| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of h3n2 human influenza a viruses in cheongju, south korea. | to investigate the genetic characteristics of human influenza viruses circulating in chungbuk province, we tested 510 clinical samples of nasopharyngeal suction from pediatric patients diagnosed with respiratory illness between june 2007 and june 2008. genetic characterization of the ha genes of h3n2 isolates indicated the relative higher similarity to a/virginia/04/07 (99.6%) rather than that of a/wisconsin/67/2005 (98.4%), a northern hemisphere 2007-2008 vaccine strain, based on amino acid seq ... | 2009 | 19229496 |
| influenza vaccine strain selection and recent studies on the global migration of seasonal influenza viruses. | annual influenza epidemics in humans affect 5-15% of the population, causing an estimated half million deaths worldwide per year [stohr k. influenza-who cares. lancet infectious diseases 2002;2(9):517]. the virus can infect this proportion of people year after year because the virus has an extensive capacity to evolve and thus evade the immune response. for example, since the influenza a(h3n2) subtype entered the human population in 1968 the a(h3n2) component of the influenza vaccine has had to ... | 2008 | 19230156 |
| animal influenza epidemiology. | influenza a viruses exist within their natural host, aquatic birds, in a number of antigenic subtypes. only a few of these subtypes have successfully crossed into other avian and mammalian hosts. this brief review will focus on just three examples of viruses that have successfully passed between species; avian h5ni1 and h9n2 viruses and h3n2 viruses which have transmitted from aquatic birds to humans and then to swine. although there are a number of other subtypes that have also transmitted succ ... | 2008 | 19230163 |
| a serological survey of avian origin canine h3n2 influenza virus in dogs in korea. | canine h3n2 influenza viruses of avian origin were recently isolated and found to induce disease in dogs. results of serologic analysis indicate that avian origin canine influenza virus can spread rapidly through local dog populations, which indicates its potential for becoming established in dogs throughout korea. | 2009 | 19231112 |
| a human case of swine influenza virus infection in europe--implications for human health and research. | swine are susceptible to the same influenza a virus subtypes as humans--h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2--and the histories of influenza in pigs and people are closely linked. many swine influenza viruses are a result of reassortment and their genes are composed of human and avian and/or swine virus genes. indeed, it is known that both human and avian influenza viruses occasionally transmit to pigs, and that pigs can serve as "mixing vessels" for these viruses, meaning that viruses can exchange genetic mater ... | 2009 | 19232229 |
| the effect of infliximab and timing of vaccination on the humoral response to influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. | to assess the effect of the timing of vaccination in relation to administration of infliximab on the efficacy and safety of influenza vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra) and ankylosing spondylitis (as). | 2010 | 19246078 |
| [differential incorporation of genomic segments into the influenza a virus reassortants in mixed infection]. | the gene composition of the viral population obtained via mixed infection of embryonated chick eggs with influenza viruses at a high multiplicity of infection was analyzed. in mixed infection caused by influenza a/wsn/33 (h1n1) and a/duck/czechoslovakia/56 (h4n6) viruses, the population showed a preponderance of the reassortants whose content of genomic segments originating from either of the parent virus deviated strongly from the random pattern: the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a/wsn/33 (h1n1) v ... | 2009 | 19253723 |
| transdermal influenza immunization with vaccine-coated microneedle arrays. | influenza is a contagious disease caused by a pathogenic virus, with outbreaks all over the world and thousands of hospitalizations and deaths every year. due to virus antigenic drift and short-lived immune responses, annual vaccination is required. however, vaccine coverage is incomplete, and improvement in immunization is needed. the objective of this study is to investigate a novel method for transdermal delivery using metal microneedle arrays (mn) coated with inactivated influenza virus to d ... | 2009 | 19274084 |
| effects of clinacanthus siamensis leaf extract on influenza virus infection. | ethanolic extracts of 20 medicinal plants were screened for influenza virus na inhibition and in vitro antiviral activities using mdck cells in an mtt assay. the vaccine proteins of influenza virus a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1), mouse-adapted influenza virus a/guizhou/54/89 (a/g)(h3n2) and mouse-adapted influenza virus b/ibaraki/2/85 (b/i) were used in the na inhibition assay, and mouse-adapted influenza viruses a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), a/g and b/i were used in the in vitro antiviral assay. the results ... | 2009 | 19291089 |
| cross-protective potential of a novel monoclonal antibody directed against antigenic site b of the hemagglutinin of influenza a viruses. | the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza a viruses has been classified into sixteen distinct subtypes (h1-h16) to date. the ha subtypes of influenza a viruses are principally defined as serotypes determined by neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition tests using polyclonal antisera to the respective ha subtypes, which have little cross-reactivity to the other ha subtypes. thus, it is generally believed that the neutralizing antibodies are not broadly cross-reactive among ha subtypes. in this stu ... | 2009 | 19300497 |
| broadly cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies against ha2 glycopeptide of influenza a virus hemagglutinin of h3 subtype reduce replication of influenza a viruses of human and avian origin. | the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) prepared to the ha2 glycopeptide (gp) of a/dunedin/4/73 (h3n2) hemagglutinin was tested against influenza a viruses of h3, h4, and h7 subtypes. only one (cf2) out of six mabs reacted with influenza a viruses of all three subtypes (h3, h4 and h7). the inter-subtype reactivity of this mab (cf2) is in accord with the highly conservative sequence in the previously defined mab-binding site i, i.e. the aa 1-38 of n-terminus of ha2 gp. mab cf2 as well as i ... | 2009 | 19301946 |
| pathogenesis of swine influenza virus (thai isolates) in weanling pigs: an experimental trial. | the objective of this study is to investigate the pathogenesis of swine influenza virus (siv) subtype h1n1 and h3n2 (thai isolates) in 22-day-old spf pigs. | 2009 | 19317918 |
| verification of the combimatrix influenza detection assay for the detection of influenza a subtype during the 2007-2008 influenza season in toronto, canada. | the increase in adamantine resistance in influenza a (h3n2) and the emergence of oseltamivir resistance in influenza a (h1n1) has necessitated the use of rapid methodologies to detect influenza subtype. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the combimatrix influenza detection system compared to the fda approved luminex respiratory virus panel (rvp) assay for influenza a subtyping. verification of the combimatrix influenza detection system was carried out using the luminex rvp assay as a refe ... | 2009 | 19321005 |
| influenza antiviral resistance testing in new york and wisconsin, 2006 to 2008: methodology and surveillance data. | the need for effective influenza antiviral susceptibility surveillance methods has increased due to the emergence of near-universal adamantane resistance in influenza a/h3n2 viruses during the 2005-2006 season and the appearance of oseltamivir resistance in the influenza a/h1n1 virus subtype during the 2007-2008 season. the two classes of influenza antivirals, the neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) and the adamantanes, are well characterized, as are many mutations that can confer resistance to thes ... | 2009 | 19321726 |
| possibility of mutation prediction of influenza hemagglutinin by combination of hemadsorption experiment and quantum chemical calculation for antibody binding. | we have performed a quantum-chemical mp2/6-31g* calculation for the hemagglutinin (ha) antigen-antibody system of the h3n2 influenza virus with the fragment molecular orbital method, which provides one of the world's largest ab initio electron-correlated calculations for biomolecular systems. on the basis of the calculated interfragment interaction energies (ifies) representing the molecular interactions between the amino acid residues in the antigen-antibody complex, we have identified those re ... | 2009 | 19323468 |
| influenza virus resistance to antiviral agents: a plea for rational use. | although influenza vaccine can prevent influenza virus infection, the only therapeutic options to treat influenza virus infection are antiviral agents. at the current time, nearly all influenza a/h3n2 viruses and a percentage of influenza a/h1n1 viruses are adamantane resistant, which leaves only neuraminidase inhibitors available for treatment of infection with these viruses. in december 2008, the centers for disease control and prevention released new data demonstrating that a high percentage ... | 2009 | 19323631 |
| [development and preclinical study of new generation virosomal split influenza vaccine "grifor"]. | new russian virosomal split vaccine against influenza "grifor" was developed. the vaccine is represented by mix of highly purified protective external and internal antigens of influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b viruses. developed technology of manufacture allowed to provide presentation of external antigens of influenza virus in the form of virosomes, and presentation of internal antigens in the form of micelles with maximal preservation of their antigenic activity. using electron microscopy, ele ... | 2009 | 19338232 |
| parotitis in a child infected with triple-reassortant influenza a virus in canada in 2007. | swine h3n2 influenza virus designated a/ontario/1252/2007 was isolated from a child with parotitis. diagnosis was confirmed by viral isolation and serological assays. a/ontario/1252/2007 was related to h3n2 triple reassortants that emerged in swine in the united states in 1998. three of five tested household members were also seropositive for a/ontario/1252/2007. | 2009 | 19339469 |
| characterization of conserved properties of hemagglutinin of h5n1 and human influenza viruses: possible consequences for therapy and infection control. | epidemics caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) are a continuing threat to human health and to the world's economy. the development of approaches, which help to understand the significance of structural changes resulting from the alarming mutational propensity for human-to-human transmission of hpaiv, is of particularly interest. here we compare informational and structural properties of the hemagglutinin (ha) of h5n1 virus and human influenza virus subtypes, which are import ... | 2009 | 19351406 |
| prediction of the pharmacodynamically linked variable of oseltamivir carboxylate for influenza a virus using an in vitro hollow-fiber infection model system. | mdck cells transfected with the human beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 gene (ax-4 cells) were used to determine the drug susceptibility and pharmacodynamically linked variable of oseltamivir for influenza virus. for dose-ranging studies, five hollow-fiber units were charged with 10(2) a/sydney/5/97 (h3n2) influenza virus-infected ax-4 cells and 10(8) uninfected ax-4 cells. each unit was treated continuously with different oseltamivir carboxylate concentrations in virus growth mediu ... | 2009 | 19364864 |
| single mutation induced h3n2 hemagglutinin antibody neutralization: a free energy perturbation study. | the single mutation effect on the binding affinity of h3n2 viral protein hemagglutinin (ha) with the monoclonical antibody fragment (fab) is studied in this paper using the free energy perturbation (fep) simulations. an all-atom protein model with explicit solvents is used to perform an aggregate of several microsecond fep molecular dynamics simulations. a recent experiment shows that a single mutation in h3n2 ha, t131i, increases the antibody-antigen dissociation constant kd by a factor of appr ... | 2008 | 19367871 |
| differential rna silencing suppression activity of ns1 proteins from different influenza a virus strains. | the ns1 gene of influenza a virus encodes a multi-functional protein that plays an important role in counteracting cellular antiviral mechanisms such as the interferon (ifn), protein kinase r and retinoic acid-inducible gene product i pathways. in addition, ns1 has recently been shown to have rna interference (rnai) or rna silencing suppression (rss) activity. this study analysed the ifn antagonistic activity of ns1 and the rss activity for several influenza subtypes: h1n1, h3n2, h5n1 and h7n7. ... | 2009 | 19369407 |
| minimal molecular constraints for respiratory droplet transmission of an avian-human h9n2 influenza a virus. | pandemic influenza requires interspecies transmission of an influenza virus with a novel hemagglutinin (ha) subtytpe that can adapt to its new host through either reassortment or point mutations and transmit by aerosolized respiratory droplets. two previous pandemics of 1957 and 1968 resulted from the reassortment of low pathogenic avian viruses and human subtypes of that period; however, conditions leading to a pandemic virus are still poorly understood. given the endemic situation of avian h9n ... | 2009 | 19380727 |
| the origin and global emergence of adamantane resistant a/h3n2 influenza viruses. | resistance to the adamantane class of antiviral drugs by human a/h3n2 influenza viruses currently exceeds 90% in the united states and multiple asian countries. adamantane resistance is associated with a single amino acid change (s31n) in the m2 protein, which was shown to rapidly disseminate globally in 2005 in association with a genome reassortment event. however, the exact origin of influenza a/h3n2 viruses carrying the s31n mutation has not been characterized, particularly in south-east asia ... | 2009 | 19394063 |
| novel swine influenza virus subtype h3n1 in italy. | to date, three subtypes of swine influenza viruses, h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 have been isolated in italy. in 2006, a novel swine influenza virus subtype (h3n1) was isolated from coughing pigs. rt-pcr performed on lung tissues, experimental infection in pigs with the novel isolate, and cloning the virus by plaque assay confirmed this unique h and n combination. the novel isolate was also antigenically and genetically characterized. genetic and phylogenetic analysis showed that the complete ha gene of ... | 2009 | 19398171 |
| molecular analysis of human influenza virus in tehran, iran. | to date there are no reports of molecular and phylogenetic analyses of human influenza virus in tehran, iran. | 2009 | 19401630 |
| glycan analysis in cell culture-based influenza vaccine production: influence of host cell line and virus strain on the glycosylation pattern of viral hemagglutinin. | mammalian cell culture processes are commonly used for production of recombinant glycoproteins, antibodies and viral vaccines. since several years there is an increasing interest in cell culture-based influenza vaccine production to overcome limitations of egg-based production systems, to improve vaccine supply and to increase flexibility in vaccine manufacturing. with the switch of the production system several key questions concerning the possible impact of host cell lines on antigen quality, ... | 2009 | 19410619 |
| cross-reactive antibodies in middle-aged and elderly volunteers after mf59-adjuvanted subunit trivalent influenza vaccine against b viruses of the b/victoria or b/yamagata lineages. | this study evaluated whether mf59-adjuvanted subunit trivalent influenza vaccine for the 2003/04 winter season (a/moscow/10/99, h3n2; a/new caledonia/20/99, h1n1; b/hong kong/330/01) would confer protection against mismatched and frequently co-circulating variants of influenza b/victoria- and b/yamagata-like virus strains. haemagglutination inhibiting (hi) antibodies were measured in middle-aged and elderly volunteers against the homologous b/victoria-like vaccine strain (b/hong kong/330/01) and ... | 2009 | 19410623 |
| the n-terminal region of the pa subunit of the rna polymerase of influenza a/hongkong/156/97 (h5n1) influences promoter binding. | the rna polymerase of influenza virus is a heterotrimeric complex of pb1, pb2 and pa subunits which cooperate in the transcription and replication of the viral genome. previous research has shown that the n-terminal region of the pa subunit of influenza a/wsn/33 (h1n1) virus is involved in promoter binding. | 2009 | 19421324 |
| different neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibilities of human h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated in germany from 2001 to 2005/2006. | in the flu season 2005/2006 amantadine-resistant human influenza a viruses (fluav) of subtype h3n2 circulated in germany. this raises questions on the neuraminidase inhibitor (nai) susceptibility of fluav. to get an answer, chemiluminescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assays were performed with 51 h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 fluav isolated in germany from 2001 to 2005/2006. according to the mean ic(50) values (0.38-0.91 nm for oseltamivir and 0.76-1.13 nm for zanamivir) most h1n1 and h3n2 fluav wer ... | 2009 | 19428593 |
| ativs: analytical tool for influenza virus surveillance. | the who global influenza surveillance network has routinely performed genetic and antigenic analyses of human influenza viruses to monitor influenza activity. although these analyses provide supporting data for the selection of vaccine strains, it seems desirable to have user-friendly tools to visualize the antigenic evolution of influenza viruses for the purpose of surveillance. to meet this need, we have developed a web server, ativs (analytical tool for influenza virus surveillance), for anal ... | 2009 | 19429686 |
| vaccine-induced protection from egg production losses in commercial turkey breeder hens following experimental challenge with a triple-reassortant h3n2 avian influenza virus. | infections of avian influenza virus (aiv) in turkey breeder hens can cause a decrease in both egg production and quality, resulting in significant production losses. in north carolina in 2003, a triple-reassortant h3n2 aiv containing human, swine, and avian gene segments was isolated from turkey breeder hens (a/turkey/nc/16108/03). this viral subtype was subsequently isolated from both turkeys and swine in ohio in 2004, and in minnesota in 2005, and was responsible for significant losses in turk ... | 2009 | 19431997 |
| real-time rt-pcr assays for type and subtype detection of influenza a and b viruses. | influenza viruses type a (h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes) and b are the most prevalently circulating human influenza viruses. however, an increase in several confirmed cases of high pathogenic h5n1 in humans has raised concerns of a potential pandemic underscoring the need for rapid, point of contact detection. in this report, we describe development and evaluation of 'type,' i.e., influenza virus a and b, and 'subtype,' i.e., h1, h3, and h5, specific, single-step/reaction vessel format, real-time rt-pc ... | 2007 | 19432632 |
| transmission of influenza virus via aerosols and fomites in the guinea pig model. | limited data on the relative contributions of different routes of transmission for influenza virus are available. person-to-person transmission is central to seasonal and pandemic spread; nevertheless, the modes of spread are a matter of ongoing debate. resolution of this discussion is paramount to the development of effective control measures in health care and community settings. using the guinea pig model, we demonstrated that transmission of influenza a/panama/2007/1999 (h3n2) virus through ... | 2009 | 19434931 |
| avian influenza virus glycoproteins restrict virus replication and spread through human airway epithelium at temperatures of the proximal airways. | transmission of avian influenza viruses from bird to human is a rare event even though avian influenza viruses infect the ciliated epithelium of human airways in vitro and ex vivo. using an in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium (hae), we demonstrate that while human and avian influenza viruses efficiently infect at temperatures of the human distal airways (37 degrees c), avian, but not human, influenza viruses are restricted for infection at the cooler temperatures of the human prox ... | 2009 | 19436701 |
| molecular design of spacer-n-linked sialoglycopolypeptide as polymeric inhibitors against influenza virus infection. | a series of spacer-n-linked glycopolymers carrying long/short α2,3/6 sialylated glycan were designed as polymeric inhibitors of influenza virus. lactose (lac) and n-acetyllactosamine (ln: galβ1,4glcnac) were first converted to spacer-n-linked disaccharide glycosides, followed by consecutive enzymatic addition of glcnac and gal residues to the glycosides. the resulting spacer-n-linked glycosides with di-, tetra-, and hexasaccharides carrying a lac, ln, lacto-n-neotetraose (lnnt: galβ1,4glcnacβ1,3 ... | 2009 | 19438195 |
| evaluation of recombinant influenza virus-simian immunodeficiency virus vaccines in macaques. | there is an urgent need for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) vaccines that induce robust mucosal immunity. influenza a viruses (both h1n1 and h3n2) were engineered to express simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) cd8 t-cell epitopes and evaluated following administration to the respiratory tracts of 11 pigtail macaques. influenza virus was readily detected from respiratory tract secretions, although the infections were asymptomatic. animals seroconverted to influenza virus and generated cd8 and ... | 2009 | 19439474 |
| differential neutralization efficiency of hemagglutinin epitopes, antibody interference, and the design of influenza vaccines. | it is generally assumed that amino acid mutations in the surface protein, hemagglutinin (ha), of influenza viruses allow these viruses to circumvent neutralization by antibodies induced during infection. however, empirical data on circulating influenza viruses show that certain amino acid changes to ha actually increase the efficiency of neutralization of the mutated virus by antibodies raised against the parent virus. here, we suggest that this surprising increase in neutralization efficiency a ... | 2009 | 19439657 |
| molecular detection of a novel human influenza (h1n1) of pandemic potential by conventional and real-time quantitative rt-pcr assays. | influenza a viruses are medically important viral pathogens that cause significant mortality and morbidity throughout the world. the recent emergence of a novel human influenza a virus (h1n1) poses a serious health threat. molecular tests for rapid detection of this virus are urgently needed. | 2009 | 19439731 |
| vaccination against human influenza a/h3n2 virus prevents the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against lethal infection with avian influenza a/h5n1 virus. | annual vaccination against seasonal influenza viruses is recommended for certain individuals that have a high risk for complications resulting from infection with these viruses. recently it was recommended in a number of countries including the usa to vaccinate all healthy children between 6 and 59 months of age as well. however, vaccination of immunologically naïve subjects against seasonal influenza may prevent the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against potentially pandemic strains of an ... | 2009 | 19440239 |
| [investigation of prophylactic activity of ingavirin, a new russian drug, against grippe a virus (h3n2)]. | antiviral efficacy of ingavirin was studied on albino mice infected intranasally by the grippe a virus (h3n2) vs. tamiflu, remantadin and arbidol. ingavirin used prophylactically in doses of 5 to 10 mg/kg was shown to be effective in protecting the animals from death and inhibiting the specific hemagglutinin formation and the virus reproduction in the lungs (by the accumulation). | 2008 | 19441652 |
| amplification of four genes of influenza a viruses using a degenerate primer set in a one step rt-pcr method. | we designed a degenerate primer set that yielded full-length amplification of hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), matrix (m), and non-structural protein (nsp) genes of influenza a viruses in a single reaction mixture. these four genes were amplified from 15 ha (1-15) and 9 na (1-9) subtypes of influenza a viruses of avian (n=16) origin. in addition, 272 field isolates of avian origin were tested by this method. full-length amplification of ha, na, m, and nsp genes was obtained in 242 (88.9%) ... | 2009 | 19447141 |
| sulfated membrane adsorbers for economic pseudo-affinity capture of influenza virus particles. | strategies to control outbreaks of influenza, a contagious respiratory tract disease, are focused mainly on prophylactic vaccinations in conjunction with antiviral medications. currently, several mammalian cell culture-based influenza vaccine production processes are being established, such as the technologies introduced by novartis behring (optaflu) or baxter international inc. (celvapan). downstream processing of influenza virus vaccines from cell culture supernatant can be performed by adsorb ... | 2009 | 19449393 |
| a vaccine manufacturer's approach to address medical needs related to seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. | vaccination is considered to be one of the most effective tools to decrease morbidity as well as mortality caused by influenza viruses. for the prevention of seasonal influenza, fluarix and flulaval have been marketed since 1987 and 1992, respectively. both vaccines have consistently been shown to meet or exceed the regulatory criteria for immunogenicity against the three strains h1n1, h3n2 and b, have a good safety profile, and are recommended for vaccinating children and adults of all ages. fo ... | 2008 | 19453402 |
| bioaerosol sampling for the detection of aerosolized influenza virus. | influenza virus was used to characterize the efficacy of a cyclone-based, two-stage personal bioaerosol sampler for the collection and size fractionation of aerosolized viral particles. | 2007 | 19453416 |
| heterosubtypic t-cell responses against avian influenza h5 haemagglutinin are frequently detected in individuals vaccinated against or previously infected with human subtypes of influenza. | cellula r immune responses play a critical role in providing help for the production of neutralizing antibodies to influenza virus, as well as producing anti-viral cytokines and killing infected cells in the lung. heterosubtypic t-cell responses between different subtypes of influenza have been shown to exist in humans and to provide protection against morbidity and mortality associated with h5n1 infection in animal challenge models. therefore, existing t-cell responses induced by natural infect ... | 2008 | 19453462 |
| seroprevalence of h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 influenza viruses in pigs in seven european countries in 2002-2003. | avian-like h1n1 and human-like h3n2 swine influenza viruses (siv) have been considered widespread among pigs in western europe since the 1980s, and a novel h1n2 reassortant with a human-like h1 emerged in the mid 1990s. this study, which was part of the ec-funded 'european surveillance network for influenza in pigs 1', aimed to determine the seroprevalence of the h1n2 virus in different european regions and to compare the relative prevalences of each siv between regions. | 2008 | 19453469 |
| genetic analysis of h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated in 2006-2007 in nairobi, kenya. | minimal influenza surveillance has been carried out in sub-saharan africa to provide information on circulating influenza subtypes for the purpose of vaccine production and monitoring trends in virus spread and mutations. | 2008 | 19453470 |
| non-random reassortment in human influenza a viruses. | the influenza a virus has two basic modes of evolution. because of a high error rate in the process of replication by rna polymerase, the viral genome drifts via accumulated mutations. the second mode of evolution is termed a shift, which results from the reassortment of the eight segments of this virus. when two different influenza viruses co-infect the same host cell, new virions can be released that contain segments from both parental strains. this type of shift has been the source of at leas ... | 2008 | 19453489 |
| a plant-produced influenza subunit vaccine protects ferrets against virus challenge. | influenza a viruses are of major concern for public health, causing worldwide epidemics associated with high morbidity and mortality. vaccines are critical for protection against influenza, but given the recent emergence of new strains with pandemic potential, and some limitations of the current production systems, there is a need for new approaches for vaccine development. | 2008 | 19453491 |
| ocular infection of mice with influenza a (h7) viruses: a site of primary replication and spread to the respiratory tract. | avian h7 influenza viruses have been responsible for poultry outbreaks worldwide and have resulted in numerous cases of human infection in recent years. the high rate of conjunctivitis associated with avian h7 subtype virus infections may represent a portal of entry for avian influenza viruses and highlights the need to better understand the apparent ocular tropism observed in humans. to study this, mice were inoculated by the ocular route with viruses of multiple subtypes and degrees of virulen ... | 2009 | 19458003 |
| rapid spread of drug-resistant influenza a viruses in the basque country, northern spain, 2000-1 to 2008-9. | a worldwide increase of adamantane-resistant influenza a(h3n2) and oseltamivir-resistant influenza a(h1n1) viruses has been observed in recent years. the aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of antiviral drug-resistant influenza a in a region of northern spain. resistance to adamantanes was detected in 45.3% (68/150) of influenza ah3 viruses analysed for the period from 2000-1 to 2008-9. adamantane-resistance was absent in our region during the 2000-1 to 2002-3 influenza seasons. howe ... | 2009 | 19460286 |
| full factorial analysis of mammalian and avian influenza polymerase subunits suggests a role of an efficient polymerase for virus adaptation. | amongst all the internal gene segments (pb2. pb1, pa, np, m and ns), the avian pb1 segment is the only one which was reassorted into the human h2n2 and h3n2 pandemic strains. this suggests that the reassortment of polymerase subunit genes between mammalian and avian influenza viruses might play roles for interspecies transmission. to test this hypothesis, we tested the compatibility between pb2, pb1, pa and np derived from a h5n1 virus and a mammalian h1n1 virus. all 16 possible combinations of ... | 2009 | 19462010 |
| high genetic and antigenic similarity between a swine h3n2 influenza a virus and a prior human influenza vaccine virus: a possible immune pressure-driven cross-species transmission. | in late april of 2009, a global outbreak of human influenza was reported. the causative agent is a highly unusual reassortant h1n1 influenza virus carrying genetic segments derived from swine, human and avian influenza viruses. in this study, we compared the ha, na and other gene segments of a swine h3n2 influenza a virus, a/swine/guangdong/z5/2003, which was isolated from pigs in 2003 in guangdong province, china, to the predominant human and swine h3n2 viruses. we found that the similarity of ... | 2009 | 19463787 |
| attenuated antibody reaction for the primary antigen but not for the recall antigen of influenza vaccination in patients with non-hodgkin b-cell lymphoma after the administration of rituximab-chop. | to assess the humoral response to the influenza vaccine in patients undergoing r-chop therapy (rituximab combined with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and predonisolone) for non-hodgkin lymphoma (nhl), the anti-hemagglutinin (ha) titer in 7 nhl patients undergoing therapy was compared with those in 10 control group subjects in the 2005/2006 season. four weeks after vaccination, the ha titers against the influenza type a h1n1 and type b antigens, the same antigens that had been used i ... | 2009 | 19474512 |
| cluster analysis of the origins of the new influenza a(h1n1) virus. | in march and april 2009, a new strain of influenza a(h1n1) virus has been isolated in mexico and the united states. since the initial reports more than 10,000 cases have been reported to the world health organization, all around the world. several hundred isolates have already been sequenced and deposited in public databases. we have studied the genetics of the new strain and identified its closest relatives through a cluster analysis approach. we show that the new virus combines genetic informa ... | 2009 | 19480812 |
| protein intrinsic disorder and influenza virulence: the 1918 h1n1 and h5n1 viruses. | the 1918 h1n1 virus was a highly virulent strain that killed 20-50 million people. the cause of its virulence remains poorly understood. | 2009 | 19493338 |
| reassortment between avian h5n1 and human h3n2 influenza viruses in ferrets: a public health risk assessment. | this study investigated whether transmissible h5 subtype human-avian reassortant viruses could be generated in vivo. to this end, ferrets were coinfected with recent avian h5n1 (a/thailand/16/04) and human h3n2 (a/wyoming/3/03) viruses. genotype analyses of plaque-purified viruses from nasal secretions of coinfected ferrets revealed that approximately 9% of recovered viruses contained genes from both progenitor viruses. h5 and h3 subtype viruses, including reassortants, were found in airways ext ... | 2009 | 19493997 |
| antiviral resistance in influenza viruses circulating in central and south america based on the detection of established genetic markers. | recent influenza antiviral resistance studies reveal an alarming increase in both adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) resistant viral strains worldwide, particularly in asia, europe and the united states. | 2009 | 19496844 |
| genetic and antigenic evolution of swine influenza viruses in europe and evaluation of their zoonotic potential. | swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory viral infection of pigs that has become enzootic in areas densely populated with pigs. like other influenza a viruses, swine influenza virus (siv) is genetically unstable and able to accumulate antigenic drifts and/or antigenic shifts. the pig is susceptible to both avian and human influenza viruses and can serve as an intermediate host in influenza virus ecology. zoonotic agents may emerge in pigs following the modification of an established sw ... | 2009 | 19497089 |
| mechanism of the antiviral effect of hydroxytyrosol on influenza virus appears to involve morphological change of the virus. | hydroxytyrosol (ht), a small-molecule phenolic compound, inactivated influenza a viruses including h1n1, h3n2, h5n1, and h9n2 subtypes. ht also inactivated newcastle disease virus but not bovine rotavirus, and fowl adenovirus, suggesting that the mechanism of the antiviral effect of ht might require the presence of a viral envelope. pretreatment of mdck cells with ht did not affect the propagation of h9n2 virus subsequently inoculated onto the cells, implying that ht targets the virus but not th ... | 2009 | 19501255 |
| co-circulation of two genetically distinct sub-groups of a/h3n2 influenza strains during the 2006-2007 epidemic season in corsica island, france. | influenza virus is one of the major viral respiratory pathogens infecting human beings. | 2009 | 19502107 |
| study of efficiency of therapeutic and preventive anaferon (pediatric formulation) in mice with influenza infection. | therapeutic and preventive treatment of mice intranasally infected with a lethal dose of a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) influenza virus with anaferon (pediatric formulation) demonstrated an antiviral effect of the drug (increased percent of survivors and prolonged lifespan). | 2008 | 19513378 |
| detection of novel influenza a(h1n1) virus by real-time rt-pcr. | accurate and rapid diagnosis of novel influenza a(h1n1) infection is critical for minimising further spread through timely implementation of antiviral treatment and other public health based measures. in this study we developed two taqman-based reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr) methods for the detection of novel influenza a(h1n1) virus targeting the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes. the assays were validated using 152 clinical respiratory samples, including 61 influenza a positive samples ... | 2009 | 19515611 |
| risk factors associated with pleuritis and cranio-ventral pulmonary consolidation in slaughter-aged pigs. | examination of lung lesions at the slaughterhouse is a useful tool to estimate the importance of respiratory disease at farm, regional or national level. the objective of the present work was to describe the prevalence of gross lung lesions at slaughter, with a special focus on pleuritis and cranio-ventral pulmonary consolidation, and to identify major risk factors for these lesions. data from 107 farms involving approximately 11,000 pigs enabled gross lung lesions to be correlated with serology ... | 2010 | 19527939 |
| [type and subtype distribution of influenza virus and genetic evolution of hemagglutinin in shanghai area in duration of 2004 - 2008]. | to analyze the type and subtype distribution of influenza virus and the genetic evolution of hemagglutinin (ha) in shanghai area during 2004 to 2008. | 2009 | 19534952 |
| amantadine-resistant influenza a (h3n2) viruses in iran. | adamantanes have been used for the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza a virus (iav) infections worldwide. however, they have limited use because of increasing number of resistant viruses during recent years. in investigating the frequency of amantadine-resistant iavs (h3n2) circulating in iran in 2005-2008, we found that m2 sequences of recently circulating viruses that were amantadine-resistant contained a ser31asn mutation. thus, adamantanes should not be used for treatment or prophylaxis ... | 2009 | 19537916 |
| pathogenesis and subsequent cross-protection of influenza virus infection in pigs sustained by an h1n2 strain. | the h1n1, h3n2 and, more recently, h1n2 subtypes of influenza a virus are presently co-circulating in swine herds in several countries. the objectives of this study were to investigate the pathogenesis of sw/italy/1521/98 (h1n2) influenza virus, isolated from respiratory tissues of pigs from herds in northern italy, and to evaluate its potential cross-protection against the sw/fin/2899/82 (h1n1) strain. in the pathogenesis test, eight pigs were intranasally infected with h1n2 virus; at pre-deter ... | 2010 | 19538454 |
| infection of mice with a human influenza a/h3n2 virus induces protective immunity against lethal infection with influenza a/h5n1 virus. | the transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a viruses of the h5n1 subtype from poultry to man and the high case fatality rate fuels the fear for a pandemic outbreak caused by these viruses. however, prior infections with seasonal influenza a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 viruses induce heterosubtypic immunity that could afford a certain degree of protection against infection with the hpai a/h5n1 viruses, which are distantly related to the human influenza a viruses. to assess the protective ef ... | 2009 | 19538996 |
| preparing the outbreak assistance laboratory network in the netherlands for the detection of the influenza virus a(h1n1) variant. | late april 2009, human infection with variant influenza virus a(h1n1)v emerged in the northern americas posing a threat that this virus may become the next pandemic influenza virus. | 2009 | 19540155 |
| fecal detection of influenza a virus in patients with concurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. | in seasonal influenza, gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are sometimes observed, especially among young children. however, fecal excretion of seasonal influenza virus has seldom been studied. | 2009 | 19540157 |
| evaluation of multiple test methods for the detection of the novel 2009 influenza a (h1n1) during the new york city outbreak. | in response to the novel influenza a h1n1 outbreak in the ny city area, 6090 patient samples were submitted over a 5-week period for a total of 14,114 viral diagnostic tests, including rapid antigen, direct immunofluorescence (dfa), viral culture and pcr. little was known about the performance of the assays for the detection of novel h1n1 in the background of seasonal h1n1, h3n2 and other circulating respiratory viruses. in addition, subtyping influenza a became critical for the identification o ... | 2009 | 19540158 |
| development of a real-time rt-pcr for the detection of swine-lineage influenza a (h1n1) virus infections. | a novel influenza a virus, subtype h1n1 of swine-lineage (h1n1 swl) has transmitted rapidly to many regions of the world with evidence of sustained transmission within some countries. rapid detection and differentiation from seasonal influenza is essential to instigate appropriate patient and public health management and for disease surveillance. | 2009 | 19540799 |
| emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza a virus (s-oiv) h1n1 virus in humans. | a recently emerged novel influenza a h1n1 virus continues to spread globally. the virus contains a novel constellation of gene segments, the nearest known precursors being viruses found in swine and it likely arose through reassortment of two or more viruses of swine origin. h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 subtype swine influenza viruses have occasionally infected humans before but such zoonotic transmission events did not lead to sustained human-to-human transmission in the manner this swine-origin influen ... | 2009 | 19540800 |
| structural and evolutionary characteristics of ha, na, ns and m genes of clinical influenza a/h3n2 viruses passaged in human and canine cells. | canine (mdck) cells and chicken eggs are usually used for isolation of human influenza viruses. viruses isolated by these procedures often differ from those present in the clinical specimens, since adaptive changes occur during virus transmission from the human host to cells of heterologous origin. | 2009 | 19546028 |
| influenza a virus in taiwan, 1980-2006: phylogenetic and antigenic characteristics of the hemagglutinin gene. | limited amount of information is available in taiwan on the genetic or antigenic characteristics of influenza a virus prior to the establishment of a taiwan surveillance network in 2000. isolates of h1n1 and h3n2 viruses in taiwan between 1980 and 2006 were studied, and part of the hemagglutinin gene was analyzed due to its importance in terms of viral infection and antibody neutralization. results from a phylogenetic analysis indicate continuous evolutionary topology in h3n2 isolates, and two d ... | 2009 | 19551820 |
| lower cellular immune responses to influenza a (h3n2) in the elderly. | influenza epidemic is an important cause of severe illness in the elderly. age-dependent morbidity of influenza in the elderly is associated with weakened immunity. the baseline age-related memory t cell activity in chinese persons who are exposed to influenza virus through natural infection, are associated with the protective response to the virus after vaccination, thus providing important pre-vaccination information. a cohort from the general population was established at the end of an influe ... | 2009 | 19551830 |
| t-cell tolerance for variability in an hla class i-presented influenza a virus epitope. | to escape immune recognition, viruses acquire amino acid substitutions in class i human leukocyte antigen (hla)-presented cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) epitopes. such viral escape mutations may (i) prevent peptide processing, (ii) diminish class i hla binding, or (iii) alter t-cell recognition. because residues 418 to 426 of the hypervariable influenza a virus nucleoprotein (np(418-426)) epitope are consistently bound by class i hla and presented to ctl, we assessed the impact that intraepitope s ... | 2009 | 19553306 |
| palmitoylation of the influenza a virus m2 protein is not required for virus replication in vitro but contributes to virus virulence. | the influenza a virus m2 protein has important roles during virus entry and in the assembly of infectious virus particles. the cytoplasmic tail of the protein can be palmitoylated at a cysteine residue, but this residue is not conserved in a number of human influenza a virus isolates. recombinant viruses encoding m2 proteins with a serine substituted for the cysteine at position 50 were generated in the a/wsn/33 (h1n1) and a/udorn/72 (h3n2) genetic backgrounds. the recombinant viruses were not a ... | 2009 | 19553312 |
| mixed infection and the genesis of influenza virus diversity. | the emergence of viral infections with potentially devastating consequences for human health is highly dependent on their underlying evolutionary dynamics. one likely scenario for an avian influenza virus, such as a/h5n1, to evolve to one capable of human-to-human transmission is through the acquisition of genetic material from the a/h1n1 or a/h3n2 subtypes already circulating in human populations. this would require that viruses of both subtypes coinfect the same cells, generating a mixed infec ... | 2009 | 19553313 |
| infection of human retinal pigment epithelial cells with influenza a viruses. | ocular involvement in influenza a virus diseases is common but usually limited to mild conjunctivitis. rarely, inflammation of the choriocapillaris may result in atrophia of the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe). primary human retinal pigment epithelial (rpe) cells were infected with seasonal (h1n1 a/new caledonia/20/99, h3n2 a/california/7/2004) or highly pathogenic avian h5n1 (a/thailand/1(kan-1)/04, a/vietnam/1203/04, a/vietnam/1194/04) influenza strains. | 2009 | 19553611 |
| a trivalent virus-like particle vaccine elicits protective immune responses against seasonal influenza strains in mice and ferrets. | there is need for improved human influenza vaccines, particularly for older adults who are at greatest risk for severe disease, as well as to address the continuous antigenic drift within circulating human subtypes of influenza virus. we have engineered an influenza virus-like particle (vlp) as a new generation vaccine candidate purified from the supernatants of sf9 insect cells following infection by recombinant baculoviruses to express three influenza virus proteins, hemagglutinin (ha), neuram ... | 2009 | 19554101 |
| differential transcription-activating capability of ns1 proteins from different influenza virus subtypes expressed in yeast. | influenza a virus ns1 protein is an important regulatory factor with multiple functions and contributes greatly to viral pathogenesis. in the present study, transcription-activating potential of ns1 from different influenza a virus subtypes was examined in yeast two-hybrid system. the bait vectors containing different ns1 genes, along with an empty prey vector, were transformed into yeast ah109(for growth assay on qdo plate and alpha-galactosidase assay), and y187(for beta-galactosidase assay). ... | 2009 | 19557332 |
| influenza-like illness sentinel surveillance in peru. | acute respiratory illnesses and influenza-like illnesses (ili) are a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. despite the public health importance, little is known about the etiology of these acute respiratory illnesses in many regions of south america. in 2006, the peruvian ministry of health (moh) and the us naval medical research center detachment (nmrcd) initiated a collaboration to characterize the viral agents associated with ili and to describe the clinical and epidemiolog ... | 2009 | 19568433 |
| broad neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against influenza virus from vaccinated healthy donors. | human monoclonal antibodies (humabs) prepared from patients with viral infections could provide information on human epitopes important for the development of vaccines as well as potential therapeutic applications. through the fusion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a total of five influenza-vaccinated volunteers, with newly developed murine-human chimera fusion partner cells, named spymeg, we obtained 10 hybridoma clones stably producing anti-influenza virus antibodies: one for influe ... | 2009 | 19580789 |
| pomegranate (punica granatum) purified polyphenol extract inhibits influenza virus and has a synergistic effect with oseltamivir. | influenza epidemics cause numerous deaths and millions of hospitalizations each year. because of the alarming emergence of resistance to anti-influenza drugs, there is a need to identify new naturally occurring antiviral molecules. we tested the hypothesis that pomegranate polyphenol extract (ppe) has anti-influenza properties. using real time pcr, plaque assay, and tcid 50% hemagglutination assay, we have shown that ppe suppresses replication of influenza a virus in mdck cells. ppe inhibits agg ... | 2009 | 19586764 |
| syntheses and biological evaluations of carbosilane dendrimers uniformly functionalized with sialyl alpha(2-->3) lactose moieties as inhibitors for human influenza viruses. | a series of carbosilane dendrimers uniformly functionalized with sialyl lactose moieties (neu5ac alpha2-->3gal beta1-->4glc) was systematically synthesized, and biological evaluations for anti-influenza virus activity using the glycodendrimers were performed. the results suggested that the glycodendrimers had unique biological activities depending on the form of their core frame, and dumbbell(1)6-amide type glycodendrimer 7 showed particularly strong inhibitory activities against human influenza ... | 2009 | 19589684 |
| viral loads and duration of viral shedding in adult patients hospitalized with influenza. | the goal of this study was to characterize viral loads and factors affecting viral clearance in persons with severe influenza. | 2009 | 19591575 |
| dynamics of antiviral-resistant influenza viruses in the netherlands, 2005-2008. | in the netherlands, influenza specific antivirals are used for the therapy of influenza in nursing homes and hospitals, for prophylaxis in high risk groups and neuraminidase inhibitors are stockpiled as part of pandemic preparedness plans. to monitor the antiviral susceptibility profile, human influenza virus isolates derived from the dutch influenza surveillance in 2005-2006 (n=87), 2006-2007 (n=58) and 2007-2008 (n=128) were analyzed with phenotypic assays and sequencing. for adamantanes, a hi ... | 2009 | 19591877 |
| dating the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses. | pandemic influenza viruses cause significant mortality in humans. in the 20th century, 3 influenza viruses caused major pandemics: the 1918 h1n1 virus, the 1957 h2n2 virus, and the 1968 h3n2 virus. these pandemics were initiated by the introduction and successful adaptation of a novel hemagglutinin subtype to humans from an animal source, resulting in antigenic shift. despite global concern regarding a new pandemic influenza, the emergence pathway of pandemic strains remains unknown. here we est ... | 2009 | 19597152 |
| single-reaction genomic amplification accelerates sequencing and vaccine production for classical and swine origin human influenza a viruses. | pandemic influenza a viruses that emerge from animal reservoirs are inevitable. therefore, rapid genomic analysis and creation of vaccines are vital. we developed a multisegment reverse transcription-pcr (m-rtpcr) approach that simultaneously amplifies eight genomic rna segments, irrespective of virus subtype. m-rtpcr amplicons can be used for high-throughput sequencing and/or cloned into modified reverse-genetics plasmids via regions of sequence identity. we used these procedures to rescue a co ... | 2009 | 19605485 |
| molecular and phylogenetic analysis and vaccine strain match of human influenza a(h3n2) viruses isolated in northern greece between 2004 and 2008. | influenza a viruses are characterized by a unique genome structure, causing genetic instability, especially to the genes of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. the objectives of this research was molecular and phylogenetic analysis of influenza a(h3n2) strains that circulated in northern greece since 2004, particularly the identification of sequence variations and the comparison of circulating viruses with vaccine strains. since 2004 in northern greece, a total of 216 clinical samples were positiv ... | 2009 | 19615420 |
| evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a statin/caffeine combination against h5n1, h3n2 and h1n1 virus infection in balb/c mice. | the development of novel antiviral drugs is necessary for the prevention and treatment of a potential avian influenza pandemic. the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel statin/caffeine combination against h5n1, h3n2 and h1n1 virus infection in a murine model. in h5n1-, h3n2- and h1n1-infected balb/c mice, 50mug statin/200mug caffeine effectively ameliorated lung damage and inhibited viral replication and was at least as effective as oseltamivir and ribavirin. the ... | 2009 | 19616097 |
| pathogen exposure in feral swine populations geographically associated with high densities of transitional swine premises and commercial swine production. | surveys for evidence of exposure to pseudorabies virus (prv), brucella suis, swine influenza virus (siv; human-like h1n1, reassortant type h1n1, h1n2-like h1n1 and h3n2), porcine circovirus 2 (pcv 2), and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) in feral swine (sus scrofa) were conducted in areas where feral swine were geographically associated with high densities of transitional swine premises in south carolina and high densities of commercial swine production in north caroli ... | 2009 | 19617481 |
| procedures to eliminate h3n2 swine influenza virus from a pig herd. | a three-site pig herd infected with a h3n2 swine influenza virus (siv) underwent a herd siv elimination programme using herd closure and partial depopulation. the herd consisted of sow, nursery and finishing units, 1 to 2 km apart. disease was noted in the sow unit and then the nursery unit. the herd temporarily stopped introduction of replacement animals, and replacement gilt introductions in the breeding herd was changed from monthly to quarterly. gilts from a serologically negative source wer ... | 2009 | 19617611 |
| triple combination of oseltamivir, amantadine, and ribavirin displays synergistic activity against multiple influenza virus strains in vitro. | the recurring emergence of influenza virus strains that are resistant to available antiviral medications has become a global health concern, especially in light of the potential for a new influenza virus pandemic. currently, virtually all circulating strains of influenza a virus in the united states are resistant to either of the two major classes of anti-influenza drugs (adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors). thus, new therapeutic approaches that can be rapidly deployed and that will addres ... | 2009 | 19620324 |
| [influenza surveillance results in 2007-2008 winter season in nine provinces of turkey]. | influenza virus infections constitute a serious public health problem owing to their epidemic and pandemic potential. turkish ministry of health established the national influenza surveillance programme in two institutes to detect the virus types leading to the illness and the efficiency of the seasonal vaccine. influenza surveillance is performed by refik saydam hygiene center, national influenza laboratory in nine provinces (which are located at central, northeast, south and east parts of turk ... | 2009 | 19621608 |
| [monitoring of antibodies to influenza a virus in populations of different regions of west siberia]. | to study levels of antibodies to influenza virus in sera of subjects residing in different regions of west siberia in order to assess the risk of infection with avian influenza virus h5n1. | 2009 | 19621827 |
| elastase-dependent live attenuated swine influenza a viruses are immunogenic and confer protection against swine influenza a virus infection in pigs. | influenza a viruses cause significant morbidity in swine, resulting in a substantial economic burden. swine influenza virus (siv) infection also poses important human public health concerns. vaccination is the primary method for the prevention of influenza virus infection. previously, we generated two elastase-dependent mutant sivs derived from a/sw/saskatchewan/18789/02(h1n1): a/sw/sk-r345v (r345v) and a/sw/sk-r345a (r345a). these two viruses are highly attenuated in pigs, making them good cand ... | 2009 | 19625412 |
| synthesis of sialic acid derivatives having a c=c double bond substituted at the c-5 position and their glycopolymers. | glycomonomers of sialic acid in which the acetamide group at c-5 was converted into two kinds of c=c double bond substituents were prepared and the fully protected glycomonomers were directly polymerized before deprotection steps. radical polymerization with acrylamide in dmf in the presence of ammonium persulfate and n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethylenediamine proceeded smoothly and gave corresponding sialopolymers. interestingly glycomonomers had hemagglutination inhibitory activities not only for h1 ... | 2009 | 19631531 |