| (13)c/(12)c isotope labeling to study carbon partitioning and dark respiration in cereals subjected to water stress. | despite the relevance of carbon (c) loss through respiration processes (with its consequent effect on the lower c availability for grain filling), little attention has been given to this topic. literature data concerning the role of respiration in cereals are scarce and these have been produced using indirect methods based on gas-exchange estimations. we have developed a new method based on the capture of respired co(2) samples and their analysis by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio ma ... | 0 | 19653200 |
| genomics in cereals: from genome-wide conserved orthologous set (cos) sequences to candidate genes for trait dissection. | recent updates in comparative genomics among cereals have provided the opportunity to identify conserved orthologous set (cos) dna sequences for cross-genome map-based cloning of candidate genes underpinning quantitative traits. new tools are described that are applicable to any cereal genome of interest, namely, alignment criterion for orthologous couples identification, as well as the intron spanning marker software to automatically select intron-spanning primer pairs. in order to test the sof ... | 0 | 19575250 |
| identification of genomic regions determining the phenological development leading to floral transition in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). | autumn-seeded winter cereals acquire tolerance to freezing temperatures and become vernalized by exposure to low temperature (lt). the level of accumulated lt tolerance depends on the cold acclimation rate and factors controlling timing of floral transition at the shoot apical meristem. in this study, genomic loci controlling the floral transition time were mapped in a winter wheat (t. aestivum l.) doubled haploid (dh) mapping population segregating for lt tolerance and rate of phenological deve ... | 0 | 19553371 |
| assessment of adaptive evolution between wheat and rice as deduced from full-length common wheat cdna sequence data and expression patterns. | wheat is an allopolyploid plant that harbors a huge, complex genome. therefore, accumulation of expressed sequence tags (ests) for wheat is becoming particularly important for functional genomics and molecular breeding. we prepared a comprehensive collection of ests from the various tissues that develop during the wheat life cycle and from tissues subjected to stress. we also examined their expression profiles in silico. as full-length cdnas are indispensable to certify the collected ests and an ... | 0 | 19534823 |
| comparative expression of cbf genes in the triticeae under different acclimation induction temperatures. | in plants, the c-repeat binding factors (cbfs) are believed to regulate low-temperature (lt) tolerance. however, most functional studies of cbfs have focused on characterizing expression after an lt shock and have not quantified differences associated with variable temperature induction or the rate of response to lt treatment. in the triticeae, rye (secale cereale l.) is one of the most lt-tolerant species, and is an excellent model to study and compare cbf lt induction and expression profiles. ... | 0 | 19421778 |
| the c-glycosylation of flavonoids in cereals. | flavonoids normally accumulate in plants as o-glycosylated derivatives, but several species, including major cereal crops, predominantly synthesize flavone-c-glycosides, which are stable to hydrolysis and are biologically active both in planta and as dietary components. an enzyme (oscgt) catalyzing the udp-glucose-dependent c-glucosylation of 2-hydroxyflavanone precursors of flavonoids has been identified and cloned from rice (oryza sativa ssp. indica), with a similar protein characterized in wh ... | 0 | 19411659 |
| the influence of vernalization and daylength on expression of flowering-time genes in the shoot apex and leaves of barley (hordeum vulgare). | responses to prolonged low-temperature treatment of imbibed seeds (vernalization) were examined in barley (hordeum vulgare). these occurred in two phases: the perception of prolonged cold, which occurred gradually at low temperatures, and the acceleration of reproductive development, which occurred after vernalization. expression of the vernalization1 gene (hvvrn1) increased gradually in germinating seedlings during vernalization, both at the shoot apex and in the developing leaves. this occurre ... | 0 | 19357429 |
| the healthgrain cereal diversity screen: concept, results, and prospects. | one hundred and fifty bread wheat lines and 50 other lines of small-grain cereals (spelt, durum wheat, triticum monococcum, triticum dicoccum, oats, rye, and barley) were selected for diversity in their geographical origin, age, and characteristics. they were grown on a single site in hungary in 2004-2005, harvested, milled, and analyzed for a range of phytochemicals (tocols, sterols, phenolic acids, folates, alkylresorcinols) and fiber components that are considered to have health benefits. det ... | 0 | 18921969 |
| transferability and polymorphism of barley est-ssr markers used for phylogenetic analysis in hordeum chilense. | hordeum chilense, a native south american diploid wild barley, is a potential source of useful genes for cereal breeding. the use of this wild species to increase genetic variation in cereals will be greatly facilitated by marker-assisted selection. different economically feasible approaches have been undertaken for this wild species with limited direct agricultural use in a search for suitable and cost-effective markers. the availability of expressed sequence tags (est) derived microsatellites ... | 0 | 18822176 |
| heat stress-responsive transcriptome analysis in heat susceptible and tolerant wheat (triticum aestivum l.) by using wheat genome array. | wheat is a major crop in the world, and the high temperature stress can reduce the yield of wheat by as much as 15%. the molecular changes in response to heat stress are poorly understood. using genechip wheat genome array, we analyzed genome-wide gene expression profiles in the leaves of two wheat genotypes, namely, heat susceptible 'chinese spring' (cs) and heat tolerant 'tam107' (tam). | 0 | 18808683 |
| the effect of temperature shock and grain morphology on alpha-amylase in developing wheat grain. | the premature production of alpha-amylase without visible germination has been observed in developing grain of many cereals. the phenomenon is associated with cool temperatures in the late stages of grain growth but the mechanisms behind it are largely unknown. the aim of this study was to replicate the phenomenon under controlled conditions and investigate the possibility of a mechanistic link with grain size or endosperm cavity size. | 0 | 18535012 |
| data mining for mirnas and their targets in the triticeae. | micrornas (mirnas) and the mrna targets of mirnas were identified by sequence complementarity within a dna sequence database for species of the triticeae. data screening identified 28 mirna precursor sequences from 15 mirna families that contained conserved mature mirna sequences within predicted stem-loop structures. in addition, the identification of 337 target sequences among triticeae genes provided further evidence of the existence of 26 mirna families in the cereals. microrna targets inclu ... | 0 | 18521122 |
| variability of polymorphic families of three types of xylanase inhibitors in the wheat grain proteome. | cereals contain proteinaceous inhibitors of endo-beta-1,4-xylanases (e.c.3.2.1.8, xylanases). since these xylanase inhibitors (xis) are only active against xylanases of microbial origin and do not interact with plant endogenous xylanases, they are believed to act as a defensive barrier against phytopathogenic attack. so far, three types of xis have been identified, i.e. triticum aestivum xi (taxi), xylanase inhibiting protein (xip), and thaumatin-like xi (tlxi) proteins. in this study the variat ... | 0 | 18340629 |
| transformation kinetics of 6-methoxybenzoxazolin-2-one in soil. | wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and other cereals produce allelochemicals as natural defense compounds against weeds, fungi, insects and soil-borne diseases. the main benzoxazinoid allelochemical of wheat is 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (dimboa), bound as beta-glucoside and released upon plant injury. when leached from wheat to soil, dimboa is microbially transformed to 6-methoxy-benzoxazolin-2-one (mboa). exploiting benzoxazinoids and their degradation products as substitutes for s ... | 0 | 18161567 |
| molecular genetics of puroindolines and related genes: allelic diversity in wheat and other grasses. | the hardness or texture of cereal grains is a primary determinant of their technological and processing quality. among members of the triticeae, most notably wheat, much of the variation in texture is controlled by a single locus comprised of the puroindoline a, puroindoline b and grain softness protein-1 (gsp-1) genes. puroindolines confer the three major texture classes of soft and hard common wheat and the very hard durum wheat. the protein products of these genes interact with lipids and are ... | 0 | 18049798 |
| wheat gluten: high molecular weight glutenin subunits--structure, genetics, and relation to dough elasticity. | gluten proteins, representing the major protein fraction of the starchy endosperm, are predominantly responsible for the unique position of wheat amongst cereals. these form a continuous proteinaceous matrix in the cells of the mature dry grain and form a continuous viscoelastic network during the mixing process of dough development. these viscoelastic properties underline the utilization of wheat to prepare bread and other wheat flour based foodstuffs. one group of gluten proteins is glutenin, ... | 0 | 17995810 |
| reassessment of tissue na(+) concentration as a criterion for salinity tolerance in bread wheat. | wheat is the most important crop grown on many of world's saline and sodic soils, and breeding for improved salinity tolerance (st) is the only feasible way of improving yield and yield stability under these conditions. there are a number of possible mechanisms by which cereals can tolerate high levels of salinity, but these can be considered in terms of na(+) exclusion and tissue tolerance. na(+) exclusion has been the focus of much of the recent work in wheat, but with relatively little progre ... | 0 | 17897418 |
| estimating mycotoxin contents of fusarium-damaged winter wheat kernels. | winter wheat (triticum aestivum l., cultivars ritmo and dekan) grain was sampled in northern germany between 2001 and 2006. kernels damaged by fungi of the genus fusarium were separated from sound grain by visual assessment. samples containing 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of fusarium-damaged kernels were compiled and analyzed for the fusarium type b trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (don, 2001-2006), nivalenol (niv, 2006), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3acdon, 2006) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15acd ... | 0 | 17706313 |
| mapping qtls for tissue culture response of mature wheat embryos. | the mature wheat embryo is arguably one of the best explants for genetic transformation because of its unlimited availability and lack of growth season restriction. however, an efficient regeneration system using mature wheat embryos (triticum aestivum l.) is still not available. to identify genes related to the tissue culture response (tcr) of wheat, qtls for callus induction from mature embryos and callus regeneration were mapped using an ril population derived from the cross of "wangshuibai" ... | 0 | 17646706 |
| contaminants in organically and conventionally produced winter wheat (triticum aestivum) in belgium. | a database has been compiled with the levels of important contaminants (mycotoxins, heavy metals and pesticides) measured from 2002 to 2005 in winter wheat (triticum aestivum) grown in belgium according to the organic and conventional farming systems. assuming no further change in contaminant levels during cereal processing and during the preparation of foodstuffs, conservative intakes are estimated for the consumers of cereal-based products such as flour, bread, breakfast cereals, dough and pas ... | 0 | 17613056 |
| molecular genetic improvement of cereals: transgenic wheat (triticum aestivum l.). | only modest progress has been made in the molecular genetic improvement of wheat following the production of the first transgenic plants in 1992, made possible by the development of efficient, long-term regenerable embryogenic cultures derived from immature embryos and use of the biolistics method for the direct delivery of dna into regenerable cells. transgenic lines expressing genes that confer resistance to environmentally friendly non-selective herbicides, and pests and pathogens have been p ... | 0 | 17431631 |
| [effect of red light on activity of camp phosphodiesterases in photoperiodically different cereals and vernalized winter wheat]. | red light illumination of seedlings of photoperiodically different cereals had a different effect on the activity of multiple cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterases. the response of all phosphodiesterase forms was reversed in fully vernalized winter wheat triticum aestivum l. | 0 | 17352206 |
| relationship between grain yield, osmotic adjustment and benzoxazinone content in triticum aestivum l. cultivars. | fifteen wheat genotypes were grown under water deficit to ascertain the role of osmotic adjustment (oa) and the concentration of benzoxazinones in sustaining grain yield. a positive correlation between osmotic adjustment capacity and yield was observed in wheat genotypes cultivated under field conditions. the weight gain of plants exposed to drought was in agreement with the oa values (r(2) = 0.93). however, when wheat plants were infested by cereal aphids, this correlation was not found. the be ... | 0 | 17137117 |
| putative fasciclin-like arabinogalactan-proteins (fla) in wheat (triticum aestivum) and rice (oryza sativa): identification and bioinformatic analyses. | putative plant adhesion molecules include arabinogalactan-proteins having fasciclin-like domains. in animal, fasciclin proteins participate in cell adhesion and communication. however, the molecular basis of interactions in plants is still unknown and none of these domains have been characterized in cereals. this work reports the characterization of 34 wheat (triticum aestivum) and 24 rice (oryza sativa) fasciclin-like arabinogalactan-proteins (flas). bioinformatics analyses show that cereal fla ... | 0 | 16944204 |
| antioxidant properties of wheat as affected by pearling. | the effects of pearling on the content of phenolics and antioxidant capacity of two canadian wheat classes, namely, canada western amber durum; triticum turgidum l. var. durum; cwad) and canada western red spring; triticum aestivum l.; cwrs) were examined. the antioxidant activity of wheat phenolics was evaluated using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (orac), inhibition of photochemiluminescence (pcl), rancimat method, inhibition of oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, and dna. the phenolic c ... | 0 | 16910705 |
| single-copy genes define a conserved order between rice and wheat for understanding differences caused by duplication, deletion, and transposition of genes. | the high-quality rice genome sequence is serving as a reference for comparative genome analysis in crop plants, especially cereals. however, early comparisons with bread wheat showed complex patterns of conserved synteny (gene content) and colinearity (gene order). here, we show the presence of ancient duplicated segments in the progenitor of wheat, which were first identified in the rice genome. we also show that single-copy (sc) rice genes, those representing unique matches with wheat expresse ... | 0 | 16865332 |
| opportunities for nutritionally enhanced maize and wheat varieties to combat protein and micronutrient malnutrition. | naturally occurring variation detected in the germplasm of maize and wheat, two of the top three cereal crops in the world, provides options for incorporating higher levels of iron, zinc, and beta-carotene into these grains. in addition, quality protein maize (qpm) has been developed from naturally occurring variation; its seed contains enhanced levels of lysine and tryptophan, two essential amino acids lacking in cereals. the international maize and wheat improvement center, along with its many ... | 0 | 16619744 |
| oxalate content of cereals and cereal products. | detailed knowledge of food oxalate content is of essential importance for dietary treatment of recurrent calcium oxalate urolithiasis. dietary oxalate can contribute considerably to the amount of urinary oxalate excretion. because cereal foods play an important role in daily nutrition, the soluble and total oxalate contents of various types of cereal grains, milling products, bread, pastries, and pasta were analyzed using an hplc-enzyme-reactor method. a high total oxalate content (>50 mg/100 g) ... | 0 | 16608223 |
| grain filling of cereals under soil drying. | monocarpic plants require the initiation of whole-plant senescence to remobilize and transfer assimilates pre-stored in vegetative tissues to grains. delayed whole-plant senescence caused by either heavy use of nitrogen fertilizer or adoption of lodging-resistant cultivars/hybrids that remain green when the grains are due to ripen results in a low harvest index with much nonstructural carbohydrate (nsc) left in the straw. usually, water stress during the grain-filling period induces early senesc ... | 0 | 16411926 |
| characterisation of disproportionating enzyme from wheat endosperm. | disproportionating enzyme or d-enzyme (ec 2.4.1.25) is an alpha-1,4 glucanotransferase which catalyses cleavage and transfer reactions involving alpha-1,4 linked glucans altering (disproportionating) the chain length distribution of pools of oligosaccharides. while d-enzyme has been well characterised in some plants, e.g. potato and arabidopsis, very little is known about its abundance and function in cereals which constitute the major source of starch worldwide. to address this we have investig ... | 0 | 16333636 |
| primary structure, recombinant expression, and molecular characterization of phl p 4, a major allergen of timothy grass (phleum pratense). | grass pollen allergy is one of the most important allergic diseases world-wide. several meadow grasses, like timothy grass and rye grass, contribute to allergic sensitizations, but also allergens from extensively cultivated cereals, especially rye, make a profound contribution. the group 4 allergens are well known as important major allergens of grasses. we have cloned for the first time group 4 sequences from phleum pratense, lolium perenne, secale cereale, triticum aestivum, and hordeum vulgar ... | 0 | 16198308 |
| molecular cloning and functional analysis of a novel 6&1-feh from wheat (triticum aestivum l.) preferentially degrading small graminans like bifurcose. | like barley and other cereals, wheat (triticum aestivum l.) accumulates branched graminan-type fructans containing both beta-(2,1) and beta-(2,6) fructosyl linkages, mainly with a quite low degree of polymerization (dp). 1&6-kestotetraose (bifurcose) is the major fructan oligosaccharide accumulating in crown tissues and leaves of cereals exposed to chilling. the fructan exohydrolase (feh) cdnas 1-feh w1 and w2 were previously cloned from wheat crowns sampled in mid-november. here, we report the ... | 0 | 16051449 |
| high transferability of bread wheat est-derived ssrs to other cereals. | the increasing availability of expressed sequence tags (ests) in wheat (triticum aestivum) and related cereals provides a valuable resource of non-anonymous dna molecular markers. in this study, 300 primer pairs were designed from 265 wheat ests that contain microsatellites in order to develop new markers for wheat. their level of transferability in eight related species [triticum durum, t. monococcum, aegilops speltoides, ae. tauschii, rye (secale cereale), barley (hordeum vulgare), agropyron e ... | 0 | 16034582 |
| tavrt-2, a member of the stmads-11 clade of flowering repressors, is regulated by vernalization and photoperiod in wheat. | the initiation of the reproductive phase in winter cereals is delayed during winter until favorable growth conditions resume in the spring. this delay is modulated by low temperature through the process of vernalization. the molecular and genetic bases of the interaction between environmental factors and the floral transition in these species are still unknown. however, the recent identification of the wheat (triticum aestivum l.) tavrt-1 gene provides an opportunity to decipher the molecular ba ... | 0 | 16024692 |
| structural characterization, expression analysis and evolution of the red/far-red sensing photoreceptor gene, phytochrome c (phyc), localized on the 'b' genome of hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum l.). | phytochromes are a family of red/far-red light perceiving photoreceptors. the monocot phytochrome family is represented by three members, phya, phyb and phyc. we have isolated and characterized the first phy gene member (taphyc) from common wheat, triticum aestivum var. cpan1676. it codes for a species of the photoreceptor, phyc, which is known to be light-stable in all plants analyzed so far. a sequence of 7.2 kb has been determined, which includes 3.42 kb of coding region. this is the second f ... | 0 | 15891901 |
| cloning, characterization and functional analysis of novel 6-kestose exohydrolases (6-kehs) from wheat (triticum aestivum). | cereals accumulate graminan-type fructans which are subject to stress-related degradation by fructan 1-exohydrolases (1-fehs) and fructan 6-exohydrolases (6-fehs). to find new feh genes related to freezing tolerance, a cold-hardened wheat crown cdna library was screened. here we report the cloning, purification and characterization of two novel 6-kestosidase (6-keh) isoenzymes from wheat crowns (triticum aestivum). functional characterization in pichia pastoris confirmed the extreme substrate se ... | 0 | 15869652 |
| [study of mitochondrial genomes of allopllasmic recombinant wheat lines constructed on the basis of barley-wheat hybrids hordeum geniculatum all. (= h. marinum subsp. gussoneanum) (2n = 28) x x triticum aestivum l. (2n = 42) with using of relp and pcr analyses]. | using relp analysis with three probes homologous to specific regions of mitochondrial dna genes and pcr analysis of the mitochondrial recombining-repeat-sequence 18s/5s region of cereals, five alloplasmic wheat lines of different origin and fertility expression were studied. these lines are self-pollinated progeny of bc1-bc4 generations of barley-wheat hybrids hordeum geniculatum all. (2n = 28) x triticum aestivum l. (2n = 42). it was found that recombinant alloplasmic lines characterized by par ... | 0 | 15865290 |
| molecular characterization and origin of novel bipartite cold-regulated ice recrystallization inhibition proteins from cereals. | to understand the molecular basis of freezing tolerance in plants, several low temperature-responsive genes have been identified from wheat. among these are two genes named tairi-1 and tairi-2 (triticum aestivum ice recrystallization inhibition) that are up-regulated during cold acclimation in freezing-tolerant species. phytohormones involved in pathogen defense pathways (jasmonic acid and ethylene) induce the expression of one of the two genes. the encoded proteins are novel in that they have a ... | 0 | 15792959 |
| nonrandom distribution and frequencies of genomic and est-derived microsatellite markers in rice, wheat, and barley. | earlier comparative maps between the genomes of rice (oryza sativa l.), barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) were linkage maps based on cdna-rflp markers. the low number of polymorphic rflp markers has limited the development of dense genetic maps in wheat and the number of available anchor points in comparative maps. higher density comparative maps using pcr-based anchor markers are necessary to better estimate the conservation of colinearity among cereal genomes. the pu ... | 0 | 15720707 |
| non-phosphorylating bypass of the plant mitochondrial respiratory chain by stress protein csp 310. | recently, it has been reported that the cold-stress protein csp 310, discovered in the cytoplasm of cold-resistant winter cereals, causes uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation during cold stress. to understand how the uncoupling mechanism of csp differs from that of cyanide-insensitive alternative oxidase and plant mitochondrial uncoupling protein, we determined the effect of respiratory-chain inhibition on winter wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. zalarinka) mitochondria. our data show a possibl ... | 0 | 15668769 |
| [revealing hereditary variation of winter hardiness in cereals]. | a set of cereal crops and differentiating cultivars was shown to be of utility for identifying the major abiotic factors that limit the survival of winter crops in the cold season of a particular year. with this approach, the season was identified (1997-1998, belgorod) when the survival of cereals depended on the tolerance to anaerobiosis rather than on the frost resistance. differentiation of common wheat cultivars with respect to this property was attributed to a locus designated win1 (winter ... | 0 | 15612569 |
| induction of cytoplasmic mannose-binding jacalin-related lectins is a common phenomenon in cereals treated with jasmonate methyl ester. | treatment of whole plants with jasmonic acid methyl ester induces lectin activity in leaves of oryza sativa, hordeum vulgare, triticum vulgare, secale cereale and zea mays. purification and characterization of the lectins revealed that they all have a very similar molecular structure and carbohydrate-binding properties. further analysis of the cdna clones encoding the lectins revealed that they all belong to the family of cytoplasmic mannose-specific jacalin-related lectins. | 0 | 15560260 |
| interactions among factors regulating phenological development and acclimation rate determine low-temperature tolerance in wheat. | exposure to low temperatures (lt) produces innumerable changes in morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics of plants, with the result that it has been difficult to separate cause and effect adjustments to lt. phenotypic studies have shown that the lt-induced protective mechanisms in cereals are developmentally regulated and involve an acclimation process that can be stopped, reversed and restarted. the present study was initiated to separate the developmental factors determin ... | 0 | 15374834 |
| study of simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers from wheat expressed sequence tags (ests). | the increasing availability of expressed sequence tags (ests) in wheat ( triticum aestivum) and related cereals provides a valuable resource of non-anonymous dna molecular markers. we examined 170,746 wheat ests from the public (international triticeae est cooperative) and génoplante databases, previously clustered in contigs, for the presence of di- to hexanucleotide simple sequence repeats (ssrs). analysis of 46,510 contigs identified 3,530 ssrs, which represented 7.5% of the total number of c ... | 0 | 15146317 |
| molecular identification and chromosomal localization of genes encoding triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor i-like proteins in cereals. | taxi ( triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor) proteins are present in wheat flour and are known to inhibit glycosyl hydrolase family 11 endoxylanases, enzymes which are commonly applied in grain processing. here, we describe the pcr-based molecular identification of genes encoding endoxylanase inhibitors hvxi and scxi, the taxi-like proteins from barley ( hordeum vulgare) and rye ( secale cereale) respectively. the hvxi coding sequence encodes a mature protein of 384 amino acids preceded by a 19 ... | 0 | 15004675 |
| [on the question of using alleles of gliadin-coding loci as possible markers of adaptive ability in cultivars of spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) during seed germination]. | prolamine proteolysis is assumed to be among numerous adaptability factors in cereals. the patterns of gliadin proteolysis have been studied in 16 cultivars of spring wheat via analysis of electrophoretic spectra. four proteolytic patterns have been identified. it is hypothesized that the cultivars characterized by early and rapid proteolysis (the first and third types) are the most adaptable. the gliadin genetic formulas of chromosomes of the first homeologous group have been determined. the al ... | 0 | 14964836 |
| occurrence of proteinaceous endoxylanase inhibitors in cereals. | cereals contain proteinaceous inhibitors of endoxylanases, which affect the efficiency and functionality of these enzymes in cereal processing. this review relates their first discovery in wheat and the subsequent purification of two distinct classes of endoxylanase inhibitors, namely triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor (taxi)-type and xylanase inhibitor protein (xip)-type inhibitors in cereals. both inhibitor classes occur in monocots as multi-isoform families. the reported data provide an ove ... | 0 | 14871660 |
| mads box genes control vernalization-induced flowering in cereals. | by comparing expression levels of mads box transcription factor genes between near-isogenic winter and spring lines of bread wheat, triticum aestivum, we have identified wap1 as the probable candidate for the vrn-1 gene, the major locus controlling the vernalization flowering response in wheat. wap1 is strongly expressed in spring wheats and moderately expressed in semispring wheats, but is not expressed in winter wheat plants that have not been exposed to vernalization treatment. vernalization ... | 0 | 14557548 |
| tavrt-1, a putative transcription factor associated with vegetative to reproductive transition in cereals. | the molecular genetics of vernalization, defined as the promotion of flowering by cold treatment, is still poorly understood in cereals. to better understand this mechanism, we cloned and characterized a gene that we named tavrt-1 (wheat [triticum aestivum] vegetative to reproductive transition-1). molecular and sequence analyses indicated that this gene encodes a protein homologous to the mads-box family of transcription factors that comprises certain flowering control proteins in arabidopsis. ... | 0 | 12913142 |
| a centromeric tandem repeat family originating from a part of ty3/gypsy-retroelement in wheat and its relatives. | from a wild diploid species that is a relative of wheat, aegilops speltoides, a 301-bp repeat containing 16 copies of a caa microsatellite was isolated. southern blot and fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that approximately 250 bp of the sequence is tandemly arrayed at the centromere regions of a- and b-genome chromosomes of common wheat and rye chromosomes. although the dna sequence of this 250-bp repeat showed no notable homology in the databases, the flanking or intervening sequence ... | 0 | 12807787 |
| expression profiling and bioinformatic analyses of a novel stress-regulated multispanning transmembrane protein family from cereals and arabidopsis. | cold acclimation is a multigenic trait that allows hardy plants to develop efficient tolerance mechanisms needed for winter survival. to determine the genetic nature of these mechanisms, several cold-responsive genes of unknown function were identified from cold-acclimated wheat (triticum aestivum). to identify the putative functions and structural features of these new genes, integrated genomic approaches of data mining, expression profiling, and bioinformatic predictions were used. the analyse ... | 0 | 12746512 |
| the evolution of constans-like gene families in barley, rice, and arabidopsis. | the co (constans) gene of arabidopsis has an important role in the regulation of flowering by photoperiod. co is part of a gene family with 17 members that are subdivided into three classes, termed group i to iii here. all members of the family have a cct (co, co-like, toc1) domain near the carboxy terminus. group i genes, which include co, have two zinc finger b-boxes near the amino terminus. group ii genes have one b-box, and group iii genes have one b-box and a second diverged zinc finger. an ... | 0 | 12692345 |
| kinetics of transcript and protein accumulation of a low-molecular-weight wheat lea d-11 dehydrin in response to low temperature. | we studied the kinetics of induction of the wheat (triticum aestivum l.) gene wdhn 13, which encodes a predominantly cold-responsive protein belonging to the lea d-11 dehydrin family. the deduced polypeptide wdhn 13 (mw = 12.8 kda) represented the smallest dehydrin member in cereals with three lysine-rich k-segments. purified wdhn 13 was boiling-stable due to its high hydrophilicity. western blot analysis using the polyclonal anti-wdhn 13-antibody revealed a number of cross-reacting proteins in ... | 0 | 12685035 |
| structural analysis of xylanase inhibitor protein i (xip-i), a proteinaceous xylanase inhibitor from wheat (triticum aestivum, var. soisson). | a novel class of proteinaceous inhibitors exhibiting specificity towards microbial xylanases has recently been discovered in cereals. the three-dimensional structure of xylanase inhibitor protein i (xip-i) from wheat (triticum aestivum, var. soisson) was determined by x-ray crystallography at 1.8 a (1 a=0.1 nm) resolution. the inhibitor possesses a (beta/alpha)(8) barrel fold and has structural features typical of glycoside hydrolase family 18, namely two consensus regions, approximately corresp ... | 0 | 12617724 |
| three sucrose transporter genes are expressed in the developing grain of hexaploid wheat. | a family of three cdnas, designated tasut1a, 1b and 1d, encoding sucrose transporter (sut) proteins was isolated from a hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum) endosperm library. the cdna sequences are 96% identical but are distinguishable from one another by virtue of a size polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated region (utr). the predicted amino acid sequences are 98% identical and are highly similar to the sucrose transporters from rice, maize and barley. a gene for tasut1 was isolated from genomic ... | 0 | 12369621 |
| barley cbf3 gene identification, expression pattern, and map location. | although cold and drought adaptation in cereals and other plants involve the induction of a large number of genes, inheritance studies in triticeae (wheat [triticum aestivum], barley [hordeum vulgare], and rye [secale cereale]) have revealed only a few major loci for frost or drought tolerance that are consistent across multiple genetic backgrounds and environments. one might imagine that these loci could encode highly conserved regulatory factors that have global effects on gene expression; the ... | 0 | 12177491 |
| developmental traits affecting low-temperature tolerance response in near-isogenic lines for the vernalization locus vrn-a1 in wheat (triticum aestivum l. em thell). | investigation of low-temperature (lt) tolerance in cereals has commonly led to the region of the vyn-a1 vernalization gene or its homologue in related genomes. two cultivars, one a non-hardy spring wheat and one a very cold-hardy winter wheat, whose growth habits are determined by the vrn-a1 (spring habit) and vrn-a1 (winter habit) alleles, were chosen to produce reciprocal near-isogenic lines (nils). these lines were then used to determine the relationship between rate of phenological developme ... | 0 | 12099532 |
| a high-density cytogenetic map of the aegilops tauschii genome incorporating retrotransposons and defense-related genes: insights into cereal chromosome structure and function. | aegilops tauschii (coss.) schmal. (2n = 2x = 14, dd) (syn. a. squarrosa l.; triticum tauschii) is well known as the d-genome donor of bread wheat (t. aestivum, 2n = 6x = 42, aabbdd). because of conserved synteny, a high-density map of the a. tauschii genome will be useful for breeding and genetics within the tribe triticeae which besides bread wheat also includes barley and rye. we have placed 249 new loci onto a high-density integrated cytological and genetic map of a. tauschii for a total of 7 ... | 0 | 11999849 |
| enhanced adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity in wheat endosperm increases seed yield. | yield in cereals is a function of seed number and weight; both parameters are largely controlled by seed sink strength. the allosteric enzyme adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase (agp) plays a key role in regulating starch biosynthesis in cereal seeds and is likely the most important determinant of seed sink strength. plant agps are heterotetrameric, consisting of two large and two small subunits. we transformed wheat (triticum aestivum l.) with a modified form of the maize (zea mays l.) shrunken2 gene ... | 0 | 11830676 |
| breeding opportunities for increasing the efficiency of water use and crop yield in temperate cereals. | genetic advances in grain yield under rainfed conditions have been achieved by empirical breeding methods. progress is slowed, however, by large genotype x season and genotype x location interactions arising from unpredictable rainfall, which is a feature of dry environments. a good understanding of factors limiting and/or regulating yield now provides us with an opportunity to identify and then select for physiological and morphological traits that increase the efficiency of water use and yield ... | 0 | 11756261 |
| reversible accumulation of (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucan endohydrolase in wheat leaves under sugar depletion. | a (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-d-glucan endohydrolase [(1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucanase, ec 3.2.1.73] was detected in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) leaves by western analyses and activity measurements. this enzyme is able to degrade the (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucans present in the cell walls of cereals and other grass species. in wheat, enzyme levels clearly increased during leaf development, reaching maximum values at full expansion and then decreasing upon leaf ageing. to test whether the abundance of (1-->3,1- ... | 0 | 11709582 |
| interception, retention and translocation under greenhouse conditions of radiocaesium and radiostrontium from a simulated accidental source. | the behaviour of radioactive aerosols released from a severely damaged nuclear reactor and deposited on cereals was simulated under controlled conditions. 137cs- and 90sr-labelled aerosols were generated by volatilisation at high temperature of an artificially spiked pellet of depleted uo2. after cooling and maturation the aerosols were allowed to deposit on spring wheat (triticum aestivum l. var. arbon) cultures grown on lysimeters under greenhouse conditions. at the time of contamination the w ... | 0 | 11669268 |
| expression of wheat puroindoline genes in transgenic rice enhances grain softness. | the puroindoline genes (pina and pinb) are believed to play critical roles in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grain texture. mutations in either gene are associated with hard wheat. no direct evidence exists for the ability of puroindolines to modify cereal grain texture. interestingly, puroindolines appear to be absent in cereal species outside of the tribe triticeae, in which the dominant form of grain texture is hard. to assess the ability of the puroindolines to modify cereal grain texture, the ... | 0 | 11175732 |
| the cold dependent accumulation of cor tmc-ap3 in cereals with contrasting, frost tolerance is regulated by different mrna expression and protein turnover. | the accumulation of specific cold-regulated (cor) proteins is a component of the hardening process and different amount of cor proteins has been related to different degrees of cold tolerance. a number of different mechanisms controls the accumulation of the cor proteins in the plant cells. in this work we describe the mechanisms controlling the accumulation of the cor protein tmc-ap3, a putative chloroplastic amino acid selective channel protein [1] in barley, durum, wheat, emmer and bread whea ... | 0 | 10908804 |
| genetic and physical characterization of grain texture-related loci in diploid wheat. | endosperm texture, i.e. the hardness or softness of the grain, is an important quality criterion in cereals because it determines many grain end-use properties. grain softness is the dominant trait and is mainly controlled by the ha locus on the short arm of chromosome 5d in hexaploid bread wheat. genes for puroindoline a (pina-d1), puroindoline b (pinb-d1), and grain softness related protein (gsp-d1) have been shown to be linked to the ha locus in different mapping populations and have been ass ... | 0 | 10628869 |
| a gene coding for an rps2 protein is present in the mitochondrial genome of several cereals, but not in dicotyledons. | a gene coding for a protein that shows homologies to prokaryotic ribosomal protein s2 is present in the mitochondrial (mt) genome of wheat (triticum aestivum). the wheat gene is transcribed as a single mrna which is edited by c-to-u conversions at seven positions, all resulting in alteration of the encoded amino acid. homologous gene sequences are also present in the mt genomes of rice and maize, but we failed to identify the corresponding sequences in the mtdna of all dicotyledonous species tes ... | 0 | 9669335 |
| wheat flour peroxidase is a prominent allergen associated with baker's asthma. | putative wheat allergens with molecular sizes around 35kda have been repeatedly detected in immunoblots using sera from patients with baker's asthma. however, none of these allergens had been previously isolated. | 0 | 9383252 |
| a small peptide from durum wheat gliadin prevents cell agglutination induced by prolamin-peptides toxic in coeliac disease. | a peptide (m.w. 1157.5 da) able to prevent the agglutination of k562(s) cells induced by the peptic-tryptic prolamine digests of the cereals toxic in coeliac disease (i.e. bread wheat, rye, barley and oat) was characterized as one of the components of the peptic-tryptic digest of durum wheat gliadin. this peptide was synthesized in a high degree of purity with the solid phase method with the applied biosystem 431a. an amino acid sequence was identified in the 1157.5 da peptide as being related t ... | 0 | 9217307 |
| flow cytometric analysis of the chromosomes and stability of a wheat cell-culture line. | a rapidly growing, long-term suspension culture derived from triticum aestivum l. (wheat) was synchronized using hydroxyurea and colchicine, and a chromosome suspension with 2-3 x 10(6) chromosomes ml(-1) was made. after staining with the dna-specific fluorochromes hoechst 33258 and chromomycin a(3), univariate and bivariate flow-cytometry histograms showed 15 clearly resolved peaks corresponding to individual chromosome types or groups of chromosomes with similar dna contents. the flow karyotyp ... | 0 | 19352750 |
| comparative rflp mapping of the chlorotoluron resistance gene (su1) in cultivated wheat (triticum aestivum) and wild wheat (triticum dicoccoides). | chlorotoluron is a selective phenylurea herbicide widely used for broad-leaved and annual grass weed control in cereals. variation in the response to chlorotoluron (ct) was found in both hexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and wild tetraploid wheat (triticum dicoccoides körn.). here, we describe the comparative mapping of the ct resistance gene (su1) on chromosome 6b in bread and wild wheat using rflp markers. in bread wheat, mapping was based on 58 f(4) single-seed descent (ssd) plants ... | 0 | 19352744 |
| the regulatory role of vernalization in the expression of low-temperature-induced genes in wheat and rye. | low temperature is one of the primary stresses limiting the growth and productivity of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and rye (secale cereale l.). winter cereals low-temperature-acclimate when exposed to temperatures colder than 10°c. however, they gradually lose their ability to tolerate below-freezing temperatures when they are maintained for long periods of time in the optimum range for low-temperature acclimation. the overwinter decline in low-temperature response has been attributed to an ina ... | 0 | 24162347 |
| amylolytic activities in cereal seeds under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. | an adequate carbohydrate supply contributes to the survival of seeds under conditions of limited oxygen availability. the amount of soluble, readily fermentable carbohydrates in dry cereal seeds is usually very limited, with starch representing the main storage compound. starch breakdown during the germination of cereal seeds is the result of the action of hydrolytic enzymes and only through the concerted action of [alpha]-amylase (ec 3.2.1.1), [beta]-amylase (ec 3.2.1.2), debranching enzyme (ec ... | 0 | 12228653 |
| cloning, characterization and import studies on protochlorophyllide reductase from wheat (triticum aestivum). | a full-length protochlorophyllide reductase clone (pwr5) has been isolated from a dark-grown wheat (triticum aestivum) cdna library generated in the phage vector lambda gt10. comparison of the sequence of pwr5 with published sequences indicates a high degree of conservation of the structure of the mature protein amongst species but with the structure of the transit peptide less highly conserved. within the cereals, the structure of the complete preprotein shows a remarkable degree of sequence ho ... | 0 | 8250847 |
| genome analysis of intergeneric hybrids of apomictic and sexual australian elymus species with wheat, barley and rye: implication for the transfer of apomixis to cereals. | four hybrids were obtained between three australian elymus taxa and three cereal grains: wheat, rye, and barley. mean meiotic metaphase-i configurations were 41.14 i, 0.42 rod ii, 0.003 ring ii, and 0.01 iii for e. scabrus var 'plurinervis' x triticum aestivum (1 hybrid plant), 22.27 i, 2.63 rod ii, 0.06 ring ii, and 0.12 iii for e. scabrus var 'scabrus' x secale cereale (4 hybrid plants), and 26.65 i, 0.66 rod ii, 0.00 ring ii, and 0.01 iii for e. scabrus var 'plurinervis' x hordeum vulgare (13 ... | 0 | 24193471 |
| low-temperature effects on photosynthesis and correlation with freezing tolerance in spring and winter cultivars of wheat and rye. | winter cultivars of rye (secale cereale l., cv musketeer) and wheat (triticum aestivum l. cvs kharkov and monopol), but not a spring cultivar of wheat (glenlea), grown at cold-hardening temperatures showed, at high irradiances, a higher proportion of oxidized to reduced primary, stable quinone receptor (qa) than did the same cultivars grown under nonhardening conditions. in addition, there was a positive correlation between the effects of low-growth temperature on this increased proportion of ox ... | 0 | 12231680 |
| different patterns of rdna organization at interphase in nuclei of wheat and rye. | the physical location of the rdna repeating units (25 s, 18 s and 5.8 s rrna genes and the intergenic spacer sequences) was investigated in rye (secale cereale l.) and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) root tip meristematic cells by in situ hybridization using light and electron microscopy. the rdna sequences are organized differently in the two related and intercrossable species. in rye (2n = 14, one pair of chromosomes with nucleolar organizing regions, nors), two condensed blocks of rdna-containin ... | 0 | 1527177 |
| cellular and humoral responses in coeliac disease. 2. protein extracts from different cereals. | the humoral and cellular immune responses to grain protein extracts from coeliac-toxic and non-toxic cereals were compared by use of a number of elisa and immunoblotting methods and the indirect leucocyte migration inhibition factor (lmif) assay. both adult and child coeliacs had elevated levels of serum antibody to proteins from the coeliac-toxic cereals, namely bread wheat, durum wheat, rye and barley and low levels of proteins from other cereals. using protein blotting techniques, antibody bi ... | 0 | 1819454 |
| the isolation of high molecular weight dna from wheat, barley and rye for analysis by pulse-field gel electrophoresis. | a method is presented for the preparation of large dna molecules from protoplasts embedded in agarose blocks of three different cereals--hexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum), barley (hordeum vulgare) and rye (secale cereale). pulse-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) analysis of these dna preparations using a contour-clamped homogeneous field (chef) apparatus indicated that the size of the dna molecules was greater than 6 mb. dna samples prepared by this method were shown to be useful for rest ... | 0 | 1966389 |
| transient gene expression in maize, rice, and wheat cells using an airgun apparatus. | an airgun apparatus has been constructed for transient gene expression studies of monocots. this device utilizes compressed air from a commercial airgun to propel macroprojectile and dna-coated tungsten particles. the beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene was used to monitor transient expression in three distinct cell types of maize (zea mays), rice (oryza sativa), and wheat (triticum aestivum). the highest level of gus activity in cultured maize cells was observed when distance between stoppin ... | 0 | 16667278 |
| metabolic acclimation to hypoxia in winter cereals : low temperature flooding increases adenylates and survival in ice encasement. | cold hardened seedlings of winter wheat (triticum aestivum l. em thell) show an hypoxic hardening response: an exposure to low temperature flooding increases the tolerance of plants to a subsequent ice encasement exposure. seedlings of winter barley (hordeum vulgare l.) do not show such a response in similar experimental conditions. during ice encasement, there are general declines in adenylate energy charge (aec), total adenylates and atp:adp ratios in the crown tissues of two winter wheat cult ... | 0 | 16667112 |
| anaerobic induction of alanine aminotransferase in barley root tissue. | alanine aminotransferase, otherwise called glutamate-pyruvate aminotransferase (gpt), activity increases up to fourfold during several days of anaerobic induction in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) roots, reaching a maximum activity of 13 international units per gram fresh weight. this increase in activity paralleled the increase in alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the same root tissue. upon return to aerobic conditions, the induced gpt activity declined with an apparent half-life of 2 days. the is ... | 0 | 16666927 |
| amino acid and peptide uptake in the scutella of germinating grains of barley, wheat, rice, and maize. | scutella separated from germinating grains of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), wheat (triticum aestivum l.), rice (oryza sativa l.), and maize (zea mays l.) took up the four amino acids and the three peptides tested from incubation media. the uptake of amino acids by wheat scutella was similar to that of barley scutella and was via at least four uptake systems: two nonspecific amino acid uptake systems, one system specific for proline, and another system specific for basic amino acids. the scutellum ... | 0 | 16666698 |
| formation of wheat protein bodies: involvement of the golgi apparatus in gliadin transport. | developing wheat (triticum aestivum l.) endosperm was examined using ultrathin sections prepared from tissues harvested at 5, 9, 16 and 25 d after flowering. protein bodies were evident by 9 d and displayed a variety of membranous structures and inclusions. the golgi apparatus was a prominent organelle at all stages, and by 9 d was associated with small electron-dense inclusions. by immunocytochemical techniques, gliadin (wheat prolamine) was localized within these vesicles and in homogeneous re ... | 0 | 24220770 |
| expression of modified rye ribosomal rna genes in wheat. | several wheats (triticum aestivum l. em thell.) containing the short arm of chromosome 1r from rye (secale cereale l.) translocated to the long arm of wheat chromosome 1b were examined, by in situ hybridization with a biotinylated probe, for the expression of rye rrna genes located in the nucleolus-organizing region (nor) present on the short arm of 1r. the wheats analyzed contain a reduced rye nor band, identified by a c-banding technique, that was assumed to have resulted from a deletion that ... | 0 | 16593938 |
| effects of cold hardening on the regulation of polyamine levels in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and alfalfa (medicago sativa l.). | when leaves of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) are exposed to a cold hardening temperature, a major accumulation of putrescine (6-9 times) takes place. spermidine accumulates to a lesser extent and, conversely, spermine decreases slightly. these variations are completely reversible when plants are returned to initial growing conditions. a similar response is obtained with crowns. during cold hardening, arginine decarboxylase activity remains near its initial level while a considerable loss of activ ... | 0 | 16665409 |
| localization of wheat-germ agglutinin in developing wheat embryos and those cultured in abscisic acid. | the time course of appearance of wheat-germ agglutinin (wga) in the various embryonic tissues during embryogenesis in triticum aestivum l. was studied by sensitive immunofluorescence and peroxidase-antiperoxidase detection systems. the radicle, root cap and coleorhiza first accumulated wga in early stage ii (8-10 d post-anthesis) prior to the main period of embryo growth, while wga was found in the epiblast and coleoptile in early and late state iii, respectively. stage iii is characterized by m ... | 0 | 24232318 |
| modification by gibberellin of the growth-temperature relationship in mutant and normal genotypes of several cereals. | high-resolution growth measurements were conducted using a linear variable displacement transformer in conjunction with a temperature-programmed meristem-cooling collar. chilling and rewarming profiles were determined for a range of gramineae, in the presence and absence of varying concentrations of gibberellic acid (ga3). in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) seedlings, the growth-constraining temperature (pe) was progressively lowered by increasing ga3 concentration, with a difference of-4.8°c betwe ... | 0 | 24240305 |
| commodities into food. | it is not surprising that past predictions of the extent of adoption of new technology by the food and agricultural industries have only been partly realized. this is a result of the difficulty of forecasting the take-up of technology that is capable of being transferred from other industries, for example, process control methods and the advent of new packaging materials. most technology that is adopted is normally incremental over the existing technology and forecasting of this type is best don ... | 0 | 2865759 |
| freezing injury and root development in winter cereals. | upon exposure to 2 degrees c, the leaves and crowns of rye (secale cereale l. cv ;puma') and wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv ;norstar' and ;cappelle') increased in cold hardiness, whereas little change in root cold hardiness was observed. both root and shoot growth were severely reduced in cold-hardened norstar wheat plants frozen to -11 degrees c or lower and transplanted to soil. in contrast, shoot growth of plants grown in a nutrient agar medium and subjected to the same hardening and freezing ... | 0 | 16663299 |
| an endogenous alpha-amylase inhibitor in barley kernels. | barley (hordeum distichum cv klages) kernels were shown to contain a factor that converted malted barley alpha-amylase ii to the alpha-amylase iii form. after purification by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography on deae-sephacel, and gel-filtration on bio gel p60, the factor gave a single band of protein on isoelectric focusing. the purified factor inhibited hydrolysis of soluble starch by alpha-amylase ii from malted barley and germinated wheat (triticum aestivum cv neepa ... | 0 | 16663089 |
| the composition of free fatty acids and mitochondrial activity in seedlings of winter cereals under cold shock. | cold shock (-4° c, 1 h) induces qualitative and quantitative changes in the composition of free fatty acids in mitochondria of winter-hardy cereals (secale cereale l.,triticum aestivum l.). the amount of these compounds and the degree of their unsaturation increases. simultaneously, a marked change occurs in the oxidative and phophorylative activities of the mitochondria: respiratory control decreases, respiration in state 4 and antimycin a-resistant respiration increase. the changes in mitochon ... | 0 | 24264607 |
| a nuclear magnetic resonance study of water in cold-acclimating cereals. | continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) studies indicated that the line width of the water absorption peak (deltav(1/2)) from crowns of winter and spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) increased during cold acclimation. there was a negative correlation between deltav(1/2) and crown water content, and both of these parameters were correlated with the lowest survival temperature at which 50% or more of the crowns were not killed by freezing (lt(50)). regression analyses indicated that delta ... | 0 | 16660780 |
| the effect of aspartate-derived amino acids (lysine, threonine, methionine) on the growth of excised embryos of wheat and barley. | excised wheat (triticum aestivum l. var. maris freeman) and barley (hordeum vulgare l. var. maris mink) embryos were grown on medium containing both nitrate and ammonium ions. addition of lysine (1 mm) plus threonine (1 mm) caused a synergistic inhibition of growth measured by length of first leaf or dry weight. the inhibition was specifically relieved by methionine, homocysteine and homoserine. threonine at 0.2-0.3 mm caused half-maximal inhibition of growth at all lysine concentrations whereas ... | 0 | 24414149 |
| [pollen development in the anthers of several cereal strains and hybrids during cultivation in vitro]. | in order to induce androgenesis in vitro anthers of some cereals were cultivated. the highest number of proembryos was obtained in the hybrid triticale in f3 generation on blayder's medium supplemented with 3 and 12% sucrose. proembryos represented multi-nuclear and multicellular formations which stagnated at the globular stage of development. origin of roots from calluses was not accompanied by formation of buds. there was no formation of embryos from pollen grains in case of lines triticum aes ... | 0 | 982576 |
| determination of unfrozen water in winter cereals at subfreezing temperatures. | the freezing of water in acclimated and nonacclimated cereals was studied using pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. the quantity of unfreezable water per unit dry matter was not strongly dependent on the degree of cold acclimation. in contrast, the fraction of water frozen which was tolerated by nonacclimated winter cereals and by an acclimated spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) was less than in acclimated hardy cereals. the freezing curves had the following form:l(t) = l(0)deltatm/ ... | 0 | 16659377 |
| studies of the functional activity of mitochondria and cell ultrastructure of the coleoptile in wheat, agropyron and their hybrids (incomplete amphidiploids) during decreasing temperature. | the structure of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in the coleoptile of plants (triticum aestivum var. lutescens 329, agropyron glaucum, triticum × agropyron 56-chromosome hybrids, incomplete amphidiploids, tah, containing 42 wheat chromosomes and 14 chromosomes of genomes d or x of agropyron), which differ in winterhardiness, was studied after exposure to 0 ° and -4 °c for periods varying from 10 min to 4 days. the functional activity of mitochondria isolated from 3 day old seedlings w ... | 0 | 24424474 |
| "adaptation" and chromosome variability in excised roots of cereals. | heteroploidy, often coinciding with phenotypic or metabolic changes, was found in cereal root cultures. in some cases the changes were apparent after only 4 passages and affected the roots of bread wheat as well as those containing all or some of the wheat and rye genomes. it is unsafe to assume that cultured organised tissues are cytologically stable. the cause of the abnormality is not known but possible mechanisms are discussed. | 0 | 20925680 |
| salinity stress induced alterations in antioxidant metabolism and nitrogen assimilation in wheat (triticum aestivum l) as influenced by potassium supplementation. | experiments were conducted on two wheat (triticum aestivum l) cultivars exposed to nacl stress with and without potassium (k) supplementation. salt stress induced using nacl caused oxidative stress resulting into enhancement in lipid peroxidation and altered growth as well as yield. added potassium led to significant improvement in growth having positive effects on the attributes including nitrogen and antioxidant metabolism. nacl-induced stress triggered the antioxidant defence system neverthel ... | 0 | 28478373 |
| functional differences in transport properties of natural hkt1;1 variants influence shoot na+ exclusion in grapevine rootstocks. | under salinity, vitis spp. rootstocks can mediate salt (nacl) exclusion from grafted v. vinifera scions enabling higher grapevine yields and production of superior wines with lower salt content. until now, the genetic and mechanistic elements controlling sodium (na+ ) exclusion in grapevine were unknown. using a cross between two vitis interspecific hybrid rootstocks, we mapped a dominant quantitative trait locus (qtl) associated with leaf na+ exclusion (nae) under salinity stress. the nae locus ... | 0 | 29160564 |
| functional, structural and phylogenetic analysis of domains underlying the al sensitivity of the aluminum-activated malate/anion transporter, taalmt1. | triticum aestivum aluminum-activated malate transporter (taalmt1) is the founding member of a unique gene family of anion transporters (almts) that mediate the efflux of organic acids. a small sub-group of root-localized almts, including taalmt1, is physiologically associated with in planta aluminum (al) resistance. taalmt1 exhibits significant enhancement of transport activity in response to extracellular al. in this study, we integrated structure-function analyses of structurally altered taalm ... | 2013 | 24188189 |