| clinical characteristics and risk factors of sporadic hepatitis e in central china. | epidemiological investigations, detections and vaccines of hepatitis e (he) have been paid a focus of attention in prior studies, while studies on clinical features and risk factors with a large number of sporadic he patients are scarce. | 2011 | 21453549 |
| a novel member of the family hepeviridae from cutthroat trout (oncorhynchus clarkii). | beginning in 1988, the chinook salmon embryo (chse-214) cell line was used to isolate a novel virus from spawning adult trout in the state of california, usa. termed the cutthroat trout (oncorhynchus clarkii) virus (ctv), the small, round virus was not associated with disease, but was subsequently found to be present in an increasing number of trout populations in the western usa, likely by a combination of improved surveillance activities and the shipment of infected eggs to new locations. here ... | 2011 | 21458509 |
| clinical presentation of hepatitis e. | hepatitis e is a form of acute hepatitis, which is caused by infection with hepatitis e virus. the infection is transmitted primarily through fecal-oral route and the disease is highly endemic in several developing countries with opportunities for contamination of drinking water. in these areas with high endemicity, it occurs as outbreaks and as sporadic cases of acute hepatitis. the illness often resembles that associated with other hepatotropic viruses and is usually self-limiting; in some cas ... | 2011 | 21458513 |
| [chronic hepatitis e.] | the hepatitis e virus is an rna virus with 4 genotypes. genotypes 1 and 2 only affect humans and produce epidemic acute hepatitis in endemic regions (asia and africa). genotypes 3 and 4 are considered a zoonosis and produce episodic acute hepatitis in non-endemic areas (america and europe). however, in the last 3years there have been cases of chronic hev hepatitis, mainly in immunosuppressed patients. here we review the known data of chronic hepatitis e in terms of evolution and treatment. | 2011 | 21458830 |
| hepatitis e virus infections in swine and swine handlers in vellore, southern india. | hepatitis e virus (hev) in industrialized countries is zoonotically transmitted, and swine act as a major reservoir of hev. serum samples from 102 swine and plasma from 34 swine handlers in vellore, india were tested by using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to detect and genotype hev. we measured levels of igg against hev in swine handlers and in age and geographically matched controls from rural and urban populations in vellore. hev was amplified from two pigs and both viruses ... | 2011 | 21460025 |
| detection and molecular characterization of sporadic cases of acute human hepatitis e virus infection in uruguay. | in developing countries, hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a public-health concern because it causes epidemics and waterborne outbreaks. in south america, few hev strains have been characterized at the molecular level. we report the detection and molecular analysis of the first set of sporadic cases of autochthonous human genotype 3 hev infection in uruguay. | 2011 | 21465084 |
| both swine and human cells are capable to support the replication of swine hepatitis e virus type 4 in vitro. | using swine anal swab or liver as inocula, cell-culture systems were developed for swine hepatitis e virus (hev) in swine cells (ibrs-2) and human cells (a549). both positive and negative strand of swine hev rna were detected continuously. cytopathic effect appeared from passage 8 in ibrs-2 and passage 22 in a549. viral antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescent assay in infected cells. progenies harbored mutations in the third nucleotide of codon. amino acid changes occurred in passage ... | 2011 | 21470567 |
| hepatitis e virus in italy: molecular analysis of travel-related and autochthonous cases. | human hepatitis e virus (hev) is considered an emerging pathogen in industrialized countries. the aim of the present study was to contribute to the body of knowledge available on the molecular epidemiology of acute hepatitis e in italy. three sets of hev-specific primers targeting the orf1 and orf2 were used to examine serum samples collected from acute hepatitis patients positive for anti-hev igg and/or igm, between 2007 and 2010. seventeen patients (39.5%) tested hev rna-positive: 12 infection ... | 2011 | 21471314 |
| a nationwide survey of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in wild boars in japan: identification of boar hev strains of genotypes 3 and 4 and unrecognized genotypes. | to investigate the nationwide prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection and to characterize hev genomes among japanese wild boars (sus scrofa leucomystax), 578 boars captured in 25 prefectures from 2003 to 2010 were studied. anti-hev igg was detected in 8.1%, and hev rna in 3.3% of boars. among the 19 boar hev isolates obtained from infected boars, 14 isolates (74%) were classified as genotype 3, 4 isolates (21%) as genotype 4, and the remaining isolate (wbjoy_06) was distantly related to ... | 2011 | 21475985 |
| hepatitis e virus orf2 protein over-expressed by baculovirus in hepatoma cells, efficiently encapsidates and transmits the viral rna to naïve cells. | abstract: a recombinant baculovirus(vbacorf2) that expressed the full-length orf2 capsid protein of a genotype 1 strain of hepatitis e virus(hev) was constructed. transduction of s10-3 human hepatoma cells with this baculovirus led to large amounts of orf2 protein production in ~50% of the cells as determined by immune fluorescence microscopy. the majority of the orf2 protein detected by western blot was 72 kda, the size expected for the full-length protein. to determine if the exogenously-suppl ... | 2011 | 21477278 |
| clinical and epidemiological aspects of a hepatitis e outbreak in bangui, central african republic. | abstract: | 2011 | 21492477 |
| a sporadic case of genotype 3f acute hepatitis e in mayotte. | | 2011 | 21493025 |
| microbiological safety of porcine islets: comparison with source pig. | pig islet donors intended for clinical xenotransplantation for the treatment of diabetes must meet stringent conditions. among others, viruses with the potential to cross the species barrier should be excluded from the herd: this list includes encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), hepatitis e virus (hev), porcine cytomegalovirus (pcmv) and porcine γ-lymphotropic herpesvirus (plhv). as an islet product is isolated from the pancreas and then subjected to culture before implantation, the question is r ... | 2011 | 21496116 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in hiv-infected patients with elevated serum transaminases levels. | abstract: increases in aminotransferases levels are frequently encountered in hiv-positive patients and often remain unexplained. the role in this setting and natural history of hepatitis e in hiv-infected patients are unknown. the aim of the study was to assess hev infection in hiv-infected patients attending a parisian hospital, with a current or previous cryptogenic hepatitis.191 plasma samples collected from 108 hiv-infected patients with elevated aminotransferases levels were retrospectivel ... | 2011 | 21496215 |
| modes of paramyxovirus fusion: a henipavirus perspective. | henipavirus is a new genus of paramyxoviridae that uses protein-based receptors (ephrinb2 and ephrinb3) for virus entry. paramyxovirus entry requires the coordinated action of the fusion (f) and attachment viral envelope glycoproteins. receptor binding to the attachment protein triggers f to undergo a conformational cascade that results in membrane fusion. the accumulation of structural and functional studies on many paramyxoviral fusion and attachment proteins, including the recent elucidation ... | 2011 | 21511478 |
| sustained virologic response with ribavirin in chronic hepatitis e virus infection in heart transplantation. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging problem amongst transplant recipients. we report a patient with chronic hev hepatitis after a heart transplant. the patient received a 3-month course of oral ribavirin (17 mg/kg/day). hev rna became undetectable in the serum after 1 month of treatment and remained undetectable in serum and stool samples until the last follow-up, 2 months after completion of ribavirin therapy. the values of liver function indicators returned to normal reference ranges. the m ... | 2011 | 21515077 |
| ammonia disinfection of hatchery waste for elimination of single-stranded rna viruses. | hatchery waste, an animal by-product of the poultry industry, needs sanitation treatment before further use as fertiliser or as substrate in biogas or composting plants, owing to the potential presence of opportunistic pathogens, including zoonotic viruses. effective sanitation is also important in viral epizootic outbreaks and as a routine, ensuring high hygiene standards on farms. this study examined the use of ammonia at different concentrations and temperatures to disinfect hatchery waste. i ... | 2011 | 21515734 |
| detection and phylogenetic characterization of human hepatitis e virus strains, czech republic. | to determine the origin of hepatitis e virus in the czech republic, we analyzed patient clinical samples. five isolates of genotypes 3e, 3f, and 3g were obtained. their genetic relatedness with czech strains from domestic pigs and wild boars and patient recollections suggest an autochthonous source likely linked to consumption of contaminated pork. | 2011 | 21529412 |
| prior infection of pigs with a genotype 3 swine hepatitis e virus (hev) protects against subsequent challenges with homologous and heterologous genotypes 3 and 4 human hev. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important human pathogen. at least four recognized and two putative genotypes of mammalian hev have been reported: genotypes 1 and 2 are restricted to humans whereas genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic. the current experimental vaccines are all based on a single strain of hev, even though multiple genotypes of hev are co-circulating in some countries and thus an individual may be exposed to more than one genotype. genotypes 3 and 4 swine hev is widespread in pigs and kno ... | 2011 | 21536085 |
| design and evaluation of a recombinant multi-epitope-based elisa for the serological surveillance of hev infection in northern china. | in this study, seven recombinant epitope peptides from within the orf2 protein of the local genotype 4 swine hepatitis e virus (hev) dq strain were designed and analyzed. then, a new multi-epitope-based elisa was established. in comparison with a commercial kit, this test exhibited good specificity and sensitivity for anti-hev genotype 4. subsequently, this test was applied for analyzing serum samples from either swine herds or human populations in northern china. the overall seroprevalence rate ... | 2011 | 21544544 |
| severe hepatotoxicity and probable hepatorenal syndrome associated with sulfadiazine. | purpose the case of a patient who developed hepatorenal syndrome during treatment with sulfadiazine for toxoplasmosis retinitis is reported. summary a 20-year-old caucasian woman weighing 59 kg was admitted to the infectious diseases ward of a hospital in may 2009 with nausea, vomiting, and jaundice. in march 2009, she was diagnosed with toxoplasmosis retinitis and received sulfadiazine 3 g daily, pyrimethamine 50 mg daily, leucovorin 15 mg daily, and prednisolone 75 mg daily; she continued thes ... | 2011 | 21546639 |
| hepatitis e virus. | | 2008 | 21547111 |
| hepatitis e virus is prevalent in the pig population of lao people's democratic republic and evidence exists for homogeneity with chinese genotype 4 human isolates. | the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and genotypic range of hepatitis e virus (hev) in the pig population of northern lao people's democratic republic (pdr). we collected 181 faecal samples from indigenous-breed pigs ≤6 months of age and the faeces was stored in rna stabilisation buffer due to cold-chain and transport limitations. twenty-one (11.6%) pigs had detectable hev rna and 43.5% of village pig herds were infected. based on a 240 base pair-nucleotide sequence flanki ... | 2011 | 21550423 |
| a systematic review/meta-analysis of primary research investigating swine, pork or pork products as a source of zoonotic hepatitis e virus. | summarythe objectives of our study were to identify and categorize primary research investigating swine/pork as a source of zoonotic hepatitis e virus (hev) using the relatively new technique of scoping study, and to investigate the potential association between human exposure to swine/pork and hev infection quantitatively using systematic review/meta-analysis methodology. from 1890 initially identified abstracts, 327 were considered for the review. five study design types (cross-sectional, prev ... | 2011 | 21554782 |
| urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of hendra virus from flying foxes (pteropus spp.). | anthropogenic environmental change is often implicated in the emergence of new zoonoses from wildlife; however, there is little mechanistic understanding of these causal links. here, we examine the transmission dynamics of an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus, hendra virus (hev), in its endemic host, australian pteropus bats (fruit bats or flying foxes). hev is a biosecurity level 4 (bsl-4) pathogen, with a high case-fatality rate in humans and horses. with models parametrized from field and labor ... | 2011 | 21561971 |
| development of duplex rt-pcr-elisa for the simultaneous detection of hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus. | this study aimed to develop a specific and sensitive duplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (duplex rt-pcr-elisa) for hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev). duplex rt-pcr-elisa could detect and differentiate hav and hev with specific probes. when elisa technique was used to detect probe-bound rt-pcr products, duplex rt-pcr-elisa could detect as little as 0.1ng/μl hav and hev from clinical samples. human norovirus, enterovirus, polio ... | 2011 | 21565222 |
| [chronic hepatitis e in an immunocompetent patient.] | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a herpesvirus, with four different genotypes. genotypes 1 and 2 often cause acute hepatitis, which presents as outbreaks in endemic regions of asia and africa. genotypes 3 and 4 cause sporadic cases of acute hepatitis in europe and north america, where it is considered a zoonosis. symptoms usually resolve spontaneously, but in recent years cases have been detected that progress to chronic liver disease mainly in immunocompromised patients (patients with solid organ tra ... | 2011 | 21571397 |
| clinical outcome of henipavirus infection in hamsters is determined by the route and dose of infection. | nipah (niv) and hendra (hev) viruses are emerging zoonotic viruses and the causative agents of severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans. little is known about the mechanisms that govern development of respiratory and neurological disease. using a hamster model of lethal niv and hev infection, we describe the role of route and dose of infection on the clinical outcome and determine virus tropism and host responses following infection. infection of hamster with a high dose of niv or h ... | 2011 | 21593160 |
| lack of processing of the expressed orf1 gene product of hepatitis e virus. | abstract: background: proteolytic processing is a common mechanism among plus strand rna viruses and the replicases of all plus strand rna viruses of animals thus far characterized undergo such processing. the replicase proteins of hepatitis e virus (hev) are encoded by orf1. a previous report published by our group [1] provided data that processing potentially occurred when orf1 (burmese strain; genotype 1) was expressed using a vaccinia virus-based expression system. findings: to further test ... | 2011 | 21595991 |
| differences in capabilities of different enzyme immunoassays to detect anti-hepatitis e virus immunoglobulin g in pigs infected experimentally with hepatitis e virus genotype 3 or 4 and in pigs with unknown exposure. | hepatitis e virus (hev), a major cause of acute viral hepatitis in humans in many developing countries, is highly prevalent in the pig population worldwide. the objective of this study was to assess the capability of three porcine prototypes of a human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), an in-house elisa and a line-immunoassay (lia) to detect anti-hev antibodies in pigs infected experimentally with hev (n=57), known to be negative for hev infection (n=27), or with unknown exposure to hev ... | 2011 | 21596064 |
| peripheral t regulatory cells and cytokines in hepatitis e infection. | this study addresses the involvement of regulatory t cells in hepatitis e (he) infection. the study population comprised 77 acute viral he patients, 52 recovered individuals (overall, 129 individuals with he) and 53 healthy controls. peripheral cd4(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+) and cd4(+)cd25(-)foxp3(+) frequencies by flow cytometry and he-specific cytokines/chemokines quantitation were carried out. the median percentage of cd4(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+) and cd4(+)cd25(-)foxp3(+) t cells in acute patients were signi ... | 2011 | 21598072 |
| the molecular epidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection. | molecular characterization of various hepatitis e virus (hev) strains circulating among humans and animals (particularly swine, deer and boars) in different countries has revealed substantial genetic heterogeneity. the distinctive four-genotype distribution worldwide of mammalian hev and varying degrees of genetic relatedness among local strains suggest a long and complex evolution of hev in different geographic regions. the population expansion likely experienced by mammalian hev in the second ... | 2011 | 21600939 |
| toward the development of a hepatitis e vaccine. | hepatitis e virus (hev) causes large epidemics of enterically transmitted acute hepatitis and accounts for a majority of sporadic acute hepatitis in endemic countries. due to a very high mortality rate among infected pregnant women and substantial morbidity, disability and costs associated with hepatitis e, concerted efforts are being made to develop an efficacious vaccine. experimental vaccines, based on recombinant proteins derived from the capsid gene of hev, have been shown efficacious in pr ... | 2011 | 21620908 |
| phylogenetic analysis of swine & human hepatitis e virus. | | 2011 | 21623043 |
| mutations in the g-h loop region of ephrin-b2 can enhance nipah virus binding and infection. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are zoonotic paramyxoviruses classified in the genus henipavirus of the family paramyxoviridae. the entry of henipaviruses occurs through a ph-independent membrane fusion mechanism mediated by the cooperation of the viral attachment (g) and fusion (f) envelope glycoproteins following virion binding to susceptible host cells. virus attachment is mediated by the g glycoprotein's interaction with ephrin-b2 or ephrin-b3 which were identified as the functional ... | 2011 | 21632558 |
| rapid detection of hepatitis c virus rna by a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. | the usefulness of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid diagnosis of hepatitis c virus rna was evaluated. this assay showed higher sensitivities than that of nested rt-pcr, with a detection limit of 600 iu ml(-1) and no cross-reactivity was observed with hav, hbv and hev. furthermore, 106 stored sera from recently diagnosed cases were retrospectively investigated with real time rt-pcr, the nested rt-pcr, in parallel with this new assay. the general detection rate ... | 2011 | 21635570 |
| structural basis for the neutralization and genotype specificity of hepatitis e virus. | hepatitis e virus (hev) causes acute hepatitis in humans, predominantly by contamination of food and water, and is characterized by jaundice and flu-like aches and pains. to date, no vaccines are commercially available to prevent the disease caused by hev. previously, we showed that a monoclonal antibody, 8c11, specifically recognizes a neutralizing conformational epitope on hev genotype i. the antibody 8c11 blocks the virus-like particle from binding to and penetrating the host cell. here, we r ... | 2011 | 21642534 |
| deubiquitination activity associated with hepatitis e virus putative papain-like cysteine protease. | hepatitis e virus (hev) orf1 protein (porf1) contains methyltransferase (mett), papain-like cysteine protease (pcp), rna helicase (hel) and rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) domains. orf1 sequence analysis showed two consensus lxgg cleavage sites at 664 and 1205. lxgg sequence is recognized by viral and cellular deubiquitinating enzymes. the protein encompassing the predicted mett-pcp domains of hev orf1 was tested for deubiquitinating activity using fluorogenic substrates - ubiquitin-7-amino- ... | 2011 | 21653754 |
| definitive clearance of a chronic hepatitis e virus infection with ribavirin treatment. | | 2011 | 21811285 |
| widespread distribution of hepatitis e virus in plasma fractionation pools. | | 2011 | 21806631 |
| hepatitis e virus in domestic pigs and surface waters in slovenia: prevalence and molecular characterization of a novel genotype 3 lineage. | a novel hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 lineage was identified in slovenian pig herds. stool samples from six slovenian pig farms were collected and tested for the presence of hev rna. of 85 individual samples 15 (20.3%) were positive for hev rna of which 2/38 (5.3%), 6/21 (28.6%) and 7/26 (26.9%) were from suckling, weanling and fattening pigs, respectively. additionally, 51 pooled porcine stool samples were tested in one of the biggest pig farm and the estimated infection rate of individual ... | 2011 | 21802527 |
| neurologic disorders and hepatitis e, france, 2010. | we report meningitis with diffuse neuralgic pain or polyradiculoneuropathy associated with pcr-documented acute hepatitis e in 2 adults. these observations suggest that diagnostic testing for hepatitis e virus should be conducted for patients who have neurologic symptoms and liver cytolysis. | 2011 | 21801637 |
| hepatitis e virus genotype 3 in humans and swine, bolivia. | we determined the seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) in persons in 2 rural communities in southeastern bolivia and the presence of hev in human and swine fecal samples. hev seroprevalence was 6.3%, and hev genotype 3 strains with high sequence homology were detected. | 2011 | 21801630 |
| the hepatitis e virus orf3 protein regulates the expression of liver-specific genes by modulating localization of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4. | the hepatitis e virus (hev) is a small rna virus and the cause of acute viral hepatitis e. the open reading frame 3 protein (porf3) of hev appears to be a pleiotropic regulatory protein that helps in the establishment, propagation and progression of viral infection. however, the global cellular effects of this protein remain to be explored. in the absence of traditional in vitro viral infection systems or efficient replicon systems, we made an adenovirus based orf3 protein expression system to s ... | 2011 | 21799848 |
| liver transplant from a donor with occult hev infection induced chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in the recipient. | acute hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a self-limiting symptomatic or asymptomatic disease. however, as recently observed it can manifest itself as chronic hepatitis in patients receiving solid organ transplants as well as in patients with hiv infection or severe hematologic disorders. here we describe the clinical course of a 73-year-old male patient in whom hev transmission occurred after receiving a hev-infected liver from a donor with occult hev infection, whereby the patient had tested ... | 2011 | 21798217 |
| identifications of polyphyletic variants in acute hepatitis suggest an underdiagnosed circulation of hepatitis e virus in argentina. | background: in recent years, an increasing number of infections with genotype 3 hepatitis e virus (hev) have been reported in western countries. data in south america, however, are still scarce. swine and human variants previously described in argentina are closely related to a human austrian one. objective: to identify whether hev is still circulating in argentina. study design: sera and stool samples from adults and children with unexplained acute liver disease referred to our center during th ... | 2011 | 21795113 |
| infection dynamics of hepatitis e virus in naturally infected pigs in a chinese farrow-to-finish farm. | to analyze the changes that occur in pigs during hepatitis e virus (hev) infection, 256 serial serum samples were obtained from 32 pigs from one pig farm at ages 0 (cord blood), 15, 30, 60, 75, 90, 120, and 150days. all hev markers were assayed in these samples and showed that total anti-hev antibodies and igg formed two peaks. the first peak occurred at 0-60days and the second after 75days. no markers of infection, such as hev rna, antigen and anti-hev igm, were detectable during the first peak ... | 2011 | 21784172 |
| foreword. | | 2011 | 21782861 |
| environmental surveillance. an additional/alternative approach for virological surveillance in greece? | the detection of viruses in the sewage of an urban city by nucleic acid amplification techniques allows the identification of the viral strains that are circulating in the community. the aim of the study was the application of such detection which gives useful data on the distribution, spread, and frequency of these viruses, supporting epidemiological studies of the related viral infections. a two year (2007-2009) survey was conducted in order to evaluate the presence of human adenoviruses (hadv ... | 2011 | 21776209 |
| mutational analysis of the hypervariable region of the hepatitis e virus reveals its involvement in the efficiency of viral rna replication. | the rna genome of the hepatitis e virus (hev) contains a hypervariable region (hvr) in the orf1 that tolerates smaller deletions for infectivity. to further investigate the role of hvr in hev replication, we constructed a panel of mutants with overlapping deletions in the n-terminal, central, and c-terminal regions of hvr using a genotype 1 human hev infectious clone luciferase replicon, and analyzed the effects of deletions on viral rna replication in huh7 cells. we found that the replication l ... | 2011 | 21775444 |
| [investigation on one vaccine-derived poliovirus (vdpv) case in yunnan province]. | to find out epidemiological feature of paralytic cases caused by type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (vdpv) and the excretion status of the case and to explore the enterovirus infection status among healthy children under five years old around the case in zhaotong city, yunnan province in 2010. field epidemiological studies at the epidemic area were conducted and a total of 108 stool samples were collected, three from the case, seven from the close contacts and 98 from the healthy children. vdpv w ... | 2011 | 21774255 |
| [localization of functional domains of hev orf1 in cells]. | to investigate the expression and localization of various functional domains of orf1 polyprotein and orf3 protein of hepatitis e virus in host cells, the coding sequences of the various functional domains (rdrp, hel, met, plp, x) of orf1 were separately cloned into pcdna3. 1-gfp vectors for constructing the recombinant plasmids which were verified by enzyme digestion and sequencing. the exact expression of the fusion proteins were detected by western blot, and the distribution and localization w ... | 2011 | 21774242 |
| prevalence of hepatitis e virus-specific antibodies in humans with occupational exposure to pigs. | due to the increasing number of non-travel-associated hepatitis e virus (hev) infections observed in several industrialised countries including germany, there is a substantial interest in the characterisation of risk factors and transmission routes relevant to autochthonous hev infections. autochthonous cases are believed to be the result of a zoonotic hev transmission from pigs, wild boars and deer. recently, a high prevalence of hev-specific antibodies in the german domestic pig population has ... | 2011 | 21773797 |
| crystal structure of the human astrovirus capsid spike. | astroviruses are single-stranded, plus-sense rna viruses that infect both mammals and birds, causing gastroenteritis and other extraintestinal diseases. clinical studies have established astroviruses as the second leading cause of viral diarrhea in young children. here we report the crystal structure of the human astrovirus dimeric surface spike determined to 1.8-å resolution. the overall structure of each spike/projection domain has a unique three-layered ß-sandwiches fold, with a core, six-str ... | 2011 | 21768348 |
| design and application of nucleic acid standards for quantitative detection of enteric viruses by real-time pcr. | synthetic multiple-target rna and dna oligonucleotides were constructed for use as quantification standards for nucleic acid amplification assays for human norovirus genogroup i and ii, hepatitis e virus, murine norovirus, human adenovirus, porcine adenovirus and bovine polyomavirus. this approach overcomes the problems related to the difficulty of obtaining practical quantities of viral rna and dna from these viruses. the quantification capacity of assays using the standards was excellent in ea ... | 2011 | 21765877 |
| treatment of severe acute hepatitis e by ribavirin. | background: acute hepatitis e is associated with a higher rate of mortality as compared to hepatitis a or b infections in some series. to date no treatment has been recommended for acute hepatitis e. however, ribavirin has been recently reported to be highly effective to treat solid-organ-transplant recipients chronically infected with hepatitis e virus (hev). objective and study design: we report here on the use of ribavirin to treat severe acute hev infection in a non-immunocompromized patient ... | 2011 | 21764632 |
| hepatitis e virus seroprevalence and chronic infections in patients with hiv, switzerland. | we screened 735 hiv-infected patients in switzerland with unexplained alanine aminotransferase elevation for hepatitis e virus (hev) immunoglobulin g. although hev seroprevalence in this population is low (2.6%), hev rna can persist in patients with low cd4 cell counts. findings suggest chronic hev infection should be considered as a cause of persistent alanine aminotransferase elevation. | 2011 | 21749774 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a newly-identified causative agent of acute and chronic hepatitis in severely immunocompromized patients. the present study sought to assess the prevalences of past, recent, on-going, and chronic hev infections in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in marseille, south-eastern france, and to determine if they were correlated with the patients' immunological status or with cirrhosis. anti-hev igg and igm and hev rna testing were concurrently perfor ... | 2011 | 21837786 |
| role of hepatitis e infection in acute on chronic liver failure in egyptian patients. | the vast majority of patients who are referred to a specialist hepatological centre suffer from acute deterioration of their chronic liver disease. yet, this entity of acute on chronic liver failure remains poorly defined. | 2011 | 21733089 |
| association of polymorphisms in the promoter regions of tnf-+¦ (-308) with susceptibility to hepatitis e virus and tnf-+¦ (-1031) and ifn-+¦ (+874) genes with clinical outcome of hepatitis e infection in india. | background & aims: hepatitis e virus (hev) is the predominant cause of acute viral hepatitis (avh-e) and acute liver failure (alf-e) among adults from developing countries. pathogenesis of hepatitis e is poorly understood. earlier, we showed association of elevated serum levels of tnf-+¦, ifn-+¦, and il-12 with alf-e. the role of tnf-+¦ and ifn-+¦ gene promoter polymorphisms with disease severity was investigated. methods: the study population included 374 anti-hev negative apparently healthy co ... | 2011 | 21703188 |
| [viral infection risk in polytransfused adults: seroprevalence of seven viruses in central tunisia]. | the aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of seven transfusion-transmitted viruses in polytransfused adults and children comparatively with a group of healthy control subjects. we studied 107 polytransfused patients (59 adults and 48 children) and 160 control subjects (100 blood donors and 60 children). immunoenzymatic tests were used for detection of hbs antigen (hbs ag), antibodies against hepatitis c virus (anti-hcv), and human immunodeficiency virus (anti-hiv), and igg antibodies a ... | 2011 | 21695497 |
| a recombinant hendra virus g glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine protects ferrets from lethal hendra virus challenge. | the henipaviruses, hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv), are two deadly zoonotic viruses for which no vaccines or therapeutics have yet been approved for human or livestock use. in 14 outbreaks since 1994 hev has been responsible for multiple fatalities in horses and humans, with all known human infections resulting from close contact with infected horses. a vaccine that prevents virus shedding in infected horses could interrupt the chain of transmission to humans and therefore prevent hev d ... | 2011 | 21689706 |
| novel dna sequence isolated from blood donors with high transaminase levels. | aim:ôçé in japan, the etiology of 10-20% of cases of acute hepatitis remains unclarified. this study was conducted to verify the agent causing non-a-e hepatitis. methods:ôçé serum samples from 500 blood donors with elevated alanine aminotransferase (alt) levels were screened by polymerase chain reaction using primers constructed from conserved areas of rna virus helicase. the sequence obtained was investigated for viral properties. results:ôçé four blood samples were found to contain a novel dna ... | 2011 | 21718400 |
| hepatitis e virus seroprevalence among blood donors in southwest switzerland. | the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) among blood donors in southwest switzerland. | 2011 | 21701586 |
| acute on chronic liver disease in children from the developing world: recognition and prognosis. | objectives:: a subset of children with chronic liver disease (cld) decompensate following an acute insult. however, data for children is not readily available. this study aims to characterize the clinical presentation, etiology, outcome and determinants of short-term mortality in children with an acute hepatic insult superimposed over cld methods:: children of acute on chronic liver disease (acld) were grouped as acute on chronic liver failure (aclf) and non-aclf. aclf was defined as per the def ... | 2011 | 21691224 |
| swine and human hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in china. | | 2011 | 21831705 |
| hepatitis e virus coinfection in patients with hiv infection. | objectives: hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is an emerging infection in developed countries and is thought to be a porcine zoonosis. hev can cause chronic infection and cirrhosis in the immunosuppressed, including patients with hiv infection. little is known about hev and hiv coinfection. the aim of the study was to document the incidence of chronic hev coinfection in patients with hiv infection and to determine the anti-hev seroprevalence and compare it with that of a control population. meth ... | 2011 | 21819531 |
| first isolation of hepatitis e virus genotype 4 in europe through swine surveillance in the netherlands and belgium. | hepatitis e virus (hev) genotypes 3 and 4 are a cause of human hepatitis and swine are considered the main reservoir. to study the hev prevalence and characterize circulating hev strains, fecal samples from swine in the netherlands and belgium were tested by rt-pcr. hev prevalence in swine was 7-15%. the dutch strains were characterized as genotype 3, subgroups 3a, 3c and 3f, closely related to sequences found in humans and swine earlier. the hev strains found in belgium belonged to genotypes 3f ... | 2011 | 21829641 |
| epidemiology of viral hepatitis in sudan. | hepatitis virus infections are the most common cause of liver disease worldwide. sudan is classified among the countries with high hepatitis b virus seroprevalence. exposure to the virus varied from 47%-78%, with a hepatitis b surface antigen prevalence ranging from 6.8% in central sudan to 26% in southern sudan. studies pointed to infection in early childhood in southern sudan while there was a trend of increasing infection rate with increasing age in northern sudan. hepatitis b virus was the c ... | 2008 | 21677820 |
| detection of hepatitis e virus (hev) from porcine livers in southeastern germany and high sequence homology to human hev isolates. | background: hepatitis e virus (hev) has been identified as an emerging cause of infectious hepatitis over the last years in developed countries. in contrast to travel associated hepatitis e, zoonotic sources of infection are suspected for autochthonous cases in europe. objective: since pigs are known reservoirs of hev, we tested porcine livers sold as food in southeastern germany for the presence of hepatitis e virus rna. study design: we purchased 200 porcine liver samples in 81 butcher shops a ... | 2011 | 21742549 |
| [hepatitis e as zoonosis]. | the hepatitis e virus (hev) the causative agent of hepatitis e, is a non-enveloped rna virus. hev is transmitted through oral consumption of contaminated food and water according to the currently knowledge now be considered as zoonosis. the main reservoir of hev are pigs, boars and deer. for the first time hev was isolated from animals (pigs) in 1997 in the u.s. genetic analysis of strains isolated from pigs showed high similarity to strains hev isolated from humans. this was the first evidence ... | 2011 | 21735829 |
| High prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in multiple myeloma. | Abstract Objective: The aim of the current study is to verify the potential association between multiple myeloma (MM) and HBV/HCV infection. Methods: This retrospective case control trial included 299 MM patients and 299 patients with acute leukemia (AL). Age and sex were matched between the two groups. Results: The HBsAg positivity rate was significantly higher in the MM group (19.4% vs. 12.0% in AL patients; p=0.014). The rate of HCV infection did not differ between the two groups. The inciden ... | 2011 | 21823833 |
| Serological diagnostics of hepatitis E virus infection. | Development of accurate diagnostic assays for the detection of serological markers of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection remains challenging. In the course of nearly 20 years after the discovery of HEV, significant progress has been made in characterizing the antigenic structure of HEV proteins, engineering highly immunoreactive diagnostic antigens, and devising efficient serological assays. However, many outstanding issues related to sensitivity and specificity of these assays in clinical and ep ... | 2011 | 21704091 |
| Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome produced in gnotobiotic pigs following exposure to various amounts of porcine circovirus type 2a or type 2b. | In late 2005, a postweaning, high mortality syndrome spread rapidly through finishing barns in swine dense areas of the United States. Diagnostic investigations consistently detected porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) from diseased tissues. Subsequent genetic analysis revealed that the infectious agent was a PCV2 type termed "PCV2b". Prior to late 2004, only the PCV2a type, but not PCV2b, had been reported in North America. In this communication, we produce severe postweaning multisystemic wasting ... | 2011 | 21684696 |
| Pteropid bats are confirmed as the reservoir hosts of henipaviruses: a comprehensive experimental study of virus transmission. | Bats of the genus Pteropus have been identified as the reservoir hosts for the henipaviruses Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV). The aim of these studies was to assess likely mechanisms for henipaviruses transmission from bats. In a series of experiments, Pteropus bats from Malaysia and Australia were inoculated with NiV and HeV, respectively, by natural routes of infection. Despite an intensive sampling strategy, no NiV was recovered from the Malaysian bats and HeV was reisolated from onl ... | 2011 | 22049055 |
| first case of anti-ganglioside gm1-positive guillain-barré syndrome due to hepatitis e virus infection. | a 51-year-old previously healthy woman presented with guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) and elevated liver enzymes. further diagnostic investigations showed the presence of an acute hepatitis e infection associated with anti-ganglioside gm1 antibodies. after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins, the patient made a rapid recovery. here, we report the first case of gbs due to acute hepatitis e virus (hev) infection associated with the presence of anti-ganglioside gm1 antibodies. we also review a ... | 2011 | 21877179 |
| seroprevalence evolution of selected pathogens in iberian wild boar. | a total of 1279 eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) sera were collected from 2000 to 2011 in the iberian peninsula to reveal time changes in serum antibody prevalences against selected infectious agents (porcine circovirus type 2, pcv2; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, prrsv; hepatitis e virus, hev; and erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae) and to identify putative individual or population factors driving such changes. overall seroprevalences were 48%, 26%, 2% and 15% for pcv2, hev, prrs ... | 2011 | 22168900 |
| host risk factors and autochthonous hepatitis e infection. | in developed countries autochthonous hepatitis e infection is caused by hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 or 4 and mainly affects middle aged/elderly men. host factors might explain why older men develop clinically overt disease. | 2011 | 21941192 |
| Detection of negative sense RNA in packaged hepatitis E virions using improved strand specific RT-PCR method. | Current hepatitis E virus (HEV) negative sense RNA detection assays have drawback of false positivity. cDNA synthesis using tag-based primer and Superscript RT-III followed by exonuclease I treatment increased the specificity. Assay could detect as low as 10 copies of negative sense RNA and could be used in detecting low levels of HEV replication in cells. Virus particles in stool samples of hepatitis E patients showed encapsidation of negative sense RNA along with HEV genomic RNA. | 2011 | 22205803 |
| rare, unusual, and less common virus infections after organ transplantation. | the present article reviews the epidemiology, clinical presentation, prevention, and management of rare, unusual, and less common viruses that infect transplant recipients. | 2011 | 22001713 |
| Experimental infection of horses with hendra virus/australia/horse/2008/redlands. | Hendra virus (HeV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus harbored by Australian flying foxes with sporadic spillovers directly to horses. Although the mode and critical control points of HeV spillover to horses from flying foxes, and the risk for transmission from infected horses to other horses and humans, are poorly understood, we successfully established systemic HeV disease in 3 horses exposed to Hendra virus/Australia/Horse/2008/Redlands by the oronasal route, a plausible route for ... | 2011 | 22172152 |
| Thermal stability of hepatitis E virus assessed by a molecular biological approach. | Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a pathogen of emerging concern in industrialized countries. The consumption of wild boar meat has been identified as one risk factor for autochthonous HEV infections. Only limited information is available about thermal stability of HEV, mainly due to the lack of rapid and efficient cell culture systems for measurement of HEV infectivity. | 2011 | 22040359 |
| Survival of hepatitis A and E viruses in soil samples. | Survival of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in soil samples spiked with respective viruses was analysed using real-time PCR. Virus-spiked soil samples were incubated at environmental temperature (ET) and 37°C and processed weekly. Both HAV and HEV were less stable at fluctuating ET than at 37°C. Of the 403 soil samples collected in the vicinity of Mutha river, India, 19.1% and 4.9% were found to be contaminated with HAV and HEV, respectively. | 2011 | 21939469 |
| [the etiological identification of an aseptic encephalitis outbreak (ten cases) in a hospital of xiamen city, 2011]. | to identify the etiology of an aseptic encephalitis outbreak (ten cases) in a hospital of xiamen city from 11 to 17 may, 2011. | 2011 | 22041567 |
| Survey of enterovirus infections from hand, foot and mouth disease outbreak in china, 2009. | ABSTRACT: | 2011 | 22054534 |
| A neutralizing human monoclonal antibody protects african green monkeys from hendra virus challenge. | Hendra virus (HeV) is a recently emerged zoonotic paramyxovirus that can cause a severe and often fatal disease in horses and humans. HeV is categorized as a biosafety level 4 agent, which has made the development of animal models and testing of potential therapeutics and vaccines challenging. Infection of African green monkeys (AGMs) with HeV was recently demonstrated, and disease mirrored fatal HeV infection in humans, manifesting as a multisystemic vasculitis with widespread virus replication ... | 2011 | 22013123 |
| Effector T cells immune reactivity among patients with acute hepatitis E. | Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis in several developing countries. Information on cellular immune responses during acute hepatitis E is limited. We therefore studied peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with acute hepatitis E and healthy adult subjects who lacked anti-HEV antibodies for enumeration of various T-cell subsets using flow cytometry and to assess HEV-specific T effector cell responses using interferon-gamma ELISPOT assays. The pat ... | 2011 | 21914082 |
| hepatitis e virus-related acute liver failure associated with pure red cell aplasia. | | 2011 | 21947733 |
| The global burden of hepatitis E virus. | We estimated the global burden of hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. HEV is an emergent waterborne infection that causes source-originated epidemics of acute disease with a case fatality rate thought to vary by age and pregnancy status. To create our estimates, we modeled the annual disease burden of HEV genotypes 1 and 2 for 9 of 21 regions defined for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (the GBD 2010 Study), which represent 71% of the world's populat ... | 2011 | 22121109 |
| Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infections in Shanghai, China. | ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute or fulminant hepatitis in humans and is an important public health concern in many developing countries. China has a high incidence of HEV epidemics, with at least three genotypes (1, 3, and 4) and nine subtypes (1b, 1c, 3b, 4a, 4b, 4d, 4g, 4h and 4iso far identified. Since genotype 3 and the newly identified subtype 4i have been exclusively limited geographically to Shanghai and its neighboring provinces, the epidemiology of HEV infect ... | 2011 | 22168371 |
| Hepatitis E virus infection as a cause of acute hepatitis in Southern Italy. | Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute hepatitis in developing countries, whereas it is not considered a major health problem in Western World. | 2011 | 21880560 |
| Hepatitis E virus in rabbits, Virginia, USA. | We identified hepatitis E virus (HEV) in rabbits in Virginia, USA. HEV RNA was detected in 14 (16%) of 85 serum samples and 13 (15%) of 85 fecal samples. Antibodies against HEV were detected in 31 (36%) of 85 serum samples. Sequence analyses showed that HEV from rabbits is closely related to genotype 3. | 2011 | 22099094 |
| seroprevalence study in forestry workers from eastern germany using novel genotype 3- and rat hepatitis e virus-specific immunoglobulin g elisas. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of an acute self-limiting hepatitis in humans. in industrialized countries, autochthonous cases are linked to zoonotic transmission from domestic pigs, wild boar and red deer. the main route of human infection presumably is consumption of contaminated meat. farmers, slaughterers and veterinarians are expected to be risk groups as they work close to potentially infected animals. in this study, we tested four escherichia coli-expressed segments of the ... | 2011 | 22179131 |
| [Epidemiology of viral hepatitis in Mexico]. | The main etiology of liver disease in Mexico is alcohol and viral hepatitis. The aim of the present study was to analyze the current epidemiology of viral hepatitis in Mexico. From 2000 to 2007 the Ministry of Health reported 192 588 cases of hepatitis, 79% HAV, 3.3% HBV, 6% HCV, and 12% without a specific etiologic factor. Due to high endemic areas for HBV infection in native Mexican population, limitations in the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the serological immunoassays used to da ... | 2011 | 21877071 |
| Hepatitis e virus and renal transplantation. | | 2011 | 22140382 |
| high prevalence of hepatitis e virus in french domestic pigs. | the importance of the domestic pig reservoir for hepatitis e virus (hev) was assessed by estimating the seroprevalence and prevalence of hev contaminated livers in french slaughter-aged pigs. 6565 sera and 3715 livers were randomly sampled from 186 pig farms throughout the country. taking the sampling design into account, the farm-level seroprevalence was 65% (95% ci 57-74) and 31% (95% ci 24-38) of the slaughter-aged pigs had antibodies against hev. the individual prevalence of hev rna positive ... | 2011 | 21872929 |
| antibodies to henipavirus or henipa-like viruses in domestic pigs in ghana, west africa. | henipaviruses, hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv), have pteropid bats as their known natural reservoirs. antibodies against henipaviruses have been found in eidolon helvum, an old world fruit bat species, and henipavirus-like nucleic acid has been detected in faecal samples from e. helvum in ghana. the initial outbreak of niv in malaysia led to over 265 human encephalitis cases, including 105 deaths, with infected pigs acting as amplifier hosts for niv during the outbreak. we detected non- ... | 2011 | 21966471 |
| The open reading frame 2 initiation site of genotype 4 hepatitis E virus (HEV). | | 2011 | 22019389 |
| hepatitis e. | hepatitis e refers to liver disease caused by the hepatitis e virus (hev), a small, nonenveloped virus with a single-stranded rna genome. the virus has four genotypes, but only one serotype. genotypes 1 and 2 exclusively infect humans, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 also infect pigs and several other mammalian species. though hev does not grow well in cell culture, several aspects of its biology and pathogenesis have been worked out using animal models and cell transfection studies, and by analogy wi ... | 2011 | 21932388 |
| Site occupancy and glycan compositional analysis of two soluble recombinant forms of the attachment glycoprotein of Hendra virus. | Hendra virus (HeV) continues to cause morbidity and mortality in both humans and horses with a number of sporadic outbreaks. HeV has two structural membrane glycoproteins that mediate infection of host cells: the attachment (G) and the fusion (F) glycoproteins that are essential for receptor binding and virion-host cell membrane fusion, respectively. N-linked glycosylation of viral envelope proteins are critical post-translation modifications that have been implicated in roles of structural inte ... | 2011 | 22171062 |