| exogenous but not endogenous ebv induces lymphomas in beige/nude/xid mice carrying human lymphoid xenografts. | epstein--barr virus (ebv) is a latent human herpes virus that growth-transforms ebv receptor/cd21+ b cells and is associated with several high-frequency malignancies. reactivation of latent ebv occurs in approximately 1/3 of organ graft recipients and a majority of aids patients; ebv-positive b lymphoproliferative lesions represent often fatal complications in organ transplantation and late-stage aids. although such lymphomas can arise from endogenous virus, the high tumor risk in ebv-seronegati ... | 1991 | 1655005 |
| lack of evidence for involvement of epstein-barr virus in the development of the "quilty" lesion of transplanted hearts: an in situ hybridization study. | we investigated the possible relationship of epstein-barr virus to the development of subendocardial lymphocytic infiltrates. in situ hybridization for epstein-barr virus genomic sequences was performed in 22 heart biopsy specimens with subendocardial infiltrates for 19 heart transplant patients. epstein-barr virus genomic sequences were not detected in the lymphocytes or myocytes in any of the heart biopsy specimens. we conclude that epstein-barr virus is not related to the development of suben ... | 1991 | 1655026 |
| amplification of epstein-barr virus-based shuttle vectors by ultraviolet light in human cells. | in order to approach the mechanism of gene amplification, we have developed a model system in human cells based on the use of episomally-replicating shuttle vectors. shuttle vectors carrying the replication origin of the epstein-barr virus can be stably maintained in human cells. these vectors replicate as an episome with a low copy number. we also constructed hybrid plasmids containing both the ebv and the sv40 replication origins. these molecules are able to replicate episomally either like an ... | 1991 | 1655053 |
| cell phenotype dependent expression of mhc class i antigens in burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. | burkitt's lymphoma (bl) is a highly malignant b cell tumor characterized by three types of chromosomal translocation which constitutively activate the c-myc oncogene by juxtaposing it to ig coding sequences. epstein-barr virus (ebv) infection, hyperendemic malaria and hiv-caused immunosuppression are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of the tumor. cell lines derived from ebv carrying and ebv negative bls often show altered mhc class i antigen expression. the defects include a lower expre ... | 1991 | 1655115 |
| viruses and bone marrow failure. | many agents are associated with bone marrow failure, including toxins, inherited metabolic defects, ionizing radiation, and viral infection. in most cases, the etiologic agent is unknown. many of these unclassified cases have symptomatic, immunologic, or epidemiologic similarities to viral infections. viruses from different taxonomic families have been implicated in bone marrow failure syndromes, and they appear to cause hematosuppression by a variety of mechanisms. some of the viruses involved ... | 1991 | 1655129 |
| immunologic observations in close relatives of two sisters with mammary burkitt's lymphoma. mammary burkitt's lymphoma in sisters. | in a sibship of four sisters, two had burkitt's lymphoma localized to the breast. their pretreatment epstein-barr virus (ebv) serology were not examined. no ebv genome was demonstrated in the tumors using an in situ hybridization technique. the mother showed an abnormal antibody response to ebv infection consisting of elevated iga and igg antibody titers to viral capsid antigen (vca) and high igg antibody titer to early antigen. furthermore, one of the two healthy sisters showed elevated igg ant ... | 1991 | 1655211 |
| a pathologic study of childhood lymphoma in taiwan with special reference to peripheral t-cell lymphoma and the association with epstein-barr viral infection. | the authors retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathologic and immunologic features of 65 consecutive cases of childhood lymphoma reported between 1980 and 1989. southern blot hybridization was also performed in 23 cases to study their association with epstein-barr virus (ebv) and human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 (htlv-1). the 65 cases included 56 non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) (86%) and 9 hodgkin's disease (hd) (14%). the nhl could be classified into the following groups: group i, small nonclea ... | 1991 | 1655230 |
| toxicity, mutagenicity, and mutational spectra of n-ethyl-n-nitrosourea in human cell lines with different dna repair phenotypes. | we examined the toxicity, mutagenicity, and mutational spectra of n-ethyl-n-nitrosourea (enu) in three epstein-barr virus-transformed human lymphoblastoid cell lines, each with a different dna repair phenotype. one cell line lacks o6-alkylguanine-dna alkyltransferase (agt) activity; another, derived from a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group a, lacks nucleotide exicision repair (ner) capability, and the third is competent in both repair functions. enu-induced toxicity and m ... | 1991 | 1655249 |
| production of islet cell antibodies from epstein-barr virus-transformed peripheral blood lymphocytes in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. | islet cell antibodies are usually detected in the sera of almost all type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients within several months after onset of the disease. the antibodies then disappeared quite early during the course of the disease. the present study was undertaken to detect islet cell antibody-producing clones in peripheral blood lymphocytes of type 1 diabetic patients whose islet cell antibodies could not be detected in sera. epstein-barr virus-transformed lymphocytes were employed to ... | 1991 | 1655542 |
| hairy leukoplakia--a histological study. | hairy leukoplakia is a recently described oral mucosal condition seen in immunosuppressed individuals, usually in association with hiv infection, when it is thought to be a sign of decreasing immunocompetence. it probably results from reactivation of infection by epstein-barr virus (ebv) and usually presents as bilateral white patches on the lateral borders of the tongue. from a histological study of 20 cases we have found that the typical appearance of hairy leukoplakia is of acanthotic, hyperp ... | 1991 | 1655610 |
| large b-cell lymphoma rich in t-cells and simulating hodgkin's disease. | unusual clinicopathological features drew our attention to nine of 208 cases diagnosed as hodgkin's disease. lymph node biopsy specimens in these cases were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies against b-cell, t-cell and reed-sternberg cell associated antigens and epithelial membrane antigen (ema). reed-sternberg-like and other atypical large cells were dispersed in a diffuse, small lymphocyte-rich background, consistent more often with the initial diagnosis of diffuse, lymphocyte predominan ... | 1991 | 1655614 |
| the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | | 1991 | 1655623 |
| affinity-purified soluble fc epsilon rii/cd23 derived from a culture supernatant of an ebv-immortalized b-cell line induced a monophasic fever in rabbits. | a soluble form of fc epsilon rii/cd23 is spontaneously released from most lymphoblastoid cell lines established by the epstein-barr virus (ebv). such a product was purified on an ige-sepharose column and its pyrogenic effect was investigated in rabbits. this preparation induced a monophasic fever in rabbits, with a peak response appearing 75 min after injection. since ige was found to be capable of abrogating such an effect, it is suggested that ige might be involved in the control of the effect ... | 1991 | 1655640 |
| epstein-barr virus antibody patterns preceding the diagnosis of non-hodgkin's lymphoma. | immunosuppressed patients who develop non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) have abnormal antibody responses against the epstein-barr virus (ebv) prior to the diagnosis of malignancy. to see if this is also true of "spontaneous" cases in the general population, we undertook a collaborative serologic case-control study. from 4 serum banks containing specimens from over 240,000 persons, 104 subjects were identified for whom a blood specimen had been stored an average of 63 months before diagnosis of nhl, a ... | 1991 | 1655660 |
| tumorigenicity of ebv-carrying lymphoblastoid cell lines (lcls): distinctive grading in scid mice. | the in vitro and in vivo growth of lymphoblastoid cell lines (lcls), burkitt lymphomas (bls) and pbl-derived immunoblastomas in scid mice was studied in parallel. most, but not all, of the lcls tested were tumorigenic in scid mice. long-term culturing in vitro was not a necessary prerequisite for tumorigenicity. there was a good correlation between in vivo and in vitro growth. three major classes of cells could be distinguished on the basis of their growth properties. | 1991 | 1655664 |
| transfection of hla genes using genomic dna. | mouse l cells expressing hla genes are potentially useful for producing and analyzing monoclonal antibodies (mab) to hla molecules. this paper describes the preparation of transfectants using uncloned human dna and three methods to isolate the hla-expressing transfectants. transfectant libraries were made by cotransfecting mouse thymidine kinase (tk)-deficient l cells with a calcium phosphate precipitate containing genomic dna and tk plasmid dna. transfectants expressing hla genes were isolated ... | 1991 | 1655684 |
| development and characterization of ouabain-resistant human fusion partners. | the ouabain-resistant mutant cell lines, hoa-1 and hoa-20 were developed from wi-l2-729-hf2 by cloning with increasing concentration of ouabain. both parent and mutant cell lines were resistant to base analogues, 6-thioguanine (6-tg) and 8-azaguanine (8-ag) to the level of 20 micrograms/ml in the culture medium. the parent cell line wi-l2-729-hf2 was highly sensitive to ouabain, whereas hoa-1 and hoa-20 were resistant to ouabain to the level of 1 microm and 20 microm, respectively. however, all ... | 1991 | 1655911 |
| [human herpesviruses infections (i)--ebv infection and immunity in cancer patients]. | human herpesviruses have been known to be reactivated from latent infection iin immunosuppressed individuals. to assess the immunity, antibodies to human herpesviruses (vzv, hsv, cmv and ebv) were measured in patients with gastrointestinal cancer and normal persons ranging from 40 to 80 in age. cf antibodies to herpesviruses except for ebv were negative in normal persons below the age of 60 and cancer patients aged 60 and over. the cf antibody titer higher than 1:64 occurred only in young cancer ... | 1991 | 1655918 |
| interleukin 10 (il-10) and viral il-10 strongly reduce antigen-specific human t cell proliferation by diminishing the antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes via downregulation of class ii major histocompatibility complex expression. | interleukin 10 (il-10) and viral il-10 (v-il-10) strongly reduced antigen-specific proliferation of human t cells and cd4+ t cell clones when monocytes were used as antigen-presenting cells. in contrast, il-10 and v-il-10 did not affect the proliferative responses to antigens presented by autologous epstein-barr virus-lymphoblastoid cell line (ebv-lcl). inhibition of antigen-specific t cell responses was associated with downregulation of constitutive, as well as interferon gamma- or il-4-induced ... | 1991 | 1655948 |
| transcriptional activity across the epstein-barr virus genome in raji cells during latency and after induction of an abortive lytic cycle. | we have studied the relative rate of transcription across the epstein-barr virus genome in the burkitt's lymphoma cell line raji by nuclear run-on analysis during latency and after induction of an abortive lytic cycle with 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (tpa) and 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (iudr). during latency the entire, or almost the entire, viral genome was found to be transcriptionally active to a low or intermediate extent, with some variation in activity along the genome. the fragment ... | 1991 | 1655954 |
| clinical and serological studies in a series of 45 patients with guillain-barré syndrome. | we retrospectively reviewed the clinical files of 45 guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) patients admitted to our department between 1979 and 1989. the age distribution was bimodal with a first peak in young adults (20-40 years), and a second one between 60 to 70 years. seasonal distribution showed a late fall and a hivernal predominance. three patients experienced a second attack of gbs 2-9 years after the first one. thirty-one (69%) presented antecedent events, most often a respiratory tract infecti ... | 1991 | 1655983 |
| persistence of epstein-barr virus in reed-sternberg cells throughout the course of hodgkin's disease. | non-isotopic in situ hybridization employing digoxigenin-labelled dna probes has been used to localize epstein-barr virus (ebv) in 55 cases of hodgkin's disease (hd). the virus was found in reed-sternberg (rs) and mononuclear hodgkin's cells in nine patients (16 per cent). further samples taken at different times from three patients also showed the presence of ebv in the malignant cell population. estimations of the number of ebv genomes present per cell suggested wide variations between differe ... | 1991 | 1656004 |
| immunohistochemical determination of cd23 expression in hodgkin's disease using paraffin sections. | | 1991 | 1656005 |
| acquired von willebrand disease after epstein-barr virus infection. | | 1991 | 1656006 |
| an epstein-barr virus nuclear protein 2 domain essential for transformation is a direct transcriptional activator. | epstein-barr virus nuclear protein 2 (ebna-2) increases mrna levels of specific viral and cellular genes through direct or indirect effects on upstream regulatory elements. the ebna-2 domains essential for these effects have been partially defined and correlate with domains important for b-cell growth transformation. to determine whether ebna-2 has a direct transcriptional activating domain, gene fusions between the dna-binding domain of gal4 and ebna-2 were tested in cho and b-lymphoma cells fo ... | 1991 | 1656076 |
| bhrf1, the epstein-barr virus gene with homology to bc12, is dispensable for b-lymphocyte transformation and virus replication. | the epstein-barr virus (ebv) bhrf1 open reading frame is abundantly expressed early in the lytic replication cycle. bhrf1 is also transiently expressed in some latently infected cell lines in the absence of expression of other lytic cycle proteins. bhrf1 shares distant, but significant, colinear primary amino acid sequence homology to bc12, a cellular gene strongly implicated in the evolution of follicular lymphoma. the experiments reported here used a molecular genetic approach to examine the r ... | 1991 | 1656084 |
| expression of the epstein-barr virus bamhi a fragment in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: evidence for a viral protein expressed in vivo. | a family of mrnas that are transcribed rightward through the bamhi a fragment have been detected in c15, a nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) which has been passaged in nude mice. northern (rna) blot hybridizations indicate that these rnas are also expressed in three other npcs which have been established in nude mice and in an npc obtained at biopsy. moreover, hybridization in situ detected transcription from bamhi a in 12 npcs and 1 epstein-barr virus (ebv)-containing carcinoma of the parotid glan ... | 1991 | 1656092 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp160 induce interleukin-6 production in cd4+ t-cell clones. | polyclonal b-cell activation is a characteristic feature of aids and of the aids-related complex. since the immunoregulatory cytokine interleukin-6 (il-6) plays a major role in inducing b-cell differentiation, we examined the effects of native human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp160 on il-6 induction. in this study, we have demonstrated that both gp120 and gp160 have the ability to induce il-6 mrna and biologically active il-6 protein secretion in peripheral bl ... | 1991 | 1656094 |
| [ebv infection and hematologic diseases]. | | 1991 | 1656115 |
| epstein-barr virus associated lymphoproliferative disease in mice and men. | | 1991 | 1656138 |
| hematopathologic features of epstein-barr virus-induced human b-lymphoproliferation in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. a model of lymphoproliferative diseases in immunocompromised patients. | the anatomical distribution, morphology, and clonality, of 'non-hodgkin's lymphomas' in immunocompromised patients are usually distinctly different from nhl occurring in the general population. mosier de, gulizia rj, baird sm, wilson db: nature (london) 335:256, 1988 have described lymphoproliferative disease (lpd) of human b cell origin in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (scid mice) after transfer of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from epstein-barr virus-seropositive indivi ... | 1991 | 1656139 |
| epstein-barr virus (ebv) genome carrying monoclonal b-cell lymphoma in a patient with adult t-cell leukemia-lymphoma. | a japanese patient with adult t-cell leukemia-lymphoma (atl) showed a disease progression from the smoldering type to the chronic type and finally to the acute type. the patient was variously treated, including 2'-deoxycoformycin, with some beneficial effects. during the chronic type he developed a composite lymphoma consisting of t-cell lymphoma (atl) of medium-sized cells and b-cell lymphoma of diffuse large cell type. at that time, he also suffered from miliary tuberculosis and adenovirus typ ... | 1991 | 1656151 |
| [epstein-barr-virus-induced lymphoproliferative diseases]. | infections with ebv are of increasing importance in pediatrics. molecular and immunological methods have led to important advances in our understanding of the biological properties of this virus and the immunological consequences to its host. ebv-associated lymphoproliferative disorders mainly arise in immunodeficient patients by the unchecked polyclonal outgrowth of ebv-infected b-cells. on the other hand, primary genetic changes in b-cells (chromosomal translocation and oncogene deregulation) ... | 1991 | 1656248 |
| efficient cdna cloning by direct phenotypic correction of a mutant human cell line (hprt-) using an epstein-barr virus-derived cdna expression vector. | human cells are, in general, poor recipients of foreign dna, which has severely hampered the cloning of genes by direct phenotypic correction of deficient human cell lines after dna mediated gene transfer. in this communication a methodology is presented which largely circumvents this problems. the method relies on the use of a recently developed episomal epstein-barr-virus-derived cdna expression vector (belt et al. (1989) gene 84, 407-417). the cloning of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase ... | 1991 | 1656380 |
| replication control of autonomously replicating human sequences. | three autonomously replicating plasmids carrying human genomic dna and a vector derived from epstein-barr virus were studied by density labelling to determine the number of times per cell cycle these plasmids replicate in human cells. each of the plasmids replicated semi-conservatively once per cell cycle. the results suggest that these human autonomously replicating sequences undergo replication following the same controls as chromosomal dna and represent a good model system for studying chromo ... | 1991 | 1656387 |
| expression of proteins encoded by epstein-barr virus trans-activator genes depends on the differentiation of epithelial cells in oral hairy leukoplakia. | the epstein-barr virus (ebv) immediate early gene product bzlf1 was localized by indirect immunofluorescence to the cytoplasm of the basal epithelial layer at the lateral border and dorsum of tongue in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and -seronegative patients. two biopsies of oral hairy leukoplakia revealed a sporadic cytoplasmic staining of the bhrf1 and brlf1 gene products in the basal epithelial layer. the widespread presence of bzlf1 in the basal epithelial layer indicated that this c ... | 1991 | 1656439 |
| spousal caregivers of dementia victims: longitudinal changes in immunity and health. | providing long-term care for a demented relative profoundly affects caregivers' lives. we assessed changes in depression, immune function, and health in 69 spousal caregivers who had already been caregiving for an average of five years and 69 sociodemographically matched control subjects. between the initial sample ("intake") and the follow-up data collected an average of 13 months later, caregivers showed decrements relative to controls on three measures of cellular immunity. caregivers also re ... | 1991 | 1656478 |
| formation of intranuclear replication compartments of epstein-barr virus with redistribution of bzlf1 and bmrf1 gene products. | the localizations of the epstein-barr virus immediate-early transcriptional activator bzlf1 protein zebra, of the bmrf1 early antigen diffuse component (ea-d), and of viral dna replication were studied in the burkitt's lymphoma cell line akata treated with anti-human immunoglobulin antibodies. prompt and sequential appearance of zebra, ea-d, and viral dna was observed in about 70% of the cells. at early times after activation, zebra had a diffuse intranuclear distribution, but later it was conce ... | 1991 | 1656589 |
| expression of epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen 2 in insect cells from a baculovirus vector. | the open reading frame encoding the epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (ebna-2) has been expressed in a recombinant baculovirus vector. the resulting product migrates with the same apparent molecular weight as ebna-2 from latently infected or converted b cell lines. rabbit antisera derived from the innoculation of this material immunoprecipitated ebna-2 from cell extracts of ebv-containing cells. the high level of protein expression obtained in insect cells stands in sharp contrast to that see ... | 1991 | 1656595 |
| identification of the gene product encoded by the psti repeats (ir4) of the epstein-barr virus genome. | the epstein-barr virus (ebv) genome contains several clusters of internal repeats (ir). here we report the identification of the repetitive protein encoded by the ir4 region (psti repeats). this ir4 protein is inducible by tpa and n-butyrate and belongs to the ea-d subgroup of the ebv-encoded early antigens. its molecular size varies between different ebv strains. furthermore, several human ebv-positive sera reacted with a part of the ir4 protein expressed as a fusion protein. these data indicat ... | 1991 | 1656605 |
| detection and prevalence of the "f" variant of epstein-barr virus in southern china. | the "f" variant of epstein-barr virus (ebv) may have an association with the development and/or maintenance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) among southern chinese. this variant is detected at a higher frequency among individuals with elevated iga antibody levels against ebv capsid antigen who have no detectable npc and in npc patients as compared to healthy individuals or patients who are in remission for npc for over 3 years. conversion or replacement of the f variant by the prototype bamhi f ... | 1991 | 1656606 |
| conversion of a human b cell lymphoma line by epstein-barr virus is associated with increased tyrosine phosphorylation of a 50 kilodalton cytosolic protein. | infection of human b cells by epstein-barr virus (ebv) causes transformation to immortalized lymphoblastoid cells capable of continuous proliferation. to identify biochemical changes induced by ebv infection of b cells, we have utilized isogenic ebv-positive and -negative b cell lymphoma lines as a model to determine whether ebv induces protein tyrosine phosphorylation. by utilizing two different methods, immunoblotting with phosphotyrosine antibodies and phosphoamino acid analysis, it was shown ... | 1991 | 1656626 |
| epstein-barr virus shedding in breast milk. | one hundred healthy women already donating to the children's hospital breast milk bank consented to provide a sample of breast milk for this study. using a dna-dna hybridization dot-blot assay epstein-barr virus (ebv) genome (bam hiw region) was detected in cells shed into breast milk of 46 out of 100 women studied and in 60 out of 132 (46%) of samples donated overall. the prevalence of ebv shedding increased postnatally to a peak of 74% (26/35 positive samples) between 3 and 12 weeks postdelive ... | 1991 | 1656752 |
| epstein-barr virus antibodies in multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis. | although it has been reported that patients with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis have serologic evidence of a chronic or persistent epstein-barr virus infection, our patients did not seem to have other stigmata of epstein-barr virus infection. to reappraise the serologic evidence of chronic epstein-barr virus infection, the epstein-barr antibody levels in 11 patients with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis and 11 sex- and age-matched control patients were measured. neither the antiviral ... | 1991 | 1656755 |
| from host components of virus particles to anti-myelin human monoclonal antibodies obtained by epstein-barr virus transformation of lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients. | human monoclonal antibodies against viruses and host components were obtained after transformation of human b cells by epstein-barr virus, their cloning and propagation. b cells were mainly obtained from peripheral blood of healthy individuals or patients with neurological diseases, especially with multiple sclerosis (ms). the obtained autoantibodies reacted with cell components, i.e. with the nucleus, cytoplasm or cytoskeleton. using myelin in the screening procedure, about 30 monoclonal antibo ... | 1991 | 1656931 |
| production of 22 nm hbsag particles by human lymphocytes infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus containing the coding sequence for hepatitis b virus surface antigen. | to examine the possible role of lymphocytes in the course of hepatitis b virus infection, we studied peripheral blood lymphocytes and epstein-barr virus transformed b-cells for their capability to produce hepatitis b virus gene products. infection of these cells with a recombinant vaccinia virus containing the hepatitis b virus surface antigen resulted in the production and secretion of hepatitis b virus surface antigen shortly after infection reaching a peak after three days. when the supernata ... | 1991 | 1656954 |
| the application of ampliprobe in diagnostics. | ampliprobe system is a rapid, enzyme-labeled, non-isotopic probe system that has high sensitivity and flexibility. ampliprobe system consists of two major components: target-specific "primary" probes and target-independent, enzyme-labeled, signal-generating "secondary" probes. the visualization of the complemental hybridization between the target dna or rna and probes is accomplished by an enzymatic chemiluminescent reaction. the ampliprobe system format allows hybridization and signal visualiza ... | 1991 | 1657053 |
| modulation of the free sphingosine levels in epstein barr virus transformed human b lymphocytes by phorbol dibutyrate. | the amounts of free sphingosine in epstein barr virus transformed b lymphocytes (ebv-b) treated with sphingosine and phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (pd) has been quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc). pd treatment did not affect intracellular sphingosine level, while it seems to lessen the removal of this long chain base in sphingosine-treated ebv-b cells. the previous results relative to sphingosine-dependent changes in choline-metabolite levels have to be interpreted on the bas ... | 1991 | 1657192 |
| variable region gene analysis of pathologic human autoantibodies to the related i and i red blood cell antigens. | to investigate the molecular basis of the autoimmune response to the related i and i carbohydrate antigens, we studied cold agglutinins (ca) from b-cell clones and from the peripheral circulation of patients with lymphoproliferative syndromes. sequence analyses of expressed variable region genes indicate that both anti-i and anti-i specificities from b-cell clones from two patients are encoded by the vh4.21 or a very closely related vh4 heavy chain gene, whereas the expressed light chain genes d ... | 1991 | 1657249 |
| non-hodgkin's lymphomas in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. presence of epstein-barr virus by in situ hybridization, clinical presentation, and follow-up. | the authors studied all patients with serologic evidence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and malignant non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) that presented at a single hospital from 1982 to 1989. sixteen patients were identified, all white homosexual men with a mean age of 38.2 years. lymphoma was the initial presentation of hiv infection in 37.5%. sixty-two percent of the cases had a high-grade nhl, 31% had intermediate-grade, and 6% (one patient) had a low-grade lymphoplasmacytoid lymph ... | 1991 | 1657357 |
| the glycoproteins of the human herpesviruses. | the herpesvirus family contains several important human pathogens. human herpesviruses include herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, human cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus and human t-cell lymphotropic virus. the general property of herpesviruses is their ability to establish latency and to be periodically reactivated. all human herpesviruses contain a subset of genes encoding viral glycoproteins that are clearly homologous, and their similarity is significantly greater a ... | 1991 | 1657514 |
| analysis of epstein-barr virus dna in nude mouse-passaged nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues. | dnas extracted from two series of nude mouse-passaged nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) tissues, npc-295 and -306, and p3hr1 cells were digested with restriction enzyme bam hi, then electrophoresed on agarose gel and analysed for the epstein-barr virus (ebv) dna fragments by southern hybridization with 27 radioactive bam hi dna fragments and the eco ri dhet dna fragment from cloned ebv dna of b95-8 cell line. constant hybridization patterns were revealed in these experiments and the results suggest ... | 1991 | 1657547 |
| regulation of immune responses by t cells with different cytokine secretion phenotypes: role of a new cytokine, cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (il10). | subsets of t cells, defined by the patterns of cytokines that they secrete, show important functional differences, and appear to be at least partly responsible for the different immune responses induced by various pathogens. two very distinct subsets, th1 and th2, are mutually inhibitory, and a newly discovered cytokine, il10, is one of the mediators of this cross-regulation. il10 inhibits the synthesis of cytokines by th1 cells but not th2 cells. since th2 cells produce il4 and il5, which lead ... | 1991 | 1657790 |
| human t-cell recognition of epstein-barr virus-induced replication antigen complexes. | cellular immune responses to epstein-barr virus (ebv)-associated antigens play an important role in the control of ebv-immortalized b lymphocytes. the nature of the antigens that serve as targets for these responses remains largely unknown. the purpose of the experiments reported here was to determine if virus-replication-associated antigens might function as targets for t-cell immunity with the emphasis on ebv-induced early antigen (ea) complex. activated t-cell populations directed against thi ... | 1991 | 1657795 |
| [malignant lymphomas in hiv infected patients]. | | 1991 | 1657814 |
| a comparison of epstein-barr virus specific proteins expressed by three epstein-barr virus isolates using specific monoclonal antibodies. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were prepared in mice inoculated with a nasopharyngeal carcinoma epstein-barr virus (npc-ebv) producer lymphoblastoid cell line (npc-lc). when the 214a9 mab was used to study the expression of the 52/50-kd early antigen in npc-lc, b95-8, and hr-1 cells, no difference was found. the same results were obtained with the 343d12 mab which is to a 125-kd virus capsid antigen protein. however, the 244g11 mab detected an ebv membrane antigen (ma) with a molecular weight of 2 ... | 1991 | 1657827 |
| lymphotropic viruses as etiologic agents of lymphoma. | dna and rna virus with immortalized lymphocytes are described including epstein-barr virus and htlv-i. the roles of immune deficiency and genetic alterations occurring in a proliferating cell are also considered. | 1991 | 1657863 |
| intranuclear distribution of epstein-barr virus-encoded nuclear antigens ebna-1, -2, -3 and -5. | epstein-barr virus (ebv)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (lcls) express at least seven virally encoded proteins. their functional role, and their relationships to each other and to normal nuclear constituents are virtually unknown. as the first step towards a topographical study, the intranuclear distribution of ebv-encoded nuclear antigens ebna-1, -2, -3 and -5 (abbreviated e1, e2 etc.) was examined in ebv-transformed lcls by immunofluorescence and digital image analysis of fluorescence p ... | 1991 | 1658016 |
| rapid detection of epstein-barr virus dna in clinical samples of oral hairy leukoplakia with hrp-labeled dna probes and in situ hybridization. | an in situ hybridization technique, using horseradish peroxidase (hrp)-labeled dna probes containing a portion of the epstein-barr virus (ebv) genome, was used to detect ebv dna in tongue sections and smears from patients with oral lesions resembling the clinical features of oral hairy leukoplakia (hl). eleven biopsy specimens (six consistent with hl, four normal tongue controls, and one leukoplakia) and 11 tongue smears were evaluated for the presence of ebv, cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simpl ... | 1991 | 1658028 |
| random association between the peptide repertoire of a2.1 class i and several different dr class ii molecules. | the interaction between synthetic peptides and a2.1 class i mhc molecules has been investigated using an inhibition of ag presentation assay and unbiased peptide sets derived of either viral or eucaryotic origin. for the various sets, strong binding (defined as significant inhibition at the 30 micrograms/ml level) was detected in 7 to 46% of the peptides tested, with an overall frequency of 26%. a set of self-peptides derived from human beta 2 microglobulin was also included in the study. in thi ... | 1991 | 1658152 |
| primary and recurrent cytomegalovirus infections have different effects on human herpesvirus-6 antibodies in immunosuppressed organ graft recipients: absence of virus cross-reactivity and evidence for virus interaction. | the relationship between serum antibodies to human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6) and cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection was studied in immunosuppressed adult organ graft recipients all of whom had igg to both hhv-6 and epstein-barr virus capsid antigen (ebvca) before operation and who had received an organ or organs from hhv-6 seropositive donors. in primary cmv infection the titre of igg to hhv-6 rose substantially (between 32- and 512-fold) in eight out of eight patients whereas igg to ebvca only rose 32 ... | 1991 | 1658217 |
| recurrent oral condylomata acuminata and hairy leukoplakia: an early sign of myelodysplastic syndrome in an hiv-seronegative patient. | oral hairy leukoplakia (ohl) has been observed in all risk groups seropositive for hiv infection. recently, this lesion has also been described in hiv-seronegative patients with immunosuppression of iatrogenic origin. we report on a hiv-1 and hiv-2 seronegative, heterosexual man affected by refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (myelodysplastic syndrome), who developed recurrent oral condylomata acuminata and ohl as an early clinical manifestation. the diagnosis of ohl was confirmed by iden ... | 1991 | 1658314 |
| delineation of the cis-acting element mediating ebna-2 transactivation of latent infection membrane protein expression. | to delineate the cis-acting element through which ebna-2 transactivates latent membrane protein 1 (lmp1), we assayed the effect of ebna-2 on the activity of lmp1 promoter upstream deletion mutants in the context of the lmp1 or heterologous promoters controlling chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) reporter gene expression in epstein-barr virus-negative burkitt lymphoma cells. assays of progressive 5' deletions of the lmp1 promoter revealed low constitutive and at least eightfold ebna-2-stimul ... | 1991 | 1658373 |
| the epstein-barr virus nuclear protein encoded by the leader of the ebna rnas is important in b-lymphocyte transformation. | these experiments evaluate the role of the epstein-barr virus (ebv) nuclear antigen leader protein (ebna-lp) in b-lymphocyte growth transformation by using a recombinant ebv molecular genetic approach. recombinant viruses encoding for a mutant ebna-lp lacking the carboxy-terminal 45 amino acids were markedly impaired in their ability to transform primary b lymphocytes compared with ebna-lp wild-type but otherwise isogenic recombinant viruses. this impairment was particularly evident when primary ... | 1991 | 1658376 |
| induction of epstein-barr virus lytic cycle by tumor-promoting and non-tumor-promoting phorbol esters requires active protein kinase c. | exposure to the tiglian 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa) represents one of the most efficient and widely used protocols for inducing epstein-barr virus (ebv)-infected cells from latent into lytic cycle. since tpa is both a potent tumor promoter and a potent activator of the cellular protein kinase c (pkc), we sought to determine whether either of these activities was closely linked to ebv lytic cycle induction. a panel of tpa structural analogs, encompassing tiglians with different spe ... | 1991 | 1658377 |
| epstein-barr virus infection in carcinoma of the salivary gland. | undifferentiated carcinoma of the parotid gland contains clonal epstein-barr virus episomes without ladder arrays of restriction enzyme fragments representing virion dna. analysis of epstein-barr virus transcription in situ in parotid carcinoma specimens revealed that the eber rnas, latent membrane protein mrna, and the bamhi-a rightward reading frame, barf0, are expressed in the malignant epithelial cells. | 1991 | 1658395 |
| efficient transcription of the epstein-barr virus immediate-early bzlf1 and brlf1 genes requires protein synthesis. | the epstein-barr virus brlf1 and bzlf1 genes appear to be the first viral genes transcribed upon induction of the epstein-barr virus lytic cycle. both gene products activate transcription of other viral genes, thereby initiating the lytic cascade. among the viral antigens expressed upon induction of the lytic cycle, the product of the bzlf1 gene is unique in its ability to disrupt viral latency; thus, expression of this gene is both necessary and sufficient for triggering the viral lytic cascade ... | 1991 | 1658397 |
| evidence for platelet-activating factor receptors in several b lymphoblastoid cell lines. | previous studies have shown that raji, an epstein-barr virus (ebv)-immortalized burkitt lymphoma b cell line, contains functional platelet-activating factor (paf) receptors. twelve other lymphoid cell lines, including burkitt and non-burkitt b cell lines, t cell lines, and a non b, non t cell line were tested for the presence of paf receptors. radioligand binding studies conducted at 4 degrees c revealed that six lymphoid cell lines of b cell origin (raji, p3hr-1, bjab, bja/hr-1, dakiki and pb-1 ... | 1991 | 1658521 |
| antibodies to cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and epstein-barr virus in greek blood donors. | an epidemiological study for detection of igg and igm antibodies against cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus and herpes simplex virus was evaluated in a random population of apparently healthy greek blood donors from which only hiv and hbv carriers were excluded. the prevalence of igm antibodies was found to be relatively low at 4.4%, 6.1% and 7.7% respectively. the presence of these antibodies plays an important role when transfusing immunocompromised and transplanted subjects. | 1991 | 1658527 |
| epstein-barr virus--a possible missing link in the initiation of cervical carcinogenesis? | salient epidemiological and molecular biological features of epstein-barr virus (ebv) infection correlate well with the natural history of carcinoma of the cervix. it is therefore hypothesised that the incorporation of ebv into the genome of cervical epithelial cells at an early age (teens) could be an important early event in cervical carcinogenesis. | 1991 | 1658577 |
| role of ebna-1 in arresting replication forks at the epstein-barr virus orip family of tandem repeats. | the 20-member family of 30-bp tandem repeats located within the orip region of epstein-barr virus (ebv) can act as a transcriptional enhancer in the presence of ebv nuclear antigen 1 (ebna-1). a replication fork barrier and a termination site of plasmid replication in human b cells is also found within or near the ebv tandem repeats. within each tandem repeat is a consensus binding sequence for the ebna-1 protein that is required for extrachromosomal maintenance of orip-containing plasmids. to i ... | 1991 | 1658629 |
| in vivo effects of sera from guillain-barré subgroups: an electrophysiological and histological study on rat nerves. | serum from 20 patients with guillain-barré syndrome (gbs), 10 healthy controls and 10 patients with recent cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, or campylobacter jejuni/coli infections was injected into rat sciatic nerve. the 20 gbs patients consisted of 2 groups of 10 patients with different electrophysiological and clinical disease patterns. the main aim of the study was to investigate possible differences in humoral (auto)-immunity between these subgroups. we found no statistically significant ... | 1991 | 1658645 |
| molecular basis of latency in pathogenic human viruses. | several human viruses are able to latently infect specific target cell populations in vivo. analysis of the replication cycles of herpes simplex virus, epstein-barr virus, and human immunodeficiency virus suggests that the latent infections established by these human pathogens primarily result from a lack of host factors critical for the expression of viral early gene products. the subsequent activation of specific cellular transcription factors in response to extracellular stimuli can induce th ... | 1991 | 1658933 |
| epstein-barr viral genomes in carcinoma metastatic to lymph nodes. association with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. | lymphoepithelioma of the nasopharynx is a neoplasm known to have a strong association with epstein-barr virus (ebv). using the southern blot method, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and/or in situ hybridization, we examined lymph nodes containing metastatic carcinoma, including metastatic lymphoepithelioma, for the presence of ebv genomes in order to determine whether ebv was associated exclusively with lymphoepithelioma. all of six lymph nodes from patients with lymphoepithelioma in the neck we ... | 1991 | 1659112 |
| epstein-barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders in immunocompromised individuals. | | 1991 | 1659123 |
| adf, a growth-promoting factor derived from adult t cell leukemia and homologous to thioredoxin: involvement in lymphocyte immortalization by htlv-i and ebv. | | 1991 | 1659124 |
| conjunctival lymphocytic nodule associated with the epstein-barr virus. | infection with epstein-barr virus has been reported to have numerous systemic and ocular manifestations. in this study, a 38-year-old man with acute infectious mononucleosis was examined for a painless left red eye of three days' duration. the patient had a two-week history of fatigue, low-grade fever, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy. serologic evaluation was indicative of an acute primary infection with epstein-barr virus. a large, salmon-colored, supranasal bulbar conjunctival mass was observ ... | 1991 | 1659201 |
| anti-organelle and anti-cytoskeletal autoantibodies in the serum of epstein-barr virus-infected patients. | a number of non-organ-specific autoantibodies, such as antibodies to vimentin, centriole, the midbody of chromatin and the golgi apparatus, were detected in the sera of patients with infectious mononucleosis or nasopharyngeal carcinoma, by using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. there was no significant correlation between the titers of anti-epstein-barr virus antibodies and those of autoantibodies. our findings suggest that the autoantibody production is antigen-driven. | 1991 | 1659274 |
| differential effect of cyclosporine a on respiratory burst by several types of human leukocytic cells. | the effect of cyclosporine on pma-stimulated superoxide production has been studied on human alveolar macrophages, human neutrophils, cytoplasts and epstein-barr-virus-transformed b lymphocytes. cyclosporine inhibits superoxide production in alveolar macrophages but not in neutrophils and cytoplasts. the respiratory burst of b-lymphocytes was scarcely inhibited by cyclosporine. the activity of nadph oxidase from macrophages and neutrophils was not directly affected by cyclosporine. these data ar ... | 1991 | 1659423 |
| subtypes of epstein-barr virus in human immunodeficiency virus-associated non-hodgkin lymphoma. | biopsy samples obtained from 20 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-associated non-hodgkin lymphoma (nhl) were assessed for evidence of epstein-barr virus (ebv) and hiv sequences. dna was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded nhl tissue and specific viral gene sequences were sought using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). ebv sequences were found in 10 nhl samples (50%), with five tumors showing a-type and five b-type sequences. by serologic testing, 18 of 19 patients h ... | 1991 | 1659471 |
| the b cell repertoire in rheumatoid arthritis. ii. analysis of rheumatoid factors bearing the idrq cross-reactive idiotype. | with the view of studying whether rheumatoid factors (rfs) produced in rheumatoid arthritis (ra) were different from those synthesized in physiological situations, we analyzed the usage of a cross-reactive idiotype (idrq) previously reported to be specific for ra rfs. using ebv immortalization of circulating b cells, we prepared monoclonal rfs from patients with ra and matched controls. in both groups between 1/2 and 2/3 of the monoclonal rfs bore idrq. using limiting dilution analysis, we studi ... | 1991 | 1659507 |
| cytokine secretion patterns and cross-regulation of t cell subsets. | | 1991 | 1659603 |
| studies on inhibitors of skin tumor promotion, ix. neolignans from magnolia officinalis. | three neolignans, known as magnolol [1], honokiol [2] and the new monoterpenylmagnolol [3], were isolated from the bark of magnolia officinalis as inhibitors of epstein-barr virus early antigen (ebv-ea) activation induced by 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa). the structure of 3 was determined from 2d nmr spectral data and difference noe experiments. the meoh extract of this plant and magnolol exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects on mouse skin tumor promotion in an in vivo two stage c ... | 1991 | 1659613 |
| epstein-barr virus: an aetiological factor in cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders? | | 1991 | 1659624 |
| epstein-barr viral dna in hodgkin's disease: amplification and detection using the polymerase chain reaction. | the presence of epstein-barr virus (ebv) dna in biopsy tissues from patients with hodgkin's disease (hd) was investigated by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using primers specific to a sequence within the ebv bam h1w region. ebv genome was detected in 33 of 57 (58 per cent) cases of hd. viral dna was, however, also demonstrated in nine of 24 non-hodgkin's lymphomas, in three of nine non-neoplastic lymph nodes and in seven of 12 normal peripheral blood samples used as controls. in all cases, ... | 1991 | 1659625 |
| epstein-barr virus and carcinomas: undifferentiated carcinomas but not squamous cell carcinomas of the nasopharynx are regularly associated with the virus. | the epstein-barr virus (ebv) is consistently associated with undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc). there is, however, conflicting evidence as to whether squamous cell npcs are also ebv-associated. moreover, it has been proposed that other epithelial tumours, particularly thymomas and thymic carcinomas, should be included in the group of ebv-associated neoplasias. however, since the viral dna in these studies was demonstrated only in extracted dna, the cellular origin of the viral dna ... | 1991 | 1659626 |
| ultraviolet-light induces a copy number increase of epstein-barr virus-based shuttle vectors. | | 1991 | 1659700 |
| recombinant shuttle vectors for studying mutagenesis in mammalian cells. | | 1991 | 1659701 |
| viruses in human cancers. | viruses may contribute to the development of human tumors by different mechanisms: indirectly by inducing immunosuppression or by modifying the host cell genome without persistence of viral dna; directly by inducing oncoproteins or by altering the expression of host cell proteins at the site of viral dna integration. human cancers associated with papillomavirus, hepatitis b virus, epstein-barr virus, and human t cell leukemia-lymphoma virus infections are responsible for approximately 15 percent ... | 1991 | 1659743 |
| immortalizing genes of epstein-barr virus. | ebv immortalizes human b lymphocytes efficiently. ten of its approximately 100 genes are expressed in these proliferating lymphoblasts and are candidates for mediating the changes central to the immortalization of the cell. enough has been learned now about three of these viral genes to indicate that they are likely to be required for immortalization. as more is learned, additional genes of ebv will probably be found to support the process of immortalization of the host cell. ebna-2 has been sho ... | 1991 | 1659776 |
| [studies on human porin. v. the expression of "porin31hl" in the plasmalemma is not by cell transformation]. | in recent papers we proved "porin 31hl" to be located on the surface of human, ebv-transformed b lymphocytes. here we present proof of "porin 31hl" in the plasmalemma of normal human blood lymphocytes. for this purpose b and t lymphocytes were isolated from human heparinized blood and examined by indirect immunofluorescence techniques using different monoclonal antibodies against purified "porin 31hl" and some b and t cell markers, respectively. for comparison a number of established cell lines ... | 1991 | 1659831 |
| ewing's sarcoma and epstein-barr virus. | | 1991 | 1659846 |
| [serologic diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis in children]. | in 116 children admitted to hospital with tonsillitis of varying types and suspected infectious mononucleosis resp., antibodies, of the igm class against the eb virus vca were detected in 27%, a quadruple increase of igg antibodies in 20% and a negative finding of igg antibodies also in a second serum sample in 24%. in another group of 51 children admitted with suspected infectious mononucleosis igm antibodies were found in 47%, a fourfold increase of igg in 53% and a negative finding of igg in ... | 1991 | 1659951 |
| co-localization of the retinoblastoma protein and the epstein-barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen ebna-5. | a monoclonal antibody (arb1c1) raised against an rb fusion protein detects a limited number (4-10) of relatively large intranuclear foci in an ebv-immortalized cord blood cell line (ib4). these domains also bind an anti-ebna-5 monoclonal antibody. the rb antibody reactive sites also co-localize with the sv40 t antigen in transformed monkey cells (cos). the nuclear structures stained by arb1c1 and ebna-5 antibodies are distinct from the structures detected with antibodies against centromeric prot ... | 1991 | 1659990 |
| [the latent dysfunction of epstein-barr virus (ebv)-specific cellular immunity in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) carriers]. | cellular immunity is known to play a critical role in regulating epstein-barr virus (ebv) in the state of latent infection. activity of ebv-specific cellular immunity decreases as the clinical stages of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection progress, and many complications are induced by reactivated ebv in the late stages of hiv infection. however, in asymptomatic hiv carriers, some show the reduced activity of cellular immunity against ebv, while others still show normal range of the act ... | 1991 | 1660017 |
| distribution and engraftment patterns of human tonsillar mononuclear cells and immunoglobulin-secreting cells in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency: role of the epstein-barr virus. | tonsils seem to be the ideal source of lymphocytes seeding to the mucosa of the respiratory tract. the distribution and engraftment of human lymphocytes injected into mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) are not well understood. c.b-17 scid mice were injected intraperitoneally with human tonsillar mononuclear cells (hu-tmc). the hu-tmc-scid mouse chimeras were subsequently tested for the appearance and distribution of human lymphocytes tagged with h33342 and immunoglobulin-secreting ... | 1991 | 1660036 |
| detection of epstein-barr virus genomes in hodgkin's disease: relation to age. | an investigation as to whether any particular subgroup of patients with hodgkin's disease was particularly likely to be epstein-barr virus (ebv) genome positive was made on samples from 95 patients. these were grouped according to age and hodgkin's disease subtype, and analysed using southern blot analysis. most samples from children or adults aged 50 years or over contained detectable ebv genomes; samples from young adults were only rarely positive. the differences in ebv positivity by age were ... | 1991 | 1660054 |
| hla class i-restricted human cytotoxic t cells recognize endogenously synthesized hepatitis b virus nucleocapsid antigen. | knowledge of the immune effector mechanisms responsible for clearance of hepatitis b virus (hbv)-infected cells has been severely limited by the absence of reproducible systems to selectively expand and to characterize hbv-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) in the peripheral blood of patients with viral hepatitis. by using a strategy involving sequential stimulation with hbv nucleocapsid synthetic peptides followed by autologous, or hla class i-matched, hbv nucleocapsid transfectants, we no ... | 1991 | 1660137 |
| dna looping between the origin of replication of epstein-barr virus and its enhancer site: stabilization of an origin complex with epstein-barr nuclear antigen 1. | epstein-barr nuclear antigen 1 (ebna-1) is the only viral protein required to support replication of epstein-barr virus during the latent phase of its life cycle. the dna segment required for latent replication, orip, contains two essential binding regions for ebna-1, termed fr and ds, that are separated by 1 kilobase pair. the fr site appears to function as a replicational enhancer providing for the start of replication at the ds site. we have used electron microscopy to visualize the interacti ... | 1991 | 1660153 |
| epstein-barr nuclear antigen 1 mediates a dna loop within the latent replication origin of epstein-barr virus. | epstein-barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (ebna-1) binds and activates the viral latent origin of dna replication, orip. we have used electron microscopy to examine the assembly of ebna-1 onto orip. the orip region consists of two essential elements separated by approximately 1 kilobase pair of dna. one element contains 20 tandom ebna-1 binding sites [called the family of repeats (fr)] and serves to activate initiation of replication at the dyad symmetry (ds) element, which contains 4 ebna-1 ... | 1991 | 1660154 |