| capsaicin-induced inactivation of sensory neurons promotes a more aggressive gene expression phenotype in breast cancer cells. | capsaicin-induced inactivation of sensory neurons has been reported to enhance metastasis of a murine breast cancer cell line, specifically enhancing myocardial metastases. here we characterized changes in gene expression patterns in primary tumors which developed in capsaicin-treated vs. control mice. we identified a small cohort of genes (17) which all showed significant decreases in expression levels. all of the identified genes have been linked to cell growth, differentiation, and/or cancer ... | 2006 | 16583263 |
| persistence, serodiagnosis and effects on semen characteristics of artificial brucella ovis infection in red deer stags. | to investigate the persistence of infection and serum antibody titres after infection of red deer (cervus elaphus) stags with brucella ovis, and compare these with those of rams. to assess the effects of recent and chronic infection on semen characteristics of stags. | 2006 | 16596160 |
| the expanding universe of prion diseases. | prions cause fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative disease. these etiological infectious agents are formed in greater part from a misfolded cell-surface protein called prp(c). several mammalian species are affected by the diseases, and in the case of "mad cow disease" (bse) the agent has a tropism for humans, with negative consequences for agribusiness and public health. unfortunately, the known universe of prion diseases is expanding. at least four novel prion diseases--including human dise ... | 2006 | 16609731 |
| prions adhere to soil minerals and remain infectious. | an unidentified environmental reservoir of infectivity contributes to the natural transmission of prion diseases (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies [tses]) in sheep, deer, and elk. prion infectivity may enter soil environments via shedding from diseased animals and decomposition of infected carcasses. burial of tse-infected cattle, sheep, and deer as a means of disposal has resulted in unintentional introduction of prions into subsurface environments. we examined the potential for soil t ... | 2006 | 16617377 |
| a pilot study on post-thawing quality of iberian red deer spermatozoa (epididymal and electroejaculated) depending on glycerol concentration and extender osmolality. | the optimization of cryopreservation extenders is a fundamental issue for adequately performing germplasm banking on wild species. we have tested two glycerol concentrations (4 and 8%), and three extender osmolalities (320, 380 and 430 mosm/kg; before adding cryoprotectants), for cryopreservation of epididymal and ejaculated sperm samples from iberian red deer. all the extenders were based on tes-tris and fructose (for osmolality adjustment), and complemented with 20% egg yolk. epididymal and ej ... | 2006 | 16620925 |
| convergence of the sumo and mapk pathways on the ets-domain transcription factor elk-1. | the ets-domain transcription factor elk-1 is regulated by phosphorylation in response to activation of the mapk (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathways. this phosphorylation triggers a series of molecular events that convert elk-1 from a transcriptionally silent state into a highly active state and then back to a basal level. at the same time, activation of the erk (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) mapk pathway leads to loss of modification of elk-1 by sumo (small ubiquitin-related mod ... | 2006 | 16626293 |
| predicting diet, trophic level and palaeoecology from bone stable isotope analysis: a comparative study of five red deer populations. | c and n stable isotope ratios of red deer (cervus elaphus) bone collagen (154 individuals) from five modern populations occupying geographically different habitats are reported. no significant difference was observed between deer occupying forested and non-forested environments subject to similar climatic conditions suggesting a simple "canopy effect" is not observed. mean population delta13c is negatively correlated with temperature whereas mean population delta15n is positively correlated with ... | 2006 | 16628415 |
| ethanol abrogates angiotensin ii-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell growth. | aberrant vascular smooth muscle cell (vsmc) proliferation is one of the etiological factors for hypertension and stroke. angiotensin ii (ang ii) and ethanol (etoh) have been shown to modulate the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs) individually, but the combined effects of ang ii and etoh on vsmc proliferative activities are unknown. the objective of this study was to determine the effects of etoh, ang ii, and the combination of ang ii and etoh on dna synthesis, cell number, cy ... | 2006 | 16641869 |
| abnormal prion protein in ectopic lymphoid tissue in a kidney of an asymptomatic white-tailed deer experimentally inoculated with the agent of chronic wasting disease. | chronic wasting disease (cwd), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of deer and elk, is one of a group of fatal, neurologic diseases that affect several mammalian species, including human beings. infection by the causative agent induces accumulations of an abnormal form of prion protein (prpres) in nervous and lymphoid tissues. this report documents the presence of prpres within ectopic lymphoid follicles in a kidney of a white-tailed deer that had been experimentally inoculated by th ... | 2006 | 16672586 |
| ixodid ticks parasitizing iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and european wild boar (sus scrofa) from spain: geographical and temporal distribution. | commercial hunting of spanish wild ungulates has made them an important economic resource. wild ungulates may have an important role in the maintenance of ixodid tick populations, and also as reservoirs of pathogens. we studied the ixodid ticks that parasitize iberian red deer and european wild boar from spain. ixodid ticks (n=6,336) were collected from 431 iberian red deer and 142 wild boar in different regions of spain. we found 10 different ixodid tick species parasitizing iberian red deer, m ... | 2006 | 16675125 |
| congenic mice provide in vivo evidence for a genetic locus that modulates serum insulin-like growth factor-i and bone acquisition. | we identified quantitative trait loci (qtl) that determined the genetic variance in serum igf-i through genome-wide scanning of mice derived from c57bl/6j(b6) x c3h/hej(c3h) intercrosses. one qtl (igf1s2), on mouse chromosome 10 (chr10), produces a 15% increase in serum igf-i in b6c3 f2 mice carrying c3 alleles at that position. we constructed a congenic mouse, b6.c3h-10 (10t), by backcrossing c3 alleles from this 57-mb region into b6 for 10 generations. 10t mice have higher serum and skeletal i ... | 2006 | 16675518 |
| estimating density dependence from time series of population age structure. | population fluctuations are caused by demographic and environmental stochasticity, time lags due to life history, and density dependence. we model a general life history allowing density dependence within and among age or stage classes in a population undergoing small or moderate fluctuations around a stable equilibrium. we develop a method for estimating the overall strength of density dependence measured by the rate of return toward equilibrium, and we also consider a simplified population des ... | 2006 | 16685637 |
| the effects of cryopreservation on the morphometric dimensions of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) epididymal sperm heads. | computer-automated sperm-head morphometry was used in this study to determine the effects of cryopreservation on red deer sperm-head morphometry. epididymal sperm samples were collected from 40 mature stags and were divided. one portion was diluted at room temperature in a tris-citrate egg yolk medium, containing 6% glycerol. a microscope slide was prepared from single extended sperm samples prior to freezing. the remainder of each sample was frozen in nitrogen vapours. after thawing, sperm smea ... | 2006 | 16689889 |
| pathology and preliminary characterization of a parapoxvirus isolated from a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | cutaneous pox-like lesions are a common complication in the rehabilitation of pinnipeds. however, the exact identity, taxonomy, and host range of pinniped parapoxviruses remain unknown. during a poxvirus outbreak in may 2003 in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) at a marine mammal rehabilitation facility, multiple raised, firm, 1-3-cm skin nodules from the head, neck, and thorax of one sea lion weanling pup that spontaneously died were collected. histologically, the nodules were chara ... | 2006 | 16699145 |
| gene expression alterations in brains of mice infected with three strains of scrapie. | transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) or prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders which occur in humans and various animal species. examples include creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in cattle, chronic wasting disease (cwd) in deer and elk, and scrapie in sheep, and experimental mice. to gain insights into tse pathogenesis, we made and used cdna microarrays to identify disease-associated alterations in gene expression. brain ... | 2006 | 16700923 |
| genetic consequences of human management in an introduced island population of red deer (cervus elaphus). | we investigated phylogeography and spatial genetic structure in an introduced island population of red deer (cervus elaphus) on the isle of rum, scotland, experiencing spatial variation in management regime. five different mitochondrial dna (mtdna) haplotypes were present among female red deer on rum. these comprised two phylogenetically divergent groups, one of which clustered with red deer from sardinia and north africa, while the other four grouped with other western european red deer. recent ... | 2006 | 16705323 |
| assessment of prey vulnerability through analysis of wolf movements and kill sites. | within predator-prey systems behavior can heavily influence spatial dynamics, and accordingly, the theoretical study of how spatial dynamics relate to stability within these systems has a rich history. however, our understanding of these behaviors in large mammalian systems is poorly developed. to address the relationship between predator selection patterns, prey density, and prey vulnerability, we quantified selection patterns for two fine-scale behaviors of a recovering wolf (canis lupus) popu ... | 2006 | 16705979 |
| prey risk allocation in a grazing ecosystem. | understanding the behaviorally mediated indirect effects of predators in ecosystems requires knowledge of predator-prey behavioral interactions. in predator-ungulate-plant systems, empirical research quantifying how predators affect ungulate group sizes and distribution, in the context of other influential variables, is particularly needed. the risk allocation hypothesis proposes that prey behavioral responses to predation risk depend on background frequencies of exposure to risk, and it can be ... | 2006 | 16705980 |
| piasxalpha differentially regulates the amplitudes of transcriptional responses following activation of the erk and p38 mapk pathways. | activation of the map kinase pathways leads to changes in gene expression profiles through direct targeting of transcription factors and their coregulators. here we identify piasxalpha as a key regulator that determines the differential response of the transcription factor elk-1 to the erk and the stress-activated p38 map kinase pathways. while piasxalpha functions as a coactivator to facilitate sumo and hdac-2 removal from elk-1 in response to erk pathway activation, piasxalpha acts in the oppo ... | 2006 | 16713578 |
| immunological and molecular characterization of susceptibility in relationship to bacterial strain differences in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in the red deer (cervus elaphus). | johne's disease (jd) infection, caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, represents a major disease problem in farmed ruminants. although jd has been well characterized in cattle and sheep, little is known of the infection dynamics or immunological response in deer. in this study, typing of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from intestinal lymphatic tissues from 74 jd-infected animals showed that clinical isolates of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis from new zealand farmed ... | 2006 | 16714585 |
| region-directed phototransfection reveals the functional significance of a dendritically synthesized transcription factor. | multiple nuclear transcription factors including e-26-like protein 1 (elk-1) have been found in neuronal dendrites, yet the functional significance of such localization has not yet been explained. here we use a focal transfection procedure, 'phototransfection', to introduce elk1 mrna into specific regions of live, intact primary rat neurons. introduction and translation of elk1 mrna in dendrites produced cell death, whereas introduction and translation of elk1 mrna in cell bodies did not produce ... | 2006 | 16721379 |
| erk1/2 regulates ang ii-dependent cell proliferation via cytoplasmic activation of rsk2 and nuclear activation of elk1. | in a concurrently submitted article, we show that ang ii-induced erk1/2 activation is mediated by both c-src/yes/fyn and heterotrimeric g protein/pkczeta-dependent signaling. furthermore, we show that heterotrimeric g protein/pkczeta-activated erk1/2 is destined for the nucleus while erk1/2 activated by c-src/yes/fyn-dependent signaling remains in the cytoplasm. interestingly, both mechanisms of activation are required for maximum ang ii-induced cell proliferation. in this study, we sought to de ... | 2006 | 16723511 |
| superovulation and embryo recovery in red deer (cervus elaphus ) hinds. | in two experiments, red deer hinds were synchronized with intravaginal progesterone and were given 4 d of treatment (3 d before progesterone withdrawal and 1 d after) with an ovine follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) preparation which had a claimed low level of luteinizing hormone (lh) contamination. in experiment 1, 12 hinds received one of four fsh levels by osmotic minipump. hinds were run with fertile stags, and laparotomy and embryo recovery were performed 9 d after progesterone withdrawal. ... | 1989 | 16726734 |
| effects of culture duration and time of gonadotropin addition on in vitro maturation and fertilization of red deer (cervus elaphus) oocytes. | immature red deer (cervus elaphus) oocytes (n = 1208) were collected from 1 to 4 - mm diameter follicles on ovaries and then cultured for 16, 20, 24 or 28 h (groups i to iv) in tcm 199 supplemented with 10% fcs, 1 x 10(6) granulosa cells/ml and 1 microg/ml estradiol at 39 degrees c under 5% co(2) in air. gonadotropins (10 microg/ml, fsh and lh) were added to the culture medium at the start of culture (0 h) or after 6 h. approximately one-third of the oocytes were examined for maturation, and the ... | 1991 | 16726919 |
| methods for pregnancy determination and the effects of body condition on pregnancy status in rocky mountain elk (cervus elephus nelsoni ). | the objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of transrectal ultrasonography and serum progesterone (p(4)), estrone sulfate (e(1)s) and pregnancy-specific protein b (pspb), without prior knowledge of reproductive status, in detecting pregnancy in elk cows. in addition, body weight and body condition score (bcs) were determined to assess whether body condition affects pregnancy status in elk cows. twenty-five elk cows were sampled during the early rut (period 1) and after the rut ... | 1994 | 16727613 |
| successful in vitro culture of early cleavage stage embryos recovered from superovulated red deer (cervus elaphus). | three separate embryo culture systems were evaluated for their ability to support development of early cleavage stage red deer (cervus elaphus ) embryos: ligated sheep oviducts (treatment a); cervine oviduct epithelial monolayer in tcm 199 + 10% deer serum (treatment b); synthetic oviduct fluid + 20% human serum at 7% o(2) atmosphere (treatment q. in addition, 2 superovulation protocols were compared for their efficacy in producing early cleavage stage embryos. twenty red deer (2 to 7 yr old) we ... | 1995 | 16727724 |
| artificial insemination, hybridization and pregnancy detection in sika deer (cervus nippon ). | artificial insemination (ai) was performed on sika hinds (cervus nippon ) receiving various dosages of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (pmsg; year 1: 0, 50 and 100 iu; year 2: 100 and 150 iu) and using semen collected from elk and 1 2 elk x 1 2 sika stags. the time from synchronization device removal (cidr vs norgestomet) to estrus was determined through observations of mounting activity. methods for pregnancy detection, serum progesterone (p4), estrone sulfate (e1s), pregnancy-specific protein ... | 1996 | 16727942 |
| functional significance of the sperm head morphometric size and shape for determining freezability in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) epididymal sperm samples. | in the present study, computer-automated sperm head morphometry of epididymal samples was used to determine if sperm head area and shape are useful measurements for separating "good" and "bad" iberian red deer freezers. a microscope slide was prepared from single diluted sperm fresh samples collected from 38 mature stags. slides were air-dried and stained with hemacolor. the sperm head area and shape (length/width) for a minimum of 145 sperm heads were determined for each male by means of the sp ... | 2006 | 16728722 |
| short- and longer-term effects of fire and herbivory on sagebrush communities in south-central montana. | to better understand the role of herbivory and fire as potential disturbance processes in sagebrush communities, we examined responses of a grazing ungulate, elk (cervus elaphus), following prescribed burning of sagebrush (artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana) in south-central montana (usa.) with concurrent monitoring of changes in plant production, nutritional quality, and community diversity from 1989-1999. burning transformed low-diversity, sagebrush-dominated communities into high-diversity, g ... | 2006 | 16736297 |
| role of ets transcription factors in the hypoxia-inducible factor-2 target gene selection. | tumor hypoxia often directly correlates with aggressive phenotype, metastasis progression, and resistance to chemotherapy. two transcription factors [hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (hif-1alpha) and hif-2alpha] are dramatically induced in hypoxic areas and regulate the expression of genes necessary for tumor adaptation to the conditions of low oxygen; however, the relative contribution of these factors is controversial. we used rna interference-mediated inactivation of hif-1alpha or hif-2alpha f ... | 2006 | 16740701 |
| cryopreservation of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) epididymal spermatozoa: effects of egg yolk, glycerol and cooling rate. | two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of egg yolk (ey), glycerol, and cooling rate on the cryosurvival of red deer epididymal spermatozoa. the aim of experiment 1 was to examine the effects of two ey types (clarified ey, ce, prepared by centrifugation, and whole ey, we), and four ey concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 20%) on cryosurvival of red deer epididymal spermatozoa. sperm samples were diluted to a final sperm concentration of approximately 200 x 10(6)spermatozoa/ml with a tris ... | 2006 | 16759687 |
| foraging and feeding ecology of the gray wolf (canis lupus): lessons from yellowstone national park, wyoming, usa. | the foraging and feeding ecology of gray wolves is an essential component to understanding the role that top carnivores play in shaping the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems. in yellowstone national park (ynp), predation studies on a highly visible, reintroduced population of wolves are increasing our understanding of this aspect of wolf ecology. wolves in ynp feed primarily on elk, despite the presence of other ungulate species. patterns of prey selection and kill rates in winter ... | 2006 | 16772460 |
| influence of various permeating cryoprotectants on freezability of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) epididymal spermatozoa: effects of concentration and temperature of addition. | with the aim of finding an ideal cryoprotectant (cpa) in a suitable concentration for red deer epididymal spermatozoa cryopreservation, we evaluated the effects of the 3 most commonly used cpas, glycerol (gly), ethylene glycol (eg), and propylene glycol (pg), on sperm cryoresistance. the aim of experiment 1 was to evaluate the influence of 3 different final concentrations (3%, 6%, and 12%) of each cpa on sperm freezability. sperm samples were diluted to a final sperm concentration of approximate ... | 2006 | 16775252 |
| spiculopteragia mathevossiani ruchliadev, 1948 is the minor morph of spiculopteragia spiculoptera (gushanskaya, 1931): molecular evidence. | although spiculopteragia spiculoptera is primarily a parasite of cervids, it can also but less often contaminate domestic livestock. little is known about its epidemiology and its pathogenicity in domestic ruminants and other unusual cervid species. its taxonomic status remains unclear since the hypothesis of morphological polymorphism among males has been proposed. however, accurate taxonomy is fundamental in the identification and survey of potentially pathogenic species of parasites. the seco ... | 2006 | 16777039 |
| lifetime reproductive success and density-dependent, multi-variable resource selection. | individuals are predicted to maximize lifetime reproductive success (lrs) through selective use of resources; however, a wide range of ecological and social processes may prevent individuals from always using the highest-quality resources available. resource selection functions (rsfs) estimate the relative amount of time an individual spends using a resource as a function of the proportional availability of that resource. we quantified the association between lrs and coefficients of individual-b ... | 2006 | 16777736 |
| p300/cyclic amp-responsive element binding-binding protein mediates transcriptional coactivation by the cd28 t cell costimulatory receptor. | during ag stimulation of t cells, the recognition of b7 molecules by the cd28 costimulatory receptor increases the level of c-fos, a component of the ap-1 transactivator known to bind the 5' il2 gene enhancer. in this study, we show that the costimulation of fos transcription by cd28 is associated with increased binding of p300/creb-binding protein (cbp) molecules at the fos promoter, and is blocked by an adenoviral e1a molecular antagonist of p300/cbp. furthermore, transcriptional activation by ... | 2006 | 16785536 |
| seminal plasma improves cryopreservation of iberian red deer epididymal sperm. | we tested the protective action of seminal plasma on epididymal spermatozoa from iberian red deer, especially considering cryopreservation, as a means for germplasm banking improvement. we obtained seminal plasma by centrifuging electroejaculated semen, and part of it was thermically inactivated (denatured plasma; 55 degrees c 30 min). epididymal samples (always at 5 degrees c) were obtained from genitalia harvested after regulated hunting, and pooled for each assay (five in total). we tested th ... | 2006 | 16790268 |
| assessment of chromatin status (scsa) in epididymal and ejaculated sperm in iberian red deer, ram and domestic dog. | abnormal chromatin condensation is not detected using classical techniques for sperm analysis. scsa has demonstrated its usefulness in sperm chromatin analysis in several species (human, bull, stallion and boar). in this work, we studied sperm samples from red deer, ram and dog to analyze the differentiation of chromatin structure applying scsa in epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa. epididymal samples were obtained from the caput, corpus and cauda by means of cuts, and ejaculated ones were ob ... | 2006 | 16790270 |
| the price of a gift: a lakota healer's story. [review of: mohatt, g. and eagle elk, j. the price of a gift: a lakota healer's story. lincoln: u. of nebraska pr., 2000]. | | 2002 | 16791994 |
| prevalence of cryptosporidium and giardia in free-ranging wild cervids in norway. | faecal samples were collected from 1,190 wild cervids in norway and analyzed for cysts/oocysts of the protozoan parasites giardia and cryptosporidium. samples were from calves, yearlings and adults of moose (alces alces), red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) shot during the hunting season. cryptosporidium was found in 15 (3.3%) of 455 moose, 1 (0.3%) of 289 red deer, 18 (6.2%) of 291 roe deer, but was not found in any of 155 reindeer. giardia ... | 2006 | 16797126 |
| the price of a gift: a lakota healer's story. [review of: mohatt, g. and eagle elk, j. the price of a gift: a lakota healer's story. lincoln: u. of nebraska pr., 2000]. | | 2002 | 16805045 |
| in-situ demonstration of mitogen-activated protein kinase erk 1/2 signalling pathway in contagious respiratory tumours of sheep and goats. | ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (opa) and enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ena) are two contagious neoplastic diseases of secretory epithelial cells in the respiratory system of sheep and goats. jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (jsrv) is the aetiological agent of opa, and enzootic nasal tumour virus (entv) is associated with ena. the genomes of these retroviruses do not contain known oncogenes but products of the env gene are important in the generation of transforming stimuli. however, the cell signall ... | 2006 | 16814801 |
| a novel human zinc finger protein znf540 interacts with mvp and inhibits transcriptional activities of the erk signal pathway. | mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are evolutionarily conserved enzymes in cell signal transduction. previous studies revealed that zinc finger proteins are involved in the regulation of the mapk signaling pathways. here we report the identification and characterization of a novel human zinc finger protein, znf540. the cdna of znf540 is 3.3kb, encoding 660 amino acids in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. northern blot analysis indicates that znf540 is expressed in most of the fetal tissues. ... | 2006 | 16815308 |
| low-level parasitic worm burdens may reduce body condition in free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus). | regulation of ungulate populations by parasites relies on establishing a density-dependent relationship between infection and vital demographic rates which may act through the effect of parasites on body condition. we examine evidence for parasite impacts in 285 red deer (cervus elaphus) harvested during 1991 and 1992 on the isle of rum. in the abomasa, prevalence of nematodes was 100% and the most abundant genus observed were ostertagia species, however, mean intensity of infection was low (les ... | 2006 | 16817998 |
| akt down-regulates erk1/2 nuclear localization and angiotensin ii-induced cell proliferation through pea-15. | angiotensin ii (angii) type 1 receptors (at1) regulate cell growth through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k) pathways. erk1/2 and akt/protein kinase b, downstream of pi3k, are independently activated but both required for mediating angii-induced proliferation when expressed at endogenous levels. we investigate the effect of an increase in the expression of wild-type akt1 by using chinese hamster ovary (cho)-at1 cells. unexpectedly, akt ov ... | 2006 | 16822839 |
| current and future molecular diagnostics for prion diseases. | it is now widely held that the infectious agents underlying the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are prions, which are primarily composed of a misfolded, protease-resistant isoform of the host prion protein. untreatable prion disorders include some human diseases, such as creutzfeldt-jakob disease, and diseases of economically important animals, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (cattle) and chronic wasting disease (deer and elk). detection and diagnosis of prion disease (and pre ... | 2006 | 16824033 |
| seasonal changes in sperm chromatin condensation in ram (ovis aries), iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus), and brown bear (ursus arctos). | the effect of seasonality (temperate environment, spain) on the chromatin status of ovine (churra breed), iberian red deer, and brown bear spermatozoa was studied. this work aims to improve genetic resource banks (grbs) by enhancing existing knowledge of the effect of season on sperm quality. samples were obtained by electroejaculation in iberian red deer and brown bear and by artificial vagina in ram. we used the sperm chromatin structure assay (scsa) to study the level of chromatin condensatio ... | 2006 | 16837731 |
| induction of the early growth response 1 gene by epstein-barr virus lytic transactivator zta. | early growth response 1 (egr-1) is a cellular transcription factor involved in diverse biologic functions. egr-1 has been associated with epstein-barr virus (ebv) infection, but it is still unknown whether any ebv protein regulates egr-1 expression. in this study, we first showed that ebv reactivation is involved in upregulation of egr-1 and that egr-1 can be induced by zta, an ebv lytic transactivator. zta not only binds to the egr-1 promoter but also activates the erk signaling pathway to trig ... | 2006 | 16840354 |
| first chronic wasting disease (cwd) surveillance of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in the northern part of belgium. | cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in wild cervids have yet not been reported in europe, whereas the disease is considered enzootic in free-ranging mule deer, rocky mountain elk and white-tailed deer in the area of colorado, wyoming, and nebraska. new foci of cwd continue to be detected in other parts of the united states. however, no large-scale active epidemiosurveillance of european wild cervids is yet installed in europe. in accordance with the opinion of the european scientific steering ... | 2006 | 16841567 |
| [range and ecology of dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius, 1794) in mazuria focus. iv. host specificity]. | during two consecutive open seasons, i.e. in the fall of 1998 and the fall of 1999, a host specificity study was conducted in the vicinity of mikolajki. host specificity was assessed by calculating the prevalence and mean intensity indices of infection. the total of 87 game beasts were examined, including 53 deers, 18 wild boars, 15 roe deer and 1 elk. in deer the prevalence of infection was 67.9%, with mean intensity at the level of 10.2. in wild boars the indices were 22.2% and 12.8, respectiv ... | 2005 | 16841689 |
| prevalence of 'head shooting' and the characteristics of the wounds in culled wild scottish red deer. | the carcases of 230 wild, culled red deer (cervus elaphus) were examined for the presence of bullet wounds and permanent wound tracts to determine the prevalence and significance of wounds involving the head, legs or carcase trunk. head wounds were found in 17 (7.4 per cent) of the carcases and were classified into two groups: nine in which the marksman was considered to have specifically targeted the head, and eight carcases in which the head wound was considered to have resulted from a ;coup d ... | 2006 | 16844818 |
| dictyocaulus species in red deer. | | 2006 | 16844826 |
| phylogenomics of several deer species revealed by comparative chromosome painting with chinese muntjac paints. | a set of chinese muntjac (muntiacus reevesi) chromosome-specific paints has been hybridized onto the metaphases of sika deer (cervus nippon, cni, 2n = 66), red deer (cervus elaphus, cel, 2n = 62) and tufted deer (elaphodus cephalophus, ece, 2n = 47). thirty-three homologous autosomal segments were detected in genomes of sika deer and red deer, while 31 autosomal homologous segments were delineated in genome of tufted deer. the chinese muntjac chromosome x probe painted to the whole x chromosome, ... | 2006 | 16850210 |
| sef-s, an alternative splice isoform of sef gene, inhibits nih3t3 cell proliferation via a mitogen-activated protein kinases p42 and p44 (erk1/2)-independent mechanism. | sef (similar expression to fgf genes) was recently identified as a negative regulator of fibroblast growth factor (fgf) signaling in zebrafish, chicken, mouse and human. by repressing events upstream and/or downstream ras, sef inhibits fgf-induced erk activation and cell proliferation. here we report that sef-s, an alternative splice isoform of sef, lacks a signal peptide and is localized in cytosol. sef-s inhibits fgf-induced nih3t3 cell proliferation, a similar function to sef. however, sef-s ... | 2007 | 16857343 |
| hgf enhanced proliferation and differentiation of dental pulp cells. | hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) is mesenchymal-derived growth factor acting through a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor, c-met. hgf has multiple effects on different cells. however, its function in dentinogenesis remains unclear. in this study, the expression of hgf in human dental pulp cells (dpcs) in vitro was studied by immunostaining and rt-pcr. the effect of hgf on dpcs proliferation was determined by mtt, while its effect on cell differentiation was analyzed using alpase activity, and ... | 2006 | 16861072 |
| the inhaled anesthetic, isoflurane, enhances ca2+-dependent survival signaling in cortical neurons and modulates map kinases, apoptosis proteins and transcription factors during hypoxia. | we tested whether the protection of hypoxic neurons by the inhaled anesthetic isoflurane is related to the ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of map kinases and anti-apoptotic co-factors. in cultures of mouse cortical neurons we measured changes in the phosphorylation of ca2+-dependent and ca2+-independent map kinases, transcription factors, and apoptosis regulators after hypoxia or hypoxia combined with isoflurane (1% in gas phase). in hypoxic neurons, isoflurane reduced cell death and tunel staini ... | 2006 | 16861427 |
| [comparative analysis of map/erk-kinase activation in the cns of animals with different capability for learning]. | with the western-blot analysis, we studied the activation of map/erk protein kinases (regulating genes expression by the phosphorylation of transcription factors (tf) creb and elk-1) in native helix pomatia and in animals with disturbed abilities to form long-term conditioned avoidance reflexes. different stages of this reflex formation were shown to be characterized by different levels of map/erk kinases activation, the latter being different in cns's regions (visceral complex of ganglia, cereb ... | 2006 | 16869282 |
| cervine (cervus elaphus) cytokine mrna quantification by real-time polymerase chain reaction. | it has been difficult to perform cytokine studies for many wildlife and nontraditional species because of a lack of immunologic reagents at the protein level. recently, simple and rapid assays for quantifying mrna expression by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) have been used for analysis of cytokine profiles in humans and other mammalian species. this report describes the development and application of real time rt-pcr to measure the expression of several import ... | 2006 | 16870845 |
| brucellosis in elk of eastern idaho. | brucellosis occurs in free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) in the greater yellowstone area, which includes portions of idaho, wyoming, and montana. brucella abortus was first detected in elk in idaho in 1998, and from 1998 to 2002, serologic surveillance of hunter-killed elk was conducted in northeastern and southeastern idaho. prevalence of antibodies in these elk varied annually, but averaged between 2% and 3%. elk were also trapped in northeastern idaho from 1998-2002 and ... | 2006 | 16870849 |
| [attempt of deworming of red and fallow deer in deer farm with rintal premix]. | rintal 2.4% premix (bayer) in single dose 7.5 mg of active substance on kg body weight was given to the calves of red and fallow deer. effectiveness of deworming against nematodes from family trichostrongylidae was 85.2% in red and 97.8% in fallow deer. against namatodes from genus trichocephalus the effectiveness was higher extending in red deer 98.1%, and in fallow deer 99.5%. anthelmintic was not effective against nematodes varestrongylus sagittatus and elaphostrongylus cervi. | 1999 | 16888990 |
| [infection of red deer with lung nematodes in polish and belorussian parts of białowieza forest]. | fecal samples from red deer from polish and belorussian parts of białowieza forest were examined by baermann method. first stage larvae of three species of lung nematodes were found. in polish part in 100% of samples were larvae of e. cervi, in 50% v. sagittatus and in 21% d. noerneri, and in belorussian the level of infection was lower and larvae were in 92%, 36% and 12% of samples respectively. in significant part of samples were met mixtured invasion of two or three species. finding of larvae ... | 2001 | 16894756 |
| long-term depression activates transcription of immediate early transcription factor genes: involvement of serum response factor/elk-1. | long-term depression (ltd) is one of the paradigms used in vivo or ex vivo for studying memory formation. in order to identify genes with potential relevance for memory formation we used mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures in which chemical ltd was induced by applications of 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (dhpg). the induction of chemical ltd was robust, as monitored electrophysiologically. gene expression analysis after chemical ltd induction was performed using cdna microarrays containing ... | 2006 | 16903857 |
| molecular characterization of the interferon-tau gene of the mithun (bos frontalis). | the mithun (bos frontalis) not only remains one of the most neglected ungulate species due to its remote range, but also has been identified as a vulnerable species due to its declining population. augmenting its reproductive efficiency could be a strategy for reversing its population decline. considering the importance of interferon-tau (ifnt) as a primary signal in establishing maternal recognition of pregnancy (mrp), the present study was undertaken to characterize the ifnt gene of the mithun ... | 2006 | 16908960 |
| reconstructing prions: fibril assembly from simple yeast to complex mammals. | with the epizootics of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in north american cattle, bse infections in goats, new forms of human creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) and the spread of chronic wasting disease in north american deer and elk, one wonders whether we are gaining control over the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses). although many basic scientific questions in the prion field remain hotly debated and unresolved [1], including the function of the cellular prion protein (prp), ... | 2005 | 16908997 |
| [the occurrence of intestinal parasites of roe deer and red deer in the western pomerania voivodeship]. | the aim of the study was to establish the parasite prevalence of roe deer and red deer in western pomerania. | 2005 | 16913504 |
| [roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) as a reservoir of protozoans from babesia and theileria genus in north-western poland]. | the species of genus babesia and thelieria are obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. some species of babesia cause bovine babesiosis infecting erythrocytes of the cattle and wild ruminants, and undergo a complex developmental cycle in ticks which serve as biological vectors. majority of theileria spp. cause bovine theileriosis infecting lymphocytes as well as erythrocytes of the cattle and wild ruminants, and similar to babesia undergo a comple ... | 2005 | 16913530 |
| mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signalling pathways in hepg2 cells infected with a virulent strain of klebsiella pneumoniae. | klebsiella pneumoniae (kp), an enterobacterium, usually causes urinary tract infection or pneumonia; however, it has caused severe liver abscess in diabetic patients in recent years. how this emerging virulent kp strain causes liver abscess is not known. this study investigates signalling pathways in hepg2 cells infected by virulent kp. cells were infected with bacteria for various durations and harvested to screen for signalling molecules by western blotting. our results showed that phosphoryla ... | 2006 | 16922865 |
| transmission of elk and deer prions to transgenic mice. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal prion disease in deer and elk. unique among the prion diseases, it is transmitted among captive and free-ranging animals. to facilitate studies of the biology of cwd prions, we generated five lines of transgenic (tg) mice expressing prion protein (prp) from rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), denoted tg(elkprp), and two lines of tg mice expressing prp common to white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), denote ... | 2006 | 16940522 |
| body weight, early growth and antler size influence antler bone mineral composition of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus). | researchers have devoted little attention to the possibility that the chemical composition of bone might be variable under normal nutrition conditions. this study assessed antler bone composition of 25 one-year old deer (spikes). antler content of ash, ca, p, k, na, mg, fe and zn was assessed in base and tine, and the mean composition or the difference in composition between tine and base was used to explain variability in antler length, weight and perimeter. in turn, mean composition and differ ... | 2007 | 16949898 |
| multiple repressor pathways contribute to phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells. | smooth muscle cell (smc) differentiation is an essential component of vascular development and these cells perform biosynthetic, proliferative, and contractile roles in the vessel wall. smcs are not terminally differentiated and possess the ability to modulate their phenotype in response to changing local environmental cues. the focus of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in controlling phenotypic switching of smc with particu ... | 2007 | 16956962 |
| interleukin-1beta attenuates renin gene expression via a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-dependent mechanism in as4.1 cells. | the precise mechanism by which cytokines such as il-1beta negatively modulate expression of the renin gene remains incomplete. il-1beta can repress renin transcription under both baseline and retinoic acid-stimulated conditions in as4.1 cells, a renin-expressing cell line derived from the kidney. this repression does not require a negative regulatory element present in the renin enhancer but is optimal in the presence of the entire renin enhancer. three tandem copies of the retinoic acid respons ... | 2006 | 16959849 |
| mechanisms for growth factor-induced pituitary tumor transforming gene-1 expression in pituitary folliculostellate ttt/gf cells. | pttg1, a securin protein, also behaves as a transforming gene and is overexpressed in pituitary tumors. because pituitary folliculostellate (fs) cells regulate pituitary tumor growth factors by paracrine mechanisms, epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor (egfr)-mediated pttg1 expression and cell proliferation was tested in pituitary fs ttt/gf cells. egfr ligands caused up to 3-fold induction of pttg1 mrna expression, enhanced proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and increased entry of g0/1-arrest ... | 2006 | 16959877 |
| involvement of raf-1/mek/erk1/2 signaling pathway in zinc-induced injury in rat renal cortical slices. | zinc is an essential nutrient that can also be toxic. we have previously reported that zinc-related renal toxicity is due, in part, to free radical generation in the renal epithelial cell line, llc-pk(1) cells. we have also shown that an mek1/2 inhibitor, u0126, markedly inhibits zinc-induced renal cell injury. in this study, we investigated the role of an upstream mek/erk pathway, raf-1 kinase pathway, and the transcription factor and erk substrate elk-1, in rat renal cortical slices exposed to ... | 2006 | 16960431 |
| independent variation of retinal s and m cone photoreceptor topographies: a survey of four families of mammals. | in mammals, cone photoreceptor subtypes are thought to establish topographies that reflect the species-relevant properties of the visual environment. middle- to long-wavelength-sensitive (m) cones are the dominant population and in most species they form an area centralis at the visual axis. short-wavelength-sensitive (s) cone topographies do not always match this pattern. we here correlate the interrelationship of s and m cone topographies in representatives of several mammalian orders with dif ... | 2006 | 16961976 |
| seroprevalence of neospora caninum in non-carnivorous wildlife from spain. | serum samples from 1034 non-carnivorous wildlife from spain were tested for antibodies to neospora caninum by competitive screening enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and confirmed by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). high agreement was observed between results in both techniques (kappa value higher than 0.9). prevalences of n. caninum antibodies positive by both techniques were 11.8% of 237 red deer (cervus elaphus), 7.7% of 13 barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia), 6.1% of 33 ro ... | 2007 | 16962706 |
| genetic structure and assignment tests demonstrate illegal translocation of red deer (cervus elaphus) into a continuous population. | molecular forensic methods are being increasingly used to help enforce wildlife conservation laws. using multilocus genotyping, illegal translocation of an animal can be demonstrated by excluding all potential source populations as an individual's population of origin. here, we illustrate how this approach can be applied to a large continuous population by defining the population genetic structure and excluding suspect animals from each identified cluster. we aimed to test the hypothesis that re ... | 2006 | 16968264 |
| cd28 costimulation mediates transcription of skp2 and cks1, the substrate recognition components of scfskp2 ubiquitin ligase that leads p27kip1 to degradation. | activation through tcr/cd3-plus-cd28 induces primary t lymphocytes to enter s phase. downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip1) is critical in this process and is mediated by ubiquitin-targeted degradation of p27(kip1). ubiquitination of p27(kip1) is performed by the scf(skp2) ubiquitin ligase comprised of the core components roc1, cul1 and skp1 and the substrate recognition components skp2 and cks1. here we show that in primary human t lymphocytes, the scf(skp2) core componen ... | 2006 | 16969077 |
| signaling networks from gbeta1 subunit to transcription factors and actin remodeling via a membrane-located erbeta-related protein in the rapid action of daidzein in osteoblasts. | although estrogen replacement has been the main therapy to prevent and treat osteoporosis, there are concerns about its safety. phytoestrogens have attracted attention to their potential impacts in osteoporosis prevention and treatment. among phytoestrogens, the isoflavone daidzein (dz) acts on transcription via the intracellular estrogen receptors (er), mainly erbeta, in osteoblasts, but mimics only part of the estrogen effects. since estradiol also exerts rapid effects in osteoblasts, we inves ... | 2006 | 16972265 |
| prostaglandin e2 induces fibroblast growth factor 9 via ep3-dependent protein kinase cdelta and elk-1 signaling. | fibroblast growth factor 9 (fgf-9) is a potent mitogen that controls the proper development of many tissues and organs. in contrast, aberrant expression of fgf-9 also results in the evolution of many human diseases, such as cancers and endometriosis. despite its vital function being reported, the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of fgf-9 expression are mostly unknown. we report here that prostaglandin e2 (pge2) induces expression of fgf-9, which promotes endometri ... | 2006 | 16982695 |
| the application of reproductive technologies to natural populations of red deer. | over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in the application of reproductive technology to the conservation and management of natural populations of deer. the application of assisted reproduction technologies within natural population of deer is in its infancy. however, its future potential is enormous, particularly in relation to genetic management or conservation. this paper reviews the present state of such technologies for a wild subspecies of red deer, the iberian red deer (c ... | 2006 | 16984473 |
| platelet-derived growth factor-bb represses smooth muscle cell marker genes via changes in binding of mkl factors and histone deacetylases to their promoters. | a hallmark of smooth muscle cell (smc) phenotypic switching is suppression of smc marker gene expression. although myocardin has been shown to be a key regulator of this process, the role of its related factors, mkl1 and mkl2, in smc phenotypic switching remains unknown. the present studies were aimed at determining if: 1) mkl factors contribute to the expression of smc marker genes in cultured smcs; and 2) platelet-derived growth factor-bb (pdgf-bb)-induced repression of smc marker genes is med ... | 2007 | 16987998 |
| identification and developmental expression of the ets gene family in the sea urchin (strongylocentrotus purpuratus). | a systematic search in the available scaffolds of the strongylocentrotus purpuratus genome has revealed that this sea urchin has 11 members of the ets gene family. a phylogenetic analysis of these genes showed that almost all vertebrate ets subfamilies, with the exception of one, so far found only in mammals, are each represented by one orthologous sea urchin gene. the temporal and spatial expression of the identified ets factors was also analyzed during embryogenesis. five ets genes (sp-ets1/2, ... | 2006 | 16997294 |
| spatial and annual variability in concentrations and sources of escherichia coli in multiple watersheds. | nonpoint source fecal contamination is a concern for drinking water supplies worldwide. in this study, 4812 e. coli isolates were classified to source. results of this experiment show that the fecal coliform (fc) counts varied by year, month, and site, for each of the watersheds sampled. for both years, the lowest fc counts tended to be at the highest elevation sites followed by the drinking water intake sites at the lowest elevation. the highest fc counts tended to be at the mid-elevation sites ... | 2006 | 16999101 |
| characterization of atp-independent erk inhibitors identified through in silico analysis of the active erk2 structure. | the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erk1 and erk2) are important mediators of cell proliferation. constitutive activation of the erk proteins plays a critical role in the proliferation of many human cancers. taking advantage of recently identified substrate docking domains on erk2, we have used computer-aided drug design (cadd) to identify novel low molecular weight compounds that interact with erk2 in an atp-independent manner and disrupt substrate-specific interactions. in the current ... | 2006 | 17000106 |
| [incidence and control of the american giant liver fluke, fascioloides magna, in a population of wild ungulates in the danubian wetlands east of vienna]. | fascioloides magna,the giant liver fluke, is an introduced parasite imported to europe with infected game which is endemic in the austrian wetlands of the danube from vienna to the slovakian border. due to its pathogenicity (especially in roe deer) and its potential of transmission to domestic ruminants a project on the epidemiology and control of this parasite was carried out between 2000 and 2005. to assess distribution faecal droppings from red deer were collected in an area along the danube ... | 2006 | 17009716 |
| effects of a pomegranate fruit extract rich in punicalagin on oxidation-sensitive genes and enos activity at sites of perturbed shear stress and atherogenesis. | atherosclerosis is enhanced in arterial segments exposed to disturbed flow. perturbed shear stress increases the expression of oxidation-sensitive responsive genes (such as elk-1 and p-creb). polyphenolic antioxidants contained in the juice derived from the pomegranate contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress and atherogenesis during disturbed shear stress. | 2007 | 17014835 |
| tumor suppressor activity of glucocorticoid receptor in the prostate. | glucocorticoids are extensively used in combination chemotherapy of advanced prostate cancer (pc). little is known, however, about the status of the glucocorticoid receptor (gr) in pc. we evaluated over 200 prostate samples and determined that gr expression was strongly decreased or absent in 70-85% of pc. similar to pc tumors, some pc cell lines, including lncap, also lack gr. to understand the role of gr, we reconstituted its expression in lncap cells using lentiviral approach. treatment of ln ... | 2007 | 17016446 |
| the giant liver fluke fascioloides magna (bassi 1875) in cervids in the czech republic and potential of its spreading to germany. | the giant liver fluke fascioloides magna is an important parasite of cervids in europe. from september 2003 to december 2005, faecal samples and livers of red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama) were investigated to determine the current distribution of the fluke in the czech republic. faecal samples were collected from 20 different areas, and livers of hunted deer were dissected from each locality to confirm f. magna infection. the prevalence of f. magna in examined areas determin ... | 2007 | 17016724 |
| regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by glutamate receptors. | glutamate receptors regulate gene expression in neurons by activating intracellular signaling cascades that phosphorylate transcription factors within the nucleus. the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade is one of the best characterized cascades in this regulatory process. the ca(2+)-permeable ionotropic glutamate receptor, mainly the nmda receptor subtype, activates mapks through a biochemical route involving the ca(2+)-sensitive ras-guanine nucleotide releasing factor, ca(2+)/calmo ... | 2007 | 17018022 |
| strain fidelity of chronic wasting disease upon murine adaptation. | chronic wasting disease (cwd), a prion disease of deer and elk, is highly prevalent in some regions of north america. the establishment of mouse-adapted cwd prions has proven difficult due to the strong species barrier between mice and deer. here we report the efficient transmission of cwd to transgenic mice overexpressing murine prp. all mice developed disease 500 +/- 62 days after intracerebral cwd challenge. the incubation period decreased to 228 +/- 103 days on secondary passage and to 162 + ... | 2006 | 17020952 |
| babesia spp. identified by pcr in ticks collected from domestic and wild ruminants in southern switzerland. | concurrent infections with vector-borne pathogens affected a cattle herd in switzerland, and one of the pathogens was identified as babesia bigemina, which had never been observed in this country before. therefore, a survey of the occurrence of ruminant babesia spp. and their tick vectors in switzerland was conducted. a total of 2,017 ticks were collected from sheep, goats, cattle, and wild ruminants (deer, roe deer, and chamois) in southern parts of switzerland and identified morphologically. t ... | 2006 | 17021198 |
| immune responses of elk to initial and booster vaccinations with brucella abortus strain rb51 or 19. | previous studies have suggested that currently available brucellosis vaccines induce poor or no protection in elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). in this study, we characterized the immunologic responses of elk after initial or booster vaccination with brucella abortus strains rb51 (srb51) and 19 (s19). elk were vaccinated with saline or 10(10) cfu of srb51 or s19 (n=seven animals/treatment) and booster vaccinated with a similar dosage of the autologous vaccine at 65 weeks. compared to nonvaccinates, ... | 2006 | 17028213 |
| prion protein in cardiac muscle of elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) infected with chronic wasting disease. | to investigate the possible presence of disease-associated prion protein (prp(d)) in striated muscle of chronic wasting disease (cwd)-affected cervids, samples of diaphragm, tongue, heart and three appendicular skeletal muscles from mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and moose (alces alces shirasi) were examined by elisa, western immunoblot and immunohistochemistry (ihc). prp(d) was detected in samples of heart muscle from se ... | 2006 | 17030881 |
| aberrant low expression level of bovine beta-lactoglobulin is associated with a c to a transversion in the blg promoter region. | beta-lactoglobulin (beta-lg) is the major whey protein in cow's milk. it is well established that the predominant 2 genetic variants, beta-lg a and b, are differentially expressed. extensive investigation of the genetic variation in the promoter region of the blg gene revealed the existence of specific haplotypes associated with the a and b variants, respectively. however, the genetic basis for the differential expression of blg a and b alleles is still elusive. we have previously reported a qua ... | 2006 | 17033029 |
| an extended consensus motif enhances the specificity of substrate modification by sumo. | protein modification by sumo conjugation is an important regulatory event. sumoylation usually takes place on a lysine residue embedded in the core consensus motif psikxe. however, this motif confers limited specificity on the sumoylation process. here, we have probed the roles of clusters of acidic residues located downstream from the core sumo modification sites in proteins such as the transcription factor elk-1. we demonstrate that these are functionally important in sumo-dependent transcript ... | 2006 | 17036045 |
| technical note: preorbital gland opening in red deer (cervus elaphus) calves as an indicator of stress. | the opening of the preorbital gland of red deer (cervus elaphus) calves has been previously associated with feeding and satiety. however, it has been suggested to be most likely affected by some other factor or factors, possibly by excitement of the calf. if so, a calf should open its preorbital gland while being exposed to any stressful procedure. the hypothesis was tested that the preorbital gland is closed in a relaxed calf, whereas it is opened in a stressed calf. preorbital opening was obse ... | 2007 | 17040951 |
| ammunition is the principal source of lead accumulated by california condors re-introduced to the wild. | the endangered california condor (gymnogyps californianus) was reduced to a total population of 22 birds by the end of 1982. their captive-bred descendants are now being released back into the wild in california, arizona, and baja california, where monitoring indicates they may accumulate lead to toxic levels. fragments of ammunition in the carcasses of game animals such as deer, elk, and feral pigs not retrieved by hunters or in gut piles left in the field have been considered a plausible sourc ... | 2006 | 17051813 |
| behavioral responses of bison and elk in yellowstone to snowmobiles and snow coaches. | managers of public lands are charged with protecting some of our most important natural resources and ecosystems, while providing for their use and enjoyment by visitors. almost one million visitors entered yellowstone national park by motorized means on snowmobiles (87%) or snow coaches (13%) during 1992-2003. most vehicles toured the central portion of the park where bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus) concentrate in geothermal areas. we sampled >6500 interactions between groups of th ... | 2006 | 17069382 |
| tbp is differentially regulated by c-jun n-terminal kinase 1 (jnk1) and jnk2 through elk-1, controlling c-jun expression and cell proliferation. | emerging evidence supports the idea that the c-jun n-terminal kinases (jnks) possess overlapping but distinct functions. the potential roles of the ubiquitously expressed jnk1 and jnk2 in regulating expression of the central transcription initiation factor, tata-binding protein (tbp), were examined. relative to wild-type fibroblasts, tbp was decreased in jnk1(-/-) cells and increased in jnk2(-/-) cells. similarly, reduction of jnk1 in human hepatoma cells decreased tbp expression, whereas reduct ... | 2007 | 17074809 |
| copper and the prion protein: methods, structures, function, and disease. | the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) arise from conversion of the membrane-bound prion protein from prp(c) to prp(sc). examples of the tses include mad cow disease, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk, scrapie in goats and sheep, and kuru and creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans. although the precise function of prp(c) in healthy tissues is not known, recent research demonstrates that it binds cu(ii) in an unusual and highly conserved region of the protein termed the octarepea ... | 2007 | 17076634 |