| analysis of antigenicity and pathogenicity reveals major differences among qx-like infectious bronchitis viruses and other serotypes. | avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes considerable damage to the poultry industry worldwide and the proportion of qx-like genotype isolates have increased over time. here, to better understand the antigenicity and pathogenicity of this genotype, we conducted sequence analyses, cross neutralization tests, and also examined the pathogenicity of two strains, sd and sz. sequence analyses revealed that sd and sz isolates belong to the qx-like ibv genotype and share high homology ... | 2017 | 28619139 |
| genetic, antigenic, and pathogenic characteristics of avian infectious bronchitis viruses genotypically related to 793/b in china. | in this study, 20 infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains, which were genotypically related to 793/b, as assessed by an s1 gene comparison and a complete genomic sequence analysis, were isolated and identified from 2009 to 2014 in china. phylogenetic analysis, network tree, similarity plot analysis, recombination detection program 4(rdp4) and sequence comparison revealed that 12 of the 20 isolates were likely the reisolated vaccine virus. one isolate, ck/ch/lsd/110857, was shown to have origin ... | 2017 | 28619134 |
| co-infection of h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus decreases sp-a expression level in chickens. | chicken surfactant protein a (csp-a) is a collectin believed to play an important role in antiviral immunity. however, csp-a expression in the respiratory tract of chickens after viral co-infection remains unclear. the aim of this study was the detection and characterization of csp-a in co-infected chickens. for this purpose, four-week-old specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens were divided into five groups and inoculated intranasally with h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv), infectious bron ... | 2017 | 28619132 |
| a reverse genetics system for avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus based on targeted rna recombination. | avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a respiratory pathogen of chickens that causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. major advances in the study of the molecular biology of ibv have resulted from the development of reverse genetics systems for the highly attenuated, cell culture-adapted, ibv strain beaudette. however, most ibv strains, amongst them virulent field isolates, can only be propagated in embryonated chicken eggs, and not in continuous cell li ... | 2017 | 28606144 |
| antigen-sparing and enhanced efficacy of multivalent vaccines adjuvanted with immunopotentiators in chickens. | we previously described that immunopotentiators, cvcva5, increased the efficacy of h5 and h9 subtype avian influenza vaccines in chickens, ducks, and geese. in this study, we further investigated the effects of the cvcva5 for improving the efficacy of other univalent or multivalent inactivated vaccines. the immune response administrated with half-dose of monovalent vaccine plus cvcva5 were higher than those of one dose of monovalent vaccine without immunopotentiators as measured by levels of ant ... | 2017 | 28603519 |
| infectious bronchitis virus in romanian broiler farms. | | 2017 | 28600421 |
| combination of h120 and 1/96 avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine strains protect chickens against challenge with is/1494/06 (variant 2)-like infectious bronchitis virus. | avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is a worldwide chicken disease, caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) which infects all commercial poultry lines. the present study was done to evaluate protection caused by two different serotype vaccines (massachusetts and 793/b) in order to evaluate protection against challenge with is/1494/06-like virus (variant 2-like virus), which is prevalent in the middle east. spf chickens were divided into four groups (n = 20). first and second group as nega ... | 2017 | 28523921 |
| reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. | we have developed a reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in which a full-length cdna corresponding to the ibv genome is inserted into the vaccinia virus genome under the control of a t7 promoter sequence. vaccinia virus as a vector for the full-length ibv cdna has the advantage that modifications can be introduced into the ibv cdna using homologous recombination, a method frequently used to insert and delete sequences from the vaccinia virus genome. ... | 2017 | 28508215 |
| complete genome sequences of two avian infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in egypt: evidence for genetic drift and genetic recombination in the circulating viruses. | avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is highly prevalent in chicken populations and is responsible for severe economic losses to poultry industry worldwide. in this study, we report the complete genome sequences of two ibv field strains, cu/1/2014 and cu/4/2014, isolated from vaccinated chickens in egypt in 2014. the genome lengths of the strains cu/1/2014 and cu/4/2014 were 27,615 and 27,637 nucleotides, respectively. both strains have a common genome organization in the order of 5'-utr-1a-1 ... | 2017 | 28495648 |
| specific detection of gii-1 lineage of infectious bronchitis virus. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a worldwide prevalent rna virus that causes highly contagious and economically devastating disease in chicken. the virus exists in many different genetic forms which made the disease control very difficult. the present study describes the development and validation of taqman probe-based real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time rt-pcr) targeting the s1 coding region of s gene characteristic for the gii-1 lineage (formerly the d1466- ... | 2017 | 28493279 |
| pathogenicity study of iranian genotype of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ir-1). | avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is a major cause of economic losses in poultry industry. the ib virus primarily affects respiratory tract, but various strains differ in their tropism for other target organs such as kidney and alimentary tract. the objective of this study was to estimate the pathogenicity of iranian ibv variant (ir-1), which is limited exclusively to iran. specific pathogen free chicks were inoculated intranasally. sera, fecal swabs and different tissue samples were collected on ... | 2017 | 28473895 |
| different evolutionary trajectories of vaccine-controlled and non-controlled avian infectious bronchitis viruses in commercial poultry. | to determine the genetic and epidemiological relationship of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates from commercial poultry to attenuated live ibv vaccines we conducted a phylogenetic network analysis on the full-length s1 sequence for arkansas (ark), massachusetts (mass) and delmarva/1639 (dmv/1639) type viruses isolated in 2015 from clinical cases by 3 different diagnostic laboratories. phylogenetic network analysis of ark isolates showed two predominant groups linked by 2 mutations, consi ... | 2017 | 28472110 |
| development of a taqman-based real-time pcr assay for rapid and specific detection of fowl aviadenovirus serotype 4. | twelve serotypes of fowl aviadenovirus, namely, fadv-(1-8a and 8b-11), have been identified, among which fadv-4 is the aetiologic agent of hepatitis hydropericardium syndrome (hhs) in chickens. outbreaks of hhs have been documented in many countries, causing significant economic losses. real-time pcr methods described so far in the literature cross-detect different serotypes of fadvs. in this study, we aimed to develop a taqman-based real-time pcr assay for the specific detection of fadv-4. a pa ... | 2017 | 28437156 |
| phylogenetic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolates from morocco: a retrospective study (1983 to 2014). | | 2017 | 28421419 |
| the effect of diatomaceous earth in live, attenuated infectious bronchitis vaccine, immune responses, and protection against challenge. | live virus vaccines are commonly used in poultry production, particularly in broilers. massive application and generation of a protective local mucosal and humoral immunity with no adverse effects is the main goal for this strategy. live virus vaccines can be improved by adding adjuvants to boost mucosal innate and adaptive responses. in a previous study we showed that diatomaceous earth (de) can be used as adjuvant in inactivated vaccines. the aim of this study was to test de as adjuvant in an ... | 2017 | 28419351 |
| progress and challenges toward the development of vaccines against avian infectious bronchitis. | avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is a widely distributed poultry disease that has huge economic impact on poultry industry. the continuous emergence of new ibv genotypes and lack of cross protection among different ibv genotypes have been an important challenge. although live attenuated ib vaccines remarkably induce potent immune response, the potential risk of reversion to virulence, neutralization by the maternal antibodies, and recombination and mutation events are important concern on their ... | 2015 | 25954763 |
| some field observations on the antibody response to avian infectious bronchitis on auckland layer farms. | layer flocks on four auckland poultry farms were monitored monthly for infectious bronchitis (ib) antibody levels, using the haemagglutination inhibition test. the same birds were bled each month and antibody levels compared with egg production. the results showed that ib vaccination at 4(1/2) and 14(1/2) weeks using the live, attenuated, new zealand a strain virus, protected layers from ib infection on a farm with good management techniques but vaccination on another commercial farm gave less t ... | 1987 | 16031354 |
| the combined influence of age of embryo and temperature and duration of incubation on the replication and yield of avian infectious bronchitis (ib) virus in the developing chick embryo. | two experiments were undertaken to investigate the combined influence of the age of embryo at infection and the temperature and duration of incubation on the replication and yield of the beaudette strain of ib virus lin allantoic fluid and the chorio allantoic membrane. in general a higher titre of virus was found in the allantoic fluid and chorioallantoic membrane of living embryos than of dead ones and with continued incubation of dead embryos the titre of virus fell still further. for embryos ... | 1973 | 18777405 |
| [veterinary and sanitary precautions against avian infectious bronchitis]. | | 1971 | 5166282 |
| [biochemical research on avian infectious bronchitis. behavior of cholesterol, urea and uric acid in the amnio-allantoid fluids of normal and infected embryonated eggs]. | | 2013 | 5496205 |
| [on the demonstration of hemagglutinin of the virus of avian infectious bronchitis]. | | 2009 | 5496203 |
| [enzymatic studies of avian infectious bronchitis. behavior of some enzymes (got, gpt, aldolase, ldh, fac, fal, lap and sdh) in the amino-allantoid fluids of normal and infected embryonated eggs]. | | 2016 | 4322161 |
| the control of avian infectious bronchitis/nephrosis in australia. | | 1969 | 5814107 |
| avian infectious bronchitis. | | 1967 | 6068045 |
| lack of correlation between infectivity, serologic response and challenge results in immunization with an avian infectious bronchitis vaccine. | | 1965 | 14299027 |
| influence of age and congenital immunity upon immunization with an avian infectious bronchitis vaccine. | | 1958 | 13563894 |
| an electron microscope study of chorioallantoic membrane infected with the virus of avian infectious bronchitis. | | 2005 | 13416637 |
| [establishment of a high sensitive indirect elisa for detecting specific antibodies against h9 subtype avian influenza virus]. | h9 subtype avian influenza virus causes worldwide epidemic, resulting in enormous economic losses of poultry production. in the present study, an indirect elisa method was established for more accurate and specific detection. the recombinant protein of the globular head domain of ha of h9 subtype avian influenza virus was used as antigen. specific blocking buffers and dilution buffers were determined to increase the sensitivity and specificity. the sensitivity of elisa was higher than that of he ... | 2017 | 28853253 |
| astragalus polysaccharides enhance the immune response to avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccination in chickens. | astragalus polysaccharides (aps) are biological macromolecules extracted from astragalus species that have strong immunoregulatory properties. in this study, aps were employed as an adjuvant for an avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccine, and its effects on the cellular immune and humoral immune responses to vaccination in chicken were investigated. one hundred and fifty chicken were randomly divided into five groups (n = 30, each group). the chickens in all groups, except for the unvacc ... | 2017 | 28826771 |
| genetic characterisation and analysis of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from brazilian flocks between 2010 and 2015. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) variants in brazil were isolated during 2010-2015 for epidemiological and molecular analysis to characterise the different variants and perform a bioinformatic analysis to compare with sequences of variants collected over the previous 40 years. of the 453 samples examined, 61.4% were positive for ibv and 75.9% of these were considered to have the br-i genotype and were detected in birds of all ages distributed in all five brazilian regions. the ratio of non-syno ... | 2017 | 28805451 |
| genome characterization, antigenicity and pathogenicity of a novel infectious bronchitis virus type isolated from south china. | in 2014, three infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains, designated as γcov/ck/china/i0111/14, γcov/ck/china/i0114/14 and γcov/ck/china/i0118/14, were isolated and identified from chickens suspected to be infected with ibv in guangxi province, china. based upon data arising from s1 sequence and phylogenetic analyses, the three ibv isolates were genetically different from other known ibv types, which represented a novel genotype (gi-29). virus cross-neutralization tests, using γcov/ck/china/i011 ... | 2017 | 28800976 |
| genotyping of avian infectious bronchitis viruses in iran (2015-2017) reveals domination of is-1494 like virus. | avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is causing major economic losses to the poultry industry. the analysis of the s1 gene has been used to determine ibv genotype. the aim of this study was genotyping of ibvs circulating among the iranian broiler flocks in the period between 2015 to 2017. trachea samples from 278 broiler flocks were collected from broiler farms in eight provinces of iran. after real-time rt-pcr, ibv-positive samples were further characterized based on s1 gene. the results of ... | 2017 | 28789874 |
| microrna transcriptome analysis in chicken kidneys in response to differing virulent infectious bronchitis virus infections. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) can cause a highly contagious and acute respiratory disease in poultry. micrornas (mirnas) have emerged as a class of crucial regulators for gene expression and are involved in the regulation of virus defence and immunological processes. to understand mirna regulation in chickens in response to ibv infection, high-throughput sequencing was performed to compare the small rna libraries from the kidneys of chicken infected with sck2, scdy2 and ldt3-a. by comparing ... | 2017 | 28779232 |
| global distributions and strain diversity of avian infectious bronchitis virus: a review. | the poultry industry faces challenge amidst global food security crisis. infectious bronchitis is one of the most important viral infections that cause huge economic loss to the poultry industry worldwide. the causative agent, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is an rna virus with great ability for mutation and recombination; thus, capable of generating new virus strains that are difficult to control. there are many ibv strains found worldwide, including the massachusetts, 4/91, d274, and qx-lik ... | 2017 | 28776490 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analyses of virulent infectious bronchitis viruses isolated from chickens in eastern saudi arabia. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is one of the major respiratory viral threats for chickens. despite the intensive application of ibv vaccines, several outbreaks have been reported worldwide. here, we report several ibv outbreaks in thirteen poultry farms in eastern saudi arabia (esa) from 2013 to 2014. the main goals of the current study were as follows: (1) isolation and molecular characterization of the currently circulating strains in esa (al-hasa, dammam, and buqayq) and (2) evaluation of ... | 2017 | 28770245 |
| infectious bronchitis corona virus establishes productive infection in avian macrophages interfering with selected antimicrobial functions. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes respiratory disease leading to loss of egg and meat production in chickens. although it is known that macrophage numbers are elevated in the respiratory tract of ibv infected chickens, the role played by macrophages in ibv infection, particularly as a target cell for viral replication, is unknown. in this study, first, we investigated the ability of ibv to establish productive replication in macrophages in lungs and trachea in vivo and in macrophage cell ... | 2017 | 28763472 |
| disclosing respiratory coinfections: a broad-range panel assay for avian respiratory pathogens on a nanofluidic pcr platform. | respiratory syndromes (rs) are among the most significant pathological conditions in food animals and are caused by complex coactions of pathogens and environmental factors. in poultry, low pathogenic avian influenza a viruses, metapneumoviruses, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, mycoplasma spp. escherichia coli and/or ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ort) in turkeys, are considered as key co-infectious agents of respiratory syndromes. aspergillus sp., pasteurella ... | 2018 | 29350071 |
| mitochondrial bioenergy alterations in avian hd11 macrophages infected with infectious bronchitis virus. | to establish an association between mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis following infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection, hd11 avian macrophage cells were infected with the massachusetts 41 (m41) strain. our results show that the m41 strain of ibv induced cytopathic effects followed by the release of new viral particles. elevated numbers of apoptotic cells were observed at 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection (p.i.). viral infection was associated with mitochondrial membrane depolarization an ... | 2018 | 29302792 |
| avian metapneumovirus circulation in italian broiler farms. | with increasing frequency, avian metapneumovirus (ampv) is reported to induce respiratory signs in chickens. an adequate knowledge of current ampv prevalence among italian broilers is lacking, with little information available on its economical and health impact on the poultry industry. in order to collect preliminary data on the epidemiological context of ampv in broiler flocks, a survey was performed in areas of northern italy with high poultry density from 2014 to 2016. upper respiratory trac ... | 2018 | 29253264 |
| assessment of molecular and genetic evolution, antigenicity and virulence properties during the persistence of the infectious bronchitis virus in broiler breeders. | the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes a highly contagious disease [infectious bronchitis (ib)] that results in substantial economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. we conducted a molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the s1 gene of brazilian (br) ibv isolates from a routinely vaccinated commercial flock of broiler breeders, obtained from clinical ib episodes that occurred in 24-, 46- and 62-week-old chickens. we also characterized the antigenicity, pathogenesis, tissue tropism ... | 2017 | 28895517 |
| avian infectious bronchitis virus disrupts the melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (mda5) signaling pathway by cleavage of the adaptor protein mavs. | melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (mda5) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-i (rig-i) selectively sense cytoplasmic viral rna to induce an antiviral immune response. infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is one of the most important infectious agents in chickens, and in chicken cells, it can be recognized by mda5 to activate interferon production. rig-i is considered to be absent in chickens. however, the absence of rig-i in chickens raises the question of whether this protein influences the ... | 2017 | 29132350 |
| assessment of mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine efficacy in a co-infection challenge model with qx-like infectious bronchitis virus. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is the primary cause of chronic respiratory disease in poultry. we investigated the protective efficacy of the live attenuated ts-11 and 6/85 mg vaccines against a local mg strain, and in order to enhance symptoms and mimic a typical field situation, we co-infected birds with a virulent strain of qx-like infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). both vaccines showed similar ability to protect infected chickens from clinical signs, although ts-11 performed slightly better. ... | 2018 | 29451010 |
| induction of innate host responses characterized by production of interleukin (il)-1β and recruitment of macrophages to the respiratory tract of chickens following infection with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection is a major cause of economic losses to the poultry industry. due to limitations in current control measures, alternative approaches, based on thorough understanding of the host responses are required. as one of the key component of the avian immune system, the innate immune system has a crucial role in limiting virus replication at the initial stage of the infection. as parts of the innate host response, macrophages and cytokines, such as interleukin ( ... | 2018 | 29426399 |
| recombinant live attenuated avian coronavirus vaccines with deletions in the accessory genes 3ab and/or 5ab protect against infectious bronchitis in chickens. | avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a respiratory pathogen of chickens, causing severe economic losses in poultry industry worldwide. live attenuated viruses are widely used in both the broiler and layer industry because of their efficacy and ability to be mass applied. recently, we established a novel reverse genetics system based on targeted rna recombination to manipulate the genome of ibv strain h52. here we explore the possibilities to attenuate ibv in a rational way in o ... | 2018 | 29366709 |
| detection of antibodies to seven priority pathogens in backyard poultry in trinidad, west indies. | backyard poultry farms in trinidad and tobago (t&t) play a vital role in providing food and income for rural communities. there is currently no information on the presence and circulation of pathogens in backyard poultry farms in t&t, and little is known in relation to the potential risks of spread of these pathogens to the commercial poultry sector. in order to address this, serum samples were collected from 41 chickens on five backyard farms taken from selected locations in trinidad. s ... | 2018 | 29361703 |
| molecular characterization of qx-like and variant infectious bronchitis virus strains in malaysia based on partial genomic sequences comprising the s-3a/3b-e-m-intergenic region-5a/5b-n gene order. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is one of the major poultry pathogens of global importance. however, the prevalence of ibv strains in malaysia is poorly characterized. the partial genomic sequences (6.8 kb) comprising the s-3a/3b-e-m-intergenic region-5a/5b-n gene order of 11 malaysian ibvs isolated in 2014 and 2015 were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology. phylogenetic and pairwise sequence comparison analysis showed that the isolated ibvs are divided into two groups. group ... | 2017 | 29337625 |
| efficacy of massachusetts and 793b vaccines against infectious bronchitis moroccan-italy 02 virus in specific-pathogen-free chickens and commercial broilers. | the ability of commercial vaccines h120 and 4/91 to protect against moroccan-italy 02 infectious bronchitis virus (mor-it02) was investigated in specific-pathogen-free (spf) chickens and commercial broiler chickens. commercial broiler chicks (experiment 1) were vaccinated at the hatchery with h120 vaccine at day 1, and challenged at day 21 with 10450% egg-infective dose (eid50) of mor-it02. all chicks were observed daily for clinical signs attributable to mor-it02 infection during the 10 days po ... | 2017 | 29337615 |
| supplementing dietary rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis l.) powder and vitamin e in broiler chickens: evaluation of humoral immune response, lymphoid organs, and blood proteins. | the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis l.) powder (rp) and vitamin e (ve) at different levels on humoral immunity of broilers during a 42-day production cycle. a total of 270 1-day-old male chicks were assigned to nine groups with three replicates of ten birds each, and diets were supplemented with 0, 0.5, or 1.0% rp and 0, 100, or 200 mg/kg ve, respectively. commercial-inactivated vaccines against avian influenza (ai) and newcastle disease (nd) ... | 2018 | 29330815 |
| induction of innate immune response following introduction of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in the trachea and renal tissues of chickens. | infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens, which is caused by the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). the innate immune response is crucial for antiviral infections and revealing the pathogenic mechanisms of ibv. in this study, we presents an evaluation of interferon (i, ii and iii ifns) in renal and tracheal samples from chickens experimentally infected previously vaccinated or not. the results suggest differential expression of chicken interferon, among t ... | 2018 | 29330060 |
| differential effects of experimental hyperthyroidism on declined immunity of broiler chicken. | thyroid hormones (ths) are involved in the development of lymphoid organs and regulation of immune function in birds. however, their role as an immune-modulator in the hyperthyroid state is still debatable. to explore the interrelationship of thyroxine (t4) and the immune system, chicks were divided into three groups. group i was comprised of control birds, who received the basal diet while group ii and iii were given diets supplemented with 5 μg and 10 μg thyroxine/kg feed, respectively, from 1 ... | 2018 | 29327786 |
| pathogenicity differences between qx-like and mass-type infectious bronchitis viruses. | infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious, acute viral respiratory disease of chickens, caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). in recent years, the isolation rate of qx-like ibv has increased in the world. to clarify this phenomenon and better understand the pathogenicity of qx-like ibv, we examined differences in pathogenicity between two ibv strains, sd and m41, which belong to qx-like and mass-type ibv, respectively. sd strain was more virulent in 3-week-old specific-pathogen-free ch ... | 2018 | 29291996 |
| genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from broiler chickens in kashmir. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is responsible for significant economic losses to the poultry industry across the world. the enormous genetic diversity of ibv poses difficulty in diagnosing and controlling the virus. to understand the nature of ibv prevalent in the kashmir himalayas, we characterized two field strains, isolated from non-immunized broiler chickens, by sequence and phylogenetic analysis of s1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein. the analysis revealed both the isolates are identica ... | 2017 | 29291237 |
| comparative transcriptome analysis reveals induction of apoptosis in chicken kidney cells associated with the virulence of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus. | avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) that causes respiratory and nephritic diseases in chicken is a major poultry pathogen leading to serious economic loss worldwide. the nephropathogenic ibv strains cause nephritis and kidney lesions intrinsically and the pathogenic mechanism is still unclear. in the present study, spf chicks were infected with three nephropathogenic ibvs of different virulence and their gene expression profiles in chicken kidney were compared at transcriptome level. as a re ... | 2017 | 29174688 |
| astragalus polysaccharides inhibit avian infectious bronchitis virus infection by regulating viral replication. | the avian coronavirus causes infectious bronchitis (ib), which is one of the most serious diseases affecting the avian industry worldwide. however, there are no effective strategies for controlling the ib virus (ibv) at present. therefore, development of novel antiviral treatment strategies is urgently required. as reported, astragalus polysaccharides (aps) have potential antiviral effects against several viruses; however, the antiviral effect of aps against ibv remains unclear. in this study, w ... | 2017 | 29170045 |
| characterization of the complete genome, antigenicity, pathogenicity, tissue tropism, and shedding of a recombinant avian infectious bronchitis virus with a ck/ch/ljl/140901-like backbone and an s2 fragment from a 4/91-like virus. | in this study, we isolated an infectious bronchitis virus, designated i1101/16, from broiler breeders in china. analysis of the s1 gene showed that isolate i1101/16 was genetically close to strain ck/ch/ljl/140901, which belongs to the tw i genotype (also known as lineage gi-7 based on the recent ibv classification), however the s2 gene showed genetic diversity comparing to that of s1 gene. comparison of the genomic sequences showed that the genome of isolate i1101/16 was similar to that of stra ... | 2018 | 29141204 |
| evaluation of the genetic variability found in brazilian commercial vaccines for infectious bronchitis virus. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is currently one of the most important pathogens in the poultry industry. the h120 and ma5 are the only viral strains approved by the brazilian government as the constituent of vaccines. despite the systematic vaccination in brazil, ibv has not yet been controlled and diseases associated with this virus have been reported in vaccinated chickens. here, we investigated the genetic variability of h120 and ma5 strains present in the ibv vaccines from different brazi ... | 2017 | 29128885 |
| complete genome sequence of a novel strain of infectious bronchitis virus, isolated from chickens in china in 2016. | an avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was detected from trachea swabs of chickens in hubei province, china, in 2016. the complete genome of the ibv strain, ck/ch/hb/2016, was characterized and analyzed to better understand ibv epidemiology in china. | 2017 | 29122882 |
| development and evaluation of novel recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine candidates for infectious bronchitis virus and mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens. | avian infectious bronchitis caused by the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), and mycoplasmosis caused by mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) are two major respiratory diseases in chickens that have resulted in severe economic losses in the poultry industry. we constructed a recombinant adenovirus that simultaneously expresses the s1 spike glycoprotein of ibv and the tm-1 protein of mg (pbh-s1-tm-1-egfp). for comparison, we constructed two recombinant adenoviruses (pbh-s1-egfp and pbh-tm-1-egfp) that e ... | 2018 | 29115156 |
| infectious bronchitis virus s2 of 4/91 expressed from recombinant virus does not protect against ark-type challenge. | we previously demonstrated that chickens primed with a recombinant newcastle disease virus lasota (rls) expressing the s2 gene of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and boosted with an attenuated ibv massachusetts (mass)-type vaccine were protected against ibv arkansas (ark)-type virulent challenge. a possible basis for the reported ability of ibv 4/91 (serotype 793/b) vaccine to protect against divergent ibv strains (e.g., qx, q1, and d1466) in a prime-boost approach with an ibv mass vaccine is ... | 2017 | 28957002 |
| understanding immune resistance to infectious bronchitis using major histocompatibility complex chicken lines. | genetic resistance or susceptibility to infectious diseases has been largely associated with the avian major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes. our goal was to determine resistance and susceptibility of mhc b haplotype in congenic and inbred chicken lines in order to establish a resistant-susceptible model. eight congenic lines (253/b18, 254/b15, 330/b21, 312/b24, 331/b2, 335/b19, 336/b21, and 342/bo), two inbred lines (003/b17 and 077/b19), and three commercial lines (white leghorn, brown ... | 2017 | 28956996 |
| infectious bronchitis virus infection induces apoptosis during replication in chicken macrophage hd11 cells. | avian infectious bronchitis has caused huge economic losses in the poultry industry. previous studies have reported that infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection can produce cytopathic effects (cpe) and apoptosis in some mammalian cells and primary cells. however, there is little research on ibv-induced immune cell apoptosis. in this study, chicken macrophage hd11 cells were established as a cellular model that is permissive to ibv infection. then, ibv-induced apoptosis was observed through a ... | 2017 | 28933760 |
| first characterization of a middle-east gi-23 lineage (var2-like) of infectious bronchitis virus in europe. | variants assigned to gi-23 lineage of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), formerly called var2, have circulated for nearly 20 years only in countries of the middle east. strains of this lineage were first identified in israel in 1998. more severe form of the virus appeared in 2006, when the second wave of var2 epidemic has spread over the middle east region. the present study describes the detection and detailed genetic characterization of the gi-23 viruses in poland. the full-length genome of ga ... | 2017 | 28923510 |
| protection against infectious bronchitis virus by spike ectodomain subunit vaccine. | the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) s1 subunit of the spike (s) glycoprotein mediates viral attachment to host cells and the s2 subunit is responsible for membrane fusion. using ibv arkansas-type (ark) s protein histochemistry, we show that extension of s1 with the s2 ectodomain improves binding to chicken tissues. although the s1 subunit is the major inducer of neutralizing antibodies, vaccination with s1 protein has been shown to confer inadequate protection against challen ... | 2017 | 28899630 |
| a review of eight high-priority, economically important viral pathogens of poultry within the caribbean region. | viral pathogens cause devastating economic losses in poultry industries worldwide. the caribbean region, which boasts some of the highest rates of poultry consumption in the world, is no exception. this review summarizes evidence for the circulation and spread of eight high-priority, economically important poultry viruses across the caribbean region. avian influenza virus (aiv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), avian met ... | 2018 | 29373488 |
| serological evidence for eight globally important poultry viruses in trinidad & tobago. | viruses affecting poultry cause significant levels of disease leading to severe economic losses among poultry farmers worldwide. the americas region continues to be vulnerable to the spread of poultry viruses across the continents and caribbean island chains. in trinidad and tobago (t&t) there is limited information on the viruses circulating in poultry. many flock are vulnerable to infection and there are occasional outbreaks of disease resulting in high levels of morbidity and mortality. this ... | 2018 | 29290303 |
| a multiplex real-time rt-pcr for simultaneous detection of four most common avian respiratory viruses. | a one-step multiplex real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rrt-pcr) assay was developed for simultaneous detection and quantification of four avian respiratory viruses: avian influenza virus (aiv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), newcastle disease virus (ndv) and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv). in comparison with the singleplex rrt-pcr, the specificity, the sensitivity and the reproducibility of the new assay were evaluated and validated using 70 clinical samples. the optimal cutoff ... | 2018 | 29223788 |
| development of an xtag-multiplex pcr array for the detection of four avian respiratory viruses. | acute respiratory tract infections are of paramount importance in the poultry industry. we developed an xtag bead assay for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of avian influenza virus (aiv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv). the assay lacked nonspecific reactions with other common avian viruses and the limit of detection was 6.75 × 102- 3.52 × 103copies/μl. we examined 60 clinical specimens and found 18 posi ... | 2018 | 29054443 |
| efficacy of h120 and ma5 avian infectious bronchitis vaccines in early challenge against qx strain. | infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly infectious avian pathogen, which affects the respiratory tract, gut, reproductive system, and kidney of chicks of all ages. many different serotypes of ib virus (ibv) are recognized which cause different clinical manifestations. according to the antigenic differences, different serotypes of the virus do not cross-protect. massachusetts serotype induces the best cross-protection against other serotypes. recently, the ibv qx strain has been detected in iran. ... | 2018 | 29607371 |
| enteric virus diversity examined by molecular methods in brazilian poultry flocks. | enteric viruses play an important role in the brazilian poultry industry due to the economic impact of resulting low yields of broilers, layers, and breeders. the most common enteric viruses affecting commercial flocks in brazil include fowl adenovirus of group i (fadv-i), chicken parvovirus (chpv), chicken astrovirus (castv), avian nephritis virus (anv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian reovirus (areo), and avian rotavirus (artv). the aim of this study was to identify single and multipl ... | 2018 | 29596389 |
| coronavirus infection retards the development of the cortico-medullary capillary network in the bursa of fabricius of chicken. | coronavirus infection delays the development of the cortico-medullary (cm) capillary network which results in retarded development of bursal follicles. the smaller size of the medulla in the coronavirus-infected birds may lead to a lower number of b lymphocytes and bursal secretory dendritic cells, which negatively affects the reactivity and efficacy of the immune system. contrary to the wild-type infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strain, infection induced by h120 vaccine virus exerts only a mod ... | 2018 | 29580080 |
| phylodynamic analysis and molecular diversity of the avian infectious bronchitis virus of chickens in brazil. | avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the etiological agent of a highly contagious disease, which results in severe economic losses to the poultry industry. the spike protein (s1 subunit) is responsible for the molecular diversity of the virus and many sero/genotypes are described around the world. recently a new standardized classification of the ibv molecular diversity was conducted, based on phylogenetic analysis of the s1 gene sequences sampled worldwide. brazil is one of the biggest po ... | 2018 | 29574164 |
| coronavirus s protein-induced fusion is blocked prior to hemifusion by abl kinase inhibitors. | enveloped viruses gain entry into host cells by fusing with cellular membranes, a step that is required for virus replication. coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), fuse at the plasma membrane or use receptor-mediated endocytosis and fuse with endosomes, depending on the cell or tissue type. the virus spike (s) protein mediates fusion with the host cell ... | 2018 | 29557770 |
| avian coronavirus isolated from a pigeon sample induced clinical disease, tracheal ciliostasis, and a high humoral response in day-old chicks. | the detection of avian coronaviruses (avcov) in wild birds and the emergence of new avcov have increased in the past few years. in the present study, the pathogenicity of three avcov isolates was investigated in day-old chicks. one avcov isolated from a pigeon, which clustered with the massachusetts vaccine serotype, and two avcov isolated from chickens, which grouped with a brazilian genotype lineage, were used. clinical signs, gross lesions, histopathological changes, ciliary activity, viral r ... | 2018 | 29517348 |
| attenuation, safety, and efficacy of a qx-like infectious bronchitis virus serotype vaccine. | avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly contagious disease caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), which is a considerable economic threat to the poultry industry. qx-like ibv strains have increasingly emerged in china in recent years. hence, development of a specific vaccine to guard against their potential threat is important. in this study, we sought to develop an attenuated vaccine strain. first, attenuated qx-like ibv strain sz130 was created by continuous passage in chicken ... | 2018 | 29496346 |
| rapid detection and differentiation of avian infectious bronchitis virus: an application of mass genotype by melting temperature analysis in rt-qpcr using sybr green i. | a method based on melting temperature analysis of hypervariable regions (hvr) of s1 gene within a rt-qpcr was developed to detect different genotypes of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and identify the mass genotype. the method was able to rapidly identify the mass genotype among ibv field isolates, vaccine attenuated strains and reference m41 strain in allantoic liquid and also directly in tissues. the rt-qpcr developed detected the virus in both tracheal and pulmonary samples from m41- ... | 2018 | 29491226 |
| innate antiviral immune response against infectious bronchitis virus and involvement of prostaglandin e2 in the uterine mucosa of laying hens. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is an enveloped rna virus that causes deformities in eggshells. the aim of this study was to investigate the innate immune response to ibv, and to determine whether prostaglandin (pg) e2, which is synthesized during inflammation, is involved in the innate immune response in the uterine mucosa. the effects of intra-oviductal inoculation with attenuated ibv (aibv) on the expression of viral rna recognition receptors and innate antiviral factors were examined by re ... | 2018 | 29407895 |
| activation of the c-jun nh2-terminal kinase pathway by coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus promotes apoptosis independently of c-jun. | mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are conserved protein kinases that regulate a variety of important cellular signaling pathways. among them, c-jun n-terminal kinases (jnk) are known to be activated by various environmental stresses including virus infections. previously, activation of the jnk pathway has been detected in cells infected with several coronaviruses. however, detailed characterization of the pathway as well as its implication in host-virus interactions has not been fully in ... | 2017 | 29238080 |
| differentiation of infectious bronchitis virus vaccine strains ma5 and 4/91 by taqman real-time pcr. | the aim of this study was to develop rapid molecular assays for differentiating vaccine strains ma5 and 4/91 of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). specific primers and probes for s1 and n genes were designed based on the nucleotide sequences of both vaccine strains. cross-reactivity was not observed. assay sensitivity was 2.373 × 103 copies of the ma5 strain, and 3.852 x 103 copies of the 4/91 strain. samples belonging to a known genotype demonstrated that the designed assays supported rapid ... | 2017 | 29166280 |
| molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated from broiler flocks in bushehr province, iran: 2014 - 2015. | the aim of this study was to provide information on the molecular characteristic and the phylogenic relationship of infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv) strains in bushehr province in comparison to other strains reported in the middle east. samples were collected from broiler flocks in bushehr province during 2014 - 2015. these flocks had respiratory problems such as gasping, sneezing and bronchial rales. a number of 135 tracheal swabs were taken from fifteen flocks (nine swabs per flock). each t ... | 2017 | 29085606 |
| reference gene selection for gene expression study in shell gland and spleen of laying hens challenged with infectious bronchitis virus. | ten reference genes were investigated for normalisation of candidate target gene expression data in the shell gland and spleen of laying hens challenged with two strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). data were analysed with genorm, normfinder and bestkeeper, and a comprehensive ranking (geomean) was calculated. in the combined data set of ibv challenged shell gland samples, the comprehensive ranking showed tata-box binding protein (tbp) and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxyge ... | 2017 | 29079779 |
| evaluation of 793/b-like and mass-like vaccine strain kinetics in experimental and field conditions by real-time rt-pcr quantification. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a great economic burden both for productive losses and costs of the control strategies. many different vaccination protocols are applied in the same region and even in consecutive cycles on the same farm in order to find the perfect balance between costs and benefits. in northern italy, the usual second vaccination is more and more often moved up to the chick's first d of life. the second strain administration together with the common mass priming by spray at ... | 2018 | 29077954 |
| cd59 association with infectious bronchitis virus particles protects against antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis. | cd59 protein functions as a negative regulator of the terminal pathway of the complement system by binding to the c8/c9 factors. to date, little is known about the role of cd59 in coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection. in this study, we discovered that cd59 was downregulated in ibv-infected cells and was associated with ibv virions. this association protected ibv particles from antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis. ibv titres in the supernatant were significantly increa ... | 2017 | 29068273 |
| coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus non-structural proteins 8 and 12 form stable complex independent of the non-translated regions of viral rna and other viral proteins. | the cleavage products from coronavirus polyproteins, known as the non-structural proteins (nsps), are believed to make up the major components of the viral replication/transcription complex. in this study, several nsps encoded by avian gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were screened for rna-binding activity and interaction with its rna-dependent rna polymerase, nsp12. nsp2, nsp5, nsp8, nsp9 and nsp10 were found to bind to untranslated regions (utrs), while nsp8 was confirmed to ... | 2018 | 29035788 |
| identification of n-linked glycosylation sites in the spike protein and their functional impact on the replication and infectivity of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in cell culture. | spike (s) glycoprotein on the viral envelope is the main determinant of infectivity. the s protein of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) contains 29 putative asparagine(n)-linked glycosylation sites. these post-translational modifications may assist in protein folding and play important roles in the functionality of s protein. in this study, we used bioinformatics tools to predict n-linked glycosylation sites and to analyze their distribution in ibv strains and variants. among these s ... | 2018 | 29035787 |
| detection of different genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus and of infectious bursal disease virus in european broilers during an epidemiological study in 2013 and the consequences for the diagnostic approach. | to gather recent data regarding the infectious bronchitis (ib) and infectious bursal disease (ibd) situation in europe, a large-scale field epidemiological survey using diagnostic samples has been implemented in 2013 for about six months in several european countries: france, germany, greece, italy, the netherlands, poland, portugal, the republic of ireland, spain and the uk. in 234 flocks that were sampled, strains from 10 different ibv genotypes were detected: the 793b genotype was detected mo ... | 2018 | 28972403 |
| isolation and molecular characterization of novel infectious bronchitis virus variants from vaccinated broiler flocks in egypt. | the present study aimed to determine the molecular characteristics of circulating infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains in vaccinated broiler flocks in the giza and fayoum governorates. thirty-four isolates were collected, and egg propagation revealed their ability to induce typical ibv lesions after three to five successive passages. three selected isolates were identified as ibv using a real-time reverse transcriptase-pcr assay targeted the nucleocapsid (n) gene and further characterized b ... | 2017 | 28957013 |
| infectious bronchitis virus variants: molecular analysis and pathogenicity investigation. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) variants constantly emerge and pose economic threats to poultry farms worldwide. numerous studies on the molecular and pathogenic characterization of ibv variants have been performed between 2007 and 2017, which we have reviewed herein. we noted that viral genetic mutations and recombination events commonly gave rise to distinct ibv genotypes, serotypes and pathotypes. in addition to characterizing thes1genes, full viral genomic sequencing, comprehensive antigen ... | 2017 | 28937583 |
| think globally, act locally: phylodynamic reconstruction of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) qx genotype (gi-19 lineage) reveals different population dynamics and spreading patterns when evaluated on different epidemiological scales. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) represents one of the poultry industry major threats, particularly in high density producing countries. the emergence and spread of new ibv genotypes have frustrated the various disease control efforts implemented over time. despite that, few comprehensive and large scale studies have been performed to understand the international and local spreading dynamics of this virus. in the present work, these phenomena were evaluated by implementing a bayesian phylodynam ... | 2017 | 28880958 |
| successive occurrence of recombinant infectious bronchitis virus strains in restricted area of middle east. | routine molecular diagnostic testing by our laboratory, based on using a primer pair with conservative binding sites on the spike glycoprotein coding sequence, has indicated the recurring of a unique phylogenetic cluster of chicken infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv) in the middle east since 2010. the nearly full-length s1 subunit of the spike gene phylogeny of selected strains, however, split up this grouping, suggesting potential recombination in the s1 gene. in order to clarify this, various ... | 2016 | 29492274 |
| a simple and rapid diagnostic method to detect new goose astrovirus using reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | in this study, we develop a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for rapid and easy detection of goose astroviruses (gastvs) in clinical samples. the specific lamp primer sets were designed targeting the orf2 gene of gastv. the conditions of lamp amplification were optimized in terms of reaction time and temperature. the optimal conditions are 60 min in a 60 °c water bath. no cross-reactivity was noted with fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (fadv-4), duck tembusu ... | 2020 | 31879584 |
| infections and pathology of free-roaming backyard chickens on st. kitts, west indies. | free-roaming chickens on caribbean islands are important sentinels for local avian diseases and those introduced by birds migrating through the americas. we studied 81 apparently healthy unvaccinated free-roaming chickens from 9 parishes on st. kitts, an eastern caribbean island. using commercial elisas, no chickens had antibodies against avian influenza virus, west nile virus, or salmonella enteritidis, although seropositivity was high to infectious bursal disease virus (86%), infectious bronch ... | 2019 | 30973088 |
| natural product-derived phytochemicals as potential agents against coronaviruses: a review. | coronaviruses are responsible for a growing economic, social and mortality burden, as the causative agent of diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and covid-19. however, there is a lack of effective antiviral agents for many coronavirus strains. naturally existing compounds provide a wealth of chemical diversity, including antiviral activity, and thus may have utility as therapeutic agents again ... | 2020 | 32360300 |
| effect of restricted feed intake in broiler breeder hens on their stress levels and the growth and immunology of their offspring. | the prenatal environment has been shown to have significant effects on the lifelong health of offspring in humans and other species. such effects have not been studied extensively in avian species but could prove important, especially in the case of severe feed restriction imposed on broiler breeder hens to prevent obesity and reduce rate of lay. feed restriction can potentially affect not only nutrient supply to the embryo but stress hormone levels within the hen. this study investigated the im ... | 2018 | 32704710 |
| coronavirus interactions with the cellular autophagy machinery. | the covid-19 pandemic, caused by the sars-cov-2 virus, is the most recent example of an emergent coronavirus that poses a significant threat to human health. virus-host interactions play a major role in the viral life cycle and disease pathogenesis, and cellular pathways such as macroautophagy/autophagy prove to be either detrimental or beneficial to viral replication and maturation. here, we describe the literature over the past twenty years describing autophagy-coronavirus interactions. there ... | 2020 | 32964796 |
| the emergence of q1 genotype of avian infectious bronchitis virus in iran, 2019: the first report. | avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is an infectious viral disease of chickens. the effective protection of chickens against many different infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) variants is not achieved unless the circulating genotypes in the region are identified and the cross-protection of the potential of vaccines in use is assessed. | 2020 | 33178303 |
| comparative trachea transcriptome analysis between avian infectious bronchitis virus and avian pathogenic e. coli individual infection and co-infection in spf chickens. | avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec) are two important respiratory pathogens in the chicken. the co-infection can lead to chronic complications and considerable economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. in the present study, we compared differential transcriptional profiles in the trachea tissue of three infected groups (ibv, apec, and co-infection) with the control group to investigate transcriptome profile changes at the early stage of t ... | 2020 | 33151740 |
| the chicken mhc: insights into genetic resistance, immunity, and inflammation following infectious bronchitis virus infections. | the chicken immune system has provided an immense contribution to basic immunology knowledge by establishing major landmarks and discoveries that defined concepts widely used today. one of many special features on chickens is the presence of a compact and simple major histocompatibility complex (mhc). despite its simplicity, the chicken mhc maintains the essential counterpart genes of the mammalian mhc, allowing for a strong association to be detected between the mhc and resistance or susceptibi ... | 2020 | 33147703 |
| genetic and antigenic heterogeneity of gi-1/massachusetts lineage infectious bronchitis virus variants recently isolated in china. | four gi-1/massachusetts-type (gi-1/mass-type) infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains were isolated and the complete genomes of these isolates, coupled with the mass-type live-attenuated vaccine h120 and the mass-type pathogenic m41 strains, were sequenced in the present study. our results show that isolates ljl/140820 and i0306/17 may be derived from the ma5 (another mass-type live-attenuated vaccine strain) and h120 vaccine strains, respectively. the i1124/16 strain was found to be a m41 var ... | 2020 | 33142461 |
| novel cyclovirus identified in broiler chickens with transmissible viral proventriculitis in china. | in october 2018, an outbreak of transmissible viral proventriculitis (tvp) occurred in 30-day-old commercial broiler chickens on a farm in weifang, china. tvp, an infectious viral disease characterized by runting and stunting, is associated with many viruses, and has a significant economic impact on the global poultry industry. tvp is diagnosed according to clinical symptoms, gross and histological lesions, and negative pcr results for pathogenic bacteria, avian leukosis virus subgroup j, marek' ... | 2020 | 33134354 |
| coronavirus: proteomics analysis of chicken kidney tissue infected with variant 2 (is-1494)-like avian infectious bronchitis virus. | avian infectious bronchitis virus is one of the most important gammacoronaviruses, which causes a highly contagious disease. in this study, we investigated changes in the proteome of kidney tissue of specific-pathogen-free (spf) chickens that were infected with an isolate of the nephrotropic variant 2 genotype (is/1494/06) of avian coronavirus. twenty 1-day-old spf white leghorn chickens were randomly divided into two groups, each comprising 10 chickens, which were kept in separate positive-pres ... | 2020 | 33083914 |