| bioguided fractionation shows cassia alata extract to inhibit staphylococcus epidermidis and pseudomonas aeruginosa growth and biofilm formation. | plant extracts have a long history to be used in folk medicine. cassia alata extracts are known to exert antibacterial activity but details on compounds and mechanism of action remain poorly explored. we purified and concentrated the aqueous leaf extract of c. alata by reverse phase-solid phase extraction and screened the resulting carp extract for antimicrobial activity. carp extract exhibited antimicrobial activity for pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus epidermidis, s. aureus, and bacillus ... | 2012 | 22548121 |
| novel seadornavirus (family reoviridae) related to banna virus in europe. | banna virus, whose genome is composed of 12 segments of double-stranded rna, is a member of the genus seadornavirus in the family reoviridae and is thought to be an emerging mosquito-transmitted human pathogen in southeast asia. a novel phylogenetic relative of banna virus (balaton virus, balv, jx947843-jx947850 and kc522611-kc522612) was identified using viral metagenomics in the intestinal contents of freshwater carp (cyprinus carpio) in hungary. the amino acid sequence identity of balaton vir ... | 2013 | 23624680 |
| zebrafish: an animal model for research in veterinary medicine. | the zebrafish (danio rerio) has become known as an excellent model organism for studies of vertebrate biology, vertebrate genetics, embryonal development, diseases and drug screening. nevertheless, there is still lack of detailed reports about usage of the zebrafish as a model in veterinary medicine. comparing to other vertebrates, they can lay hundreds of eggs at weekly intervals, externally fertilized zebrafish embryos are accessible to observation and manipulation at all stages of their devel ... | 2015 | 26618602 |
| morphological polymorphism in tapeworms: redescription of caryophyllaeus laticeps (pallas, 1781) (cestoda: caryophyllidea) and characterisation of its morphotypes from different fish hosts. | recent morphological and molecular data have shown that one of the most common parasites of freshwater fish in the palaearctic region, the cestode caryophyllaeus laticeps (pallas, 1781) (eucestoda: caryophyllidea), is highly polymorphic. five distinct morphotypes of c. laticeps, largely corresponding to different fish hosts and representing separate, yet closely related genetic lineages, have been recognised and they are characterised in the present paper. morphotype 1 from breams, abramis brama ... | 2015 | 25655116 |
| helminth parasites of finfish commercial aquaculture in latin america. | latin america has tripled production by aquaculture up to 78 million tonnes in the past 20 years. however, one of the problems that aquaculture is facing is the presence of helminth parasites and the diseases caused by them in the region. in this review we have collected all the available information on helminths affecting commercial aquaculture in latin america and the caribbean (lac), emphasizing those causing serious economic losses. monogeneans are by far the most common and aggressive paras ... | 2017 | 27976599 |
| mass mortality in ornamental fish, cyprinus carpio koi caused by a bacterial pathogen, proteus hauseri. | moribund koi carp, cyprinus carpio koi, from a farm with 50% cumulative mortality were sampled with the aim of isolating and detecting the causative agent. three bacterial species viz., citrobacter freundii (nscf-1), klebsiella pneumoniae (nskp-1) and proteus hauseri [genomospecies 3 of proteus vulgaris bio group 3] (nsph-1) were isolated, identified and characterized on the basis of biochemical tests and sequencing of the 16s rdna gene using universal bacterial primers. challenge experiments wi ... | 2015 | 26028178 |
| [isolation and identification of citrobacter freundii from diseased giant salamander, andrias davidianus]. | to determine the pathogenic bacterium infecting giant salamander (andrias davidianus). | 2012 | 22586994 |
| human laryngitis caused by clinostomum complanatum. | a 64-year-old japanese man visited our outpatient department complaining of an irritable sensation in the throat, occurring two days after eating raw freshwater fish (carp sashimi) at a japanese-style inn. during laryngeal endoscopy, a slow-moving worm (fluke) was found attached to the surface of the right aryepiglottic fold. after inhalation of 4% lidocaine, the fluke was removed using endoscopic forceps. patient's throat symptoms immediately improved. the worm was microscopically identified as ... | 2014 | 25130004 |
| the role of rice fields, fish ponds and water canals for transmission of fish-borne zoonotic trematodes in aquaculture ponds in nam dinh province, vietnam. | fish-borne zoonotic trematodes (fzt), such as clonorchis sinensis, opistorchis viverini (opisthorchiidae) and intestinal trematodes of the family heterophyidae, constitute a public health hazard in vietnam and infections with these trematodes has been linked to consumption of raw or undercooked fish from aquaculture. the fzt transmission pathways, however, are more complicated than just the presence of intermediate snail hosts in aquaculture ponds as ponds may exchange water with surrounding hab ... | 2015 | 26642755 |
| prevalence of clonorchis sinensis infection in freshwater fishes in northeastern china. | the prevalence of clonorchis sinensis infection in freshwater fishes was surveyed in heilongjiang province, northeastern china, between august 2011 and september 2013. thirteen species of freshwater fish (n=3221) and one species of shrimp (n=93) were collected from songhua river, nenjiang river and other lakes or ponds in 37 sites of 15 representative cities in heilongjiang province. they were individually examined by digestion technique, and the c. sinensis metacercariae were identified morphol ... | 2014 | 24880648 |
| [nosoareas of clonorchiasis in the primorye territory]. | the mammalian liver parasite (clonorchis sinensis flukes) has spread in the primorye territory. the areas of the first intermediate hosts for the parasite mollusks of the genus parafossarulus have been found to recently become wider south-western predominantly due to lotus acclimatization, resulting in the expansion of a parasite habitation area. the intensity of newly formed foci of clonorchiasis is an order of magnitude greater than that of natural ones and they are a higher hazard since they ... | 2012 | 22774498 |
| pouchitis: what every gastroenterologist needs to know. | pouchitis is the most common complication among patients with ulcerative colitis who have undergone restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. pouchitis is actually a spectrum of diseases that vary in etiology, pathogenesis, phenotype, and clinical course. although initial acute episodes typically respond to antibiotic therapy, patients can become dependent on antibiotics or develop refractory disease. many factors contribute to the course of refractory pouchitis, such as the ... | 2013 | 23602818 |
| molecular characterisation of a disseminated cryptosporidium infection in a koi carp (cyprinus carpio). | cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that infects a wide range of hosts, yet relatively little is known about the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in fish. here we report a disseminated cryptosporidium infection in a male koi carp (cyprinus carpio), with parasite stages identified deep within the epithelium of the intestine, kidneys, spleen, liver and gills causing severe granulomatous inflammatory lesions. molecular characterization at two loci; 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) and actin, revealed ... | 2016 | 27514884 |
| the pacific white shrimp β-actin promoter: functional properties and the potential application for transduction system using recombinant baculovirus. | a newly isolated pacific white shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) beta-actin promoter sbap and its derivative compact construct sbap (enx) have recently been demonstrated to promote ectopic gene expression in vitro and in vivo. to further explore the potential transduction application, this newly isolated shrimp promoter sbap was comparatively tested with cytomegalovirus (cmv), simian virus 40 (sv40), polyhedrin (polh), and white spot syndrome virus immediate early gene 1 (wssv ie1) four constitutive ... | 2016 | 27177910 |
| replacement of the human cytomegalovirus promoter with fish enhancer and core elements to control the expression of the g gene of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv). | this work explores some of the possibilities to replace human cytomegalovirus (cmv) core and/or enhancer promoter control elements to create new expression vectors for use with fish. the work is relevant to fish vaccination, since dna vaccines use eukaryotic expression plasmids controlled by the human cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter to be effective against novirhabdoviruses, such as viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), one of the most devastating fish viral european diseases. to reduce pos ... | 2012 | 22954890 |
| development of a pcr assay to detect cyprinid herpesvirus 1 in koi and common carp. | cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (cyhv1) infects all scaled and color varieties of common carp cyprinus carpio, including koi. while it is most often associated with unsightly growths known as 'carp pox,' the underlying lesion (epidermal hyperplasia) can arise from a variety of disease processes. cyhv1-induced epidermal hyperplasia may occur transiently in response to water temperature, and thus histopathology cannot be used in isolation to assess cyhv1 infection status. to address this problem, here we d ... | 2017 | 28177290 |
| new detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in mass mortality event of carassius carassius (l.), in italy. | | 2016 | 27307189 |
| susceptibility of isogeneic ginbuna carassius auratus langsdorfii temminck et schlegel to cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (cyhv-2) as a model species. | herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn), caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (cyhv-2), has affected the commercial production of the goldfish carassius auratus and gibelio carp carassius auratus gibelio. high water temperature treatments are reported to reduce the mortality rate of infected goldfish and elicit immunity in the survivors. to define the mechanism by which this intervention induces resistance, clonal ginbuna carassius auratus langsdorfii, which is closely related to both species and ... | 2017 | 27150547 |
| identification and characterization of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) encoded micrornas. | micrornas (mirnas) are a class of small non-coding rnas involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. some viruses encode their own mirnas and these are increasingly being recognized as important modulators of viral and host gene expression. cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is a highly pathogenic agent that causes acute mass mortalities in carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi (cyprinus carpio koi) worldwide. here, bioinformatic analyses of the cyhv-3 genome suggested the presence of non-cons ... | 2015 | 25928140 |
| identification and rapid diagnosis of the pathogen responsible for haemorrhagic disease of the gill of allogynogenetic crucian carp. | in recent years, an epizootic causing severe mortality among allogynogenetic crucian carp (acc), designated as haemorrhagic disease of acc gill, occurred in yancheng city of jiangsu province of china. obvious haemorrhage in the gills of moribund fish and a mortality rate of 100% were observed when accs were artificially infected with liver homogenate from diseased fish. a herpes-like virus, with enveloped virions ranged from 170 to 220 nm in diameter, could be observed in the tissues of challeng ... | 2015 | 25839411 |
| detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in peripheral blood cells of silver crucian carp, carassius auratus gibelio (bloch), suggests its potential in viral diagnosis. | epidemics caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) in domestic cyprinid species have been reported in both european and asian countries. although the mechanisms remain unknown, acute cyhv-2 infections generally result in high mortality, and the surviving carps become chronic carriers displaying no external clinical signs. in this study, in situ hybridization analysis showed that cyhv-2 tended to infect peripheral blood cells during either acute or chronic infections in silver crucian carp, cara ... | 2016 | 25630360 |
| comparative analysis of differential gene expression in kidney tissues of moribund and surviving crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) in response to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection. | cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) has recently been associated with high mortality of cultured crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) in eastern china. in this study, we established a real-time pcr method to confirm viral infection of crucian carp and to quantify cyhv-2 particles obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation from diseased fish. virus-free crucian carp were artificially infected with cyhv-2 using an injection method, which resulted in a dose-dependent death rate. in situ hybridizat ... | 2014 | 24585042 |
| development of mrna-specific rt-pcr for the detection of koi herpesvirus (khv) replication stage. | an mrna-specific reverse transcription (rt)-pcr primer set spanning the exon junction of a spliced putative terminase gene in the koi herpesvirus (khv) was developed to detect the replicating stage of the virus. the proposed rt-pcr amplified a target gene from the rna template, but not from a dna template extracted from common carp brain (ccb) cells infected with khv. in addition, the rt-pcr did not amplify the target gene of templates extracted from specific cell lines infected with either cyhv ... | 2012 | 22885509 |
| coordinated and sequential transcription of the cyprinid herpesvirus-3 annotated genes. | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) is the cause of a fatal disease in carp and koi fish. the disease is seasonal and appears when water temperatures range from 18 to 28°c. cyhv-3 is a member of the alloherpesviridae, a family in the herpesvirales order that encompasses mammalian, avian and reptilian viruses. cyhv-3 is a large double-stranded dna (dsdna) herpesvirus with a genome of approximately 295kbp, divergent from other mammalian, avian and reptilian herpesviruses, but bearing several genes sim ... | 2012 | 22841491 |
| diagnostic validation of three test methods for detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3). | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the aetiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease in koi and common carp. the disease is notifiable to the world organisation for animal health. three tests-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr), conventional pcr (cpcr) and virus isolation by cell culture (vi)-were validated to assess their fitness as diagnostic tools for detection of cyhv-3. test performance metrics of diagnostic accuracy were sensitivity (dse) and specificity (dsp). repeatability and ... | 2017 | 28262633 |
| conserved fever pathways across vertebrates: a herpesvirus expressed decoy tnf-α receptor delays behavioral fever in fish. | both endotherms and ectotherms (e.g., fish) increase their body temperature to limit pathogen infection. ectotherms do so by moving to warmer places, hence the term "behavioral fever." we studied the manifestation of behavioral fever in the common carp infected by cyprinid herpesvirus 3, a native carp pathogen. carp maintained at 24°c died from the infection, whereas those housed in multi-chamber tanks encompassing a 24°c-32°c gradient migrated transiently to the warmest compartment and survived ... | 2017 | 28182952 |
| transcriptomic analysis of common carp anterior kidney during cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection: immunoglobulin repertoire and homologue functional divergence. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) infects koi and common carp and causes widespread mortalities. while the virus is a significant concern for aquaculture operations in many countries, in australia the virus may be a useful biocontrol agent for pest carp. however, carp immune responses to cyhv-3, and the molecular mechanisms underpinning resistance, are not well understood. here we used rna-seq on carp during different phases of cyhv-3 infection to detect the gene expression dynamics of both host a ... | 2017 | 28148967 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus 3 as a potential biological control agent for carp (cyprinus carpio) in australia: susceptibility of non-target species. | carp (cyprinus carpio l.) is a pest species in australian waterways, and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is being considered as a potential biological control (biocontrol) agent. an important consideration for any such agent is its target specificity. in this study, the susceptibility to cyhv-3 of a range of non-target species (nts) was tested. the nts were as follows: 13 native australian, and one introduced, fish species; a lamprey species; a crustacean; two native amphibian species (tadpole a ... | 2016 | 28026008 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus 3 and its evolutionary future as a biological control agent for carp in australia. | biological invasions are a major threat to global biodiversity. australia has experienced many invasive species, with the common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) a prominent example. cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) has been proposed as a biological control (biocontrol) agent for invasive carp in australia. safety and efficacy are critical factors in assessing the suitability of biocontrol agents, and extensive host-specificity testing suggests that cyhv-3 is safe. efficacy depends on the relationship b ... | 2016 | 27931224 |
| emergence of carp edema virus in cultured ornamental koi carp, cyprinus carpio koi, in india. | a disease outbreak was reported in adult koi, cyprinus carpio koi, from a fish farm in kerala, india, during june 2015. the clinical signs were observed only in recently introduced adult koi, and an existing population of fish did not show any clinical signs or mortality. microscopic examination of wet mounts from the gills of affected koi revealed minor infestation of dactylogyrus sp. in a few koi. in bacteriological studies, only opportunistic bacteria were isolated from the gills of affected ... | 2016 | 27902384 |
| can water disinfection prevent the transmission of infectious koi herpesvirus to naïve carp? - a case report. | hygienic measures such as disinfection are important tools for the maintenance of fish health in aquaculture. while little information is available on the disinfection of water intended for fish containment, huwa-san(®) , a disinfectant used in food and water industries, was used for daily treatment at concentrations of approximately 60 ppm over a total period of 3 months (experiment 1) with a 3-week treatment-free interval after 2 months (experiment 2). during this period, koi herpesvirus (khv) ... | 2016 | 27862001 |
| detection of orf6 protein associated with latent khv infection. | koi herpesvirus (khv) is highly pathogenic to cyprinus carpio. khv can also become latent in recovered fish and reactivate from latency under stressful conditions. understanding khv latency is important for development of strategies against herpesvirus latent infection. our previous studies found khv orf6 mrna is detectable during latent infection. in this study, orf6 protein expression was investigated by a polyclonal antibody specific to orf6 peptide. positive staining by an immunofluorescence ... | 2017 | 27771562 |
| validation of a serum neutralization test for detection of antibodies specific to cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in infected common and koi carp (cyprinus carpio). | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the aetiological agent of a serious infective, notifiable disease affecting common carp and varieties. in survivors, infection is generally characterized by a subclinical latency phase with restricted viral replication. the cyhv-3 genome is difficult to detect in such carrier fish that represent a potential source of dissemination if viral reactivation occurs. in this study, the analytical and diagnostic performance of an alternative serum neutralization (sn) m ... | 2016 | 27716953 |
| targeted genomic enrichment and sequencing of cyhv-3 from carp tissues confirms low nucleotide diversity and mixed genotype infections. | koi herpesvirus disease (khvd) is an emerging disease that causes mass mortality in koi and common carp, cyprinus carpio l. its causative agent is cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (khv). although data on the pathogenesis of this deadly virus is relatively abundant in the literature, still little is known about its genomic diversity and about the molecular mechanisms that lead to such a high virulence. in this context, we developed a new strategy for sequencing full- ... | 2016 | 27703859 |
| draining and liming of ponds as an effective measure for containment of cyhv-3 in carp farms. | infections of common carp cyprinus carpio and koi, its coloured morphotypes, with the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) can induce severe clinical signs and increased mortality in affected stocks. this may significantly challenge the economic basis of carp farming in central europe. to limit virus spread in carp farms, effective disinfection measures for ponds stocked with infected populations are required. in the traditional european pond aquaculture of carp, draining and liming of ponds with qui ... | 2016 | 27503923 |
| rapid detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in latently infected koi by recombinase polymerase amplification. | since the emergence of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), outbreaks have been devastating to common carp cyprinus carpio and koi (a variant of common carp), leading to high economic losses. current diagnostics for detecting cyhv-3 are limited in sensitivity and are further complicated by latency. here we describe the detection of cyhv-3 by recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa). the rpa assay can detect as low as 10 copies of the cyhv-3 genome by an isothermal reaction and yields results in ap ... | 2016 | 27485254 |
| identification and expression analysis of cellular and viral micrornas in cyhv3-infected kcf-1 cells. | micrornas (mirnas) are small non-coding rnas with approximately 22 nucleotides (nt) that are encoded by a diverse range of metazoan eukaryotes, plants and viruses. cyhv-3 (cyprinid herpesvirus-3) is a member of the alloherpesviridae virus family and has caused severe economic losses for the common carp and koi carp fishery industries. in this study, a total of 15,987,652 clean reads were generated from a cdna library of cyhv-3-infected kcf-1 (koi caudal fin) cells using high-throughput sequencin ... | 2016 | 27476971 |
| the amino-terminal domain of orf149 of koi herpesvirus is preferentially targeted by igm from carp populations surviving infection. | recombinantly expressed fragments of the protein encoded by orf149 (porf149), a structural protein from the common- and koi-carp-infecting cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) that was previously shown to be antigenic, were used to obtain evidence that its amino-terminal part contains immunodominant epitopes in fish populations that survived the infection. to obtain such evidence, nonspecific binding of carp serum tetrameric igm had to be overcome by a novel elisa protocol (rec2-elisa). rec2-elisa in ... | 2016 | 27383208 |
| [research advances in cyprinid herpesvirus 3]. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the causative agent of an extremely contagious and aggressive disease afflicting common corp cyprinus carpio l. termed koi herpesvirus disease (khvd). since it was first reported in 1997, the virus has spread worldwide rapidly, leading to enormous financial losses in industries based on common carp and koi carp. this review summarizes recent advances in cyhv-3 research on the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and control of khvd. | 2016 | 27295892 |
| concentration of carp edema virus (cev) dna in koi tissues affected by koi sleepy disease (ksd). | carp edema virus (cev), the causative agent of 'koi sleepy disease' (ksd), appears to be spreading worldwide and to be responsible for losses in koi, ornamental varieties of the common carp cyprinus carpio. clinical signs of ksd include lethargic behaviour, swollen gills, sunken eyes and skin alterations and can easily be mistaken for other diseases, such as infection with cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3). to improve the future diagnosis of cev infection and to provide a tool to better explore th ... | 2016 | 27225208 |
| identification and expression analysis of the sting gene, a sensor of viral dna, in common carp cyprinus carpio. | stimulator of interferon gene (sting) was identified and characterized from common carp cyprinus carpio. the sting messenger (m)rna encoded a polypeptide of 402 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 46·184 kda and an isoelectronic point of 6·08. the deduced protein of sting contained a signal peptide, three transmembrane motifs in the n-terminal region and four putative motifs (rxr) found in resident endoplasmic reticulum proteins. mrna expression of sting was present in twelve investi ... | 2016 | 27001661 |
| first detection of koi herpesvirus from koi, cyprinus carpio l. experiencing mass mortalities in iran: clinical, histopathological and molecular study. | koi herpesvirus (khv) is the aetiological agent of an emerging disease (khvd) associated with mass mortalities in koi and common carp and reported from at least 30 countries. we report the first detection of khv from koi in iran using clinical, histopathological and molecular studies. khv-infected fish showed reduced swimming activity, sunken eyes and increased mucus production on skin and fins. on post-mortem examination, gill necrosis was observed in the majority of fish. histopathologically, ... | 2016 | 26813421 |
| expression of immunogenic structural proteins of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in vitro assessed using immunofluorescence. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), also called koi herpesvirus (khv), is the aetiological agent of a fatal disease in carp and koi (cyprinus carpio l.), referred to as koi herpesvirus disease. the virus contains at least 40 structural proteins, of which few have been characterised with respect to their immunogenicity. indirect immunofluorescence assays (ifas) using two epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were used to examine the expression kinetics of two potentially immunogenic and diag ... | 2016 | 26742989 |
| transcriptomic analysis of koi (cyprinus carpio) spleen tissue upon cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv3) infection using next generation sequencing. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) can infect and specifically cause a huge economic loss in both common carp (cyprinus carpio) and its ornamental koi variety. the molecular mechanisms underlying cyhv-3 infection are not well understood. in this study, koi spleen tissues of both mock and cyhv-3 infection groups were collected, and high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (degs) at the transcriptome level. a total of 105,356,188 clean reads from tw ... | 2016 | 26690666 |
| the structure of the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 orf112-zα·z-dna complex reveals a mechanism of nucleic acids recognition conserved with e3l, a poxvirus inhibitor of interferon response. | in vertebrate species, the innate immune system down-regulates protein translation in response to viral infection through the action of the double-stranded rna (dsrna)-activated protein kinase (pkr). in some teleost species another protein kinase, z-dna-dependent protein kinase (pkz), plays a similar role but instead of dsrna binding domains, pkz has zα domains. these domains recognize the left-handed conformer of dsdna and dsrna known as z-dna/z-rna. cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infects common and ko ... | 2015 | 26559969 |
| proteomic analysis of cytoskeleton proteins in fish. | in this chapter, we describe laboratory protocols for rearing fish and a simple and efficient method of extracting and identifying pathogen and host proteins that may be involved in entry and replication of commercially important fish viruses. we have used the common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) and goldfish (cyprinus auratus) as a model system for studies of proteins involved in viral entry and replication. the chapter describes detailed protocols for maintenance of carp, cell culture, antibody pu ... | 2016 | 26498797 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus 3 il10 inhibits inflammatory activities of carp macrophages and promotes proliferation of igm+ b cells and memory t cells in a manner similar to carp il10. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the causative agent of a lethal disease of carp and encodes for an il10 homolog (orf134). our previous studies with a recombinant orf134-deleted strain and the derived revertant strain suggested that cyprinid herpesvirus 3 il10 (cyhv-3 il10 [cyhv3il10]) is not essential for viral replication in vitro, or virulence in vivo. in apparent contrast, cyhv3il10 is one of the most abundant proteins of the cyhv-3 secretome and is structurally very similar to carp il10 a ... | 2015 | 26371255 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus 3: an archetype of fish alloherpesviruses. | the order herpesvirales encompasses viruses that share structural, genetic, and biological properties. however, members of this order infect hosts ranging from molluscs to humans. it is currently divided into three phylogenetically related families. the alloherpesviridae family contains viruses infecting fish and amphibians. there are 12 alloherpesviruses described to date, 10 of which infect fish. over the last decade, cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) infecting common and koi carp has emerged as ... | 2015 | 26111587 |
| application of a nanoflare probe specific to a latency associated transcript for isolation of khv latently infected cells. | one of the unique features of herpesvirus infection is latent infection following an initial exposure, which is characterized by viral genome persistence in a small fraction of cells within the latently infected tissue. investigation of the mechanisms of herpesvirus latency has been very challenging in tissues with only a small fraction of cells that are latently infected. cyprinid herpesvirus 3, also known as koi herpesvirus (khv), is an important and deadly pathogen of koi and common carp, cyp ... | 2015 | 26087404 |
| cholesterol-rich lipid rafts play an important role in the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 replication cycle. | the cyprinus herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is a member of the new alloherpesviridae virus family in the herpesvirales order. cyhv-3 has been implicated in a large number of disease outbreaks in carp populations causing up to 100% mortality. the aim of this study was to investigate the requirement of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in cyhv-3 entry and replication in carp cells. plasma membrane cholesterol was depleted from common carp brain (ccb) cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (mβcd). treated and non-tre ... | 2015 | 26059657 |
| functional characterization of viral tumor necrosis factor receptors encoded by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv3) genome. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv3) is a large double-stranded dna virus of alloherpesviridae family in the order herpesvirales. it causes significant morbidity and mortality in common carp and its ornamental koi variety, and threatens the aquaculture industries worldwide. mimicry of cytokines and cytokine receptors is a particular strategy for large dna viruses in modulating the host immune response. here, we report the identification and characterization of two novel viral homologues of tumor necro ... | 2015 | 26052019 |
| recombinant lactobacillus expressing g protein of spring viremia of carp virus (svcv) combined with orf81 protein of koi herpesvirus (khv): a promising way to induce protective immunity against svcv and khv infection in cyprinid fish via oral vaccination. | spring viremia of carp virus (svcv) and koi herpesvirus (khv) are highly contagious and pathogenic to cyprinid fish, causing enormous economic losses in aquaculture. although dna vaccines reported in recent years could induce protective immune responses in carps against these viruses via injection, there are a number of consequences and uncertainties related to dna vaccination. therefore, more effective and practical method to induce protective immunity such as oral administration would be highl ... | 2015 | 25981489 |
| another potential carp killer?: carp edema virus disease in germany. | infections with carp edema virus, a pox virus, are known from japanese koi populations since 1974. a characteristic clinical sign associated with this infection is lethargy and therefore the disease is called "koi sleepy disease". diseased koi also show swollen gills, enophthalmus, and skin lesions. mortality rates up to 80 % are described. for a long period of time, disease outbreaks seemed to be restricted to japan. however, during the last years clinical outbreaks of koi sleepy disease also o ... | 2015 | 25976542 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) disturbs osmotic balance in carp (cyprinus carpio l.)--a potential cause of mortality. | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) causes a fatal disease in carp (cyprinus carpio) and its ornamental koi varieties which seriously affects production and trade of this fish species globally. up to now, the pathophysiology of this disease remains unclear. affected individuals develop most prominent lesions in gills, skin and kidney, in tissues which are involved in the osmotic regulation of freshwater teleosts. therefore, here serum and urine electrolyte levels were examined during the course of a ... | 2015 | 25888311 |
| expression of immune-related genes of common carp during cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection. | fish herpesviruses and their hosts may have coevolved for 400 to 450 million yr. during this coexistence, the hosts have equipped themselves with an elaborate immune system to defend themselves from invading viruses, whereas the viruses have developed strategies to evade host immunity, including the expression of cytokine genes that have been captured from the host. taking advantage of our experimental model for cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) persistence in carp, we studied the gene expression ... | 2015 | 25751855 |
| rapid detection of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) using a gold nanoparticle-based hybridization assay. | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) is a highly infectious pathogen that causes fatal disease in common and koi carp cyprinus carpio l. cyhv-3 detection is usually based on virus propagation or amplification of the viral dna using the pcr or lamp techniques. however, due to the limited susceptibility of cells used for propagation, it is not always possible to successfully isolate cyhv-3 even from tissue samples that have high virus titres. all previously described detection methods including pcr-bas ... | 2015 | 25738211 |
| rational development of an attenuated recombinant cyprinid herpesvirus 3 vaccine using prokaryotic mutagenesis and in vivo bioluminescent imaging. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv 3) is causing severe economic losses worldwide in common and koi carp industries, and a safe and efficacious attenuated vaccine compatible with mass vaccination is needed. we produced single deleted recombinants using prokaryotic mutagenesis. when producing a recombinant lacking open reading frame 134 (orf134), we unexpectedly obtained a clone with additional deletion of orf56 and orf57. this triple deleted recombinant replicated efficiently in vitro and expressed an ... | 2015 | 25700279 |
| small interfering rna treatment can inhibit cyprinid herpesvirus 3 associated cell death in vitro. | a cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection of carp induces a disease which causes substantial losses in carp culture. here we present the use of a possible strategy for the management of the virus infection rna interference based on small interfering rnas. as a result of in vitro studies, we found that a mixture of short interfering rnas specific for viral dna enzyme synthesis and capsid proteins of the cyhv-3 can be a potential inhibitor of virus replication in fibroblastic cells. this gives the basis ... | 2014 | 25638991 |
| prevalence and characteristics of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) infection in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) inhabiting three rivers in kochi prefecture, japan. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) causes lethal disease in common and koi carp. mortality by cyhv-3 disease has not been reported since 2011 in kochi prefecture, japan. here, we detected and quantified cyhv-3 in common carp inhabiting three rivers in the prefecture to examine if the carp are carriers of cyhv-3 as a source of infection. cyhv-3 dna was detected in 16.7% (12/72) of brain samples in kagami river, 3.9% (3/76) of brain and 3.9% (3/76) of gill samples in monobe river, and 5.1% (4/79) of ... | 2015 | 25554244 |
| analysing codon usage bias of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 and adaptation of this virus to the hosts. | the codon usage patterns of open reading frames (orfs) in cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) have been investigated in this study. the high correlation between gc12 % and gc3 % suggests that mutational pressure rather than natural selection is the main factor that determines the codon usage and base component in the cyhv-3, while mutational pressure effect results from the high correlation between gc3 % and the first principal axis of principle component analysis (axis 1) on the relative synonymous ... | 2015 | 25491502 |
| detection and application of circular (concatemeric) dna as an indicator of koi herpesvirus infection. | herpesviruses form a long continuous dna molecule, or head-to-tail concatemer, as a replicating intermediate in the host. in this study, we developed a dna-specific pcr assay for detecting the infection stage of koi herpesvirus (khv) based on the presence of this 'endless' dna. the 295 kbp double-stranded dna khv genome consists of a 251 kbp unique long region and two 22 kbp direct repeats (drl and drr) at each genome terminus. we designed a new primer set (dr primer set) based on the dr region ... | 2014 | 25392041 |
| detection of koi herpesvirus (khv) in healthy cyprinid seed stock. | koi herpesvirus (khv) disease is a lethal disease in common carp, an important food fish in asian countries, the seed of which is used in restocking programs for freshwater fishery management. we inspected apparently healthy seed stock of common carp cyprinus carpio l. and siberian crucian carp carassius auratus for the presence of khv using pcr-based diagnostic tests as a part of a stock enhancement program from 2009 to 2010 in korea. consequently, khv was detected from 24 of 232 inspections wi ... | 2014 | 25392040 |
| identification and expression of the laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 gene in common carp cyprinus carpio. | in this study, a laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 gene (lgp2) from common carp cyprinus carpio was isolated and characterized. the full-length complementary (c)dna of lgp2 was 3061 bp and encoded a polypeptide of 680 amino acids, with an estimated molecular mass of 77 341·2 da and a predicted isoelectric point of 6·53. the predicted protein included four main overlapping structural domains: a conserved restriction domain of bacterial type iii restriction enzyme, a dead-deah box helicase d ... | 2015 | 25359511 |
| non-structural protein porf 12 of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 is recognized by the immune system of the common carp cyprinus carpio. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 is an important pathogen and the causative agent of koi herpesvirus disease, which has been associated with mass mortalities in koi and common carp cyprinus carpio. currently, the only available commercial vaccine is an attenuated version of the virus. this has led to concerns about its risk to reversion to virulence. furthermore, the vaccine is currently only available in israel and the united states. in order to investigate the antigenic profile of the virus, western blo ... | 2014 | 25320039 |
| identification of a novel cyprinid herpesvirus 3 genotype detected in koi from the east asian and south-east asian regions. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is a highly contagious virus that causes significant morbidity and mortality in common carp cyprinus carpio l. and considered to be one of the most important pathogens of koi and common carp worldwide. cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infected consignments imported from east asian and south-east asian regions were identified during quarantine period in singapore, and virus from a 2005 consignment was successfully isolated in koi fin cells. a combination of sequence analyses ... | 2014 | 25297376 |
| sensitivity and permissivity of cyprinus carpio to cyprinid herpesvirus 3 during the early stages of its development: importance of the epidermal mucus as an innate immune barrier. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) causes a lethal disease in common and koi carp (cyprinus carpio). the present study investigated the ability of cyhv-3 to infect common carp during the early stages of its development (from embryos to fingerlings) after inoculation by immersion in water containing the virus. fish were inoculated at different times after hatching with a pathogenic recombinant cyhv-3 strain expressing luciferase. the sensitivity and permissivity of carp to cyhv-3 were investigated u ... | 2014 | 25281322 |
| interaction between type i interferon and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in two genetic lines of common carp cyprinus carpio. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) infection in common carp cyprinus carpio l. and its ornamental koi varieties can induce the severe systemic disease known as koi herpesvirus disease. this disease is characterised by a rapid replication and spreading of the virus through multiple organs and results in a fast onset of mortality (starting on day 6 post infection) in up to 100% of infected fish. during the first phase of viral infections, type i interferons (ifns) have generally been proven to be ess ... | 2014 | 25266898 |
| protective immunity of a modified-live cyprinid herpesvirus 3 vaccine in koi (cyprinus carpio koi) 13 months after vaccination. | to evaluate the long-term protective immunity of a cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv3) vaccine in naïve koi (cyprinus carpio koi). | 2014 | 25255180 |
| efficacy and safety of a modified-live cyprinid herpesvirus 3 vaccine in koi (cyprinus carpio koi) for prevention of koi herpesvirus disease. | to investigate safety and efficacy of a cyprinid herpesvirus type 3 (cyhv3) modified-live virus vaccine for the prevention of koi herpesvirus disease (khvd). | 2014 | 25255179 |
| identification of structural proteins of koi herpesvirus. | as a prerequisite for development of improved vaccines and diagnostic tools for control of the fish pathogen koi herpesvirus, or cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), we have started to identify putative viral envelope and capsid proteins. the complete or partial cyhv-3 open reading frames orf25, orf65, orf92, orf99, orf136, orf138, orf146, orf148, and orf149 were expressed as bacterial fusion proteins, which were then used for preparation of monospecific rabbit antisera. all of the sera that were ob ... | 2014 | 25150990 |
| pathogenesis of acute and chronic diseases caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-3. | the pathogenesis of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) was studied using different lineages of carp/koi. after exposure to the virus, infected cells were first found in the skin by histopathology and by in situ hybridization. the epidermis of the skin was most severely damaged and often sloughed off in the fish sampled on days 5 through 8, and the fish that were highly sensitive to the virus died within 8 or 10 days after infection. serum osmolality of the infected fish, particularly just before de ... | 2015 | 25073413 |
| c-reactive protein and complement as acute phase reactants in common carp cyprinus carpio during cyhv-3 infection. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the aetiological agent of a highly virulent and lethal disease of common carp cyprinus carpio and its ornamental koi varieties. however, specific knowledge about immune mechanisms behind the infection process is very limited. we aimed to evaluate the effect of the cyhv-3 infection on the profile of 2 major components of the common carp immune acute phase response: the c-reactive protein (crp) and the complement system. common carp were infected with cyhv-3 by b ... | 2014 | 24991845 |
| examination of the early infection stages of koi herpesvirus (khv) in experimentally infected carp, cyprinus carpio l. using in situ hybridization. | koi herpesvirus (khv) causes a highly infectious disease afflicting common carp and koi, cyprinus carpio l. various molecular and antibody-based detection methods have been used to elucidate the rapid attachment and dissemination of the virus throughout carp tissues, facilitating ongoing development of effective diagnostic approaches. in situ hybridization (ish) was used here to determine the target tissues of khv during very early infection, after infecting carp with a highly virulent khv isola ... | 2015 | 24925228 |
| identification of b cells as a major site for cyprinid herpesvirus 3 latency. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), commonly known as koi herpesvirus (khv), is a member of the alloherpesviridae, and is a recently discovered emerging herpesvirus that is highly pathogenic for koi and common carp. our previous study demonstrated that cyhv-3 becomes latent in peripheral white blood cells (wbc). in this study, cyhv-3 latency was further investigated in igm(+) wbc. the presence of the cyhv-3 genome in igm(+) wbc was about 20-fold greater than in igm(-) wbc. to determine whether cyhv ... | 2014 | 24899202 |
| in vitro inhibition of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 replication by rnai. | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) is an etiological agent of a notifiable disease that causes high mortality rates affecting both the common and koi carp cyprinus carpio l. there is no current treatment strategy to save cyhv-3 infected fish. rna mediated interference (rnai) is an emerging strategy used for understanding gene function and is a promising method in developing novel therapeutics and antiviral medications. for this study, the possibility of activating the rnai pathway by the use of sma ... | 2014 | 24893110 |
| establishment of a new cell line susceptible to cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) and possible latency of cyhv-3 by temperature shift in the cells. | a new cell line named ccf-k104 predominantly consisting of fibroblastic cells showed optimal growth at temperatures from 25 °c to 30 °c. serial morphological changes in the cells induced by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) included cytoplasmic vacuolar formation, cell rounding and detachment. mature virions were purified from cyhv-3-infected ccf-k104 cells by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and had a typical herpesvirus structure on electron microscopy. infectious cyhv-3 was produced stably ... | 2015 | 24820532 |
| characteristics of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in different phases of infection: implications for disease transmission and control. | koi herpesvirus disease (khvd) is an emerging and highly contagious viral disease of koi and common carp (cyprinus carpio), causing mass mortalities and huge economic losses to the carp aquaculture industry. the disease has spread rapidly to 28 countries worldwide. however, mechanisms of koi herpesvirus (species cyprinid herpesvirus 3; cyhv-3) transmission remain unclear. a potential experimental model of cyhv-3 infection in carp was used to characterise cyhv-3 in different phases of infection a ... | 2014 | 24704574 |
| differences in the susceptibility of japanese indigenous and domesticated eurasian common carp (cyprinus carpio), identified by mitochondrial dna typing, to cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3). | in 2004, a massive mortality of wild common carp (cyprinus carpio) due to cyhv-3 infection occurred in lake biwa. although common carp of two different mitochondrial types (japanese indigenous and domesticated eurasian) occur in the lake, the majority of the dead fish seemed to be the indigenous type. the apparent high mortality in the indigenous type implies a higher susceptibility of this type to cyhv-3. to test the hypothesis that the susceptibility of indigenous and eurasian types differ, we ... | 2014 | 24690375 |
| sensitivity of seven pcrs for early detection of koi herpesvirus in experimentally infected carp, cyprinus carpio l., by lethal and non-lethal sampling methods. | koi herpesvirus (khv) causes an economically important, highly infectious disease in common carp and koi, cyprinus carpio l. since the occurrence of mass mortalities worldwide, highly specific and sensitive molecular diagnostic methods have been developed for khv detection. the sensitivity and reliability of these assays have essentially focused at the detection of low viral dna copy numbers during latent or persistent infections. however, the efficacy of these assays has not been investigated w ... | 2015 | 24547985 |
| detection of novel strains of cyprinid herpesvirus closely related to koi herpesvirus. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) or koi herpesvirus (khv) is a devastating virus of carp. using generic primers for the dna polymerase and the major capsid protein genes of cyprinid herpesviruses, nucleotide sequences divergent from previously described cyhv-3 were obtained. at least 3 novel groups of putative cyhv-3-like viruses were identified, sharing 95 to 98% nucleotide identity with cyhv-3 strains. carp carrying the cyhv-3 variants did not show clinical signs consistent with cyhv-3 infectio ... | 2013 | 24334353 |
| seasonal reactivation enables cyprinid herpesvirus 3 to persist in a wild host population. | emerging infectious diseases are of growing concern in wildlife conservation and animal health. to better understand the consequences of these diseases, a key question lies in how they persist in host populations after they emerge. using a gene expression approach, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the persistence of an emerging virus, cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), which has been spreading to wild populations of common carp (cyprinus carpio) in japan since 2003. seasonal expression pa ... | 2014 | 24256414 |
| inactivation of koi-herpesvirus in water using bacteria isolated from carp intestines and carp habitats. | since its first outbreak in japan in 2003, koi-herpesvirus (khv) remains a challenge to the carp cyprinus carpio l. breeding industry. in this study, inactivation of khv in water from carp habitats (carp habitat water) was investigated with the aim of developing a model for rapidly inactivating the pathogen in aquaculture effluent. experiments with live fish showed that, in carp habitat water, khv lost its infectivity within 3 days. indications were that inactivation of khv was caused by the ant ... | 2013 | 24102339 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus 3: an interesting virus for applied and fundamental research. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), a member of the family alloherpesviridae is the causative agent of a lethal, highly contagious and notifiable disease in common and koi carp. the economic importance of common and koi carp industries together with the rapid spread of cyhv-3 worldwide, explain why this virus became soon after its isolation in the 1990s a subject of applied research. in addition to its economic importance, an increasing number of fundamental studies demonstrated that cyhv-3 is an o ... | 2013 | 24073814 |
| production of monoclonal antibody against orf72 of koi herpesvirus isolated in taiwan. | a monoclonal antibody (mab) was generated against the capsid protein (orf 72) of koi herpesvirus (khv) isolated from diseased koi cyprinus carpio in taiwan. the clone of mab-b2 was obtained by immunizing mice with whole virus particles and further identified using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot assay. in addition, it detected khv in khv-infected cells but not in those of mock-infected cells as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence assay. the neutralization test ... | 2014 | 24046233 |
| biology and host response to cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection in common carp. | viruses from the family alloherpesviridae form an aquatic clade of herpesviruses infecting fish and amphibia. diseases caused by these herpesviruses are of increasing importance because of the high morbidity and mortality associated with the infection, and the difficulties in diagnosing latently infected carriers. cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) induces a severe disease and mortality in common carp and thus greatly affects carp aquaculture and trade. this review summarises advancements in the un ... | 2014 | 23981329 |
| laboratory validation of a lateral flow device for the detection of cyhv-3 antigens in gill swabs. | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) induces the highly contagious koi herpesvirus disease (khvd) and may result in significant economic losses to the ornamental and food-producing carp industry. suspicion of khvd is triggered by clinical signs and confirmed using laboratory techniques. the latter are labour- and time-consuming, require specialised equipment and trained personnel. for rapid, on-site detection of cyhv-3, a lateral flow device (lfd) was developed using two monoclonal antibodies directe ... | 2013 | 23896022 |
| the primary culture of mirror carp snout and caudal fin tissues and the isolation of koi herpesvirus. | the explosive koi herpesvirus (khv) epidemic has caused the deaths of a large number of carp and carp variants and has produced serious economic losses. the mirror carp (cyprinus carpio var. specularis) exhibits strong environmental adaptability and its primary cells can be used to isolate khv. this study utilized the tissue explant method to systematically investigate primary cell culture conditions for mirror carp snout and caudal fin tissues. we demonstrated that cells from these two tissue t ... | 2013 | 23893087 |
| cyhv-3: the third cyprinid herpesvirus. | common carp (including ornamental koi carp) cyprinus carpio l. are ecologically and economically important freshwater fish in europe and asia. c. carpio have recently been endangered by a third cyprinid herpesvirus, known as cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3), the etiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease (khvd), which causes significant morbidity and mortality in koi and common carp. clinical and pathological signs include epidermal abrasions, excess mucus production, necrosis of gill and inter ... | 2013 | 23872859 |
| epidemiology of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 infection in latently infected carp from aquaculture. | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3, koi herpesvirus, khv) is the causative agent of an economically important disease in carp. the mode of transmission of this virus, especially how the infectious agent is introduced into ponds de novo, is not known in detail. the aim of this study was to investigate the shedding of cyhv-3 from fish with latent infections, under aquaculture conditions. ponds in saxony, germany, with latently infected carp were examined at different times during the production cycle ... | 2013 | 23872854 |
| evidence for two koi herpesvirus (khv) genotypes in south korea. | the geographic distribution of koi herpesvirus (khv) has recently been analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr, based on the alleles of 3 domains) and sequence analysis using 3 regions of khv genomic dna (sphi-5, 9/5, and the thymidine kinase gene). in this study, samples from 6 carp showing symptoms of khv infection in 2008 were examined for the presence of khv by using pcr and cell culture isolation methods. khv was detected in 2 (pyeongtaek and buan) of the samples. sequence analysis revea ... | 2013 | 23759557 |
| characterization of a novel cell line from the caudal fin of koi carp cyprinus carpio. | a continuous cell line (kf-101) derived from the caudal fin of the koi carp cyprinus carpio was established and characterized. the kf-101 cell line multiplied abundantly in leibovitz's l-15 medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum at 25° c, and was subcultured for >90 passages over a period of 3 years. immunocytochemistry revealed that the kf-101 cells contain keratin, junction proteins connexin-43 and occludin, and ectodermal stem-cell marker pax-6, but not vimentin. furthermore, the kf-101 ce ... | 2013 | 23731143 |
| spring viraemia of carp (svc) in the uk: the road to freedom. | spring viraemia of carp (svc) is a disease of international importance that predominantly affects cyprinid fish and can cause significant mortality. in the united kingdom (uk), svc was first detected in 1977 with further cases occurring in fisheries, farms, wholesale and retail establishments throughout england and wales (but not scotland, where few cyprinid populations exist, nor northern ireland where svc has never been detected) over the subsequent 30 years. following a control and eradicatio ... | 2013 | 23597621 |
| identifying the viral genes encoding envelope glycoproteins for differentiation of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 isolates. | cyprinid herpes virus 3 (cyhv-3) diseases have been reported around the world and are associated with high mortalities of koi (cyprinus carpio). although little work has been conducted on the molecular analysis of this virus, glycoprotein genes identified in the present study seem to be valuable targets for genetic comparison of this virus. three envelope glycoprotein genes (orf25, 65 and 116) of the cyhv-3 isolates from the usa, israel, japan and korea were compared, and interestingly, sequence ... | 2013 | 23435236 |
| antibody screening identifies 78 putative host proteins involved in cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection or propagation in common carp, cyprinus carpio l. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the aetiological agent of a serious and notifiable disease afflicting common and koi carp, cyprinus carpio l., termed koi herpesvirus disease (khvd). significant progress has been achieved in the last 15 years, since the initial reports surfaced from germany, usa and israel of the cyhv-3 virus, in terms of pathology and detection. however, relatively few studies have been carried out in understanding viral replication and propagation. antibody-based affinity ha ... | 2013 | 23347276 |
| intestinal barrier of carp (cyprinus carpio l.) during a cyprinid herpesvirus 3-infection: molecular identification and regulation of the mrna expression of claudin encoding genes. | as a major part of tight junctions in the intestinal epithelium of vertebrates, claudin proteins are crucial to develop a selective permeable function and to maintain integrity of the barrier. the intestine has been reported as one of the targeted tissue of the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) or koi herpesvirus (khv) which causes major disease problems in carp production worldwide. to analyse the impact of the disease on the epithelial barrier of the intestine, carp claudin encoding genes were c ... | 2013 | 23194746 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection disrupts the skin barrier of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.). | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) is recognised as a pathogen which causes mass mortality in populations of carp, cyprinus carpio. one of the characteristic symptoms of the disease associated with cyhv-3 infection is the occurrence of skin lesions, sloughing off the epithelium and a lack of mucus. furthermore, fish then seem to be more susceptible to secondary infections by bacterial, parasitic or fungal pathogens which may cause further mortality within the population. the observed pathological a ... | 2013 | 23182910 |
| analysis of koi herpesvirus latency in wild common carp and ornamental koi in oregon, usa. | koi herpesvirus (khv) infection is associated with high mortalities in both common carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi carp (cyprinus carpio koi) worldwide. although acute infection has been reported in both domestic and wild common carp, the status of khv latent infection is largely unknown in wild common carp. to investigate whether khv latency is present in wild common carp, the distribution of khv latent infection was investigated in two geographically distinct populations of wild common c ... | 2013 | 23174162 |
| emergence of fatal european genotype cyhv-3/khv in mainland china. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (khv), is a highly infectious causative agent to common carp and koi worldwide. the virus is mainly consisted of european and asian genotype isolates. to date, no european genotype cyhv-3 has been found emerging in the east and southeast asian regions. in late march 2011, an outbreak of cyhv-3 disease occurred in guangzhou city, guangdong province, china, resulting in the deaths of approximately 200 large-sized adult koi within four ... | 2013 | 23146169 |
| do wild fish species contribute to the transmission of koi herpesvirus to carp in hatchery ponds? | the koi herpesvirus (khv) has spread worldwide since its discovery in 1998 and causes disease and mortality in koi and common carp populations with a high impact on the carp production industry. many investigations have been conducted to examine ways of distribution and to identify possible transmission vectors. the answers, however, raise many new questions. in the present study, different wild fish species taken from carp ponds with a history of khv infection were examined for their susceptibi ... | 2013 | 23121232 |
| low prevalence of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 found in common carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) collected from nine locations in the great lakes. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv3) is a viral disease of fish first detected in the united states in 1998. since that time, mortality events in common carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) have occurred in several locations within the great lakes basin, but not within the great lakes themselves. we sampled 675 carp from 20 sites across the great lakes and lake st. clair, michigan, usa, between 19 july and 26 september 2010. we tested the gill and a pooled internal organ sample from each fish for cyhv3 with ... | 2012 | 23060516 |