fungus mycelia using ethyl acetate and methanol solvent extracts produced by aspergillus terreus against anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus, and aedes aegypti. the a. terreus mycelia were extracted after 15 days from sabouraud dextrose broth medium. the ethyl acetate extracts showed ... | 2015 | 26139412 |
| identification and characterization of a novel marine bacillus cereus for mosquito control. | entomopathogenic bacteria to control mosquitoes are a promising environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides. in the present study, a novel mosquitocidal bacterium was isolated from marine soil collected from east coastal areas at pondicherry (india). 16s rrna gene sequence alignment depicted that this isolate belonged to bacillus cereus vcrc-b520 (ncbi: kc-119192). biochemical studies on bacterial growth, biomass, and toxin production have revealed that this strain could possibl ... | 2014 | 24192866 |
| fabrication of nano-mosquitocides using chitosan from crab shells: impact on non-target organisms in the aquatic environment. | mosquitoes are arthropods of huge medical and veterinary relevance, since they vector pathogens and parasites of public health importance, including malaria, dengue and zika virus. currently, nanotechnology is considered a potential eco-friendly approach in mosquito control research. we proposed a novel method of biofabrication of silver nanoparticles (agnp) using chitosan (ch) from crab shells. ch-agnp nanocomposite was characterized by uv-vis spectroscopy, ftir, sem, edx and xrd. ch-agnp were ... | 2016 | 27344400 |
| eco-friendly drugs from the marine environment: spongeweed-synthesized silver nanoparticles are highly effective on plasmodium falciparum and its vector anopheles stephensi, with little non-target effects on predatory copepods. | mosquitoes act as vectors of devastating pathogens and parasites, representing a key threat for millions of humans and animals worldwide. the control of mosquito-borne diseases is facing a number of crucial challenges, including the emergence of artemisinin and chloroquine resistance in plasmodium parasites, as well as the presence of mosquito vectors resistant to synthetic and microbial pesticides. therefore, eco-friendly tools are urgently required. here, a synergic approach relying to nanotec ... | 2016 | 27180838 |
| s argassum muticum-synthesized silver nanoparticles: an effective control tool against mosquito vectors and bacterial pathogens. | mosquito-borne diseases represent a deadly threat for millions of people worldwide. furthermore, pathogens and parasites polluting water also constitute a severe plague for populations of developing countries. in this research, silver nanoparticles (agnp) were synthesized using the aqueous extract of the seaweed sargassum muticum. the production of agnp was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance band illustrated in uv-vis spectrophotometry. agnp were characterized by ftir, sem, edx, and xrd anal ... | 2015 | 26281786 |
| mosquitocidal and antibacterial activity of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles from aloe vera extracts: towards an effective tool against the malaria vector anopheles stephensi? | mosquitoes represent an important threat for lives of millions of people worldwide, acting as vectors for devastating pathogens, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and west nile. in addition, pathogens and parasites polluting water also constitute a severe plague for populations of developing countries. here, we investigated the mosquitocidal and antibacterial properties of aloe vera leaf extract and silver nanoparticles synthesized using a. vera extract. mosquitocidal properties were assess ... | 2015 | 25653031 |
| mosquito adulticidal activity of a biosurfactant produced by bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis. | a biosurfactant, surfactin, produced by a strain of bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis (vcrc b471), was effective in killing mosquito larval and pupal stages. as it was lethal to the non-feeding pupal stage, it was presumed that it could kill the adult mosquitoes also. in this study, the adulticidal effect of the biosurfactant was assessed in the laboratory against a malaria vector, anopheles stephensi. | 2012 | 22653636 |
| one-pot biogenic fabrication of silver nanocrystals using quisqualis indica: effectiveness on malaria and zika virus mosquito vectors, and impact on non-target aquatic organisms. | currently, mosquito vector control is facing a number of key challenges, including the rapid development of resistance to synthetic pesticides and the recent spread of aggressive arbovirus outbreaks. the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (agnps) is currently considered an environmental friendly alternative to the employ of pyrethroids, carbamates and microbial agents (e.g. bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis), since agnps are easy to produce, effective and stable in the aquatic environmen ... | 2016 | 27491031 |
| maintenance of residual activity of bt toxin by using natural and synthetic dyes: a novel approach for sustainable mosquito vector control. | mosquito control protein from bacillus thuringiensis gets inactivated with exposure to sunlight. to address this issue, the potential of synthetic and natural dye was investigated as sunlight protectants. bt sv2 in absence of dyes when exposed to sunlight showed reduced effectiveness against the fourth instars of mosquito larvae. whereas acriflavin, congo red and violacein were able to maintain 86.4%, 91.6% and 82.2% mosquito larvicidal efficacy of bt sv2 against ivth instars larvae of anopheles ... | 2015 | 25699646 |
| potential of sugarcane bagasse (agro-industrial waste) for the production of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis. | sugarcane bagasse is a renewable resource that can be used to produce biopesticide for the control of mosquito vectors. in the present study, we demonstrated that cane processed bagasse could be used to produce bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (bti) for control of mosquito vectors viz: culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti. biochemical studies indicated that the bti spore/crystal toxins produced from the test culture medium (bagasse, bg + soybean, sb) are higher ... | 2013 | 24189680 |
| larvicidal efficacy of catharanthus roseus linn. (family: apocynaceae) leaf extract and bacterial insecticide bacillus thuringiensis against anopheles stephensi liston. | to explore the larvicidal activity of catharanthus roseus (c. roseus) leaf extract and bacillus thuringiensis (b. thuringiensis) against the malarial vector anopheles stephensi (an. stephensi), when being used alone or together. | 2013 | 24083578 |
| alteration in bacillus thuringiensis toxicity by curing gut flora: novel approach for mosquito resistance management. | mosquitoes are known for acquiring resistance against insecticides in many ways, namely target side mutation, enzyme modification, sequestration, quick elimination, etc. but, the role of microflora present in abundance in the larval midgut is less explored with respect to their role in insecticide resistance. during the course of their development, mosquitoes are continuously exposed to microbes and have naturally acquired midgut microbial flora. this midgut flora can modulate the mosquito's sus ... | 2013 | 23820604 |
| a novel cost-effective medium for the production of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis for mosquito control. | bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) has been used for mosquito-control programmes the world-wide. indeed, the large-scale production of bti for mosquito control is very expensive due to the high cost of its culture. in the present study, we attempted to widen the scope in developing cost-effective culture medium for bti production, based on the raw materials available on the biosphere, including coconut cake powder, ccp (cocos nucifera), neem cake powder, ncp (azadirachta indica) and ... | 2012 | 22543607 |
| mosquitocidal properties of calotropis gigantea (family: asclepiadaceae) leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, bacillus thuringiensis, against the mosquito vectors. | calotropis gigantea leaf extract and bacillus thuringiensis were tested first to fourth-instar larvae and pupae of anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti, and culex quinquefasciatus. the medicinal plants were collected from the area around bharathiar university, coimbatore, india. calotropis gigantea leaf was washed with tap water and shade-dried at room temperature. an electrical blender powdered the dried plant materials (leaves). the powder 500 g of the leaf was extracted with 1.5 l of organic so ... | 2012 | 22382205 |
| optimization of medium composition for the production of mosquitocidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. | optimization of chicken feather (cf) based culture medium for the production of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) biomass in combination with the agro industrial by-product (coconut cake, cc) and manganese chloride (mncl2) has been evaluated. the biomass yield of bti spore/crystal toxin was highest (12.06 g/l) from the test medium (cf+cc+mncl2) compared to the reference medium (luria bertani, lb). toxicity assay with bti produced from the test medium against mosquito vectors (culex ... | 2012 | 22279944 |
| fitness consequences of larval exposure to beauveria bassiana on adults of the malaria vector anopheles stephensi. | entomopathogenic fungi have shown to be effective in biological control of both larval and adult stages of malaria mosquitoes. however, a small fraction of mosquitoes is still able to emerge after treatment with fungus during the larval stage. it remains unclear whether fitness of these adults is affected by the treatment during the larval stage and whether they are still susceptible for another treatment during the adult stage. therefore, we tested the effects of larval exposure to the entomopa ... | 2014 | 24694552 |
| magnetic nanoparticles are highly toxic to chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum, dengue virus (den-2), and their mosquito vectors. | a main challenge in parasitology is the development of reliable tools to prevent or treat mosquito-borne diseases. we investigated the toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles (mnp) produced by magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense (strain msr-1) on chloroquine-resistant (cq-r) and sensitive (cq-s) plasmodium falciparum, dengue virus (den-2), and two of their main vectors, anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti, respectively. mnp were studied by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission elect ... | 2017 | 27815736 |
| 16s rrna gene-based identification of elizabethkingia meningoseptica (flavobacteriales: flavobacteriaceae) as a dominant midgut bacterium of the asian malaria vector anopheles stephensi (dipteria: culicidae) with antimicrobial activities. | following their transmission from the human to the mosquito with the bloodmeal, malaria parasites have to persevere in the mosquito midgut for approximately 1 d. during this period the parasites are highly vulnerable to factors of the mosquito midgut, including bacteria. we here aimed at determining the microbial diversity of gut bacteria of the asian malaria vector anopheles stephensi (liston) during development and under different feeding regimes, including feeds on malaria parasite-infected b ... | 2013 | 23540130 |
| an inhibitor of the alternative pathway of complement in saliva of new world anopheline mosquitoes. | the complement system present in circulating blood is an effective mechanism of host defense, responsible for the killing of pathogens and the production of potent anaphylatoxins. inhibitors of the complement system have been described in the saliva of hematophagous arthropods that are involved in the protection of digestive tissues against complement system-mediated damage. in this study, we describe albicin, a novel inhibitor of the alternative pathway of complement from the salivary glands of ... | 2016 | 27307559 |
| identification of the active region responsible for the anti-thrombotic activity of anopheline anti-platelet protein from a malaria vector mosquito. | we previously identified an anti-platelet protein, anopheline anti-platelet protein (aapp), from the salivary gland of female anopheles stephensi (a mosquito vector of human malaria). aapp specifically blocks platelet adhesion to collagen by binding directly to collagen and subsequently causing platelet aggregation. the aim of this study was to identify the active region of aapp responsible for the anti-thrombotic activity because we hypothesized that aapp could be used as a candidate anti-plate ... | 2013 | 22738392 |
| antimicrobial and mosquitocidal activity of microbial synthesized silver nanoparticles. | microbial synthesis of nanoparticles is a green approach that interconnects nanotechnology and microbial biotechnology. here, we synthesized the silver nanoparticles (agnps) using bacterial strains of listeria monocytogenes, bacillus subtilius and streptomyces anulatus. we tested the efficacy of agnps against the larvae, pupae and adults of anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus. we have also investigated the antifungal activity of agnps against the soil keratinophilic fungus of chrysosp ... | 2015 | 25544704 |
| molecular characterization of mosquitocidal bacillus sphaericus isolated from tamil nadu, india. | forty-two bacillus sphaericus strains were isolated from soil around tamil nadu, india. the phylogenetic relationship among the b. sphaericus isolates was analysed by rep-pcr and multiplex pcr was performed for the detection of mosquito larvicidal genes bina, binb, mtx1, mtx2 and mtx3 in b. sphaericus isolates. according to the rep-pcr band pattern, b. sphaericus isolates were divided into group a comprising i-xi clusters and group b comprising cluster xii. three of the isolates bstn01, 23 and 2 ... | 2013 | 23648218 |
| mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal activity of euphorbia hirta linn. (family: euphorbiaceae) and bacillus sphaericus against anopheles stephensi liston. (diptera: culicidae). | to explore the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of euphorbia hirta (e. hirta) leaf extract and bacillus sphaericus (b. sphaericus) against the malarial vector, anopheles stephensi (an. stephensi). | 2013 | 23339910 |
| anopheles stephensi heme peroxidase hpx15 suppresses midgut immunity to support plasmodium development. | the heme peroxidase hpx15 is an evolutionary conserved anopheline lineage-specific gene. previously, we found that this gene is present in the genome of 19 worldwide distributed different species of anopheles mosquito and its orthologs are absent in other mosquitoes, insects, or human. in addition, 65-99% amino acid identity among these 19 orthologs permitted us to hypothesize that the functional aspects of this gene might be also conserved in different anophelines. in this study, we found that ... | 2017 | 28352267 |
| the maternally inheritable wolbachia walbb induces refractoriness to plasmodium berghei in anopheles stephensi. | the endosymbiont wolbachia walbb induces refractoriness to plasmodium falciparum in anopheles stephensi, the primary mosquito vector of human malaria in the middle east and south asia. however, it remains unknown whether such refractoriness can be extended to other malaria species. in particular, it was reported that under very specific conditions, walbb can enhance plasmodium infection in some hosts. here, we measured the impact of walbb on the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei in a. s ... | 2017 | 28337184 |
| cloning, characterization and transmission blocking potential of midgut carboxypeptidase a in anopheles stephensi. | transmission-blocking vaccines (tbv) interrupt malaria parasite transmission and hence form an important component for malaria eradication. mosquito midgut exopeptidases such as aminopeptidase n & carboxypeptidase b have demonstrated tbv potential. in the present study, we cloned and characterized carboxypeptidase a (cpa) from the midgut of an important malarial vector, anopheles stephensi. clustalw amino acid alignment and in silico 3-dimensional structure analysis of cpa predicted the presence ... | 2017 | 28087198 |
| in vitro and ex vivo activity of an azadirachta indica a.juss. seed kernel extract on early sporogonic development of plasmodium in comparison with azadirachtin a, its most abundant constituent. | neemazal(®) (na) is a quantified extract from seed kernels of neem, azadirachta indica a.juss. (meliaceae), with a wide spectrum of biological properties, classically ascribed to its limonoid content. na contains several azadirachtins (a to l), azadirachtin a (azaa) being its main constituent. azaa has been shown to inhibit microgamete formation of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei, and na was found to completely inhibit the transmission of plasmodium berghei to anopheles stephensi ... | 2016 | 27912876 |
| in vivo and in vitro effectiveness of azadirachta indica-synthesized silver nanocrystals against plasmodium berghei and plasmodium falciparum, and their potential against malaria mosquitoes. | malaria transmission is a serious emergence in urban and semiurban areas worldwide, becoming a major international public health concern. malaria is transmitted through the bites of anopheles mosquitoes. the extensive employ of synthetic pesticides leads to negative effects on human health and the environment. recently, plant-synthesized nanoparticles have been proposed as highly effective mosquitocides. in this research, we synthesized silver nanoparticles (agnp) using the azadirachta indica se ... | 2016 | 27234530 |
| lectin-carbohydrate recognition mechanism of plasmodium berghei in the midgut of malaria vector anopheles stephensi using quantum dot as a new approach. | potential targets of plasmodium ookinetes at the mosquito midgut walls were investigated in relation to interfering malarial transmission. in this study, the essential application of quantum dots (qds) was used to examine the interaction between plasmodium berghei ookinetes and the anopheles stephensi midgut, based on lectin-carbohydrate recognition. two significant lectins were utilized to determine this interaction. two qds, cadmium telluride (cdte)/cds and cadmium selenide (cdse)/cds, were em ... | 2016 | 26772447 |
| experimental study of the relationship between plasmodium gametocyte density and infection success in mosquitoes; implications for the evaluation of malaria transmission-reducing interventions. | the evaluation of transmission reducing interventions (tri) to control malaria widely uses membrane feeding assays. in such assays, the intensity of plasmodium infection in the vector might affect the measured efficacy of the candidates to block transmission. gametocyte density in the host blood is a determinant of the infection success in the mosquito, however, uncertain estimates of parasite densities and intrinsic characteristics of the infected blood can induce variability. to reduce this va ... | 2015 | 25541384 |
| molecular characterization of calreticulin from anopheles stephensi midgut cells and functional assay of the recombinant calreticulin with plasmodium berghei ookinetes. | transmission blocking vaccines (tbvs) that target the antigens on the midgut epithelium of anopheles mosquitoes are among the promising tools for the elimination of the malaria parasite. characterization and analysis of effective antigens is the first step to design tbvs. calreticulin (crt), a lectin-like protein, from anopheles albimanus midgut, has shown antigenic features, suggesting a promising and novel tbv target. crt is a highly conserved protein with similar features in vertebrates and i ... | 2014 | 25150160 |
| reduction of malaria transmission by transgenic mosquitoes expressing an antisporozoite antibody in their salivary glands. | we have previously developed a robust salivary gland-specific expression system in transgenic anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. to establish transgenic mosquito lines refractory to plasmodium falciparum using this system, we generated a transgenic mosquito harbouring the gene encoding an anti-p. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (pfcsp) single-chain antibody (scfv) fused to dsred in a secretory form (mdsred-2a10 scfv). fluorescence microscopy showed that the mdsred-2a10 scfv was localized in the ... | 2013 | 23176559 |
| measuring the blockade of malaria transmission--an analysis of the standard membrane feeding assay. | the standard membrane feeding assay (smfa) is currently considered to be the 'gold standard' for assessing the effectiveness of malaria transmission blocking interventions (tbis) in vivo. the operation and analysis of smfas has varied between laboratories: field scientists often measure tbi efficacy as a reduction in the prevalence of infected mosquitoes whilst laboratory scientists are more likely to quote efficacy as a change in the number of oocysts within the mosquito. these metrics give out ... | 2012 | 23023048 |
| induction of antisporozoite antibodies by biting of transgenic anopheles stephensi delivering malarial antigen via blood feeding. | we produced a transgenic mosquito expressing a rodent malaria vaccine candidate antigen in the salivary gland. three tandemly repeated amino acid units from the repeat region of circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium berghei (pbcs3r) fused to red fluorescent protein (monomeric dsred) was chosen as a vaccine candidate antigen. immunoblot and fluorescence microscopic analyses showed the transgene expression in the female salivary gland. the transgene product was released from the proboscis as a co ... | 2012 | 22787718 |
| antimalarial plant remedies from burkina faso: their potential for prophylactic use. | saye, a combination remedy prepared from cochlospermum planchonii hook.f. (cochlospermaceae), cassia alata l. (fabaceae) and phyllanthus amarus schumach. et thonn. (euphorbiaceae), n'dribala, a cochlospermum planchonii root decoction, and a fruit preparation of azadirachta indica a. juss. (meliaceae) are plant remedies of the folk medicine in burkina faso and are commonly used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria. | 2012 | 22301449 |
| resting and feeding preferences of anopheles stephensi in an urban setting, perennial for malaria. | the indian city of chennai is endemic for malaria and the known local malaria vector is anopheles stephensi. plasmodium vivax is the predominant malaria parasite species, though plasmodium falciparum is present at low levels. the urban ecotype of malaria prevails in chennai with perennial transmission despite vector surveillance by the urban malaria scheme (ums) of the national vector borne disease control programme (nvbdcp). understanding the feeding and resting preferences, together with the t ... | 2017 | 28283033 |
| two insulin-like peptides differentially regulate malaria parasite infection in the mosquito through effects on intermediary metabolism. | insulin-like peptides (ilps) play important roles in growth and metabolic homeostasis, but have also emerged as key regulators of stress responses and immunity in a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates. furthermore, a growing literature suggests that insulin signaling-dependent metabolic provisioning can influence host responses to infection and affect infection outcomes. in line with these studies, we previously showed that knockdown of either of two closely related, infection-induced ilps, ... | 2016 | 27496548 |
| prevalence of plasmodium falciparum transmission reducing immunity among primary school children in a malaria moderate transmission region in zimbabwe. | malaria continues to cause alarming morbidity and mortality in more than 100 countries worldwide. antigens in the various life cycle stages of malaria parasites are presented to the immune system during natural infection and it is widely recognized that after repeated malaria exposure, adults develop partially protective immunity. specific antigens of natural immunity represent among the most important targets for the development of malaria vaccines. immunity against the transmission stages of t ... | 2016 | 27491342 |
| characterization and expression analysis of gene encoding heme peroxidase hpx15 in major indian malaria vector anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). | the interaction of mosquito immune system with plasmodium is critical in determining the vector competence. thus, blocking the crucial mosquito molecules that regulate parasite development might be effective in controlling the disease transmission. in this study, we characterized a full-length ashpx15 gene from the major indian malaria vector anopheles stephensi. this gene is true ortholog of anopheles gambiae heme peroxidase aghpx15 (agap013327), which modulates midgut immunity and regulates pl ... | 2016 | 26943999 |