| new records of nematomorph parasites (nematomorpha: gordiida) of ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) and camel crickets (orthoptera: rhaphidophoridae) in washington state. | abstract from 1998 to 2003, beetles and crickets infected with hairworms were collected from 4 localities within the hanford nuclear site and the hanford reach national monument, located in a shrub-steppe region of washington state along the columbia river. infected hosts comprised 6 species of carabid beetles within 5 genera and 2 camel crickets within 1 genus; all are newly documented insect-nematomorph associations. a large proportion of the infected hosts (48%) were collected from a sing ... | 2011 | 22188313 |
| measuring exposure to protobacco marketing and media: a field study using ecological momentary assessment. | introduction: the aims of this study were to validate ecological momentary assessment (ema) as a method for measuring exposure to tobacco-related marketing and media and to use this method to provide detailed descriptive data on college students' exposure to protobacco marketing and media. methods: college students (n = 134; ages 18-24 years) recorded their exposures to protobacco marketing and media on handheld devices for 21 consecutive days. participants also recalled exposures to various typ ... | 2011 | 22039076 |
| comparative morphometric and glycohistochemical studies on the epididymal duct in the donkey (equus asinus) and dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | the present study was undertaken to compare morphometric and glycohistochemical differences in the epididymal duct of the donkey and the dromedary camel. paraffin-embedded sections from the different regions of the duct (caput, corpus and cauda) of both species were stained conventionally for general histology and histomorphometry and also with fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc) conjugated lectins for glycohistochemical mapping. morphometric data (means±se) showed that the luminal diameter was wi ... | 2011 | 21906788 |
| camelpox virus. | camelpox virus (cmlv) causes a smallpox-like illness in a unique host, the camel. the disease is enzootic in almost all regions where camel husbandry is practiced, and is responsible for severe economic losses. although it is genetically the closest known virus to variola virus, the etiologic agent of smallpox, cmlv remains poorly studied. it is characterized by a narrow host range, the capacity to induce giant cells in culture and to counteract host immune defenses; however, the genetic bases a ... | 2011 | 21945248 |
| Composition of milk from minor dairy animals and buffalo breeds: a biodiversity perspective. | A comprehensive review is presented of the nutrient composition for buffalo, mare, and dromedary camel milks at the level of breed, and species-level data for yak, mithun, musk ox, donkey, Bactrian camel, llama, alpaca, reindeer and moose milks. Average values of nutrients were calculated and compared. Interspecies values (g 100 g(-1) ) were 0.7-16.1 for total fat, 1.6-10.5 for protein, 2.6-6.6 for lactose, and 67.9-90.8 for water. Reindeer and moose milks had the highest fat and protein concent ... | 2011 | 22083874 |
| Molecular diversity of the foregut bacteria community in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). | The molecular diversity of the foregut bacterial community in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Central Australia was investigated through comparative analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences prepared from the foregut contents of 12 adult feral camels fed on native vegetation. A total of 267 full-length 16S rRNA gene clones were examined, with 151 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified at a 99% species-level identity cut-off criterion. The prediction of actual diversity in the foreg ... | 2011 | 21914099 |
| Generation of anti-infectome/anti-proteome nanobodies. | The immunization of an animal with a whole proteome or the infection of an animal and the screening of the resulting antibody repertoire on either the same or different proteome(s) or the infecting agent(s), omits the laborious steps of recombinant protein expression and purification to obtain multiple antigen binders. This procedure allows the identification of antibodies that are specific to unique or common signatures of different proteomes without prior knowledge of these signatures.Nanobodi ... | 2011 | 21948420 |
| quest for the piroplasms in camels: identification of theileria equi and babesia caballi in jordanian dromedaries by pcr. | dna of two species of piroplasmids was detected in dromedaries during a survey of blood protozoans in jordan between 2007 and 2009. ten clinically healthy camels (10%) originating from three jordanian districts were found, using a pcr assay, to harbor theileria or babesia species in their blood and no mix infection was determined. analysis of the partial 18s rrna gene sequences of these parasites allowed their unambiguous identification as equine piroplasmids babesia caballi (n=6) and theileria ... | 2011 | 22186193 |
| Monitoring Tobacco-Specific N-Nitrosamines and Nicotine in Novel Marlboro and Camel Smokeless Tobacco Products: Findings From Round 1 of the New Product Watch. | INTRODUCTION: Information on chemical composition of the new oral "spitless" smokeless tobacco products is scarce, and it is not clear whether there is some variability as a function of purchase place or time due to either unintended or intended manufacturing variations or other conditions. METHODS: We analyzed tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA) and nicotine in Marlboro Snus, Camel Snus, and dissolvable Camel products Orbs, Sticks, and Strips that were purchased in various regions of the cou ... | 2011 | 22039075 |
| Cloning and polymorphism analysis of prion protein gene in domestic bactrian camel in China. | Up to now, little is known about the prion protein gene (PRNP) of domestic bactrian camels, and no polymorphisms of the bactrian camel PRNP have been analyzed or reported. In this study, we cloned and analyzed the PRNP sequences of 89 domestic bactrian camels. The results showed that the amino acid sequence of bactrian camel PrP starts with the consensus sequence MVKSH, with almost identical amino acid sequence to the PrP of dromedary camels. A four octapeptide PHGGGWGQ repeat region follows a n ... | 2012 | 22019430 |
| Transabdominal ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal viscera of healthy camels (Camelus dromedaries). | The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic picture of the gastrointestinal tract in healthy camels (Camelus dromedarius). For this purpose, 22 camels were examined. The rumen and its glandular sacs were filling most of the left side of the abdomen. The rumen wall was smooth and echogenic. The ventral part of the reticulum could be best imaged in 17 (77%) camels from the left and right paramedian region just behind to the sternal pad. The reticulum in these animals had a thick ... | 2011 | 22209082 |
| genetic characterization of escherichia coli o157:h7 strains isolated from the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) by using microarray dna technology. | from the camelidae family members, several serotypes of escherichia coli (e. coli) have recently been isolated from diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic faecal samples. to date shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec) strains have never been typed in one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). in the present study, two e. coli o157:h7 strains isolated from sick dromedaries were investigated. virulence gene profiles were determined using a custom e. coli virulence dna microarray, composed of 70-mer oligonucleot ... | 2011 | 22081366 |
| physical and sensory characteristics of najdi-camel meat. | steaks were fabricated from three wholesale cuts: rib, chuck and leg of 18 najdi male camels averaging eight, 16 and 26 months of age. the influence of age, type of cut, freezing and cooking method on the physical and palatability traits of meat has been investigated. the results indicated that age had a significant influence on cooking loss and shear value, but there was no significant effect on drip loss, expressible moisture and organoleptic properties (tenderness, juiciness and flavour). how ... | 1995 | 22059763 |
| a novel strategy for development of recombinant antitoxin therapeutics tested in a mouse botulism model. | antitoxins are needed that can be produced economically with improved safety and shelf life compared to conventional antisera-based therapeutics. here we report a practical strategy for development of simple antitoxin therapeutics with substantial advantages over currently available treatments. the therapeutic strategy employs a single recombinant 'targeting agent' that binds a toxin at two unique sites and a 'clearing ab' that binds two epitopes present on each targeting agent. co-administratio ... | 2012 | 22238680 |
| emerging viral diseases in dromedary camels in the southern morocco* | during the last fifteen years, new viral diseases such bluetongue (bt), west nile (wn), african horse sickness (ahs), epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) and peste des petits ruminants (ppr) have extended their geographic distribution and emerged in north africa and in europe. camel (camelus dromedarius) is considered as a potential vector in the transmission of some of these diseases while it is host-specific for camelpox (cp). a serological survey was conducted on 1392 sera to estimate changes ... | 2012 | 22222004 |
| increased pouch sizes and resulting changes in the amounts of nicotine and tobacco-specific n-nitrosamines in single pouches of camel snus and marlboro snus. | introduction: initial analyses of the novel smokeless tobacco products camel snus and marlboro snus demonstrated that these products contain relatively low amounts of nicotine and the carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines n'-nitrosonornicotine (nnn) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (nnk), as compared with traditional smokeless products. it is unknown whether the modifications in packaging, flavors, and pouch sizes that occurred for both camel snus and marlboro snus since t ... | 2012 | 22259150 |
| epidemiological studies on echinococcosis and characterization of human and livestock hydatid cysts in mauritania. | echinococcosis/hydatidosis is considered endemic in mauritania. the aim of this study is to present an epidemiological study on the echinococcosis in man and animals in the nouakchott region. | 2011 | 22347274 |
| antibodies in sera from camels (camelus dromedarius) in western and sothren regions of central province, saudi arabia. | the study evaluated the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in domestic camels in western and southern regions of central province of saudi arabia. in total, 713 serum samples from clinically healthy camels were analyzed for anti-t. gondii antibodies using the latex agglutination test (lat). antibodies to t. gondii were found in 94 (13.1%) camels. the number of seropositive in al-quwayiyah region (16.9%) was considerably higher than in other regions. however, the differences in seroprevalence be ... | 2012 | 23469639 |
| ultrasonography of the liver and kidneys of healthy camels (camelus dromedarius). | this study describes the ultrasonography of the liver and kidneys of healthy camels (camelus dromedarius). images of the liver were obtained from the 11th to 5th intercostal spaces (icss). the distance between the dorsal liver margin and the midline of the back was shortest (39.1 ± 7.4 cm) at the 11th ics and increased cranially to 5th ics. the size of the liver was largest at the 9th ics and smallest at the 5th ics. in 6 camels the right kidney was visualized from the 10th and 11th icss and upp ... | 2012 | 23729824 |
| foot and mouth disease and similar virus infections in camelids: a review. | foot and mouth disease (fmd) remains the most important animal disease. the fmd virus is highly contagious and occurs almost exclusively among cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, bactrian camels and swine. old world camels (owcs) and new world camels (nwcs) inhabit fmd-endemic countries in south america, north and east africa, and the middle and far east. results of experimental infection of owcs with the virus, and several clinical observations from the field over a century, con ... | 2012 | 23520744 |
| inhibition of type vi secretion by an anti-tssm llama nanobody. | the type vi secretion system (t6ss) is a secretion pathway widespread in gram-negative bacteria that targets toxins in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. although most t6sss identified so far are involved in inter-bacterial competition, a few are directly required for full virulence of pathogens. the t6ss comprises 13 core proteins that assemble a large complex structurally and functionally similar to a phage contractile tail structure anchored to the cell envelope by a trans-membrane spanni ... | 2015 | 25811612 |
| single domain antibodies: promising experimental and therapeutic tools in infection and immunity. | antibodies are important tools for experimental research and medical applications. most antibodies are composed of two heavy and two light chains. both chains contribute to the antigen-binding site which is usually flat or concave. in addition to these conventional antibodies, llamas, other camelids, and sharks also produce antibodies composed only of heavy chains. the antigen-binding site of these unusual heavy chain antibodies (hcabs) is formed only by a single domain, designated vhh in cameli ... | 2009 | 19529959 |
| viral and bacterial infections associated with camel (camelus dromedarius) calf diarrhea in north province, saudi arabia. | diarrhea and deaths in new-born camel calves were noticed by veterinary investigators and pastoralist in saudi arabia to be very high. hence, it is thought to be necessary to investigate this problem from the virological and bacteriological point of view. the role of pathogenic bacteria and viruses in six different towns of north province (al-assafia, arar, domat aljandal, hail, skaka and khoa) in saudi arabia was studied. survey was conducted in diarrheic camel calves aged 12 months or younger. ... | 2011 | 23961160 |
| in vitro antibacterial effects of five volatile oil extracts against intramacrophage brucella abortus 544. | brucellaabortus is a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium that can cause a highly contagious disease in sheep, goats, cattle and one-humped camels. it is responsible for one of the most important zoonosis in human. the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of mentha piperita, origanum majorana, citrus lemon, cinnamomum verum and myristica fragrans essential volatile oil extracts on human macrophages infected by b. abortus 544. | 2012 | 23115441 |
| camelus dromedarius brucellosis and its public health associated risks in the afar national regional state in northeastern ethiopia. | a cross-sectional study was carried out in four districts of the afar region in ethiopia to determine the prevalence of brucellosis in camels, and to identify risky practices that would facilitate the transmission of zoonoses to humans. this study involved testing 461 camels and interviewing 120 livestock owners. the modified rose bengal plate test (mrbpt) and complement fixation test (cft) were used as screening and confirmatory tests, respectively. spss 16 was used to analyze the overall preva ... | 2013 | 24344729 |
| magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (mcleas) of candida antarctica lipase: an efficient and stable biocatalyst for biodiesel synthesis. | enzyme-catalyzed production of biodiesel is the object of extensive research due to the global shortage of fossil fuels and increased environmental concerns. herein we report the preparation and main characteristics of a novel biocatalyst consisting of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (cleas) of candida antarctica lipase b (calb) which are covalently bound to magnetic nanoparticles, and tackle its use for the synthesis of biodiesel from non-edible vegetable and waste frying oils. for this purpose, ... | 2014 | 25551445 |
| occupational exposure to dromedaries and risk for mers-cov infection, qatar, 2013-2014. | we determined the presence of neutralizing antibodies to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in persons in qatar with and without dromedary contact. antibodies were only detected in those with contact, suggesting dromedary exposure as a risk factor for infection. findings also showed evidence for substantial underestimation of the infection in populations at risk in qatar. | 2015 | 26196891 |
| cellulolytic bacteria in the foregut of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | foregut digesta from five feral dromedary camels were inoculated into three different enrichment media: cotton thread, filter paper, and neutral detergent fiber. a total of 283 16s rrna gene sequences were assigned to 33 operational taxonomic units by using 99% species-level identity. libshuff revealed significant differences in the community composition across all three libraries. | 2012 | 23042173 |
| first isolation of west nile virus from a dromedary camel. | although antibodies against west nile virus (wnv) have been detected in the sera of dromedaries in the middle east, north africa and spain, no wnv has been isolated or amplified from dromedary or bactrian camels. in this study, wnv was isolated from vero cells inoculated with both nasal swab and pooled trachea/lung samples from a dromedary calf in dubai. complete-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis using the near-whole-genome polyprotein revealed that the virus belonged to lineage 1a. th ... | 2016 | 27273223 |
| replication and shedding of mers-cov in upper respiratory tract of inoculated dromedary camels. | in 2012, a novel coronavirus associated with severe respiratory disease in humans emerged in the middle east. epidemiologic investigations identified dromedary camels as the likely source of zoonotic transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). here we provide experimental support for camels as a reservoir for mers-cov. we inoculated 3 adult camels with a human isolate of mers-cov and a transient, primarily upper respiratory tract infection developed in each of the 3 ... | 0 | 25418529 |
| description of a nanobody-based competitive immunoassay to detect tsetse fly exposure. | tsetse flies are the main vectors of human and animal african trypanosomes. the tsal proteins in tsetse fly saliva were previously identified as suitable biomarkers of bite exposure. a new competitive assay was conceived based on nanobody (nb) technology to ameliorate the detection of anti-tsal antibodies in mammalian hosts. | 2015 | 25658871 |
| identification of human neutralizing antibodies against mers-cov and their role in virus adaptive evolution. | the newly emerging middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome-like disease with ∼43% mortality. given the recent detection of virus in dromedary camels, zoonotic transfer of mers-cov to humans is suspected. in addition, little is known about the role of human neutralizing ab (nab) pressure as a driving force in mers-cov adaptive evolution. here, we used a well-characterized nonimmune human ab-phage library and a panning strategy with proteo ... | 2014 | 24778221 |
| noninvasive imaging of immune responses. | at their margins, tumors often contain neutrophils, dendritic cells, and activated macrophages, which express class ii mhc and cd11b products. the interplay between stromal cells, tumor cells, and migratory cells such as lymphocytes creates opportunities for noninvasive imaging of immune responses. we developed alpaca-derived antibody fragments specific for mouse class ii mhc and cd11b products, expressed on the surface of a variety of myeloid cells. we validated these reagents by flow cytometry ... | 2015 | 25902531 |
| crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) in east and northeast of iran. | this comprehensive study was conducted on multi-purpose one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) sera and ticks to assess the epidemiological aspects of the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) in northeast iran. | 2016 | 27308275 |
| prevalence of tick infestation in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) brought for slaughter in mashhad abattoir, iran. | this study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of tick infestation and identify tick species that parasitize dromedary camels. since april 2012 through march 2013, a total of 400 camels that brought for slaughter in mashhad abattoir were examined for tick infestation. out of the total 400 camels examined, 237 were infested and annual prevalence of tick infestation 59.25 % (95 % ci 54-64) was calculated. the higher prevalence rates were found in the summer and spring, especially the sum ... | 2013 | 26345051 |
| anaplasma infection of bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus) and ticks in xinjiang, china. | to date, anaplasmosis has been reported to be a subclinical disease in indian and arabian one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) and llamas (lama glama). however, no information on anaplasma infection in two-humped bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus) in china has been published to date. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anaplasma spp. in domestic bactrian camels and ticks in xinjiang, china. | 2015 | 26055661 |
| canine and ovine tick-borne pathogens in camels, nigeria. | in april 2008, whole blood samples were collected from 36 dromedary camels in sokoto, north-western nigeria. following pcr and reverse line blotting, twenty-two samples (61%) resulted positive for ehrlichia/anaplasma spp. and three (8%) for theileria/babesia spp., with three (8%) cases of co-infections being found. both sequence and blast analyses identified ehrlichia/anaplasma spp. and theileria/babesia spp. positive cases as anaplasma platys and theileria ovis, respectively. this is the first ... | 2016 | 27692338 |
| subclinical anaplasmosis in camel (camelus dromedarius) and its successful therapeutic management. | on the indian sub continent, dromedarian camel -'the ship of the desert' is an important constituent of the socio economic life style of nomadic owners in the semi arid to arid ecosystems. the animal suffers from a few parasitic diseases viz. surra, coccidiosis, sarcocystis, gastro intestinal concurrent metazoan infections, mange, nasal bots and ticks infestations. however, anaplasmosis in camel has not been reported so far from the indian subcontinent. systematic investigations of a 7 year male ... | 2012 | 24808644 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: transmission, virology and therapeutic targeting to aid in outbreak control. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes high fever, cough, acute respiratory tract infection and multiorgan dysfunction that may eventually lead to the death of the infected individuals. mers-cov is thought to be transmitted to humans through dromedary camels. the occurrence of the virus was first reported in the middle east and it subsequently spread to several parts of the world. since 2012, about 1368 infections, including ~487 deaths, have been reported worldwide. nota ... | 2015 | 26315600 |
| molecular cloning and 3d structure modeling of apex1, dna base excision repair enzyme from the camel, camelus dromedarius. | the domesticated one-humped camel, camelus dromedarius, is one of the most important animals in the arabian desert. it is exposed most of its life to both intrinsic and extrinsic genotoxic factors that are known to cause gross dna alterations in many organisms. ionic radiation and sunlight are known producers of reactive oxygen species (ros), one of the causes for dna lesions. the damaged dna is repaired by many enzymes, among of them base excision repair enzymes, producing the highly mutagenic ... | 2012 | 22942721 |
| proteomics of old world camelid (camelus dromedarius): better understanding the interplay between homeostasis and desert environment. | life is the interplay between structural-functional integrity of biological systems and the influence of the external environment. to understand this interplay, it is useful to examine an animal model that competes with harsh environment. the dromedary camel is the best model that thrives under severe environment with considerable durability. the current proteomic study on dromedary organs explains a number of cellular mysteries providing functional correlates to arid living. proteome profiling ... | 2013 | 25685490 |
| molecular cloning, characterization and predicted structure of a putative copper-zinc sod from the camel, camelus dromedarius. | superoxide dismutase (sod) is the first line of defense against oxidative stress induced by endogenous and/or exogenous factors and thus helps in maintaining the cellular integrity. its activity is related to many diseases; so, it is of importance to study the structure and expression of sod gene in an animal naturally exposed most of its life to the direct sunlight as a cause of oxidative stress. arabian camel (one humped camel, camelus dromedarius) is adapted to the widely varying desert clima ... | 2012 | 22312292 |
| comparative chromosome painting of pronghorn (antilocapra americana) and saola (pseudoryx nghetinhensis) karyotypes with human and dromedary camel probes. | pronghorn (antilocapridae, 2n = 58) and saola (bovidae, 2n = 50) are members of pecora, a highly diversified group of even-toed hoofed mammals. karyotypes of these species were not involved in chromosome painting studies despite their intriguing phylogenetic positions in pecora. | 2014 | 24923361 |
| molecular modeling and phylogeny of the krüppel-like factor 4 (cklf4) protein from the arabian camel, camelus dromedarius. | krüppel-like factor 4 (klf4) is a pluripotency transcription factor that helps in generating induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs). we sequenced for the first time the full coding sequence of camelus dromedarius klf4 (cklf4), which is also known as the arabian camel. bioinformatics analysis revealed the molecular weight and the isoelectric point of cklf4 protein to be 53.043 kda and 8.74, respectively. the predicted cklf4 protein sequence shows high identity with some other species as follows: ... | 2016 | 28050127 |
| proteome changes in biceps femoris muscle of iranian
one-humped camel and their effect on meat quality traits. | in this study physicochemical and quality traits of biceps femoris and longissimus thoracis muscles of male and female iranian one-humped camel were determined during 14 days of refrigeration storage. analysis of variance of the results showed that only shear force and temperature were affected by the gender (p<0.05). anatomical location of the muscle influenced the meat properties except for drip loss (p<0.05). also, except for cooking loss, ageing influenced the physicochemical and quality pro ... | 0 | 27956864 |
| phylogenetic and structural analysis of the pluripotency factor sex-determining region y box2 gene of camelus dromedarius (csox2). | although the sequencing information of sox2 cdna for many mammalian is available, the sox2 cdna of camelus dromedaries has not yet been characterized. the objective of this study was to sequence and characterize sox2 cdna from the brain of c. dromedarius (also known as arabian camel). a full coding sequence of the sox2 gene from the brain of c. dromedarius was amplified by reverse transcription pcrjmc and then sequenced using the 3730xl series platform sequencer (applied biosystem) for the first ... | 2016 | 27486314 |
| sequence analysis of the toll-like receptor 2 gene of old world camels. | the toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) gene of old world camels (camelus dromedarius and camelus bactrianus) was cloned and sequenced. the tlr2 gene of the dromedary camel had the highest nucleotide and amino acid identity with pig, i.e., 66.8% and 59.6%, respectively. similarly, the tlr2 gene of the bactrian camel also had the highest nucleotide and amino acid identity with pig, i.e., 85.7% and 81.4%, respectively. dromedary and bactrian camels shared 77.9% nucleotide and 73.6% amino acid identity wit ... | 2013 | 25685538 |
| the genetics of deafness in domestic animals. | although deafness can be acquired throughout an animal's life from a variety of causes, hereditary deafness, especially congenital hereditary deafness, is a significant problem in several species. extensive reviews exist of the genetics of deafness in humans and mice, but not for deafness in domestic animals. hereditary deafness in many species and breeds is associated with loci for white pigmentation, where the cochlear pathology is cochleo-saccular. in other cases, there is no pigmentation ass ... | 2015 | 26664958 |
| the de novo genome assembly and annotation of a female domestic dromedary of north african origin. | the single-humped dromedary (camelus dromedarius) is the most numerous and widespread of domestic camel species and is a significant source of meat, milk, wool, transportation and sport for millions of people. dromedaries are particularly well adapted to hot, desert conditions and harbour a variety of biological and physiological characteristics with evolutionary, economic and medical importance. to understand the genetic basis of these traits, an extensive resource of genomic variation is requi ... | 2015 | 26178449 |
| methane emission by camelids. | methane emissions from ruminant livestock have been intensively studied in order to reduce contribution to the greenhouse effect. ruminants were found to produce more enteric methane than other mammalian herbivores. as camelids share some features of their digestive anatomy and physiology with ruminants, it has been proposed that they produce similar amounts of methane per unit of body mass. this is of special relevance for countrywide greenhouse gas budgets of countries that harbor large popula ... | 2014 | 24718604 |
| estimating the population mutation rate from a de novo assembled bactrian camel genome and cross-species comparison with dromedary ests. | the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) and the dromedary (camelus dromedarius) are among the last species that have been domesticated around 3000-6000 years ago. during domestication, strong artificial (anthropogenic) selection has shaped the livestock, creating a huge amount of phenotypes and breeds. hence, domestic animals represent a unique resource to understand the genetic basis of phenotypic variation and adaptation. similar to its late domestication history, the bactrian camel is also am ... | 2013 | 23454912 |
| pastoralism in northern peru during pre-hispanic times: insights from the mochica period (100-800 ad) based on stable isotopic analysis of domestic camelids. | llama (lama glama) and alpaca (vicugna pacos) are the only large domesticated animals indigenous to the americas. pastoralism occupies a fundamental economic, social and religious role in andean life. today, camelid livestock are confined to the ecozone of the puna (above 3,500 masl), while their presence on the pacific coast during pre-hispanic times is attested by archaeological skeletal remains. this study aims to document herding practices on the northern peruvian coast during the early inte ... | 2014 | 24498136 |
| molecular characterization of echinococcus granulosus sensu lato from farm animals in egypt. | little is known on the diversity and public health significance of echinococcus species in livestock in egypt. in this study, 37 individual hydatid cysts were collected from dromedary camels (n=28), sheep (n=7) and buffalos (n=2). dna was extracted from protoscoleces/germinal layer of individual cysts and amplified by pcr targeting nuclear (actin ii) and mitochondrial (cox1 and nad1) genes. direct sequencing of amplicons indicated the presence of echinococcus canadenesis (g6 genotype) in 26 of 2 ... | 2015 | 25760944 |
| homology modeling of a camelid antibody fragment against a conserved region of acinetobacter baumannii biofilm associated protein (bap). | vhh or the single-domain antibodies (sdab), are studied for therapeutic applications in cancers, infections and other diseases. in our previous study, we expressed and produced a soluble vhh against a conserved region of acinetobacter baumannii biofilm associated protein (bap). the present study was undertaken to predict the 2d and 3d structure of the receptor and ligand as well as residues involved in their interactions. | 2016 | 26907201 |
| immunoreaction of a recombinant nanobody from camelid single domain antibody fragment with acinetobacter baumannii. | acinetobacter baumannii, an important nosocominal pathogen, causes various human infections like meningitis, bacteremia and pneumonia. the aim of this study was to produce nanobodies derived from camel heavy chain antibodies (hcab) against a conserved region of the biofilm associated protein (bap) of a. baumannii, by phage display technique. | 2014 | 24463583 |
| bluetongue virus genetic and phenotypic diversity: towards identifying the molecular determinants that influence virulence and transmission potential. | bluetongue virus (btv) is the prototype member of the orbivirus genus in the family reoviridae and is the aetiological agent of the arthropod transmitted disease bluetongue (bt) that affects both ruminant and camelid species. the disease is of significant global importance due to its economic impact and effect on animal welfare. bluetongue virus, a dsrna virus, evolves through a process of quasispecies evolution that is driven by genetic drift and shift as well as intragenic recombination. quasi ... | 2012 | 22835527 |
| serological survey of viral diseases relating to reproductive failure among artiodactyla in ethiopian camelus dromedarius. | serological surveys were performed on ethiopian camels with a history of abortion to investigate the presence of antibodies against viruses that infect animals classified in the order artiodactyla. in 2013, 120 serum samples were collected from camels in various parts of ethiopia. several viruses related to abortion in ruminants were prevalent. in particular, antibodies against bluetongue virus, were detected at a high rate (76.7% of samples). additionally, antibodies against akabane virus and j ... | 2016 | 27278458 |
| molecular detection of novel anaplasmataceae closely related to anaplasma platys and ehrlichia canis in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | serological surveys have confirmed anaplasma marginale and anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in dromedary camels, but molecular surveys and genetic characterisation of camel-associated anaplasma species are lacking. in this study, we detected tick-borne anaplasmataceae in 30 of 100 (30%) healthy dromedary camels screened using a combined 16s rrna-groel pcr-sequencing approach. nucleotide sequencing confirmed anaplasmataceae genome presence in 28 of the 33 16s rrna pcr-positive samples, with t ... | 2015 | 26096752 |
| [first serological study of the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in dromedary (camelus dromedarius) in tunisia]. | the aim of the study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in dromedary (camelus dromedarius). sera of 226 healthy dromedaries from three regions of tunisia (sidi bouzid, bouficha and douz) were tested by indirect immunofluorescence (ifa). the overall infection rate was estimated at 29.2%. the study of risk factors showed that region, age, gender, presence of ticks and types of breeding had no influence on the seroprevalence of a. phagocytophilum. this study indicates f ... | 2014 | 24363017 |
| detection of novel strains genetically related to anaplasma platys in tunisian one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius). | little information is currently available regarding the presence of anaplasma species in north african dromedaries. to fill this gap in knowledge, the prevalence, risk factors, and genetic diversity of anaplasma species were investigated in tunisian dromedary camels. | 2015 | 26517487 |
| adenoviral expression of a bispecific vhh-based neutralizing agent that targets protective antigen provides prophylactic protection from anthrax in mice. | bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, secretes three polypeptides, which form the bipartite lethal and edema toxins (lt and et, respectively). the common component in these toxins, protective antigen (pa), is responsible for binding to cellular receptors and translocating the lethal factor (lf) and edema factor (ef) enzymatic moieties to the cytosol. antibodies against pa protect against anthrax. we previously isolated toxin-neutralizing variable domains of camelid heavy-chain-only ... | 2016 | 26740390 |
| mechanisms of ricin toxin neutralization revealed through engineered homodimeric and heterodimeric camelid antibodies. | novel antibody constructs consisting of two or more different camelid heavy-chain only antibodies (vhhs) joined via peptide linkers have proven to have potent toxin-neutralizing activity in vivo against shiga, botulinum, clostridium difficile, anthrax, and ricin toxins. however, the mechanisms by which these so-called bispecific vhh heterodimers promote toxin neutralization remain poorly understood. in the current study we produced a new collection of ricin-specific vhh heterodimers, as well as ... | 2015 | 26396190 |
| a heterodimer of a vhh (variable domains of camelid heavy chain-only) antibody that inhibits anthrax toxin cell binding linked to a vhh antibody that blocks oligomer formation is highly protective in an anthrax spore challenge model. | anthrax disease is caused by a toxin consisting of protective antigen (pa), lethal factor, and edema factor. antibodies against pa have been shown to be protective against the disease. variable domains of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies (vhhs) with affinity for pa were obtained from immunized alpacas and screened for anthrax neutralizing activity in macrophage toxicity assays. two classes of neutralizing vhhs were identified recognizing distinct, non-overlapping epitopes. one class recognize ... | 2015 | 25564615 |
| [travel-associated pneumonias]. | respiratory infections are responsible for up to 11% of febrile infections in travellers or immigrants from tropical and subtropical regions. the main pathogens are the same as in temperate climate zones: streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, influenza viruses, legionella pneumophila. however, some pulmonary diseases can be attributed to bacterial, parasitic, viral or fungal pathogens that are endemic in tropical and subtropical region ... | 2014 | 25290923 |
| study of lactic acid bacteria community from raw milk of iranian one humped camel and evaluation of their probiotic properties. | camel milk is amongst valuable food sources in iran. on the other hand, due to the presence of probiotic bacteria and bacteriocin producers in camel milk, probiotic bacteria can be isolated and identified from this food product. | 2015 | 26060561 |
| enzymatic functionalization of a nanobody using protein insertion technology. | antibody-based products constitute one of the most attractive biological molecules for diagnostic, medical imagery and therapeutic purposes with very few side effects. their development has become a major priority of biotech and pharmaceutical industries. recently, a growing number of modified antibody-based products have emerged including fragments, multi-specific and conjugate antibodies. in this study, using protein engineering, we have functionalized the anti-hen egg-white lysozyme (hewl) ca ... | 2015 | 25852149 |
| expression of recombinant arabian camel lactoferricin-related peptide in pichia pastoris and its antimicrobial identification. | lactoferricin (lfcin) is a strong cationic peptide released from the n-terminus of lactoferrin by gastric pepsin digestion. lfcin has some important properties, including high antimicrobial activity. to date, lactoferricins have been isolated and characterised from various animal species, but not from camel. the aim of this study was to characterise and express recombinant camel lactoferricin (lfcinc) in pichia pastoris and investigate its antimicrobial activity. | 2016 | 25655077 |
| molecular characterization of a novel hepcidin (hepcd) from camelus dromedarius. synthetic peptide forms exhibit antibacterial activity. | hepcidin is a cysteine-rich peptide widely characterized in immunological processes and antimicrobial activity in several vertebrate species. obviously, this hormone plays a central role in the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis. however, its role in camelids' immune response and whether it is involved in antibacterial immunity have not yet been proven. in this study, we characterized the arabian camel hepcidin nucleotide sequence with an open reading frame of 252 bp encoding an 83-amino ac ... | 2014 | 24895313 |
| isolation and characterization of dromedary camel coronavirus uae-hku23 from dromedaries of the middle east: minimal serological cross-reactivity between mers coronavirus and dromedary camel coronavirus uae-hku23. | recently, we reported the discovery of a dromedary camel coronavirus uae-hku23 (dccov uae-hku23) from dromedaries in the middle east. in this study, dccov uae-hku23 was successfully isolated in two of the 14 dromedary fecal samples using hrt-18g cells, with cytopathic effects observed five days after inoculation. northern blot analysis revealed at least seven distinct rna species, corresponding to predicted subgenomic mrnas and confirming the core sequence of transcription regulatory sequence mo ... | 2016 | 27164099 |
| co-circulation of three camel coronavirus species and recombination of mers-covs in saudi arabia. | outbreaks of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) raise questions about the prevalence and evolution of the mers coronavirus (cov) in its animal reservoir. our surveillance in saudi arabia in 2014 and 2015 showed that viruses of the mers-cov species and a human cov 229e-related lineage co-circulated at high prevalence, with frequent co-infections in the upper respiratory tract of dromedary camels. viruses of the betacoronavirus 1 species, we found that dromedary camels share three cov species ... | 2016 | 26678874 |
| short communication: viability of culture organisms in honey-enriched acidophilus-bifidus-thermophilus (abt)-type fermented camel milk. | the aim of this research was to monitor the survival during refrigerated storage of lactobacillus acidophilus la-5 (a), bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis bb-12 (b), and streptococcus thermophilus chcc 742/2130 (t) in cultured dairy foods made from camel and, for comparison, cow milks supplemented with black locust (robinia pseudoacacia l.) honey and fermented by an acidophilus-bifidus-thermophilus (abt)-type culture. two liters of dromedary camel milk and 2 l of cow milk were heated to 90 °c ... | 2014 | 25151879 |
| disseminated blastomyces dermatitidis, genetic group 2, infection in an alpaca (vicugna pacos). | a 7-year-old, female huacaya alpaca presented with a 3-week history of left-sided head tilt and mild ataxia. despite aggressive supportive therapy with empirical antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, thiamine, and anthelminthic therapy, neurologic signs progressed to a right-sided head tilt, positional nystagmus, and episodes of severe ataxia and obtundation. on necropsy, discrete expansile to poorly delineated infiltrative masses with tan, creamy to grumous exudate were observed in the right petrous t ... | 2014 | 24621845 |
| corrigendum to "bluetongue virus surveillance in the islamic republic of mauritania: is serotype 26 circulating among cattle and dromedaries?" [infect. genet. evol. (2016) 40:109-112]. | | 2016 | 27491599 |
| bluetongue virus surveillance in the islamic republic of mauritania: is serotype 26 circulating among cattle and dromedaries? | in march 2013, edta-blood and serum samples were collected from 119 cattle and 159 dromedaries at the slaughterhouse of nouakchott, the capital city of the islamic republic of mauritania. serum samples were screened for the presence of bluetongue (bt) antibodies by competitive elisa (celisa). positive samples were then tested by serum-neutralization (sn) to determine btv serotype. rna from blood samples was first tested by a genus-specific quantitative rt-pcr assay which is able to detect all 27 ... | 2016 | 26932578 |
| culicoides vector species on three south american camelid farms seropositive for bluetongue virus serotype 8 in germany 2008/2009. | palearctic species of culicoides (diptera, ceratopogonidae), in particular of the obsoletus and pulicaris complexes, were identified as putative vectors of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (btv-8) on ruminant farms during the epizootic in germany from 2006 to 2009. btv may cause severe morbidity and mortality in ruminants and sporadically in south american camelids (sac). however, the fauna of culicoides spp. on sac farms has not been investigated. therefore, the ceratopogonid fauna was monitored on ... | 2015 | 26489592 |
| a review of experimental infections with bluetongue virus in the mammalian host. | experimental infection studies with bluetongue virus (btv) in the mammalian host have a history that stretches back to the late 18th century. studies in a wide range of ruminant and camelid species as well as mice have been instrumental in understanding btv transmission, bluetongue (bt) pathogenicity/pathogenesis, viral virulence, the induced immune response, as well as reproductive failures associated with btv infection. these studies have in many cases been complemented by in vitro studies wit ... | 2014 | 24462840 |
| a transversal study on antibodies against selected pathogens in dromedary camels in the canary islands, spain. | the canary islands contain the most important dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) population in the european union and are the main export point of dromedaries to continental europe and latin america. we investigated the presence of antibodies against relevant disease agents in 100 canarian camel sera. selected blood samples of the same animals were also tested by pcr. sera were tested for antibodies against bluetongue virus (btv; 0%), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv; 0%), camelpox virus (c ... | 2013 | 23992795 |
| a serologic survey of viral infections in captive ungulates in turkish zoos. | zoos and zoologic gardens make optimal environments for interspecies transmission of viral infections. there are seven zoos and several small zoologic collections in turkey. this study aimed to determine the current status of viral infections in captive ungulates living in these environments. blood samples were taken from 163 captive animals from two zoos. there were 39 cameroon sheep (ovis ammon f aries), 11 barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia), 57 pygmy goats (capra hircus), 9 angora goats (capra ... | 2011 | 22946369 |
| mixed infection of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) and other respiratory viruses in dromedary camels in sudan, an abattoir study. | this study was intended to determine the role played by peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in causing respiratory infections in camels and its association with other respiratory viruses. a total of 474 lung specimens showing pneumonia were collected from clinically healthy camels in slaughterhouses at five different areas in sudan. using immunocapture elisa (icelisa), 214 specimens (45.1 %) were found to be positive for ppr antigen. the highest prevalence was found in central sudan (59.9 %) then n ... | 2015 | 25904508 |
| absence of mers-coronavirus in bactrian camels, southern mongolia, november 2014. | | 2015 | 26080032 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus seroprevalence in domestic livestock in saudi arabia, 2010 to 2013. | in saudi arabia, including regions of riyadh and al ahsa, pseudoparticle neutralisation (ppnt) and microneutralisation (mnt) tests detected no antibodies to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in sheep (n= 100), goats (n= 45), cattle (n= 50) and chickens (n= 240). dromedary camels however, had a high prevalence of mers-cov antibodies. bovine coronavirus (bcov) infected sera from cattle had no cross-reactivity in mers-cov ppnt or mnt, while many dromedary camels’ sera reacted ... | 2013 | 24342517 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study. | a new betacoronavirus-middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov)-has been identified in patients with severe acute respiratory infection. although related viruses infect bats, molecular clock analyses have been unable to identify direct ancestors of mers-cov. anecdotal exposure histories suggest that patients had been in contact with dromedary camels or goats. we investigated possible animal reservoirs of mers-cov by assessing specific serum antibodies in livestock. | 2013 | 23933067 |
| comparative sequence analysis of double stranded rna binding protein encoding gene of parapoxviruses from indian camels. | the dsrna binding protein (rbp) encoding gene of parapoxviruses (ppvs) from the dromedary camels, inhabitating different geographical region of rajasthan, india were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using the primers of pseudocowpoxvirus (pcpv) from finnish reindeer and cloned into pgem-t for sequence analysis. analysis of rbp encoding gene revealed that ppv dna from bikaner shared 98.3% and 76.6% sequence identity at the amino acid level, with pali and udaipur ppv dna, respectively. refer ... | 2014 | 25685494 |
| a study on some reproductive disorders in dromedary camel herds in saudi arabia with special references to uterine infections and abortion. | dromedary camels complaining from conception failure or abortion were investigated and their herders interviewed in al ahsa province, kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) during 2013 and 2015. the most important reproductive disorder according to the responders is uterine infection (60.2%) followed by obesity (22.3%) then physiological conditions (hormonal disturbances; 7.8%), adhesions (3.9%) and repeat breeders (2.9%). of the camel herders, 78.6% reported previous occurrence of abortion in their herd ... | 2017 | 28364266 |
| serum biochemical profile and molecular detection of pathogens in semen of infertile male dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | detection of pathogens in the semen of camels has not been completely elucidated. therefore, the current study aimed to determine the association of some economically important pathogens with infertility in 94 male infertile camels through molecular detection and estimation of selected biochemical parameters in serum of these animals compared with a control non infected fertile animals (n=40). pcr analysis of semen samples of infertile camels indicated that, four potential pathogens namely mycop ... | 2017 | 28341394 |
| spatial point pattern analyses of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in domestic livestock herds and concomitant seroprevalence in wild white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in new york state, usa. | bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is an economically important disease of domestic cattle that is capable of infecting cervids. a first step in the formulation of a regional bvdv management plan is a local assessment of the likelihood of pathogen transmission from wildlife to domestic livestock. to achieve this, blood samples were collected from hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) throughout new york state in the fall of 2009 and 2010. the svanovir bvdv p80-ab enzyme-lin ... | 2013 | 23512919 |
| genotyping of brucella melitensis strains from dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) from the united arab emirates with multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. | camel brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease in camel-rearing countries caused by brucella melitensis and brucella abortus. the aim of this study was the first genetic analysis of b. melitensis strains isolated from dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva). mlva 16 and its mlva 8 and mlva11 subsets were used to determine the genotypes of 15 b. melitensis isolates from dromedary camels (11 strains) and other host species (4 st ... | 2016 | 27016751 |
| camelid brucellosis: a review. | camel brucellosis has been diagnosed in all camel-rearing countries except australia. in many countries the infection is on the rise in old world camels (owcs) due to the uncontrolled trade of live animals. knowledge of camelid brucellosis has increased over the last decade through field investigations, experimental infection trials and comprehensive laboratory testing. infection with brucella melitensis is frequent in owcs and rare with b. abortus. new world camels rarely contract brucellosis. ... | 2014 | 25812208 |
| innocuity and immune response to brucella melitensis rev.1 vaccine in camels (camelus dromedarius). | a field trial was conducted in a camel brucellosis-free herd to evaluate antibody response to the brucella melitensis rev.1 vaccine in camels and assess shedding of the vaccine strain in milk. twenty eight camels were divided into four groups according to their age and vaccination route. groups a (n=3) and b (n=3) consisted of non-pregnant lactating female camels, vaccinated through subcutaneous and conjunctival routes, respectively. groups c (n=10) consisted of 8-11 months old calves vaccinated ... | 2014 | 26623347 |
| human and dromedary camel infection with camelpox virus in eastern sudan. | we provide evidence for the zoonotic nature of camelpox virus by reporting infections that involved dromedary camels and three camel herders in showak area of eastern sudan between september and december 2014. the skin lesions in the camel herders consisted of erythema, vesicles, and pustules that involved arms, hands, legs, back, and abdomen and resolved within less than 2 months with no human-to-human transmission. the diagnosis was achieved through molecular technique, virus isolation in cell ... | 2017 | 28055328 |
| genetic characterization of poxviruses in camelus dromedarius in ethiopia, 2011-2014. | camelpox and camel contagious ecthyma are infectious viral diseases of camelids caused by camelpox virus (cmlv) and camel contagious ecthyma virus (ccev), respectively. even though, in ethiopia, pox disease has been creating significant economic losses in camel production, little is known on the responsible pathogens and their genetic diversity. thus, the present study aimed at isolation, identification and genetic characterization of the causative viruses. accordingly, clinical case observation ... | 2016 | 27544702 |
| an orthopoxvirus-based vaccine reduces virus excretion after mers-cov infection in dromedary camels. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infections have led to an ongoing outbreak in humans, which was fueled by multiple zoonotic mers-cov introductions from dromedary camels. in addition to the implementation of hygiene measures to limit further camel-to-human and human-to-human transmissions, vaccine-mediated reduction of mers-cov spread from the animal reservoir may be envisaged. here we show that a modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) vaccine expressing the mers-cov spike p ... | 2016 | 26678878 |
| multiplex pcr for rapid diagnosis and differentiation of pox and pox-like diseases in dromedary camels. | pox and pox-like diseases of camels are a group of exanthematous skin conditions that have become increasingly important economically. three distinct viruses may cause them: camelpox virus (cmlv), camel parapox virus (cppv) and camelus dromedary papilloma virus (cdpv). these diseases are often difficult to differentiate based on clinical presentation in disease outbreaks. molecular methods such as pcr targeting species-specific genes have been developed and used to identify these diseases, but n ... | 2015 | 26148497 |
| protease-resistant single-domain antibodies inhibit campylobacter jejuni motility. | camelid heavy-chain antibody variable domains (vhhs) are emerging as potential antimicrobial reagents. we have engineered a previously isolated vhh (flagv1m), which binds campylobacter jejuni flagella, for greater thermal and proteolytic stability. mutants of flagv1m were obtained from an error-prone polymerase chain reaction library that was panned in the presence of gastrointestinal (gi) proteases. additional flagv1m mutants were obtained through disulfide-bond engineering. each approach produ ... | 2014 | 24742504 |
| ovarian hydrobursitis in female camels (camelus dromedarius): the role of chlamydophila abortus and a trial for medical treatment. | the occurrence of chlamydophila abortus in female camels affected with ovarian hydrobursitis and a trial for medical treatment were studied. a total of 111 cases were included in two experiments. in experiment 1, sera from 51 affected cases were tested for c. abortus antibody using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in experiment 2, 60 female camels affected with bilateral ovarian hydrobursitis were divided into treated and control groups (n = 30 each). based on the bursal diameter, fema ... | 2012 | 22365697 |
| selection of nanobodies that block the enzymatic and cytotoxic activities of the binary clostridium difficile toxin cdt. | the spore-forming gut bacterium clostridium difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. the major virulence factors are two large glucosylating cytotoxins. hypervirulent strains (e.g. ribotype 027) with higher morbidity and mortality additionally produce the binary cdt toxin (clostridium difficile transferase) that adp-ribosylates actin and induces microtubule-based cell protrusions. nanobodies are robust single domain antibodies derived from cameli ... | 2015 | 25597743 |
| structural basis for antibody recognition in the receptor-binding domains of toxins a and b from clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile infection is a serious and highly prevalent nosocomial disease in which the two large, rho-glucosylating toxins tcda and tcdb are the main virulence factors. we report for the first time crystal structures revealing how neutralizing and non-neutralizing single-domain antibodies (sdabs) recognize the receptor-binding domains (rbds) of tcda and tcdb. surprisingly, the complexes formed by two neutralizing antibodies recognizing tcda do not show direct interference with the pre ... | 2014 | 24311789 |
| camelid-derived heavy-chain nanobody against clostridium botulinum neurotoxin e in pichia pastoris. | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) result in severe and often fatal disease, botulism. common remedial measures such as equine antitoxin and human botulism immunoglobulin in turn are problematic and time-consuming. therefore, diagnosis and therapy of bonts are vital. the variable domain of heavy-chain antibodies (vhh) has unique features, such as the ability to identify and bind specifically to target epitopes and ease of production in bacteria and yeast. the pichia pastoris is suitable for expressio ... | 2017 | 24673401 |
| an outbreak of dermatophilosis and caseous lymphadenitis mixed infection in camels (camelus dromedaries) in jordan. | this study describes and reports, for the first time, an outbreak of dermatophilosis that occurred concurrently with caseous lymphadenitis involving two camel herds (camelus dromedaries) in north jordan. | 2016 | 27249526 |
| corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis liver abscess in a mature alpaca (lama pacos). | a mature female alpaca was evaluated for weight loss and a 10-day history of anorexia, diarrhea, abdominal distension, and ventral edema. ultrasonography revealed a hepatic mass, culture of which identified corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. this is the first reported case of an internal caseous lymphadenitis lesion resulting in clinical disease in a camelid. | 2012 | 23024384 |