| colonization of infants and hospitalized patients with clostridium difficile and lactobacilli. | | 1997 | 9310674 |
| preliminary findings of the international typing study on clostridium difficile. international clostridium difficile study group. | preliminary results of the international typing study on clostridium difficile indicate that there is excellent correlation between the phenotypic methods reliant on cell surface antigens for typing strains and that a larger number of phenotypes and genotypes of c. difficile exists than was previously appreciated by each group of investigators acting independently. evidence has also emerged that some of the types described by each method are common to all typing methods, indicating that strains ... | 1997 | 9310677 |
| typing of environmental clostridium difficile strains. | | 1997 | 9310678 |
| nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in patients with aids: a three-year survey and review. | | 1997 | 9310679 |
| is there a relationship between vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infection and clostridium difficile infection? | the relationship between vancomycin or metronidazole treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) infection was investigated by review of 18 case-control studies. fifteen (83%) of 18 studies found vancomycin use, days of use, or grams used to be significantly associated with vre infection or colonization. intravenous vancomycin use was a significant risk in nine of 10 studies, and oral vancomycin use was a significant ... | 1997 | 9310680 |
| update on pan-american research on anaerobes: the situation in argentina. | the study of anaerobic bacteria became important in argentina when the first outbreak of botulism was reported in mendoza in 1922. in the 1970s, the emphasis was on the development of methods to obtain suitable samples for isolation and identification of anaerobic bacteria. in 1985, a working group belonging to the argentine association of microbiology was organized to study anaerobic bacteria and infections. last year, i became involved with the immunologic, microbiological, and epidemiological ... | 1997 | 9310693 |
| clostridium difficile down under. | | 1997 | 9310695 |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities of equine isolates of clostridium difficile and molecular characterization of metronidazole-resistant strains. | | 1997 | 9310701 |
| effect of arginine on toxin production by clostridium difficile in defined medium. | twenty strains of clostridium difficile were examined for the effect of arginine on toxin production in a defined medium. in three strains, the production of toxins a and b was greatly enhanced in the absence of arginine. these strains showed distinctively poorer growth in the absence of arginine in comparison with the remaining 17 strains, indicating that the presence of arginine is required for good growth among the three strains. from the present results, test strains were divided into two gr ... | 1997 | 9310936 |
| toxins a and b from clostridium difficile differ with respect to enzymatic potencies, cellular substrate specificities, and surface binding to cultured cells. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b together are responsible for the symptoms of pseudomembranous colitis. both toxins intoxicate cultured cells by the same mechanism but they differ in cytotoxic potency, toxin b being generally 1,000 times more potent than toxin a. don and t84 cells were used to determine differences in the intoxication process exerted by both toxins. three main differences were identified: (a) the specific binding of radiolabeled toxins to the cell surfaces correlated with th ... | 1997 | 9312171 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhoea associated with chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. | | 1997 | 9325524 |
| bacterial toxins block endothelial wound repair. evidence that rho gtpases control cytoskeletal rearrangements in migrating endothelial cells. | we investigated the effect of bacterial toxins that modify and inactivate rho gtp-binding proteins on the migratory response of endothelial cells to wounding. c3-transferase from clostridium botulinum, edin from staphylococcus aureus, and toxin a from clostridium difficile blocked migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs) in an in vitro wound repair assay. migrating huvecs expressed actin microspikes (maximum at 10 minutes after wounding), ruffles (maximum at 12 hours), and fi ... | 1997 | 9327754 |
| in vitro evaluation of bo-3482, a novel dithiocarbamate carbapenem with activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci. | bo-3482, a dithiocarbamate carbapenem, inhibited clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (mrs) at 6.25 microg/ml (mic at which 90% of isolates tested are inhibited [mic90]), while the mic90 of imipenem was > 100 microg/ml. bo-3482 was generally less active than imipenem against methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, enterococci, and gram-negative bacteria, although bo-3482 showed better activity (mic90) than imipenem against enterococcus faecium, haemophilu ... | 1997 | 9333063 |
| [antibiotic-induced diarrhea: recent findings about clostridium difficile]. | from the beginning of the antibiotherapy, diarrhea frequently occurred as a side effect of the treatment. the spectrum of diarrheal disease associated with antibiotic therapy ranges from antibiotic associated diarrhea and colitis, to the more severe pseudomembranous colitis, which is always associated with clostridium difficile (cd). because most of the antibiotics are not active against this sporulated gram positive anaerobe. the pathogenic process occurs only by production of toxins. cd is now ... | 1996 | 9335932 |
| clostridium difficile colitis after aortic surgery. | to determine the incidence and outcome of clostridium difficile colitis (cdc) following aortic surgery. | 1997 | 9345243 |
| the c-terminal ligand-binding domain of clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) abrogates tcda-specific binding to cells and prevents mouse lethality. | we have investigated the ability of a recombinant protein (rep231), derived from clostridium difficile toxin a c-terminal domain, to protect against toxin a (tcda) intoxication in vitro and in vivo. rep231 was cloned, expressed and purified by thyroglobulin affinity chromatography, and demonstrated identical binding properties to tcda. immunofluorescence experiments and in vitro cytotoxicity assays using mouse teratocarcinoma cells f9 showed that specific binding of tcda to f9 cells through its ... | 1997 | 9345763 |
| comparison of cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa) and taurocholate-ccfa for recovery of clostridium difficile during surveillance of hospitalized patients. | the effectiveness of cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa) and taurocholate-ccfa (tccfa) in isolating clostridium difficile from swabs of the rectum or stools from 184 hospitalized patients who were monitored weekly and when they had diarrhea was compared. the number of surveillance time points ranged from two to eight per patient over a period of 4 to 34 days per patient, totalling 621 comparisons of the media. c. difficile was isolated more frequently by tccfa than ccfa at seven of eight ... | 1997 | 9350408 |
| proline-aminopeptidase test for rapid screening of clostridium difficile. | | 1997 | 9350782 |
| five spontaneous deaths associated with clostridium difficile in a colony of cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus). | clostridium difficile toxin was detected in the feces of five cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) that died spontaneously over a period of 10 weeks. deaths occurred subsequent to antibiotic therapy for infectious diarrhea associated with campylobacter spp. relevant clinical signs of disease prior to death included weight loss, watery diarrhea, hematochezia, weakness, and sudden collapse. on histologic examination of the colon at necropsy, pseudomembranous colitis was evident in two cases, a l ... | 1997 | 9355088 |
| infectious diarrhoea--an update. | infectious diarrhoea is one of the most common illness affecting mankind. recent advancement have led to detailed understanding of causative agents and the pathogenesis of the infections. fluid and electrolyte replacement remains the most important aspect of treatment. the role of antimicrobial agents is discussed. | 1997 | 9355725 |
| complications and risks of living donor nephrectomy. | short- and long-term patient and graft survival rates are better for living donor (vs. cadaver) kidney transplant recipients. however, donor nephrectomy is associated with at least some morbidity and mortality. we have previously estimated the mortality of living donor nephrectomy to be 0.03%. in our present study, to determine associated perioperative morbidity, we reviewed donor nephrectomies performed at our institution from january 1, 1985, to december 31, 1995. | 1997 | 9355827 |
| multicenter typing comparison of sporadic and outbreak clostridium difficile isolates from geographically diverse hospitals. | in a collaborative study by three laboratories, arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-pcr), hindiii restriction enzyme analysis (rea), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) using smai were compared for typing of clostridium difficile. the study included 30 isolates from nosocomial outbreaks in six geographically disparate hospitals and 15 isolates from sporadic cases of c. difficile diarrhea. rea distinguished a total of 23 types representing 10 groups; ap-pcr performed at deaco ... | 1997 | 9359723 |
| metronidazole. a therapeutic review and update. | the nitroimidazole antibiotic metronidazole has a limited spectrum of activity that encompasses various protozoans and most gram-negative and gram-positive anaerobic bacteria. metronidazole has activity against protozoans like entamoeba histolytica, giardia lamblia and trichomonas vaginalis, for which the drug was first approved as an effective treatment. anaerobic bacteria which are typically sensitive are primarily gram-negative anaerobes belonging to the bacteroides and fusobacterium spp. gra ... | 1997 | 9360057 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in rheumatoid arthritis patients who are receiving therapy with low-dose chlorambucil. | | 1997 | 9365100 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a binding to human intestinal epithelial cells. | clostridium difficile radiolabelled toxin a ([3h]-toxin a) bound to human duodenal and colonic epithelial cells isolated from endoscopic biopsies. binding was greater at 4 degrees c than 37 degrees c, consistent with the thermal binding characteristic of toxin a to a carbohydrate moiety. at 37 degrees c colonic cells bound significantly more [3h]-toxin a than duodenal cells. the amount of [3h]-toxin a binding varied considerably between individuals. [3h]-toxin a was displaced by unlabelled toxin ... | 1997 | 9368537 |
| is clostridium difficile a pathogen in the newborn intensive care unit? a prospective evaluation. | the purpose of this study was to investigate (1) the presence of clostridium difficile toxin in patients in the newborn intensive care unit and (2) the association of c. difficile toxin with gastrointestinal tract symptoms in this population. | 1997 | 9373839 |
| multiple organ failure due to clostridium difficile sepsis. a case report. | a case of severe sepsis caused by clostridium difficile infection in a 66-year-old cirrhotic female is described. severe systemic symptoms evolved rapidly to septic shock and ards, with signs and symptoms suggesting an acute abdomen requiring exploration for exclusion of surgical treatable diseases. the delayed diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection probably contributed to the severity of the clinical course. | 1997 | 9374079 |
| epidermal growth factor attenuates clostridium difficile toxin a- and b-induced damage of human colonic mucosa. | epidermal growth factor (egf) exhibits a cytoprotective effect on gastrointestinal epithelia via a receptor-mediated mechanism. we investigated the effect of egf on clostridium difficile toxin a (txa)- and toxin b (txb)-induced damage of human colon. ussing-chambered colonic mucosa was exposed serosally to egf before and during luminal exposure to txa and txb. resistance was calculated from potential difference and short-circuit current. epithelial damage was assessed by light microscopy and alt ... | 1997 | 9374697 |
| [complicated amebic liver abscess--course and therapy]. | we report on a case of an amoebic liver abscess acquired during a holiday in bali. transdiaphragmatic migration and consecutive atelectasis of the right lung caused respiratory insufficiency, requiring immediate surgical intervention. complications consisted of massive bleeding into the colon concomitant with a reactivated cmv-infection. in addition, toxins of clostridium difficile and enterohaemorrhagic e. coli were seen in the faeces. in contrast to the majority of uncomplicated cases of amoeb ... | 1997 | 9376471 |
| intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe clostridium difficile colitis. | many individuals have serum antibodies against clostridium difficile toxins. those with an impaired antitoxin response may be susceptible to recurrent, prolonged, or severe c difficile diarrhoea and colitis. | 1997 | 9378393 |
| fecal lactoferrin, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-8 are elevated in patients with severe clostridium difficile colitis. | twenty-two patients with clostridium difficile colitis as determined by positive enzyme immunoassay for toxin a were evaluated for fecal inflammatory markers and their relationship to the severity of illness. fourteen of 22 specimens were positive for fecal lactoferrin (flf), with titers from 1:50 to 1:800. nine of 10 stools tested had ratios of interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) to il-1 receptor antagonist (il-1ra) of >0.01. seventeen of 22 specimens also had elevated il-8 concentrations, and 12 of 1 ... | 1997 | 9384296 |
| octreotide (sms 201-995) for hematopoietic support-dependent high-dose chemotherapy (hsd-hdc)-related diarrhoea: dose finding study and evaluation of efficacy. | emphasis has been put on the intensification of chemotherapy programs through high-dose chemotherapy regimens. while their myelosuppression is managed through the use of colony-stimulating factors and/or infusion of autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transfusions (pbpct), extramedullary dose-limiting toxicities, including gastrointestinal mucosal injury, are a treatment-limiting factor and their management is a critical issue in hsd-hdc. octreotide is effective in the control of diarrho ... | 1997 | 9384471 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hiv-infected patients: epidemiology and risk factors. | a retrospective analysis of all the cases of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in hospitalized patients infected with hiv was performed over a 52-month period to assess the incidence, epidemiology, and risk factors of cdad. a case of cdad was defined as a patient with diarrhea and a positive stool cytotoxin b assay. sixty-seven cases of cdad were recorded in hiv-infected patients between january 1991 and april 1995. the annual incidence of cdad ranged from 1.7 to 6.4 per 100 hiv-i ... | 1997 | 9390569 |
| rho prevents apoptosis through bcl-2 expression: implications for interleukin-2 receptor signal transduction. | here we describe a rho-mediated apoptosis suppression pathway driven by bcl-2 expression in the interleukin (il)-4- or il-2-dependent murine t cell line ts1 alpha beta. il-2, but not il-4, induces bcl-2 expression through rhoa activation which is inhibited by the specific rho family inhibitor, clostridium difficile toxin b, as well as by a dominant negative rhoa mutant. using transient transfections of rhoa mutants tagged with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein, we show that a constitut ... | 1997 | 9394801 |
| clostridium difficile infection is a risk factor for bacteremia due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) in vre-colonized patients with acute leukemia. | a cohort study was conducted in a cancer center to identify risk factors for bacteremia with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) in neutropenic cancer patients colonized with vre. there were 10 patients with vre bacteremia among 56 colonized with vre, of whose charts 51 were available for review. one hundred percent of patients with vre bacteremia (10 of 10) vs. 56% of patients without vre bacteremia (23 of 41) had acute leukemia (p = .01, fisher's exact test). four of the 10 patients with vr ... | 1997 | 9402356 |
| nosocomial infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in a long-term-care setting. | to our knowledge, the epidemiology of hospital-acquired infections in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients during long-term care has not been reported. for 13 months, we observed hiv-infected patients (50 men and 15 women) in a dedicated 21-bed unit in a long-term-care facility to determine the rate of nosocomial infections. the mean age of the patients was 39 years (range, 22-78 years); 74% of the patients had cd4 cell counts of < 200/mm3. there was a total of 152 infections (24 ... | 1997 | 9402386 |
| isolation of toxigenic clostridium difficile from dialysate fluid in a fatal case of chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. | | 1997 | 9402394 |
| clostridium difficile toxic megacolon following splenectomy. | a case of toxic megacolon following splenectomy for lymphoma is presented. the aetiology of clostridial difficile infection is reviewed and the hazards of perioperative prohylactic antibiotics are discussed. | 1997 | 9403828 |
| diagnostic role of endoscopy, stool culture, and toxin a in clostridium difficile-associated disease. | this retrospective study was designed to assess the roles of stool culture for clostridium difficile, detection of the presence of toxin a, and endoscopic examination in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). from january 1994 through september 1996, there were 213 patients with stool cultures positive for c. difficile in national taiwan university hospital. of these, 126 had cdad. there were 87 asymptomatic carriers of c. difficile in our study, 12 of whom were positi ... | 1997 | 9409120 |
| physical map of the clostridium difficile chromosome. | clostridium difficile is a causative agent in antibiotically induced diarrhea and pseudomembraneous colitis. the ability of strains of c. difficile to cause disease depends upon the presence of two toxin genes and their corresponding proteins, designated toxin a and toxin b. previous studies conducted in this laboratory indicated that toxigenic strains of c. difficile possess both toxin genes, whereas non-toxigenic strains do not. likewise, the studies showed that toxigenic and non-toxigenic str ... | 1997 | 9409783 |
| colonic disease associated with a positive assay for clostridium difficile toxin: a retrospective study. | in this retrospective review of colonic tissue from 21 patients with a positive stool assay for clostridium difficile toxin, four groups of patients were identified by pathologic examination. classic pseudomembranous colitis was identified in 38% of patients in colon biopsies, resections, and at postmortem examination. one third of patients had acute colitis without specific features on colon biopsies at the time of a positive toxin assay. effects of c. difficile toxin in patients with idiopathi ... | 1997 | 9412955 |
| antisecretory factor suppresses intestinal inflammation and hypersecretion. | antisecretory factor (af) is a recently identified regulatory protein which inhibits the intestinal fluid secretion induced by cholera toxin. | 1997 | 9414971 |
| treating diarrhoea: what might the pituitary offer? | | 1997 | 9414990 |
| comparative in-vitro and in-vivo activity of am-1155 against anaerobic bacteria. | the in-vitro activity of am-1155, a 6-fluoro-8-methoxy quinolone, was compared with those of temafloxacin, sparfloxacin, tosufloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and cefmetazole, a cephamycin, against a variety of anaerobic bacteria. although am-1155 demonstrated only modest activity against the bacteroides fragilis group and prevotella bivia (mic90s > or =3.13 mg/ml), 76% of the b. fragilis strains tested were inhibited at am-1155 concentrations of 0.78 mg/l. am-1155 was highly active against pre ... | 1997 | 9421310 |
| successful control of clostridium difficile infection in an elderly care unit through use of a restrictive antibiotic policy. | toxin-producing clostridium difficile is the commonest bacterial cause of nosocomial diarrhoea and is a well recognized cause of hospital outbreaks in elderly care units. high c. difficile disease rates have been associated with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, especially cephalosporins. an outbreak of c. difficile infection in the elderly care unit at gloucestershire royal nhs trust continued despite increased ward cleaning and strict implementation of infection control measures. a restri ... | 1997 | 9421320 |
| increased incidence of clostridium difficile infection. | | 1997 | 9421778 |
| a prospective study of clostridium difficile infection and colonization in pediatric oncology patients. | patients with cancer often receive broad spectrum antibiotics in addition to antineoplastic chemotherapy. both treatments predispose adult oncology patients to infection and colonization with clostridium difficile, but the role of this pathogen in pediatric oncology patients is poorly defined. | 1997 | 9427457 |
| cytokines and the gut. | cytokines are peptide regulatory factors which are involved in initiating, amplifying, perpetuating and resolving the immune and inflammatory responses. each may have several actions, but can be broadly categorized into pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. the cytokine profile depends on the nature of the antigen, how it is presented to the host, and which cell types are involved in the response. elucidation of the cytokine cascade will improve understanding of the mechanisms of inflammation, a ... | 1997 | 9431892 |
| multicenter evaluation of the clostridium difficile tox a/b test. | clostridium difficile, the primary cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the united states and many other industrialized countries, is recognized as a major health concern because of its ability to cause severe intestinal disease leading to complications such as relapses and infections due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci. the disease results from two toxins, toxins a and b, produced by this pathogen. in this study, we evaluated the tox a/b test, a new 1-h enzyme immunoassay (eia) that detects toxi ... | 1998 | 9431944 |
| il-8 release and neutrophil activation by clostridium difficile toxin-exposed human monocytes. | neutrophil infiltration is central to the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enterocolitis. this study examines whether monocyte activation by c. difficile toxins is instrumental in initiating neutrophil activation and recruitment. human monocytes were exposed to low concentrations of highly purified c. difficile toxins, and the conditioned media were harvested for cytokine and functional assays. monocytes exposed to c. difficile toxin a (10(-10) m) or toxin b (10(-12) m) rele ... | 1997 | 9435559 |
| frequency of isolation of toxigenic clostridium difficile from healthy adults. | an attempt was made to isolate clostridium difficile from 129 faecal specimens from 87 young and 42 elderly healthy adults. c.difficile was isolated using bacterial culture from 7 (5.4%) specimens and the frequency of isolation of toxigenic c. difficile as detected by cytotoxin (tissue culture) assay was 1.1 per cent and 2.4 per cent in healthy young and elderly adults respectively. the carrier rate of toxigenic c. difficile amongst healthy adults is relatively low in this part of our country. | 1997 | 9439094 |
| identification of g protein-coupled receptors potently stimulating migration of human transitional-cell carcinoma cells. | the expression of g protein-coupled receptors inducing calcium mobilization and stimulating cell migration was examined in human transitional-cell carcinoma (j82) cells. measurements of cytoplasmic ca2+ concentration ([ca2+]i) and phospholipase c activity indicated that these cells express several calcium-mobilizing receptors, including those for lysophosphatidic acid (lpa), thrombin, bradykinin, bombesin and histamine, of which only the lpa response was sensitive (approximately 50%) to pertussi ... | 1997 | 9453463 |
| a prospective nationwide study of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in sweden. the swedish c. difficile study group. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is regarded as an emerging nosocomial infection. all patients positive for c. difficile in sweden were recorded during 1995, including primary care patients. those positive for toxin in feces were defined as cdad cases. a total of 5,133 cdad cases were recorded (58 per 100,000 inhabitants per year), as compared with 86 cases diagnosed in 1978 and 553 in 1983. cdad was almost twice as prevalent as all (combined) diagnosed domestic cases of reportab ... | 1998 | 9455523 |
| hep-2 cell-adherent escherichia coli and intestinal secretory immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in outpatients with hiv-associated diarrhea. | hep-2 cell-adherent escherichia coli and the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) itself have recently been incriminated as causes of chronic hiv-associated diarrhea. this study sought to determine the prevalence of these two agents among hiv-infected patients with diarrhea in an outpatient setting in the united states and to compare their prevalence to that of other commonly recognized enteropathogens known to be present in this population. hep-2 cell-adherent e. coli was found in 20 of 83 (24.1% ... | 1998 | 9455887 |
| isolation of patients with clostridium difficile infection. | | 1997 | 9457611 |
| cgrp upregulation in dorsal root ganglia and ileal mucosa during clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis. | we have previously reported that pretreatment of rats with capsaicin (an agent that ablates sensory neurons) or cp-96345 (a substance p receptor antagonist) dramatically inhibits fluid secretion and intestinal inflammation in ileal loops exposed to clostridium difficile toxin a. the aim of this study was to determine whether calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp), a neuropeptide also found in sensory afferent neurons, participates in the enterotoxic effects of toxin a. administration of toxin a ... | 1998 | 9458790 |
| evidence for differential roles of the rho subfamily of gtp-binding proteins in glucose- and calcium-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. | we utilized clostridial toxins (with known specificities for inhibition of gtpases) to ascertain the contribution of candidate gtpases in physiologic insulin secretion from beta cells. exposure of normal rat islets or isolated beta (hit-t15) cells to clostridium difficile toxins a and b catalyzed the glucosylation (and thereby the inactivation) of rac, cdc42, and rho endogenous to beta cells; concomitantly, either toxin reduced glucose- or potassium-induced insulin secretion from rat islets and ... | 1997 | 9464452 |
| regulated transcription of clostridium difficile toxin genes. | the clostridium difficile toxa and toxb genes, encoding cytotoxic and enterotoxic proteins responsible for antibiotic-associated colitis and pseudomembranous colitis, were shown to be transcribed both from gene-specific promoters and from promoters of upstream genes. however, the gene-specific transcripts represented the majority of tox gene mrnas. the 5' ends of these mrnas were shown to correspond to dna sequences that had promoter activity when fused to the escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase ... | 1998 | 9466260 |
| severe clostridium difficile-associated colitis in young patients with cystic fibrosis. | we report four patients with cystic fibrosis and fulminant clostridium difficile-associated colitis: two died, and one required hemicolectomy. three of four patients carried the n1303k mutation. severe and fatal c. difficile colitis can occur in cystic fibrosis patients, possibly with a genotype-specific predilection (i.e., n1303k/other). because cystic fibrosis patients may have a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal symptoms, disease caused by c. difficile must be considered when these patients h ... | 1998 | 9470027 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis: report of four cases]. | clostridium difficile is the cause of 25-30% of cases of antibiotic-induced diarrhea. pseudomembranous colitis is the most dramatic manifestation of c. difficile infection. | 1997 | 9471661 |
| stool colonization of healthcare workers with selected resistant bacteria. | we examined the carriage of selected resistant bacteria in the stools of healthcare workers who provided direct patient care. neither vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, nor clostridium difficile was recovered from the 55 stool specimens collected. a ceftazidime-resistant citrobacter freundii was isolated from one specimen. we conclude that the stool of healthcare workers is colonized infrequently with these resistant organisms. | 1998 | 9475348 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium in a long-term care facility. | to describe the epidemiology and natural history of colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) in a long-term care facility. | 1998 | 9475442 |
| clostridium difficile toxin b inhibits carbachol-induced force and myosin light chain phosphorylation in guinea-pig smooth muscle: role of rho proteins. | 1. clostridium difficile toxin b glucosylates the ras-related low molecular mass gtpases of the rho subfamily thereby inactivating them. in the present report, toxin b was applied as a tool to test whether rho proteins participate in the carbachol-induced increase in the ca2+ sensitivity of force and myosin light chain (mlc) phosphorylation in intact intestinal smooth muscle. 2. small strips of the longitudinal muscle of guinea-pig small intestine were incubated in toxin b (40 ng ml-1) overnight ... | 1998 | 9481674 |
| clostridium difficile infection in a horse. | | 1998 | 9481834 |
| chimeric clostridial cytotoxins: identification of the n-terminal region involved in protein substrate recognition. | clostridium sordellii lethal toxin is a member of the family of large clostridial cytotoxins that glucosylate small gtpases. in contrast to clostridium difficile toxins a and b, which exclusively modify rho subfamily proteins, c. sordellii lethal toxin also glucosylates ras subfamily proteins. by deletion analysis and construction of chimeric fusion proteins of c. sordellii lethal toxin and c. difficile toxin b, we localized the enzyme activity of the lethal toxin to the n terminus of the holoto ... | 1998 | 9488398 |
| the impact of clostridium difficile on a surgical service: a prospective study of 374 patients. | to evaluate the epidemiology of clostridium difficile colitis (cdc) in a subset of patients admitted specifically to a surgical service. | 1998 | 9488530 |
| [genotyping of isolates of bacteria and candida]. | strain differentiation of staphylococcus species, streptococcus pneumoniae, escherichia coli, clostridium difficile, and candida species was performed by restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) of genomic dna with hinfi or haeiii followed by conventional agarose gel electrophoresis. rea of 19 methicillin-resistant s. aureus isolates and 19 methicillin-susceptible s. aureus isolates revealed 8, and 14 patterns, respectively. fifty-three isolates of s. epidermidis were divided into 39 groups on th ... | 1998 | 9492535 |
| lysophosphatidic acid-mediated signal-transduction pathways involved in the induction of the early-response genes prostaglandin g/h synthase-2 and egr-1: a critical role for the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and for rho proteins. | during inflammatory processes of the kidney, lesions of the glomerulus lead to aggregation of thrombocytes and infiltration of macrophages, which can release bioactive mediators. one of these important signalling molecules is lysophosphatidic acid (lpa). incubation of rat mesangial cells with lpa induced mrna and protein expression of the early-response genes pghs-2 (for prostaglandin g/h synthase-2/cyclo-oxygenase-2) and egr-1. as shown by antisense experiments, induction of egr-1 was related t ... | 1998 | 9494074 |
| nosocomial outbreak of clostridium difficile diarrhea in a pediatric service. | an outbreak of nosocomial diarrhea that occurred in a pediatric orthopedic service between 1 december 1993 and 15 april 1994 is reported. a total of 37 patients (mean age, 9.6 years; range, 2 months-19.3 years) were involved in the outbreak, including six patients with bacteriologically documented clostridium difficile infection. a multivariate analysis identified lincomycin treatment for at least three days as the only significant risk factor. stool samples from four asymptomatic patients were ... | 1997 | 9495676 |
| splenic abscess caused by clostridium difficile. | splenic abscess is a previously unreported complication of clostridium difficile colitis. a case of clostridium difficile splenic abscess is reported that developed after the patient had been in intensive care for five weeks. a response was seen to radiologically guided drainage and antibiotic therapy with formal laparotomy, and surgical drainage not being required. | 1997 | 9495678 |
| primary symptomless colonisation by clostridium difficile and decreased risk of subsequent diarrhoea. | little is known about whether patients who develop clostridium-difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) are culture-positive or culture-negative before illness. the most important risk factor is antibiotic exposure. we aimed to find out whether patients identified as primary symptom-free c difficile carriers are at higher risk of developing cdad than patients who are culture-negative. | 1998 | 9500319 |
| timing of surgery for fulminating pseudomembranous colitis. | with increasing antibiotic usage clostridium difficile colitis is becoming more common. surgery for fulminating c. difficile colitis, however, is rare because of the effectiveness of specific anticlostridial chemotherapy. surgical outcome in five patients with fulminating c. difficile colitis involved in a recent outbreak of this disease is reported. | 1998 | 9501823 |
| isolation of a toxin b-deficient mutant strain of clostridium difficile in a case of recurrent c. difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) recurs in approximately 15%-20% of patients after discontinuation of metronidazole or vancomycin therapy. most recurrences are believed to be endogenous relapses due to the persistence of spores. however, there is evidence that reinfection with a different strain is a cause of recurrence. we report the case of a patient with a history of multiple episodes of c. difficile colitis. the patient, a 56-year-old female, has had 5 years of repeated recur ... | 1998 | 9502463 |
| laboratory surveillance method for nosocomial clostridium difficile diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is the most common infectious cause of endemic nosocomial diarrhea, but traditional surveillance methods for this infection can be time-consuming. the purpose of this article is to (1) describe a laboratory surveillance method for nosocomial diarrhea and nosocomial clostridium difficile diarrhea (cdd) that does not require chart review and (2) describe some of the epidemiology of these infections at a university-affiliated, public hospital by using this surveillance method. | 1998 | 9503108 |
| results of chapter project on statistical analysis. | | 1998 | 9503120 |
| anaerobic bacteria in orofacial abscesses. | obligate anaerobic bacteria were cultured from 15 orofacial abscesses. bacteroides species constituted 43 per cent, clostridium 21 per cent, fusobacterium 14 per cent, peptostreptococci 11 per cent, peptococci 7 per cent and veillonella 4 per cent of the isolates. this study confirms the polymicrobial nature of orofacial infections. sensitivity to antibiotics was unpredictable. clostridium difficile, clostridium tetani, peptostreptococcus productus and veillonella parvula showed resistance to so ... | 1993 | 9508939 |
| clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection is associated with broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy and is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in hospital patients. pathogenic strains of c. difficile produce two protein exotoxins, toxin a and toxin b, which cause colonic mucosal injury and inflammation. infection may be asymptomatic, cause mild diarrhea, or result in severe pseudomembranous colitis. diagnosis depends on the demonstration of c. difficile toxins in the stool. the first step in managemen ... | 1998 | 9509270 |
| specific inhibition of phorbol ester-stimulated phospholipase d by clostridium sordellii lethal toxin and clostridium difficile toxin b-1470 in hek-293 cells. restoration by ral gtpases. | activation of m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (machr), stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (hek)-293 cells, leads to phospholipase d (pld) stimulation, a process apparently involving rho gtpases, as shown by studies with clostridium botulinum c3 exoenzyme and clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb). direct activation of protein kinase c (pkc) by phorbol esters, such as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma), also induces pld stimulation, which is additive to the machr action and which is ... | 1998 | 9516439 |
| evaluation of a new enzyme immunoassay for clostridium difficile toxin a. | to evaluate a new enzyme immunoassay (eia) method for detection of clostridium difficile toxin by comparing it to cytotoxicity assay. to investigate the nature of false negative and false positive eia results by evaluating clinical and therapeutic parameters. | 1997 | 9516880 |
| the natural beta-carbolines facilitate inositol phosphate accumulation by activating small g-proteins in human neuroblastoma cells (sh-sy5y). | the naturally occurring beta-carbolines exert psychotropic actions in humans and have numerous behavioral effects in animals. the known in vitro activities of these substances do not provide a satisfactory explanation for their in vivo effects. the present study was undertaken to explore the possibility of a specific signal transduction pathway. the human neuroblastoma cell line sh-sy5y was used as a model system. high-affinity binding sites for [3h]norharman (synonymous: beta-carboline) were de ... | 1997 | 9517450 |
| in vitro activities of cefminox against anaerobic bacteria compared with those of nine other compounds. | the agar dilution mic method was used to test the activity of cefminox, a beta-lactamase-stable cephamycin, compared with those of cefoxitin, cefotetan, moxalactam, ceftizoxime, cefotiam, cefamandole, cefoperazone, clindamycin, and metronidazole against 357 anaerobes. overall, cefminox was the most active beta-lactam, with an mic at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (mic50) of 1.0 microg/ml and an mic90 of 16.0 microg/ml. other beta-lactams were less active, with respective mic50s and mic90s o ... | 1998 | 9517922 |
| recurrence of symptoms in clostridium difficile infection--relapse or reinfection? | we have fingerprinted clostridium difficile isolates from patients with symptomatic recurrences of infection, using random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd). the medical records of 55/79 patients were examined, from whom multiple c. difficile-positive faeces were received during hospitalization at least five days, but no more than two months, apart. in 20 of these cases symptoms either did not recur (i.e., absent for at least three days between episodes), or were explainable by other causes, such ... | 1998 | 9522287 |
| simultaneous outbreaks of two strains of toxigenic clostridium difficile in a general hospital. | we report an outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a large dublin hospital. from january to june 1995, inclusive, 139 patients were affected; the mean age of cases was 68.8 +/- 19 years. clinical information is available for 73 cases identified during the first four months of the outbreak. the majority of patients presented with abrupt onset of watery diarrhoea; however, 19.2% presented with an unexplained pyrexia following a course of antimicrobial therapy and 5.5% pres ... | 1998 | 9522288 |
| typhlocolitis caused by clostridium difficile in suckling piglets. | | 1998 | 9526873 |
| agents that inhibit rho, rac, and cdc42 do not block formation of actin pedestals in hela cells infected with enteropathogenic escherichia coli. | enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) induces formation of actin pedestals in infected host cells. agents that inhibit the activity of rho, rac, and cdc42, including clostridium difficile toxin b (toxb), compactin, and dominant negative rho, rac, and cdc42, did not inhibit formation of actin pedestals. in contrast, treatment of hela cells with toxb inhibited epec invasion. thus, rho, rac, and cdc42 are not required for assembly of actin pedestals; however, they may be involved in epec uptake ... | 1998 | 9529109 |
| clostridium difficile disease: diagnosis and treatment. | clostridium difficile is the most common nosocomial pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract. disease is usually a consequence of antibiotic therapy, but sporadic cases do occur. cytotoxin assay for toxin b remains the gold standard for confirming diagnosis. several rapid enzyme immunoassay tests are available, but specificity and sensitivity vary; a negative test may not exclude disease. oral metronidazole 250 to 500 mg four times a day is the recommended first-line therapy; vancomycin (125 mg fo ... | 1998 | 9531117 |
| [clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea treated with homologous feces]. | the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea has increased during the last few years. treatment with vankomycin or metronidazol is usually effective, but relapses are not uncommon. some good results have been reported with faecal enemas, but it is a controversal form of treatment. 18 patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhoea were given homologous faeces from one healthy donor. in 17 patients faeces was instillated via a coloscope and in one patient via a gastrostoma. c. diff ... | 1998 | 9531822 |
| [method of quantitative assessment of antimicrobial effects of iodine-containing preparations]. | iodine-containing preparations were studied by uv spectral analysis. water-soluble composition of 1,3-diethylbenzimidasolium triiodide is inactivated in the presence of meat-peptone broth. dissolving of these preparations in a mixture of acetone and stearic acid does not change the physicochemical properties or impair the antibacterial effect. a high antibacterial effect of 12 iodine-containing compounds has been demonstrated: 15-min exposure suppressed the growth of bacteria at the minimal conc ... | 1998 | 9532902 |
| clostridium difficile toxin-induced colitis after use of clindamycin phosphate vaginal cream. | to report a case of toxin-positive clostridium difficile-induced colitis (cdic) after use of clindamycin phosphate vaginal cream. | 1998 | 9533061 |
| pseudomembraneous clostridium after autologous bone marrow transplantation. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) pseudomembraneous colitis was diagnosed in a 13-year-old boy with hodgkin's disease 3 months after autologous bone marrow transplantation. hematopoiesis was fully reconstituted at the time. c. difficile infection occurred after gall bladder empyema had been treated conservatively with i.v. antibiotics and prophylactic 4-week administration of oral amoxicillin. c. difficile colitis was diagnosed early and intensive supportive therapy combined with administrati ... | 1998 | 9535046 |
| [value of proctosigmoidoscopy with bacteriological culture of colonic biopsies in the etiological diagnosis of post-antibiotic acute diarrhea in adults. prospective study in 24 patients]. | the aim of this study was to analyse the interest of proctosigmoidoscopy and biopsies microbiology in antibiotic-associated acute diarrhea in adults. between february 1993 and october 1995, we have studied prospectively 24 patients with antibiotic-associated acute diarrhea. ages ranged from 17 to 83 years. they had taken antibiotics: amoxicillin (n = 8) amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (n = 11), cephalosporinia (n = 3), cotrimoxazole (n = 1), macrolide (n = 1). for each patient, 2 stool cultures with ... | 1997 | 9538468 |
| neurokinin-1 (nk-1) receptor is required in clostridium difficile- induced enteritis. | toxin a, a 308,000-mr enterotoxin from clostridium difficile, mediates antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis in humans. injection of toxin a into animal intestine triggers an acute inflammatory response characterized by activation of sensory neurons and immune cells of the intestinal lamina propria, including mast cells and macrophages, and migration of circulating neutrophils in the involved intestinal segment. in this study we show that mice genetically deficient in the neurokinin-1 recep ... | 1998 | 9541482 |
| clostridium difficile bacteremia in an immunocompetent child. | | 1998 | 9542965 |
| protease activity of clostridium difficile strains. | the production of proteolytic enzymes by 10 clostridium difficile isolates of varying toxigenicity and clinical origin was studied to determine if all isolates secreted proteases. different protease substrates were studied: gelatin, collagen, phenylazobenzyloxycarbonyl-leucyl-glycyl-l-prolyl-d-arginine (pz-peptide), casein, azocasein, and azocoll. all isolates degraded gelatin, collagen, and azocoll. the supernatants of all isolates contained an enzyme capable of attacking gelatin incorporated i ... | 1998 | 9543717 |
| evaluation of four methods for detection of clostridium difficile or c. difficile toxin: cytotoxin assay, culture, latex agglutination, and a new rapid immunoassay (c. difficile toxin a test). | the performance of c. difficile toxin a test (oxoid, basingstoke, uk), an immunoassay for the detection of c. difficile toxin a in fecal samples, for the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea was compared with those of cytotoxin assay, culture, and a latex agglutination assay (culturette brand cdt rapid clostridium difficile test; becton dickinson, cockeysville, md). a total of 105 stool specimens from 71 patients were tested. of the 105 specimens analyzed, 6 (5.7%) samples were positive ... | 1998 | 9544497 |
| glucosylation and adp ribosylation of rho proteins: effects on nucleotide binding, gtpase activity, and effector coupling. | we studied the effects of glucosylation of rhoa, rac1, and cdc42 at threonine-35 and -37 by clostridium difficile toxin b on nucleotide binding, gtpase activity, and effector coupling and compared these results with the adp ribosylation of rhoa at asparagine-41 catalyzed by clostridium botulinum c3 transferase. whereas glucosylation and adp ribosylation had no major effects on gdp release from rhoa, rac1, and cdc42, the rate of gtpgammas release from rho proteins was increased 3-6-fold by glucos ... | 1998 | 9548761 |
| [clostridium difficile toxin-associated diarrhea in geriatrics]. | in the course of 1 year, clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, which may lead to pseudomembranous colitis and therefore may be very harmful in frail elderly people, was diagnosed in six patients of a geriatric clinic. the disease is associated with antibiotic therapy, due to an overgrowth of the intestinal flora with clostridium difficile. symptoms varied from a state of asymptomatic carriage or benign diarrhea to acute stages of the disease with severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever and a ... | 1998 | 9553219 |
| clinical significance of alimentary tract microbes in bone marrow transplant recipients. | a prospective study on the microbes isolated from the alimentary tract in 120 bone marrow transplant (bmt) recipients (1991-1993) was undertaken to define the spectrum of organisms isolated under antimicrobial prophylaxis, their temporal sequence of emergence, and the associated morbidity and mortality. clostridium difficile (n = 20), isolated in the pre-engraftment and early post-engraftment periods (day 2-45 post-bmt), was the most common microbe recovered from stool of patients with diarrhea. ... | 1998 | 9554172 |
| [clostridium difficile outbreak in surgical wards]. | to evaluate the clinical consequences of a hospital outbreak of clostridium difficile infections in the netherlands. | 1998 | 9557041 |
| direct evidence of mast cell involvement in clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis in mice. | the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile toxin a-induced intestinal inflammation is not completely understood. the aim of this study was to define the contribution of mast cells to the fluid secretion and neutrophil infiltration associated with toxin a-induced enteritis. | 1998 | 9558284 |