| nasal bots...a fascinating world! | larvae causing obligatory myiasis are numerous and they may affect cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues, wounds, nasopharyngeal cavities (nasal bots), internal organs and the digestive tract (bots) of domestic and wild animals and humans as well. nasal bots belong to the family oestridae, subfamily oestrinae, which includes several important genera: oestrus, kirkioestrus, and gedoelstia infecting artiodactyla (except cervidae) in africa and eurasia, cephenemyia and pharyngomyia infecting cervidae, ... | 2010 | 20837381 |
| corneal papilloma associated with papillomavirus in a one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | a 15-year-old male dromedary camel with a history of chronic severe keratoconjunctivitis and corneal mass in the left eye of 6 months' duration was referred to the veterinary medical teaching hospital at adnan menderes university. a superficial keratectomy was performed and biopsy material submitted for histopathology. the diagnosis was corneal papilloma. there has been no recurrence of the neoplasm to date (6 months, 1 year). corneal papilloma has not been reported previously in camels and seem ... | 2010 | 20840097 |
| life cycle of the camel tick hyalomma dromedarii (acari: ixodidae) under field conditions in northern sudan. | engorged hyalomma dromedarii females were placed for development in shade and sun (open non-shaded site) in april, august and december for two successive years. engorged nymphs were also placed at the same sites in january, march, may, june, july and august. preoviposition periods ranged between 9.8 and 11.7 days in the shade but longer in the sun in december (14.7 days). egg production index was higher in august (0.72) than in april and december (0.46 and 0.39, respectively) in shade and in aug ... | 2010 | 20850935 |
| trypanosoma evansi: recent outbreaks in europe. | here, two recent outbreaks of trypanosoma evansi infection in mainland france and spain associated with the importation of dromedary camels from the canary islands, are reported. the disease is well-known on the archipelago since 1997 and many efforts have been made towards control and eventual eradication, but some areas still remain affected. both mainland outbreaks were controlled by means of massive treatments and monthly serological, parasitological and molecular (pcr) evaluations carried o ... | 2010 | 20851526 |
| molecular characterization of human and animal echinococcus granulosus isolates in isfahan, iran. | cystic hydatid disease (chd) is one of the most important zoonotic diseases in different parts of iran. while it causes major health problem, there is limited information about its transmission cycles and reservoirs of human infection. therefore we aimed to characterize the existence echinococcus granulosus cysts in humans and animals in the province of isfahan, central region of iran. we collected hydatid cysts from the liver and lungs of patients who underwent surgery procedure and also cysts ... | 2011 | 20858453 |
| ovarian function in south american camelids (alpacas, llamas, vicunas, guanacos). | ultrasound technology and hormone assays have provided a better understanding of folliculogenesis and ovulation in south american camelids in the last two decades. females exhibit waves of ovarian follicular growth and are induced ovulators and therefore do not exhibit oestrous cycles in the manner of spontaneously ovulating species such as sheep and cattle. there is much variation in inter-wave interval among camelid species (alpaca/llama 10-22 days, vicuna 4-11 days), within species and within ... | 2010 | 20875933 |
| camel urine inhibits the cytochrome p450 1a1 gene expression through an ahr-dependent mechanism in hepa 1c1c7 cell line. | drinking camel urine has been used traditionally to treat numerous cases of cancer yet, the exact mechanism was not investigated. therefore, we examined the ability of three different camel urines (virgin, lactating, and pregnant source) to modulate a well-known cancer-activating enzyme, the cytochrome p450 1a1 (cyp1a1) in murine hepatoma hepa 1c1c7 cell line. | 2010 | 20883769 |
| molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of trypanosoma evansi from dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in egypt, a pilot study. | animal trypanosomiasis is one of the major constraints of livestock industry in developing countries. in the present study, prevalence of trypanosome evansi was assessed in the blood of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) brought to al bassatein abattoir, cairo, egypt, by mouse inoculation test out of 84 tested camels, 4 animals (4.7%) were infected. molecular analysis was achieved by pcr amplification and sequence analysis of part of ribosomal rna gene including 18s, its1, 5.8s and its2 regi ... | 2010 | 20887705 |
| reproductive physiology in female old world camelids. | this review summarizes the basic reproductive physiology of dromedary and bactrian camels. camels are seasonal breeders with a relatively short breeding season during the cooler months. the onset of the breeding season can be influenced by local environmental factors such as temperature and pasture availability although decreased libido of the male as the environmental temperature increases is also a factor. oestrous behaviour is highly variable in duration and intensity and is therefore unrelia ... | 2010 | 20888154 |
| swelling studies of camel and bovine corneal stroma. | in the present study we investigated the swelling characteristics of fresh camel and bovine cornea in sodium salt solutions. swelling studies were carried out at 20 minutes, 14 hours, and 46 hours on five fresh camel and 5 five fresh bovine corneas. during the 20-minute hydration of fresh corneal stroma was investigated using sodium chloride (nacl), sodium bicarbonate (nahco(3)), sodium acetate (ch(3)coona), sodium thiocyanate (nascn), and sodium floride (naf) at 2-minute time intervals. during ... | 2010 | 20922042 |
| sequence analysis of cox1 and nad1 genes in echinococcus granulosus g3 genotype in camels (camelus dromedarius) from central iran. | nineteen hydatid cyst isolates collected from camels in central iran were subjected to sequences analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. a consensus sequence obtained containing 366 nucleotides for cox1 and 471 nucleotides for nad1 genes. overall, the camel isolates indicated five different sequences in cox1 and nine in nad1 genes. the sequences analysis indicated that 26.3%, 42.1%, and 31.6% of isolates belonging to g1, g3, ... | 2010 | 20922418 |
| the indus irrigation system, natural resources, and community occupational quality in the delta region of pakistan. | this study examines the impact of an elaborated irrigation system on the natural resources and society in the deltaic part of the indus river in pakistan. time series information was collected to analyze the ecological and natural resource dynamics, and their impacts on the structure and quality of the occupations of the people in the indus delta during pre- and post-irrigation system development periods. the information was collected through literature review, reconnaissance, structured questio ... | 2010 | 20924580 |
| longitudinal study of an outbreak of trypanosoma evansi infection in equids and dromedary camels in israel. | an outbreak of trypanosomoasis caused by trypanosoma evansi involving horses, camels and donkeys occurred in a farm in israel. a longitudinal study of two outbreak phases was conducted which included clinical monitoring, blood smears, packed cell volume (pcv), serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by reverse dot blot (rdb) for the molecular detection of infection. this was the first reported t. evansi outbreak in domestic animals in israel. most of the camels on the farm (8/10; 8 ... | 2010 | 20926194 |
| contributions of conventional and heavy-chain igg to immunity in fetal, neonatal, and adult alpacas. | in addition to conventional immunoglobulins, camelids produce antibodies that do not incorporate light chains into their structures. these so-called heavy-chain (hc) antibodies have incited great interest in the biomedical community, as they have considerable potential for biotechnological and therapeutic application. recently, we have begun to elucidate the immunological functions of hc antibodies, yet little is known about their significance in maternal immunity or about the b lymphocytes that ... | 2010 | 20926693 |
| [screening of harmine tolerance/degrading bacteria from camel rumen]. | peganum harmala, a famous traditional chinese drug, contains a variety of alkaloids and toxic for many animals. camels mainly live in desert or semi-desert areas, with the robust gastrointestine system in digesting various feed including toxic plants without disease symptoms. | 2010 | 20931866 |
| qualitative analysis of camel snus' website message board--users' product perceptions, insights and online interactions. | in 2006, rj reynolds began test-marketing camel snus, a new smokeless tobacco (slt) product. promotion included use of a brand website, a relatively new marketing channel used by tobacco companies, which allowed visitors to learn about the product and discuss it with others on the website's message board. our study aimed to examine early experiences with and perceptions of camel snus as described by board contributors and also to consider the use and benefits of the message board for both consum ... | 2010 | 20943829 |
| camelpox: epidemiology, diagnosis and control measures. | camelpox is an economically important contagious skin disease of camelids caused by camelpox virus (cmlv) and is characterized by mild local skin infection and less common severe systemic infections. the disease is confined to camel-rearing belts particularly in developing countries and causes economic impact due to considerable loss in terms of morbidity, mortality, loss of weight and reduction in milk yield. the virus has gained attention from researchers due to its recent emergence with close ... | 2010 | 20954883 |
| failure to observe cross-fertilization between the echinococcus granulosus g1 and g6 strains after an experimental mixed infection of the definitive host. | the classification within echinococcus granulosus is currently under debate. to assess the reproductive potential between the g1 and g6 strains, an experimental double infection was carried out in a dog. first, two fertile hydatid cysts were collected in algeria from a cow and a dromedary. they were identified as being g1 and g6 with the markers coxi and nadi. subsequently, a dog was inoculated with protoscoleces from these two cysts. sixty days after infection, 85 adult worms were recovered fro ... | 2010 | 20965659 |
| coagulation profile and platelet parameters of the arabian sand gazelle (gazella subgutturosa marica): comparison with humans and camels. | during march 2009, we evaluated the hemostatic profile and platelet indices of 18 arabian sand gazelles (gazella subgutturosa marica) and compared the results with those from humans and camels (camelus dromedarius). gazelles and camels had shorter activated partial thromboplastin times, lower proconvertin and higher antihemophilic factor coagulation activity, and plasma fibrinogen levels than humans. prothrombin time was longer in sand gazelles and shorter in camels than it was in humans. plasma ... | 2010 | 20966267 |
| post-traumatic camel-related benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. | benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (bppv) is a common form of dizziness. the causes of bppv are not yet known but a relationship between the onset of vertigo and head trauma has been found. among the causes of head injury related to bppv, dropping off a camel has not been reported in literature yet. | 2010 | 20970722 |
| [not available]. | | 1945 | 21028567 |
| disseminated rhodococcus equi infection in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | rhodococcus (r). equi, a recognized pathogen in horses, is emerging as a human opportunistic pathogen, especially in immunocompromized people. it affects also new world camelids, but there are no reports of r. equi infection in old world camelids yet. four cases of disseminated r. equi infection in adult breeding dromedaries occurred at one camel farm near dubai within 16 months of each other. at necropsy the lungs were diffusely consolidated with large caseous areas. histology revealed severe s ... | 2010 | 21035967 |
| importance of ethnic foods as predictors of and contributors to nutrient intake levels in a minority population. | to evaluate the role of ethnic foods as predictors of intake levels of selected nutrients that are important during pregnancy among the bedouin arab minority population in southern israel, and to compare the main food predictors for bedouin intakes of the selected nutrients with those for the region's jewish majority population. | 2010 | 21045858 |
| ultrastructural and molecular characterization of sarcocystis isolated from camel (camelus dromedarius) in iran. | sarcocystis cameli was first described in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius), and it is the only species which have so far reported in camels. although more than 150 species of sarcocystis were described in various animals, only a few data on camel sarcocystis ultrastructure were published, and this report is the first for molecular information (dna sequence and rlfp digestion pattern). the main objective of the present work is to characterize sarcocystis isolated from camels by electron mi ... | 2011 | 21061021 |
| effect of oral snus and medicinal nicotine in smokers on toxicant exposure and withdrawal symptoms: a feasibility study. | smokeless, spitless tobacco products are being introduced and marketed as cigarette substitutes. data are needed regarding how smokers interested in cessation would use these products, the levels of resultant toxicant exposure, and the feasibility of using these products as aids for tobacco cessation. | 2010 | 21068204 |
| circulating oxidative stress status in dromedary camels infested with sarcoptic mange. | oxidative stress is an imbalance between radical-generating and radical-scavenging activity, resulting in oxidation products and tissue damage. this study was aimed to evaluate the status of oxidative stress indices in blood of camels naturally infested with s. scabiei. forty-seven male camels (camelus dromedaries) were divided according to the extent of the infested area with sarcoptes scabiei into four groups, mild (mid, n = 12), moderate (mod, n = 10), severely infested (sev, n = 10) and heal ... | 2010 | 21082344 |
| seroprevalence of brucellosis and its contribution to abortion in cattle, camel, and goat kept under pastoral management in borana, ethiopia. | the involvement of brucella infection in causing abortion was investigated in a breeding female subpopulation of 283 cattle, 756 camels, and 757 goats. serum samples were serially tested using the rose bengal test and complement fixation test. the study showed that anti-brucella antibodies were prevalent in 10.6% (95% confidence interval (ci), 7.4, 14.9), 2.2% (95%ci, 1.4, 3.7), and 1.9% (95%ci, 1.1, 3.2) of cattle, camel, and goats, respectively. abortion was more commonly reported in camels (2 ... | 2010 | 21088890 |
| prevalence of coxiella burnetii in bulk milk samples from dairy bovine, ovine, caprine, and camel herds in iran as determined by polymerase chain reaction. | q fever is a widespread zoonosis caused by the obligate intracellular micro-organism coxiella burnetii. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of c. burnetii in bulk milk samples from dairy bovine, ovine, caprine, and camel herds in isfahan province, iran. in the present study, 567 bulk milk samples from 186 dairy bovine, ovine, caprine, and camel herds were tested for c. burnetii using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. the animals whose milk samples collected f ... | 2010 | 21091216 |
| chemical characterization of the oligosaccharides in bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) milk and colostrum. | bactrian camel milk and colostrum are commonly used as foods in mongolia, whose people believe that these products promote human health. it has been hypothesized that milk oligosaccharides are biologically significant components of human milk, acting as receptor analogs that inhibit the attachment of pathogenic microorganisms to the colonic mucosa, and as prebiotics, which stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria within the infant colon. to evaluate their biological significance, we studied the ol ... | 2010 | 21094729 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a yak (bos grunniens) κ-casein cdna from lactating mammary gland. | κ-casein is one of the major proteins in the milk of mammals. it plays an important role in determining the size and specific function of milk micelles. we have previously identified and characterized a genetic variant of yak κ-casein by evaluating genomic dna. here, we isolate and characterize a yak κ-casein cdna harboring the full-length open reading frame (orf) from lactating mammary gland. total rna was extracted from mammary tissue of lactating female yak, and the κ-casein cdna were synthes ... | 2010 | 21104027 |
| oocyte ultrastructural characteristics in camel (camelus dromedarius) primordial to large antral follicles. | this study was conducted to describe in detail the ultrastructural features and morphological characteristics of camel oocytes from preantral follicles in relation to the sequential stages of follicular development and also for oocytes from antral follicles in relation to their diameter. camel oocytes from primordial, primary, secondary and also early to late antral follicles were processed and examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. primordial follicular oocytes were characteriz ... | 2010 | 21105904 |
| nutritive value of some herbage for dromedary camels in the central arid zone of iran. | the purpose of this study is to prepare standard tables of the chemical composition of feedstuff and to determine the digestibility and palatability of different plant species in the dromedary camel, this research was conducted considering the consumed herbages by camels in the central arid zone of iran. the following plant species were included: alhagi camelorum, artemisia sieberi, atriplex lentiformis, haloxylon persicum, hammada salicornica, salsola tomentosa, salsola rigida, seidlitzia rosma ... | 2010 | 21128117 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of a specific vhh domain against mouse prion protein. | prion disorders are infectious diseases that are characterized by the conversion of the cellular prion protein prpc into the pathogenic isoform prpsc. specific antibodies that interact with the cellular prion protein have been shown to inhibit this transition. recombinant vhhs (variable domain of dromedary heavy-chain antibodies) or nanobodies are single-domain antibodies, making them the smallest antigen-binding fragments. a specific nanobody (nb_prp_01) was raised against mouse prpc. a crystal ... | 2010 | 21139215 |
| ovarian hydrobursitis in female camels (camelus dromedaries): biochemical, bacterial and protozoal evaluation. | the aim of this study was to evaluate female camels affected with ovarian hydrobursitis (n = 31) for hematological and biochemical findings and for bacterial and protozoal infections. blood samples were obtained and surgical ablation of the affected bursa was performed. bursal fluid, follicular fluid, and serum were subjected to hormonal and biochemical analyses. bursal fluids were cultured and colonies were identified using biomérieux vitek two compact system. passive haemagglutination test was ... | 2010 | 21144565 |
| prenatal development of the adrenal gland in the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | with 14 figures and 3 tables summary: each adrenal gland consisted of cortex and medulla that developed from different embryological origins and presented different cellular organization. one hundred male or female camel embryos or fetuses with crown vertebral rump lengths (cvrl) that ranged from 0.8 to 117 cm were examined. the adrenal cortex, which is derived from intermediate mesoderm, was first observed in the 0.8-cm cvrl camel embryo. the adrenal cortex initially was combined with the gonad ... | 2010 | 21175739 |
| full genomic analysis of a g8p[1] rotavirus strain isolated from an asymptomatic infant in kenya provides evidence for an artiodactyl-to-human interspecies transmission event. | group a rotavirus (gar) g8p[1] strains, found sometimes in cattle, have been reported rarely from humans. therefore, analysis of the full genomes of human g8p[1] strains are of significance in the context of studies on interspecies transmission of rotaviruses. however, to date, only partial-length nucleotide sequences are available for the 11 genes of a single human g8p[1] strain, while the partial sequences of two other strains have been reported. the present study reports the first complete ge ... | 2011 | 21181935 |
| modulation of cytokine-induced prostaglandin e₂ production in cultures of articular chondrocytes obtained from carpal joints of camels (camelus dromedarius). | to determine whether camel articular chondrocytes can be maintained in tissue culture without phenotype loss and whether the response to cytokine stimulation can be modulated. | 2011 | 21194335 |
| facile labelling of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor nanobody with 68ga via a novel bifunctional desferal chelate for immuno-pet. | the ∼15 kda variable domains of camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (called nanobodies®) have the flexibility to be formatted as monovalent, monospecific, multivalent or multispecific single chain proteins with either fast or slow pharmacokinetics. we report the evaluation of the fast kinetic anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) nanobody 7d12, labelled with (68)ga via the novel bifunctional chelate (bfc) p-isothiocyanatobenzyl-desferrioxamine (df-bz-ncs). df-bz-ncs has recently been intr ... | 2011 | 21210114 |
| monitoring biodegradative enzymes with nanobodies raised in camelus dromedarius with mixtures of catabolic proteins. | functional studies of biodegradative activities in environmental microorganisms require molecular tools for monitoring catabolic enzymes in the members of the native microbiota. to this end, we have generated repertories of single-domain v(hh) fragments of camel immunoglobulins (nanobodies) able to interact with multiple proteins that are descriptors of environmentally relevant processes. for this, we immunized camelus dromedarius with a cocktail of up to 12 purified enzymes that are representat ... | 2011 | 21219561 |
| us smokers' reactions to a brief trial of oral nicotine products. | | 2011 | 21219609 |
| the development of activating and inhibiting camelid vhh domains against human protein kinase c epsilon. | the 10 isozymes of the protein kinase c (pkc) family can have different roles on the same biological process, making isozyme specific analysis of function crucial. currently, only few pharmacological compounds with moderate isozyme specific effects exist thus hampering research into individual pkc isozymes. the antigen binding regions of camelid single chain antibodies (vhhs) could provide a solution for obtaining pkc isozyme specific modulators. in the present study, we have successfully select ... | 2011 | 21220006 |
| molecular detection of meat animal species targeting mt 12s rrna gene. | the efficacy of pcr-rflp analysis of mt 12s rrna gene in identification of animal species from meat samples of known and unknown origin and adulterated meat samples was evaluated. in pcr, all the samples generated an amplicon of 456 bp. restriction enzyme digestion of the pcr product with alui, hhai, bspti and apoi revealed characteristic rflp patterns. of the samples of unknown origin few were identified as cattle, few as buffalo and some were admixtures of two, suggesting adulteration. the rfl ... | 2010 | 21227595 |
| structure of a nanobody-stabilized active state of the β(2) adrenoceptor. | g protein coupled receptors (gpcrs) exhibit a spectrum of functional behaviours in response to natural and synthetic ligands. recent crystal structures provide insights into inactive states of several gpcrs. efforts to obtain an agonist-bound active-state gpcr structure have proven difficult due to the inherent instability of this state in the absence of a g protein. we generated a camelid antibody fragment (nanobody) to the human β(2) adrenergic receptor (β(2)ar) that exhibits g protein-like be ... | 2011 | 21228869 |
| anomalously large capacitance of an ionic liquid described by the restricted primitive model. | we use monte carlo simulations to examine the simplest model of a room-temperature ionic liquid (rtil), called the "restricted primitive model," at a metal surface. we find that at moderately low temperatures the capacitance of the metal-rtil interface is so large that the effective thickness of the electrostatic double layer is up to three times smaller than the ion radius. to interpret these results we suggest an approach which is based on the interaction between discrete ions and their image ... | 2010 | 21230540 |
| allometric scaling of orbifloxacin disposition in nine mammal species: a retrospective analysis. | the objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and body weight (w) for orbifloxacin using reported pharmacokinetic data. the parameters of interest: clearance (cl), volume of distribution at steady state (vss) and elimination half-life were correlated across nine mammal species, including cattle, dog, rat, rabbit, goat, camel, horse, cat and sheep as a function of w using the conventional allometric equation y = aw(b), where y is the pharmacokineti ... | 2011 | 21233597 |
| soft tissue mass of the chest wall as the sole manifestation of brucellosis in a 7-year-old boy. | we report the case of a child who presented with a subcutaneous mass on the left side of the chest wall of one month's duration. the mass was painful and increasing in size over time. he had a history of weight loss and a decrease in appetite, but no history of fever or trauma. he had ingested raw camel milk, but had no history of contact with animals. he was diagnosed by the standard tube agglutination titer and tissue culture for brucellosis, treated with surgery and three months of antibrucel ... | 2011 | 21242641 |
| an abattoir-based study of hydatidosis in the dromedary ( camelus dromedarius) in mashhad, iran. | a 6-year retrospective study based on abattoir records was carried out to determine the prevalence of hydatidosis in dromedaries in khorasan province in north-eastern iran. between 20 march 2004 and 19 march 2010, 25,255 dromedaries were slaughtered in the study area and the livers of 2791 (11.1%) and the lungs of 3289 dromedaries (13.2%) were discarded due to hydatidosis. the annual prevalence of liver condemnations due to hydatidosis decreased from 24.1% in 2004-2005 to 13.3% in 2009, and fina ... | 2011 | 21251343 |
| pathology of camel tuberculosis and molecular characterization of its causative agents in pastoral regions of ethiopia. | a cross sectional study was conducted on 906 apparently healthy camels slaughtered at akaki and metehara abattoirs to investigate the pathology of camel tuberculosis (tb) and characterize its causative agents using postmortem examination, mycobacteriological culturing, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr), region of difference-4 (rd4)-based pcr and spoligotyping. the prevalence of camel tb was 10.04% (91/906) on the basis of pathology and it was significantly higher in females (?(2)?= 4 ... | 2011 | 21283668 |
| comparison of camel tear proteins between summer and winter. | proteins in the tear fluid have positive effects on maintaining the integrity and stabilization of the tear film, which is affected by several environmental factors. the aim of this study is to investigate seasonal variation of protein patterns in camel tears collected during the summer and winter season. | 2011 | 21293736 |
| an altered camelid-like single domain anti-idiotypic antibody fragment of hm-1 killer toxin: acts as an effective antifungal agent. | phage-display and competitive panning elution leads to the identification of minimum-sized antigen binders together with conventional antibodies from a mouse cdna library constructed from hm-1 killer toxin neutralizing monoclonal antibody (nmab-kt). antigen-specific altered camelid-like single-domain heavy chain antibody (scfv k2) and a conventional antibody (scfv k1) have been isolated against the idiotypic antigen nmab-kt. the objectives of the study were to examine (1) their properties as com ... | 2011 | 21305279 |
| mysterious mortality in camels (camelus dromedarius) in borana, ethiopia: evidence of its association with reproductive age groups. | in may and june of 2007, sudden death was observed in camels in southern pastoral areas of oromia, ethiopia. it significantly (p < 0.001) affected reproductive age groups of both male and female camels (in females and males, 63.9% and 10.8% of those in reproductive age groups were affected, respectively). pregnant females (37.6%) were affected significantly more often (p < 0.001) than non-pregnant females. absence of rigor mortis and absence of blood clotting, together with the death of pregnant ... | 2010 | 21309459 |
| brucellosis in camels, cattle and humans: associations and evaluation of serological tests used for diagnosis of the disease in certain nomadic localities in sudan. | brucellosis was studied in 2,225 camels, 20 camel nomads and 33 abattoir workers in certain nomadic localities in sudan, using serum and milk samples. lymph nodes, testicular tissues and udder tissues from positive camels and hygroma aspirates from three affected cows were used for isolation of brucella. serum samples were examined by rose bengal plate test (rbpt), modified rbpt (mrbpt), serum agglutination test (sat) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa), and milk by the mi ... | 2010 | 21309464 |
| a camel through the eye of a needle: expertise and the late recognition of asbestos-related diseases. | the aim of this study is to provide new insights into the late recognition of asbestos-related diseases in contemporary societies. it addresses the role of expert culture in the identification, management, and control of asbestos risks, and examines the contribution of these processes to the late recognition and minimization of risks. after focusing first on spain, the article presents three historical case studies to illustrate some shortcomings of the expert explanatory model. first, the narro ... | 2011 | 21319725 |
| hepatotoxicosis in dogs consuming a diet of camel meat contaminated with indospicine. | four dogs presented with clinical signs of severe hepatic disease after consuming a commercial camel meat diet. | 2011 | 21323657 |
| the camel curve: the icing on the transpulmonary thermodilution cake. | | 2011 | 21330879 |
| milk production and feeding behavior in the camel (camelus dromedarius) during 4 watering regimens. | camels survive and produce milk during recurrent prolonged hot and dry periods. the objective was to evaluate how different watering intervals affected milk production and feeding. eight lactating camels (camelus dromedarius) were recruited and subjected to 4 watering regimens in a latin square design experiment performed at haramaya university in ethiopia. each regimen lasted 16 d with 5 d of daily watering between periods: water was offered at 1,315 h once daily (w1); on d 4, 8, 12, and 16 (w4 ... | 2011 | 21338796 |
| contrast-enhanced ultrasound (ceus) of lesions occupying renal space. indications, limits, personal experience. | in focal kidney disease, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (ceus) using 2nd generation contrast enhancement allows continuous dynamic assessment of the arterial, venous and late perfusion phases of the renal parenchyma, as well as of focal lesions. ceus is particularly useful in cases of an uncertain diagnosis after the performance of unenhanced ultrasound (us) and echocolordoppler (ecd) (e.g. dromedary humps, hypertrophic column of bertin, outcomes of pyelonephritis), and for differential diagnosis ... | 2010 | 21341566 |
| microarray-based genotyping of staphylococcus aureus isolates from camels. | staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of mastitis and other diseases in camels. in order to obtain data on population structure as well as on the carriage of toxin genes and resistance markers, a collection of 45 isolates from dromedaries of dubai, united arab emirates, were genotyped. these isolates belonged to clonal complexes cc6 (twenty isolates; 44.44%), cc30 (sixteen isolates; 35.56%), cc188 (five isolates; 11.11%), cc152 (1 isolate, 2.2%) and to a previously un-described sequence type ( ... | 2011 | 21353401 |
| genetic parameters for growth of fiber diameter in alpacas. | the alpaca is the most important fiber producer of the south american camelid species, and is an important source of income for the andean communities. nowadays, fiber diameter is considered the main selection objective in alpaca populations throughout the world. however, fiber diameter increases with the age of the animals, and it would be preferable to select those animals that maintain a thin fiber throughout their life span. the goal of this study was to describe the genetic relationship bet ... | 2011 | 21357447 |
| cloning and phylogenetic analysis of interleukin-6 (il-6) and tumor necrosis factor-a (tnf-a) from indian dromedaries (camelus dromedarius). | the cdnas of two proinflammatory cytokines viz., il-6 and tnf-a from dromedarian camels were amplified by pcr using bactrian camel sequences and subsequently cloned for sequence analysis. relationship based on amino acid revealed that dromedarian camel il-6 shared 99.5% identity both at nucleotide and amino acid level with bactrian camel il-6 and in case of tnf-a, the identity of dromedarian camel was 99.4% and 99.1% at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively with that of bactrian camel. p ... | 2011 | 21367455 |
| molecular epidemiology of camel trypanosomiasis based on its1 rdna and rotat 1.2 vsg gene in the sudan. | internal transcribed spacer one (its1) of the ribosomal dna is known to be a suitable target for pcr-based detection of trypanosomes. the analysis of this region provides a multi-species-specific diagnosis by a single pcr. using its1 primer-based pcr, a cross sectional study was carried out in the period from september to november 2009 on samples collected from 687 camels from geographically distinct zones in the sudan to detect all possible african trypanosomes, which can infect camels. | 2011 | 21375725 |
| a content analysis of camel snus advertisements in print media. | researchers have questioned whether the r.j. reynolds tobacco company is marketing camel snus as a product for nontobacco users, smokeless-tobacco users, or cigarette smokers. the objective of this study was to examine advertisements of camel snus in print media to determine the most likely audience of intent. | 2011 | 21385907 |
| about camel breeds: a reevaluation of current classification systems. | summary: this article revaluates the current dromedary breed classifications based on leese's (1927) division into hills, riverine and plains camel according to camel breeding zones, and the even earlier distinction by cross (1917) and leonard (1894) between baggage and riding camels. it is suggested that these classifications are inappropriate to portray the wide variety of camel breeds actually existing, since they do not accurately reflect the ecological context of camel breeding and also dep ... | 1993 | 21395704 |
| liegeverhalten und diurnale verteilung der liegeperioden von dromedaren*. | zusammenfassung: in kenia und in indien wurde je eine dromedarherde von ca. 70 bzw. ca. 85 tieren tagsüber und nachts beobachtet. ermittelt wurde in 30 min abständen die zahl der liegenden tiere. die übliche liegeposition von kamelen ist in zusammenhang mit besonderen morphologischen strukturen zu sehen. die dromedare lagen fast ausschließlich (kenia) bzw. weit überwiegend (indien) nachts. das liegen nahm in beiden herden bei den stuten fast die hälfte des 24-stunden-tages ein. es werden verglei ... | 1994 | 21395795 |
| zoo-fish analysis with 7 human chromosome specific libraries detects conserved regions between human and camel (camelus dromedarius). | chromosomal homologies between individual human chromosomes and the camel karyotype have been established by using heterologous chromosome painting experiments called zoo-fish. biotin-labelled dna libraries from seven flow-sorted human chromosomes were used as probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) on camel chromosomes. human dna libraries 3, 4, 13, 14, 15, 19 and 21 hybridized to camel chromosomes 2, 6, 7, 21, 25, 32 and 33, were used in identifying and delineating 10 segments of ... | 1997 | 21395831 |
| prp-specific camel antibodies with the ability to immunodetect intracellular prion protein. | | 2011 | 21411680 |
| embryo transfer in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) using non-ovulated and ovulated, asynchronous progesterone-treated recipients. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the use of exogenous progesterone and equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ecg) in non-ovulated and ovulated, asynchronous dromedary camel recipients being prepared for an embryo transfer programme. the uteri of 12 mated donor camels were flushed non-surgically 7 days after ovulation and 42 embryos were recovered. in experiment 1, 16 embryos were transferred non-surgically to recipients on day 3 or 4 after ovulation (ov+3 and ov+4, respectively). each r ... | 2011 | 21426862 |
| prevalence, biology, pathology, and public health importance of linguatulosis of camel in iran. | linguatula serrata is a cosmopolitan zoonotic parasite with its adult form occurring in the nasal and respiratory passages of canids as the definitive hosts, while its immature stages localize in the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, and, rarely, in other organs, such as the ocular region of herbivorous intermediate hosts. humans can behave as both intermediate and final host and are infected by visceral and nasopharyngeal linguatulosis. consumption of infected, improperly cooked vis ... | 2011 | 21442154 |
| chromosome painting in tragulidae facilitates the reconstruction of ruminantia ancestral karyotype. | although tragulidae, as the basal family in ruminantia phylogenetic tree, is the key taxon for understanding the early chromosome evolution of extant ruminants, comparative molecular cytogenetic data on the tragulids are scarce. here, we present the first genome-wide comparative map of the java mouse deer (tragulus javanicus, tragulidae) revealed by chromosome painting with human and dromedary probes. together with the published comparative maps of major representative cetartiodactyl species est ... | 2011 | 21445689 |
| structural basis of recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines by camel peptidoglycan recognition protein. | peptidoglycan recognition proteins (pgrps) are involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. the well known pathogen-associated molecular patterns include lps from gram-negative bacteria and lipoteichoic acid (lta) from gram-positive bacteria. in this work, the crystal structures of two complexes of the short form of camel pgrp (cpgrp-s) with lps and lta determined at 1.7- and 2.1-å resolutions, respectively, are reported. both compounds were held firmly inside the compl ... | 2011 | 21454594 |
| age-related changes in the anatomical characteristics of peyer's patches in small intestine of bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus). | the distribution, size, and appearance of peyer's patches vary according to species. in order to determine the anatomical characteristics of peyer's patches in small intestine of bactrian camel, and age-related changes in the number of peyer's patches, 40 bactrian camels of the following four age groups were studied: young (0.5-2 years), pubertal (3-5 years), middle-aged (6-16 years), and old (17-20 years). the exact number of peyer's patches was recorded, and the appearance of peyer's patches w ... | 2011 | 21461871 |
| structure and stability analysis of cytotoxic complex of camel α-lactalbumin and unsaturated fatty acids produced at high temperature. | α-lactalbumin α-la), together with oleic acid can be converted to a complex, which kills tumor cells selectively. cytotoxic α-la -oleic acid and α-la -linoleic acid complexes were generated by adding fatty acid to camel holo α-la at 60 ° c (referred to as la-oa-60 and la-la-60 state, respectively). structural properties of these complexes were studied and compared to the camel α-la. the experimental results show that linoleic acid induces α-la partial unfolding but oleic acid does not change the ... | 2011 | 21469752 |
| characterization of complete genomes of camelus dromedarius papillomavirus type 1 and 2. | camel papillomatosis has been previously described but the genome of the suspected papillomavirus (pv) has not been identified. an outbreak of papillomatosis occurred in a dromedary farm of 55 animals in sudan during august 2009. the disease was only present in young animals about 3-7 months old, of which 44 % (11/25) were affected with lesions mainly on the lips and lower jaw. here we report for the first time the complete genomes of camelus dromedarius papillomavirus type 1 (cdpv1) and 2 (cdpv ... | 2011 | 21471319 |
| initial stage of cheese production: a molecular modeling study of bovine and camel chymosin complexed with peptides from the chymosin-sensitive region of κ-casein. | bovine chymosin has long been the preferred enzyme used to coagulate cow's milk, in the initial stage of cheese production, during which it cleaves a specific bond in the milk protein κ-casein. recently, camel chymosin has been shown to have a 70% higher clotting activity toward cow's milk and, moreover, to cleave κ-casein more selectively. bovine chymosin, on the other hand, is a poor clotting agent toward camel's milk. this paper reports a molecular modeling study aimed at understanding this d ... | 2011 | 21476511 |
| preclinical screening of anti-her2 nanobodies for molecular imaging of breast cancer. | accurate determination of tumor human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (her2)-status in breast cancer patients is possible via noninvasive imaging, provided adequate tracers are used. in this study, we describe the generation of a panel of 38 nanobodies, small her2-binding fragments that are derived from heavy-chain-only antibodies raised in an immunized dromedary. in search of a lead compound, a subset of nanobodies was biochemically characterized in depth and preclinically tested for use as ... | 2011 | 21478264 |
| ["camel nanoantibody" is an efficient tool for research, diagnostics and therapy]. | this short review provides an introduction to the rapidly developing field of generation and utilization of "camel nanoantibodies" (or "nanobodies"). the term "nanoantibody" or "nanobody" was given to single-domain variable fragments of special type of antibodies that naturally exist (in addition to classical types of antibodies) in blood of camelidae family animals and in some chondrichthyan fishes. the existence of very efficient technology of nanobody generation and some very useful character ... | 2011 | 21485499 |
| sequence analysis of topoisomerase gene of pseudocowpoxvirus isolates from camels (camelus dromedarius). | topoisomerase gene of pseudocowposvirus from indian dromedarian camel was amplified by pcr using the primers of pcpv from finnish reindeer and cloned into pgem-t for sequence analysis. analysis of amino acid identity revealed that indian pcpv of camel shared 95.9-96.8 with pcpv of reindeer, 96.2-96.5 with orfv and 87.5 with bpsv. | 2011 | 21501639 |
| genotypic characterization of iranian camel ( camelus dromedarius ) isolates of echinoccocus granulosus. | abstract in the present study, echinoccocus granulosus isolates collected from camels ( camelus dromedarius ) in eastern iran were characterized based on the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial co1 and ndi genes. the molecular results for camel isolates demonstrated that at least 2 different genotypes are present, i.e., a buffalo genotype (g3) and the camel genotype (g6). although the sequences of the iranian camel genotype (g6) are completely homologous to the reference sequence of g6 (m84666 ... | 2011 | 21506869 |
| cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to cladophialophora bantiana in a huacaya alpaca (vicugnapacos). | cerebral phaeohyphomycosis, caused by cladophialophora bantiana, was diagnosed in a huacaya alpaca (vicugna pacos). an 8-year-old, intact male huacaya alpaca from a farm in indiana was found dead at pasture and submitted to the animal disease diagnostic laboratory at purdue university for necropsy examination. gross lesions were limited to the cerebrum, which had a 2×2.5×5cm, well-demarcated, firm, mottled, pale grey to brown-red mass with a granular texture, centered on the left and right cingu ... | 2011 | 21511274 |
| expression and genomic analyses of camelus dromedarius t cell receptor delta (trd) genes reveal a variable domain repertoire enlargement due to cdr3 diversification and somatic mutation. | by a combination of rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) we identified three t cell receptor delta variable (trdv) subgroups and five joining (trdj) genes expressed in spleen, tonsils and blood of camelus dromedarius. we provide evidence that the high diversity in sequence and length of the third complementarity determining region (cdr3) is a major component of the tr delta chain variability. moreover, the identification of the corr ... | 2011 | 21511341 |
| oral tobacco products: preference and effects among smokers. | background: recently, oral tobacco products have been marketed specifically towards cigarette smokers. these products come in different nicotine doses and formulations (snus vs. lozenge). to date, little research has been conducted to determine how smokers respond to these products. the goal of this study was to examine if smokers prefer certain oral tobacco products based on their specific characteristics. methods: smokers interested in quitting underwent a sampling phase and a treatment phase. ... | 2011 | 21515003 |
| populations and production of fat-tailed and fat-rumped sheep in the horn of africa. | the six countries comprising the horn of africa are djibouti, eritrea, ethiopia, kenya, sudan and somalia. together, they cover an area of just under 5 million square kilometres and support a human population of 17.7 million at an average density of 38.15 people per square kilometre (although in the purely pastoral areas population density is probably of the order of 15-16 people per square kilometre). the horn is a major repository of domestic animal biodiversity and genetic resources and is ho ... | 2011 | 21516441 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of il-2, il-4 and ifn-γ from indian dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | the cdnas of three cytokines, viz., il-2, il-4 and ifn-γ from dromedary camels were amplified by pcr using bactrian camel sequences and subsequently cloned for sequence analysis. relationship based on amino acid sequences revealed that dromedary camel il-2 shared 99.5% and 99.3% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels with bactrian camel il-2. in the case of il-4, the identity of dromedary camel was 99.7% and 99.2% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively with that of bactr ... | 2011 | 21529863 |
| isolation and optimization of camelid single-domain antibodies: dirk saerens' work on nanobodies. | it is well established that all camelids have unique antibodies circulating in their blood. unlike antibodies from all other species, these special antibodies are devoid of light chains, and are composed of a heavy chain homodimer. these so-called heavy-chain antibodies (hcabs) are expressed after a v-d-j rearrangement and require dedicated constant gamma genes. an immune response is raised in these hcabs following a classical immunization protocol. these hcabs are easily purified from serum, an ... | 2010 | 21537479 |
| federated querying architecture with clinical & translational health it application. | we present a software architecture that federates data from multiple heterogeneous health informatics data sources owned by multiple organizations. the architecture builds upon state-of-the-art open-source java and xml frameworks in innovative ways. it consists of (a) federated query engine, which manages federated queries and result set aggregation via a patient identification service; and (b) data source facades, which translate the physical data models into a common model on-the-fly and handl ... | 2011 | 21537849 |
| effect of green buffer storage on the fertility of fresh camel semen after artificial insemination. | artificial insemination (ai) is one of the most widely used reproductive technologies, and there is considerably interest in commercializing this technology in camels. storage of semen extender frozen (at -20°c) is of considerable interest to scientists working with camels, as transportation of diluents at refrigeration temperature is not always possible given the hot, arid and remote conditions that dromedary camels exist in. therefore, this study was conducted to compare the fertility of fresh ... | 2011 | 21545653 |
| ovarian hydrobursitis in female camels (camelus dromedarius): clinical findings, histopathology and fertility after unilateral surgical ablation. | this study was undertaken to verify the clinical signs, incidence, location, etiology and pathology of ovarian hydrobursitis in infertile female camels and estimate the fertility after unilateral surgical ablation. genital organs (n = 124) were examined in camels slaughtered at makkah abattoir during hajj of 2009. infertile female camels (n = 142) presented for management to the veterinary teaching hospital, qassim university, saudi arabia, were clinically examined and ultrasound-scanned for the ... | 2011 | 21550102 |
| characterization of the microanatomy and histopathology of placentas from aborted, stillborn, and normally delivered alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (lama glama). | from 2002 to 2007, 101 camelid abortions and stillbirths were submitted to the veterinary diagnostic laboratory at oregon state university (84 alpacas [vicugna pacos], 13 llamas [lama glama], 4 unknown). for most cases (n = 67), a cause was not determined by routine testing. eighty-five submissions included placenta for microscopic examination, of which 55 were from abortions to unknown causes (idiopathic). microscopic features of placentas from abortion/stillbirth were compared with those from ... | 2011 | 21551426 |
| nematomorph parasites drive energy flow through a riparian ecosystem. | parasites are ubiquitous in natural systems and ecosystem-level effects should be proportional to the amount of biomass or energy flow altered by the parasites. here we quantified the extent to which a manipulative parasite altered the flow of energy through a forest-stream ecosystem. in a japanese headwater stream, camel crickets and grasshoppers (orthoptera) were 20 times more likely to enter a stream if infected by a nematomorph parasite (gordionus spp.), corroborating evidence that nematomor ... | 2011 | 21560690 |
| retail promotions and perceptions of r.j. reynold's novel dissolvable tobacco in a u.s. test market. | abstract: background: with declining cigarette sales, tobacco manufacturers have been developing and marketing new smokeless products, such as r. j. reynolds' dissolvable tobacco, camel sticks, strips and orbs. this study assessed the availability, price and point-of-purchase promotional strategies for camel dissolvables, and investigated consumer awareness, interest and perception of these products in the indiana test market. methods: a retail audit of point-of-purchase promotions was conducted ... | 2011 | 21569637 |
| diagnostic evaluation of a nanobody with picomolar affinity toward the protease rgpb from porphyromonas gingivalis. | porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major periodontitis-causing pathogens. p. gingivalis secretes a group of proteases termed gingipains, and in this study we have used the rgpb gingipain as a biomarker for p. gingivalis. we constructed a naive camel nanobody library and used phage display to select one nanobody toward rgpb with picomolar affinity. the nanobody was used in an inhibition assay for detection of rgpb in buffer as well as in saliva. the nanobody was highly specific for rgpb given ... | 2011 | 21569755 |
| zoonotic cases of camelpox infection in india. | this study reports the first conclusive evidence of zoonotic camelpox virus (cmlv) infection in humans associated with outbreaks in dromedarian camels (camelus dromedaries) in northwest region of india during 2009. cmlv infection is usually restricted to camels and causes localised skin lesions but occasionally leads to generalised form of disease. however, the present outbreak involved camel handlers and attendants with clinical manifestations such as papules, vesicles, ulceration and finally s ... | 2011 | 21571451 |
| evaluation of a nanobody phage display library constructed from a brucella-immunised camel. | brucella are invasive gram-negative bacteria that multiply and survive within eukaryotic cells causing brucellosis. syrian (and middle east) health and economy sectors are still affected by this disease causing a serious national problem that needs to be solved. here, a strategy was developed to introduce a new generation of binders, known as nanobodies (nbs) in our combat against brucella. these nbs, recombinant single-domain variable fragments derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies are ve ... | 2011 | 21592585 |
| carcinogenic tobacco-specific n-nitrosamines in us cigarettes: three decades of remarkable neglect by the tobacco industry. | background modification of tobacco curing methods and other changes in cigarette manufacturing techniques could substantially reduce the levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (tsna), a group of potent carcinogens, in cigarette smoke. in 1999, two major us cigarette manufacturers stated their intent to move towards using tobaccos low in tsna. there is no information available on current tsna levels in tobacco of various cigarettes available in the us, particularly in the newer varieties introdu ... | 2011 | 21602537 |
| specific cell targeting with nanobody conjugated branched gold nanoparticles for photothermal therapy. | branched gold nanoparticles are potential photothermal therapy agents because of their large absorption cross section in the near infrared window. upon laser irradiation they produce enough heat to destroy tumor cells. in this work, branched gold nanoparticles are biofunctionalized with nanobodies, the smallest fully functional antigen-binding fragments evolved from the variable domain, the vhh, of a camel heavy chain-only antibody. these anti-her2 nanobodies bind to the her2 antigen which is hi ... | 2011 | 21609027 |
| whole genomic analysis reveals the complex evolutionary dynamics of kenyan g2p[4] human rotavirus strains. | although g2p[4] rotaviruses are common causes of acute childhood diarrhoea in africa, to date, there are no reports on whole genomic analysis of african g2p[4] strains. in this study, the nearly complete genome sequences of two kenyan g2p[4] strains, ak26 and d205, detected in 1982 and 1989, respectively, were analyzed. strain d205 exhibited a ds-1-like genotype constellation, whilst strain ak26 appeared to be an intergenogroup reassortant with a wa-like nsp2 genotype on the ds-1-like genotype c ... | 2011 | 21613446 |
| [general overview of camel parasites and the situation in turkey.] | the aim of this review is overview the main protozoan, arthropoda and helminthic parasites seen in camels and to evaluate the publications related to camel parasites in turkey. in different parts of the world, trichostrongylose, mange, nasal myiasis and trypanosomiasis are the most common parasitic diseases found in camels. hydatic cyst larval stage of e. granulosus is important both economically and in terms of public health. it is also emphasized that the records concerning parasites of the tu ... | 2011 | 21618196 |
| differential expression and characterization of proto-oncogene product ha-ras gtpase in camel tissues. | pas proto-oncogene product is known to be involved in transducing signals for growth, differentiation and oncogenesis in mammalian cells. using a monoclonal antibody to human ha-ras, a camel homolog of ha-ras protein having an apparent molecular mass of 21 kda was identified. the expression level of ha-ras protein in various tissues of camel was compared with that of mouse tissues. in camel it was found that expression of ha-ras protein was highest in the kidney and moderate in the liver. expres ... | 1997 | 21528179 |
| effect of camel milk on glycemic control and insulin requirement in patients with type 1 diabetes: 2-years randomized controlled trial. | background/objectives:hypoglycemic effect of camel milk supplementation in experimental rat model and significant reduction in doses of insulin in type 1 diabetic patients have been observed in our previous studies. this long-term study was undertaken to assess the efficacy, safety and acceptability of camel milk as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetics.subjects/methods:in this 2-year randomized clinical, parallel design study, 24 type 1 diabetics were enrolled and divided into two g ... | 2011 | 21629270 |
| accelerated neuronal cell recovery from botulinum neurotoxin intoxication by targeted ubiquitination. | botulinum neurotoxin (bont), a category a biodefense agent, delivers a protease to motor neuron cytosol that cleaves one or more soluble nsf attachment protein receptors (snare) proteins involved in neurotransmission to cause a flaccid paralysis. no antidotes exist to reverse symptoms of bont intoxication so severely affected patients require artificial respiration with prolonged intensive care. time to recovery depends on toxin serotype because the intraneuronal persistence of the seven known b ... | 2011 | 21629663 |