| cold comfort for rudolph. | deep in the frozen wilds of northminster, santa waldeclaus peered out of his grotto and stroked his long white beard. the snow lay thick on the ground and he was keen to get on, but the head reindeer had told him gift delivery was suspended. it was the wrong sort of snow. 'my team can't go out in those conditions,' the i head reindeer had said. 'that snow's cold and we can only pull sleighs in warm snow.' | 1991 | 27680272 |
| density dependence in a fluctuating wild reindeer herd; maternal vs. offspring effects. | the hardangervidda wild reindeer herd in norway is the largest in western europe. it has fluctuated between 7000 and 32000 animals during the last 35 years. four density-dependent effects were found: 1. a food limitation effect due to a shift in diet after overgrazing lichen on the winter range. this led to increased tooth wear and lowered body size and fat reserves. 2. a significant correlation between population density and juvenile winter survival rate. no effect on adult female survival rate ... | 1990 | 28312958 |
| influences of maternal body weight, age, and parity on sex ratio in semidomesticated reindeer (rangifer t. tarandus). | | 1989 | 28564498 |
| predation risk and habitat selection in the persistence of a remnant caribou population. | a small caribou herd of 24-77 animals resided on pic island (1138 ha) in lake superior from 1976 to 1984. most of the caribou populations on the adjacent mainland had gone extinct earlier in this century. we tested three hypotheses for the persistence of this remanant population: (1) there was more forage available on the island than the mainland, (2) the animals on the island were isolated from white-tailed deer and did not develop the meningeal worm infection, and (3) there was less predation ... | 1988 | 28312201 |
| introduced reindeer and their effects on the vegetation and the epigeic invertebrate fauna of south georgia (subantarctic). | the introduced reindeer of south georgia have had a serious impact on the vegetation throughout the range of three populations on the island. exclosure experiments in areas where the reindeer were introduced have resulted in a dramatic change in the composition of the protected vegetation. poa flabellata (the major winter food) and acaena magellanica (a major summer food) have recovered to their former status inside the exclosures, while deschampsia antarctia and the introduced grass poa annua t ... | 1984 | 28310747 |
| the effects of density dependent resource limitation on size of wild reindeer. | a density-dependent decrement in size for wild reindeer from 12 different norwegian herds at 16 different densities was shown using lower jawbone-length as the criterion of size. this criterion was tested and found to adequately predict body size of both bucks and does. lactation in does did not affect jaw length but significantly affected dressed weights.a decrement in the size of does as a result of gross density was found. this size decrement was further analysed in relation to the habitat de ... | 1983 | 28310482 |
| rutting behavior and androgen variation in reindeer (rangifer tarandus l.). | the rutting behavior of captive reindeer was studied during three rutting seasons. blood samples from three males were taken for androgen analysis before, during, and afterthe rut. the amount of androgen increased at the end of august to a peak during late september-early october and decreased thereafter. flehmen, urinating on the hindlegs, and two different low-stretch displays emerged during the prerut period. the preorbital gland enlarged and secretion occurred at the rim of the pocket. a con ... | 1981 | 24420483 |
| seasonal development of circadian and short-term activity in captive reindeer, rangifer tarandus l. | 1. locomotor activity in a group of ten captive reindeer (rangifer tarandus l.) was recorded automatically during a 15-month period at the university of ume\0a, sweden (63\dg 49\t' n). the records were complemented by observations on activity and rumination in march, june, september and december. artificial food was provided at lib. 2. reindeer have a polyphasic activity pattern with bursts occurring during both day and night. the number of activity peaks varies from 4-6 in the winter with 6 h o ... | 1981 | 28309934 |
| michigan snow skiing techniques all wrong for the caribous. | | 1978 | 625250 |
| [brucellosis in far northern regions. ii. on epidemiological characteristics of a focus of brucellosis in reindeers]. | | 1961 | 13692814 |
| [brucellosis in arctic regions. i. on brucellosis in reindeers]. | | 1961 | 13692813 |
| [pulmonary mycoses in bisons and reindeers]. | | 2006 | 13736459 |
| [seasonal peculiarities of secretory and motor functions of the stomach in reindeers]. | | 2006 | 13083743 |
| a teat papillomatosis case in a damascus goat (shami goat) in hatay province, turkey: a new putative papillomavirus? | papillomaviruses (pvs) are epitheliotropic viruses that cause benign proliferative lesions in the skin (warts or papillomas) and mucous membranes of their natural hosts. recently, new pvs have been found in many animal species. the most common current approach for identifying novel pv types is based on pcr, using various consensus or degenerated primer (broad-range primers), designed on the basis of the multiple alignment of nucleotide or amino acid sequences of a large number of different human ... | 2018 | 29502149 |
| orf virus infection in alaskan mountain goats, dall's sheep, muskoxen, caribou and sitka black-tailed deer. | the zoonotic orf virus (orfv; genus parapoxvirus, poxviridae family) occurs worldwide and is transmitted between sheep and goats, wildlife and man. archived tissue samples from 16 alaskan wildlife cases, representing mountain goat (oreamnos americanus, n = 8), dall's sheep (ovis dalli dalli, n = 3), muskox (ovibos moschatus, n = 3), sitka black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus sitkensis, n = 1) and caribou (rangifer tarandus granti, n = 1), were analyzed. | 2018 | 29467004 |
| multi-pathogen serological survey of migratory caribou herds: a snapshot in time. | pathogens can impact host survival, fecundity, and population dynamics even when no obvious disease is observed. few baseline data on pathogen prevalence and diversity of caribou are available, which hampers our ability to track changes over time and evaluate impacts on caribou health. archived blood samples collected from ten migratory caribou herds in canada and two in greenland were used to test for exposure to pathogens that have the potential to effect population productivity, are zoonotic ... | 2019 | 31365561 |
| cervids as sentinel-species for tick-borne encephalitis virus in norway - a serological study. | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe). tbev is one of the most important neurological pathogens transmitted by tick bites in europe. the objectives of this study were to investigate the seroprevalence of tbe antibodies in cervids in norway and the possible emergence of new foci, and furthermore to evaluate if cervids can function as sentinel animals for the distribution of tbev in the country. serum samples from 286 moose, 148 roe deer, 140 ... | 2019 | 31855321 |
| disentangling social interactions and environmental drivers in multi-individual wildlife tracking data. | while many animal species exhibit strong conspecific interactions, movement analyses of wildlife tracking datasets still largely focus on single individuals. multi-individual wildlife tracking studies provide new opportunities to explore how individuals move relative to one another, but such datasets are frequently too sparse for the detailed, acceleration-based analytical methods typically employed in collective motion studies. here, we address the methodological gap between wildlife tracking d ... | 2018 | 29581392 |
| a retrospective summary of cervid morbidity and mortality in ontario and nunavut regions of canada (1991-2017). | free-ranging cervids in canada face diverse threats such as climate change, human population expansion, and the northward spread of vector-borne pathogens. however, we currently have a limited understanding of the impacts of these health challenges in ontario cervids. our objective was to identify and characterize causes of morbidity and mortality in free-ranging cervids submitted to the ontario and nunavut node of the canadian wildlife health cooperative (cwhc) over a 27-yr period (1991 to 2017 ... | 2020 | 32348201 |
| molecular detection of babesia odocoilei in wild, farmed, and zoo cervids in ontario, canada. | babesia odocoilei, a tick-borne protozoan hemoparasite of white-tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus), is being increasingly recognized as a cause of disease in captive cervids in north america. historically endemic in white-tailed deer, the natural wildlife reservoir in the southeastern us, b. odocoilei has been recently associated with hemolytic anemia in captive eurasian tundra reindeer ( rangifer tarandus tarandus), wapiti ( cervus canadensis), and woodland caribou ( rangifer tarandus caribo ... | 2019 | 30339101 |
| a mobile laboratory for ancient dna analysis. | mobile devices for on-field dna analysis have been used for medical diagnostics at the point-of-care, forensic investigations and environmental surveys, but still have to be validated for ancient dna studies. we report here on a mobile laboratory that we setup using commercially available devices, including a compact real-time pcr machine, and describe procedures to perform dna extraction and analysis from a variety of archeological samples within 4 hours. the process is carried out on 50 mg sam ... | 2020 | 32187203 |
| estimating the amount of chronic wasting disease infectivity passing through abattoirs and field slaughter. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a highly infectious, naturally occurring, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse, or prion disease) affecting many cervid species. cwd has been widely circulating in north america since it was first reported in 1967. in 2016, the first european case of prion disease in deer was reported and confirmed in norway. there have since been several confirmed several cases in reindeer and moose and in one red deer in norway, and recently in a moose in finland. there ... | 2019 | 30935503 |
| a brief review-epr dosimetry and the use of animal teeth as dosimeters. | the technique of electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry using tooth enamel was established in the late 1960s, and considerable research has been conducted to learn more about the benefits of using human teeth as dosimeters for the purpose of retrospective dose reconstruction. comparatively few studies have been done which have investigated animal teeth for the same purpose. the potential exists for utilizing animal teeth as dosimeters to reconstruct doses received by a species, as well as by ... | 2018 | 30260850 |
| prevalence and characterization of cryptosporidium species and genotypes in four farmed deer species in the northeast of china. | cryptosporidiosis is a major public health problem in humans and animals. information on the prevalence and molecular diversity of cryptosporidium in farmed deer in northeastern china is limited. in this study, the prevalence of these parasites was investigated in four farmed deer species, including 125 reindeer, 109 red deer, 86 sika deer, and 18 siberian roe deer by nested pcr amplification of the partial small subunit of ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene. c. ubiquitum isolates were subtyped using ... | 2020 | 32903723 |
| storing fish?: a dog's isotopic biography provides insight into iron age food preservation strategies in the russian arctic. | analysis of individual animal bodies can provide numerous useful insights in archeology, including how humans provisioned such animals, which in turn informs on a variety of other past behaviors such as human dietary patterns. in this study, we conducted stable carbon (δ13c) and nitrogen (δ15n) isotope analysis of collagen and keratin from four types of tissues from a dog burial at the ust'-polui site in the iamal region of arctic russia. ust'-polui is an iron age site located on the lower ob ri ... | 2020 | 32831958 |
| bartonella spp. detection in ticks, culicoides biting midges and wild cervids from norway. | bartonella spp. are fastidious, gram-negative, aerobic, facultative intracellular bacteria that infect humans, and domestic and wild animals. in norway, bartonella spp. have been detected in cervids, mainly within the distribution area of the arthropod vector deer ked (lipoptena cervi). we used pcr to survey the prevalence of bartonella spp. in blood samples from 141 cervids living outside the deer ked distribution area (moose [alces alces, n = 65], red deer [cervus elaphus, n = 41] and reindeer ... | 2020 | 32757355 |
| identifying early stages of reindeer domestication in the archaeological record: a 3d morphological investigation on forelimb bones of modern populations from fennoscandia. | reindeer herding probably developed during the late iron age onwards and is still an important part of the subsistence and culture of many peoples in northern eurasia. however, despite the importance of this husbandry in the history of these arctic people, the period and place of the origin as well as the spread of domestic reindeer is still highly debated. besides the existence of different breeding methods in these territories, identifying domesticated individuals in the archaeological record ... | 2020 | 32704330 |
| fox dietary ecology as a tracer of human impact on pleistocene ecosystems. | nowadays, opportunistic small predators, such as foxes (vulpes vulpes and vulpes lagopus), are well known to be very adaptable to human modified ecosystems. however, the timing of the start of this phenomenon in terms of human impact on ecosystems and of the implications for foxes has hardly been studied. we hypothesize that foxes can be used as an indicator of past human impact on ecosystems, as a reflection of population densities and consequently to track back the influence of humans on the p ... | 2020 | 32697783 |
| role of donor genotype in rt-quic seeding activity of chronic wasting disease prions using human and bank vole substrates. | chronic wasting disease is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids. this fatal neurodegenerative disease is caused by misfolding of the cellular prion protein (prpc) to pathogenic conformers (prpsc), and the pathogenic forms accumulate in the brain and other tissues. real-time quaking induced conversion (rt-quic) can be used for the detection of prions and for prion strain discrimination in a variety of biological tissues from humans and animals. in this study, we evaluated how eith ... | 2020 | 31910440 |
| fatal acute babesiosis associated with babesia venatorum infection (babesia sp. eu1) in a captive reindeer calf in switzerland. | babesia venatorum was isolated from a captive reindeer calf in switzerland. the clinical signs consistent with acute babesiosis included hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria. the diagnosis was made based on visualization of intraerythrocytic parasites in the stained blood smears and confirmed by pcr analysis of the 18s rrna gene, with subsequent species identification within babesia confirmed by sequencing. the reindeer calf was initially treated with supportive care and an antiprotozoal drug (im ... | 2019 | 31796172 |
| slower rates of accumulation of dna damage in leukocytes correlate with longer lifespans across several species of birds and mammals. | although there is previous evidence showing an increase in various types of dna damage with aging in mice and humans, a comparative study determining accumulation rates of dna double strand breaks, as determined by presence of phosphorylated histone h2ax (γh2ax), in leukocytes of individuals of different ages from phylogenetically distinct species from birds to mammals was lacking. here, we demonstrate that the rate of accumulation of dna damage as measured by the dna damage marker γh2ax correla ... | 2019 | 31730540 |
| stable carbon isotope diagnostics of mammalian metabolism, a high-resolution isotomics approach using amino acid carboxyl groups. | the carbon isotopic compositions of amino acids are increasingly measured to characterize diets and metabolic response to diets. we report a new high-resolution system to measure the stable carbon isotopic composition of carboxyl atoms within amino acids. the automated system used hplc to separate amino acids followed by addition of ninhydrin for decarboxylation and transfer of the evolved co2 to a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer for δ13ccarboxyl measurement. the ninhydrin reaction was co ... | 2019 | 31658286 |
| chronic wasting disease in cervids: implications for prion transmission to humans and other animal species. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion-related transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids, including deer, elk, reindeer, sika deer, and moose. cwd has been confirmed in at least 26 u.s. states, three canadian provinces, south korea, finland, norway, and sweden, with a notable increase in the past 5 years. the continued geographic spread of this disease increases the frequency of exposure to cwd prions among cervids, humans, and other animal species. since cwd is now an established wil ... | 2019 | 31337719 |
| telomere shortening rate predicts species life span. | telomere shortening to a critical length can trigger aging and shorter life spans in mice and humans by a mechanism that involves induction of a persistent dna damage response at chromosome ends and loss of cellular viability. however, whether telomere length is a universal determinant of species longevity is not known. to determine whether telomere shortening can be a single parameter to predict species longevities, here we measured in parallel the telomere length of a wide variety of species ( ... | 2019 | 31285335 |
| serological and molecular detection of toxoplasma gondii in terrestrial and marine wildlife harvested for food in nunavik, canada. | toxoplasma gondii, a zoonotic protozoan parasite, infects mammals and birds worldwide. infection in humans is often asymptomatic, though illnesses can occur in immunocompromised hosts and the fetuses of susceptible women infected during pregnancy. in nunavik, canada, 60% of the inuit population has measurable antibodies against t. gondii. handling and consumption of wildlife have been identified as risk factors for exposure. serological evidence of exposure has been reported for wildlife in nuna ... | 2019 | 30944016 |
| estimating the intensity of use by interacting predators and prey using camera traps. | understanding how organisms distribute themselves in response to interacting species, ecosystems, climate, human development and time is fundamental to ecological study and practice. a measure to quantify the relationship among organisms and their environments is intensity of use: the rate of use of a specific resource in a defined unit of time. estimating the intensity of use differs from estimating probabilities of occupancy or selection, which can remain constant even when the intensity of us ... | 2019 | 30834526 |
| genomics, environment and balancing selection in behaviourally bimodal populations: the caribou case. | selection forces that favour different phenotypes in different environments can change frequencies of genes between populations along environmental clines. clines are also compatible with balancing forces, such as negative frequency-dependent selection (nfds), which maintains phenotypic polymorphisms within populations. for example, nfds is hypothesized to maintain partial migration, a dimorphic behavioural trait prominent in species where only a fraction of the population seasonally migrates. o ... | 2019 | 30714247 |
| distribution and genetic diversity of blastocystis subtypes in various mammal and bird species in northeastern china. | blastocystis is one of the most common intestinal parasites in humans and animals worldwide. at least 17 subtypes have been identified in mammals and birds. in china, although some studies have reported the occurrence of blastocystis in humans and animals, our understanding of the role of animals in the transmission of human blastocystosis is only superficial due to a paucity of available molecular data. the aim of the present study was to understand infection rates of blastocystis and the distr ... | 2018 | 30236147 |
| chronic wasting disease: an evolving prion disease of cervids. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a relatively new and burgeoning prion epidemic of deer, elk, reindeer, and moose, which are members of the cervid family. while the disease was first described in captive deer, its subsequent discovery in various species of free-ranging animals makes it the only currently recognized prion disorder of both wild and farmed animals. in addition to its expanding range of host species, cwd continues to spread from north america to new geographic areas, including south ... | 2018 | 29887133 |
| mineral licks as environmental reservoirs of chronic wasting disease prions. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of deer, elk, moose, and reindeer (cervids) caused by misfolded prion proteins. the disease has been reported across north america and recently discovered in northern europe. transmission of cwd in wild cervid populations can occur through environmental routes, but limited ability to detect prions in environmental samples has prevented the identification of potential transmission "hot spots". we establish widespread cwd prion con ... | 2018 | 29719000 |
| inferring the rules of social interaction in migrating caribou. | social interactions are a significant factor that influence the decision-making of species ranging from humans to bacteria. in the context of animal migration, social interactions may lead to improved decision-making, greater ability to respond to environmental cues, and the cultural transmission of optimal routes. despite their significance, the precise nature of social interactions in migrating species remains largely unknown. here we deploy unmanned aerial systems to collect aerial footage of ... | 2018 | 29581404 |
| chronic wasting disease (cwd) in cervids. | in april and may of 2016, norway confirmed two cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in a wild reindeer and a wild moose, respectively. in the light of this emerging issue, the european commission requested efsa to recommend surveillance activities and, if necessary, additional animal health risk-based measures to prevent the introduction of the disease and the spread into/within the eu, specifically estonia, finland, iceland, latvia, lithuania, norway, poland and sweden, and considering seven ... | 2017 | 32625260 |
| community-level modelling of boreal forest mammal distribution in an oil sands landscape. | anthropogenic landscape disturbances are known to alter, destroy, and fragment habitat, which typically leads to biodiversity loss. the effects of landscape disturbance generally vary among species and depend on the nature of the disturbances, which may interact and result in synergistic effects. western canada's oil sands region experiences disturbances from forestry and energy sector activities as well as municipal and transportation infrastructure. the effects of those disturbances on single ... | 2020 | 33049527 |
| the importance of considering multiple interacting species for conservation of species at risk. | conservation of species at risk of extinction is complex and multifaceted. however, mitigation strategies are typically narrow in scope, an artifact of conservation research that is often limited to a single species or stressor. knowledge of an entire community of strongly interacting species would greatly enhance the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of conservation decisions. we investigated how camera trapping and spatial count models, an extension of spatial-recapture models for unmarked p ... | 2019 | 30306635 |
| natural regeneration on seismic lines influences movement behaviour of wolves and grizzly bears. | across the boreal forest of canada, habitat disturbance is the ultimate cause of caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) declines. habitat restoration is a focus of caribou recovery efforts, with a goal to finding ways to reduce predator use of disturbances, and caribou-predator encounters. one of the most pervasive disturbances within caribou ranges in alberta, canada are seismic lines cleared for energy exploration. seismic lines facilitate predator movement, and although vegetation on some seismi ... | 2018 | 29659615 |
| spatiotemporal heterogeneity in prey abundance and vulnerability shapes the foraging tactics of an omnivore. | prey abundance and prey vulnerability vary across space and time, but we know little about how they mediate predator-prey interactions and predator foraging tactics. to evaluate the interplay between prey abundance, prey vulnerability and predator space use, we examined patterns of black bear (ursus americanus) predation of caribou (rangifer tarandus) neonates in newfoundland, canada using data from 317 collared individuals (9 bears, 34 adult female caribou, 274 caribou calves). during the carib ... | 2018 | 29450888 |
| foodborne and waterborne illness among canadian indigenous populations: a scoping review. | indigenous populations are often at higher risk for foodborne illness than the general canadian population. | 2017 | 29770041 |
| first highly sensitive and specific competitive elisa for detection of bovine besnoitiosis with potential as a multi-species test. | serological cross-reactions represent a serious problem in some currently available tests to diagnose besnoitia infections in many species including cattle, caribou and donkeys. false-positive results are due to the low positive-predictive value of these serological tests for besnoitiosis. these tests therefore have clear limitations if large herds are screened in areas with low prevalence, since increased numbers of false-positive reactions require confirmatory testing by alternative serologica ... | 2020 | 32169472 |
| identification of sarcocystis spp. in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) from riyadh and dammam, saudi arabia, via histological and phylogenetic approaches. | sarcocystis(s.) spp. are intracellular protozoan parasites that infect birds and animals, resulting in substantial commercial losses. sarcocystis spp. have an indirect life cycle; canines and felines are known to act as final hosts, and numerous domestic and wild animals act as intermediate hosts. the presence of sarcocysts in camel meat may diminish its commercial quality. there is limited knowledge regarding the taxonomy and diagnosis of sarcocystis spp. that infect camels in saudi arabia. in ... | 2020 | 32605261 |
| the unique spatial ecology of human hunters. | human hunters are described as 'superpredators' with a unique ecology. chronic wasting disease among cervids and african swine fever among wild boar are emerging wildlife diseases in europe, with huge economic and cultural repercussions. understanding hunter movements at broad scales has implications for how to control the spread of these diseases. here we show, based on analysis of the settlement patterns and movements of hunters of reindeer (n = 9,685), red deer (n = 47,845), moose (n = 60,365 ... | 2020 | 32203320 |
| gammaherpesvirus in cervid species from norway: characterization of a new virus in wild and semi-domesticated eurasian tundra reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | gammaherpesvirus infections have been described in cervids worldwide, mainly the genera macavirus or rhadinovirus. however, little is known about the gammaherpesviruses species infecting cervids in norway and fennoscandia. blood samples from semi-domesticated (n = 39) and wild (n = 35) eurasian tundra reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus), moose (alces alces, n = 51), and red deer (cervus elaphus, n = 41) were tested using a panherpesvirus dna polymerase (dpol) pcr. dpol-pcr-positive samples wer ... | 2020 | 32796534 |
| first detection of chronic wasting disease in a wild red deer (cervus elaphus) in europe. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal contagious prion disease naturally occurring in cervids in north america. in 2016, cwd was detected in wild reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and moose (alces alces) in norway. here, we report the first known naturally infected wild norwegian red deer (cervus elaphus). | 2019 | 30920905 |
| novel type of chronic wasting disease detected in moose (alces alces), norway. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) persists in cervid populations of north america and in 2016 was detected for the first time in europe in a wild reindeer in norway. we report the detection of cwd in 3 moose (alces alces) in norway, identified through a large scale surveillance program. the cases occurred in 13-14-year-old female moose, and we detected an abnormal form of prion protein (prpsc) in the brain but not in lymphoid tissues. immunohistochemistry revealed that the moose shared the same neur ... | 2018 | 30457526 |
| low sequence diversity of the prion protein gene (prnp) in wild deer and goat species from spain. | the first european cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in free-ranging reindeer and wild elk were confirmed in norway in 2016 highlighting the urgent need to understand transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in the context of european deer species and the many individual populations throughout the european continent. the genetics of the prion protein gene (prnp) are crucial in determining the relative susceptibility to tses. to establish prnp gene sequence diversity for free-ranging ... | 2018 | 29631620 |
| failure to detect prion infectivity in ticks following prion-infected blood meal. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an emerging and fatal contagious prion disease that affects cervids, including mule deer, white-tailed deer, black-tailed deer, red deer reindeer, elk, and moose. cwd prions are widely distributed throughout the bodies of cwd-infected animals and are found in the nervous system, lymphoid tissues, muscle, blood, urine, feces, and antler velvet. the mechanism of cwd transmission in natural settings is unknown. potential mechanisms of transmission include horizontal ... | 2020 | 32878935 |
| elaphostrongylus and dictyocaulus infections in norwegian wild reindeer and red deer populations in relation to summer pasture altitude and climate. | nematodes of the genera elaphostrongylus and dictyocaulus are associated with disease in semi-domesticated tundra reindeer and farmed red deer whereas less knowledge exists in the wild. their first stage larvae (l1) develop to the infective third stage (l3) in the environment; elaphostrongylus spp. within intermediate gastropod hosts and dictyocaulus spp. as free-living larvae. larval development of elaphostrongylus is highly temperature dependent with a developmental minimum of 9-10 °c. larval ... | 2019 | 31667081 |
| identification of velvet antler and its mixed varieties by uplc-qtof-ms combined with principal component analysis. | many species of velvet antler have been used as traditional medicine for thousands of years; however, as medicinal materials, velvet antler derived from different animals have different clinical effects. to distinguish the differences and homologies, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadruple-time of flight mass spectrometry (uplc-qtof-ms) coupled with principal component analysis (pca) was developed and applied to identify these antler samples derived from cervus nippon temminck, cervus ... | 2019 | 30500596 |
| the european union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in 2017. | this report presents the results of surveillance on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in bovine animals, sheep, goats, cervids and other animal species, as well as genotyping in sheep, carried out in 2017 in the european union (eu) according to regulation (ec) 999/2001, and in iceland, norway and switzerland. in total, 1,312,714 cattle were tested by the 28 eu member states (mss) which is a decrease of 3% compared with 2016; 18,526 were tested by the three non-mss. for the first t ... | 2018 | 32625769 |
| metapodials of ancient bison (bison priscus) of northeast russia: "stress markers," sex and withers height. | a total of 175 metapodials (mp) of pleistocene and early holocene bison (bison priscus boj.) from the vast area of northeast russia were studied. mp were attributed to males and females both visually and statistically. data on the withers height of bison from northeast russia are provided. stress markers were recorded, including so-called "buttresses." with rare exceptions, stress markers were not of a pathological nature. the origin and development of the buttresses are age-related; their preva ... | 2019 | 30019862 |
| susceptibility of human prion protein to conversion by chronic wasting disease prions. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in north america. the identification of the first cases of cwd among free-ranging reindeer and moose in europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether cwd can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. we used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether cwd prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in north america ... | 2018 | 30014840 |
| sika deer (cervus nippon)-specific real-time pcr method to detect fraudulent labelling of meat and meat products. | since game meat is more valuable and expensive than meat from domesticated animal species it is a potential target for adulteration. analytical methods must allow the identification and quantification of meat species to be applicable for the detection of fraudulent labelling. we developed a real-time pcr assay for the authentication of sika deer (cervus nippon) and products thereof. the primer/probe system amplifies a 71 bp fragment of the kappa-casein precursor gene. since the target sequence c ... | 2018 | 29739996 |
| scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (ii). | the european commission asked efsa for a scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease in two parts. part one, on surveillance, animal health risk-based measures and public health risks, was published in january 2017. this opinion (part two) addresses the remaining terms of reference, namely, 'are the conclusions and recommendations in the efsa opinion of june 2004 on diagnostic methods for chronic wasting disease still valid? if not, an update should be provided', and 'update the conclusions of ... | 2018 | 32625679 |
| chemical characterization of the milk oligosaccharides of some artiodactyla species including giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis), sitatunga (tragelaphus spekii), deer (cervus nippon yesoensis) and water buffalo (bubalus bubalis). | mammalian milk/colostrum usually contains oligosaccharides along with the predominant disaccharide lactose. it has been found that the number and identity of these milk oligosaccharides varies among mammalian species. oligosaccharides predominate over lactose in the milk/colostrum of arctoidea species (carnivora), whereas lactose predominates over milk oligosaccharides in artiodactyla including cow, sheep, goat, camel, reindeer and pig. to clarify whether heterogeneity of a variety of milk oligo ... | 2018 | 30467790 |
| ecological insights from three decades of animal movement tracking across a changing arctic. | the arctic is entering a new ecological state, with alarming consequences for humanity. animal-borne sensors offer a window into these changes. although substantial animal tracking data from the arctic and subarctic exist, most are difficult to discover and access. here, we present the new arctic animal movement archive (aama), a growing collection of more than 200 standardized terrestrial and marine animal tracking studies from 1991 to the present. the aama supports public data discovery, prese ... | 2020 | 33154141 |
| an assessment of sampling designs using scr analyses to estimate abundance of boreal caribou. | accurately estimating abundance is a critical component of monitoring and recovery of rare and elusive species. spatial capture-recapture (scr) models are an increasingly popular method for robust estimation of ecological parameters. we provide an analytical framework to assess results from empirical studies to inform scr sampling design, using both simulated and empirical data from noninvasive genetic sampling of seven boreal caribou populations (rangifer tarandus caribou), which varied in rang ... | 2020 | 33144989 |
| genetic specificity of the siberian forest reindeer (rangifer tarandus valentinae flerov, 1932) of the kuznetsk alatau. | this is the first study to show the genetic identity of the altai-sayan population of the forest reindeer of the kuznetsk alatau (rangifer tarandus valentinae). the population is characterized by the existence of unique mitochondrial lines, the absence of signs of introgression of domestic rein deer mtdna, as well as a low level of genetic diversity. in the sample studied, only two nucleotide substitutions (both of them transitions) were revealed, the nucleotide diversity (0.0015 ± 0.00136) was ... | 2020 | 33083885 |
| food sovereignty of the indigenous peoples in the arctic zone of western siberia: response to covid-19 pandemic. | this article presents the challenges facing reindeer herding as being both a profitable business and part of the traditional culture of the nomadic indigenous peoples in the arctic zone of western siberia which addresses substantial needs of the local population. reindeer herding products are used as traditional nutrition, and as effective preventive means and remedies for adapting to the cold and geomagnetic activity in the high north. export trends of traditional reindeer products have decreas ... | 2020 | 33080982 |
| changing diets and traditional lifestyle of siberian arctic indigenous peoples and effects on health and well-being. | the diet of indigenous peoples of north-western siberia is characterized by a significant proportion of traditional foods. eating local products provides a ready-made set of macro- and microelements necessary for life in the challenging conditions of the arctic. currently, high consumption of traditional foods is typical in the season of fishing or reindeer slaughter, while out of season the consumption of easily digestible carbohydrates increases. due to climate change, seasonal fishing and tra ... | 2020 | 33058008 |
| range expansion of muskox lungworms track rapid arctic warming: implications for geographic colonization under climate forcing. | rapid climate warming in the arctic results in multifaceted disruption of biodiversity, faunal structure, and ecosystem health. hypotheses have linked range expansion and emergence of parasites and diseases to accelerating warming globally but empirical studies demonstrating causality are rare. using historical data and recent surveys as baselines, we explored climatological drivers for arctic warming as determinants of range expansion for two temperature-dependent lungworms, umingmakstrongylus ... | 2020 | 33057173 |
| permafrost dynamics and the risk of anthrax transmission: a modelling study. | a recent outbreak of anthrax disease, severely affecting reindeer herds in siberia, has been reportedly associated to the presence of infected carcasses or spores released from the active layer over permafrost, which is thawing and thickening at increasing rates, thus underlying the re-emerging nature of this pathogen in the arctic region because of warming temperatures. anthrax is a global zoonotic and epizootic disease, with a high case-fatality ratio in infected animals. its transmission is m ... | 2020 | 33028874 |
| mammalian herbivory shapes intraspecific trait responses to warmer climate and nutrient enrichment. | variation in intraspecific traits is one important mechanism that can allow plant species to respond to global changes. understanding plant trait responses to environmental changes such as grazing patterns, nutrient enrichment and climate warming is, thus, essential for predicting the composition of future plant communities. we measured traits of eight common tundra species in a fully factorial field experiment with mammalian herbivore exclusion, fertilization, and passive warming, and assessed ... | 2020 | 33020977 |
| long-lived larch clones may conserve adaptations that could restrict treeline migration in northern siberia. | the occurrence of refugia beyond the arctic treeline and genetic adaptation therein play a crucial role of largely unknown effect size. while refugia have potential for rapidly colonizing the tundra under global warming, the taxa may be maladapted to the new environmental conditions. understanding the genetic composition and age of refugia is thus crucial for predicting any migration response. here, we genotype 194 larch individuals from an ~1.8 km2 area in northcentral siberia on the southern t ... | 2020 | 33005360 |
| integrating functional connectivity in designing networks of protected areas under climate change: a caribou case-study. | land-use change and climate change are recognized as two main drivers of the current biodiversity decline. protected areas help safeguard the landscape from additional anthropogenic disturbances and, when properly designed, can help species cope with climate change impacts. when designed to protect the regional biodiversity rather than to conserve focal species or landscape elements, protected areas need to cover a representative sample of the regional biodiversity and be functionally connected, ... | 2020 | 32997673 |
| temporal and structural genetic variation in reindeer (rangifer tarandus) associated with the pastoral transition in northwestern siberia. | just as the domestication of livestock is often cited as a key element in the neolithic transition to settled, the emergence of large-scaled reindeer husbandry was a fundamental social transformation for the indigenous peoples of arctic eurasia. to better understand the history of reindeer domestication, and the genetic processes associated with the pastoral transition in the eurasian arctic, we analyzed archaeological and contemporary reindeer samples from northwestern siberia. the material rep ... | 2020 | 32953046 |
| ocular histopathological findings in semi-domesticated eurasian tundra reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) with infectious keratoconjunctivitis after experimental inoculation with cervid herpesvirus 2. | infectious keratoconjunctivitis (ikc) is a common transmissible ocular disease in semi-domesticated eurasian tundra reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). in large outbreaks, ikc may affect tens of animals in a herd, with the most severe cases often requiring euthanasia due to the destruction of the affected eyes and permanent blindness. an experimental inoculation with cervid herpesvirus 2 (cvhv2), alone or in combination with moraxella bovoculi, demonstrated that cvhv2 has the ability to cause ... | 2020 | 32917018 |
| hunting strategies to increase detection of chronic wasting disease in cervids. | the successful mitigation of emerging wildlife diseases may involve controversial host culling. for livestock, 'preemptive host culling' is an accepted practice involving the removal of herds with known contact to infected populations. when applied to wildlife, this proactive approach comes in conflict with biodiversity conservation goals. here, we present an alternative approach of 'proactive hunting surveillance' with the aim of early disease detection that simultaneously avoids undesirable po ... | 2020 | 32873810 |
| spreading or gathering? can traditional knowledge be a resource to tackle reindeer diseases associated with climate change? | this paper inquires whether reindeer herders' traditional knowledge (tk) provides a reservoir of precaution and adaptation possibilities that may be relevant to counteract climate change. as our core example, we used the milking of reindeer-which, in some areas, was practiced up until the 1950s-1960s-and the risk of getting foot rot disease (digital necrobacillosis; slubbo in north sámi), caused by the bacterium fusobacterium necrophorum. via wounds or scratches, the bacterium creates an infecti ... | 2020 | 32824833 |
| large-scale prion protein genotyping in canadian caribou populations and potential impact on chronic wasting disease susceptibility. | polymorphisms within the prion protein gene (prnp) are an intrinsic factor that can modulate chronic wasting disease (cwd) pathogenesis in cervids. although wild european reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) were infected with cwd, as yet there have been no reports of the disease in north american caribou (r. tarandus spp.). previous prnp genotyping studies on approximately 200 caribou revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) at codons 2 (v/m), 129 (g/s), 138 (s/n), 146 (n/n) and 169 (v/ ... | 2020 | 32810895 |
| green colonialism in the nordic context: exploring southern saami representations of wind energy development. | this paper explores social representations of wind energy development within reindeer herding lands among the indigenous southern saami living within norwegian borders. for this matter, the paper combines social representations theory (srt) with the analytical framework of "circuits of dispossession and privilege" and decolonial approaches within community psychology. data consisted of seven individual semi-structured open-ended interviews, three collective interviews, and observation in three l ... | 2020 | 32794192 |
| divergent estimates of herd-wide caribou calf survival: ecological factors and methodological biases. | population monitoring is a critical part of effective wildlife management, but methods are prone to biases that can hinder our ability to accurately track changes in populations through time. calf survival plays an important role in ungulate population dynamics and can be monitored using telemetry and herd composition surveys. these methods, however, are susceptible to unrepresentative sampling and violations of the assumption of equal detectability, respectively. here, we capitalized on 55 herd ... | 2020 | 32788995 |
| fish growth rates and lake sulphate explain variation in mercury levels in ninespine stickleback (pungitius pungitius) on the arctic coastal plain of alaska. | mercury concentrations in freshwater food webs are governed by complex biogeochemical and ecological interactions that spatially vary and are often mediated by climate. the arctic coastal plain of alaska (acp) is a heterogeneous, lake-rich landscape where variability in mercury accumulation is poorly understood. earlier research indicated that the level of catchment influence on lakes varied spatially on the acp, and affected mercury accumulation in lake sediments. this work sought to determine ... | 2020 | 32758814 |
| insight into the current genetic diversity and population structure of domestic reindeer (rangifer tarandus) in russia. | to examine the genetic diversity and population structure of domestic reindeer, using the bovinehd beadchip, we genotyped reindeer individuals belonging to the nenets breed of the five main breeding regions, the even breed of the republic of sakha, the evenk breed of the krasnoyarsk and yakutia regions, and the chukotka breed of the chukotka region and its within-breed ecotype, namely, the chukotka-khargin, which is bred in yakutia. the chukotka reindeer was shown to have the lowest genetic dive ... | 2020 | 32751575 |
| fear the reaper: ungulate carcasses may generate an ephemeral landscape of fear for rodents. | animal carcasses provide an ephemeral pulse of nutrients for scavengers that use them. carcass sites can increase species interactions and/or ephemeral, localized landscapes of fear for prey within the vicinity. few studies have applied the landscape of fear to carcasses. here, we use a mass die-off of reindeer caused by lightning in norway to test whether rodents avoided larger scavengers (e.g. corvids and fox). we used the presence and abundance of faeces as a proxy for carcass use over the co ... | 2020 | 32742677 |
| adult survival in migratory caribou is negatively associated with mhc functional diversity. | genes of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) are involved in acquired immunity in vertebrates. only a few studies have investigated the fitness consequences of mhc gene diversity in wild populations. here, we looked at the association between annual survival and body mass and mhc-drb exon 2 (mhc-drb) genetic diversity, obtained from high-throughput sequencing, in two declining migratory caribou (rangifer tarandus) herds. to disentangle the potential direct and general effects of mhc-drb g ... | 2020 | 32728043 |
| response of reindeer mating time to climatic variability. | the breeding time of many species has changed over the past 2-3 decades in response to climate change. yet it is a key reproductive trait that affects individual's parturition time and reproductive success, and thereby population dynamics. in order to predict how climate change will affect species' viability, it is crucial to understand how species base their reproductive efforts on environmental cues. | 2020 | 32727535 |
| a mini-review of ixodes ticks climate sensitive infection dispersion risk in the nordic region. | climate change in the nordic countries is projected to lead to both wetter and warmer seasons. this, in combination with associated vegetation changes and increased animal migration, increases the potential incidence of tick-borne diseases (tbd) where already occurring, and emergence in new places. at the same time, vegetation and animal management influence tick habitat and transmission risks. in this paper, we review the literature on ixodes ricinus, the primary vector for tbd. current and pro ... | 2020 | 32726948 |
| comparative microbiome analysis reveals the ecological relationships between rumen methanogens, acetogens, and their hosts. | ruminant methane, which is generated by methanogens through the consumption of hydrogen and supports the normal function of the rumen ecosystem, is a major source of greenhouse gases. reductive acetogenesis by acetogens is a possible alternative sink that can dispose of hydrogen for acetate production. however, the distribution of rumen methanogens and acetogens along with the relationships among methanogens, acetogens, and their host are poorly understood. therefore, we investigated the rumen m ... | 2020 | 32714292 |
| range expansion and reproduction of the ectoparasitic deer ked (lipoptena cervi) in its novel host, the arctic reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus), in finland. | the deer ked (lipoptena cervi) is a harmful ectoparasite that emerged in the reindeer herding area of finland in 2006. to understand the current range and the intensity of infestations on its novel reindeer host, we studied deer ked pupae collected from reindeer and moose bedding sites and conducted a questionnaire survey among the managers of 18 reindeer herding cooperatives in the southern part of the reindeer herding area. our study confirmed that the deer ked can survive and successfully rep ... | 2020 | 32699937 |
| harnessing paleo-environmental modeling and genetic data to predict intraspecific genetic structure. | spatially explicit simulations of gene flow within complex landscapes could help forecast the responses of populations to global and anthropological changes. simulating how past climate change shaped intraspecific genetic variation can provide a validation of models in anticipation of their use to predict future changes. we review simulation models that provide inferences on population genetic structure. existing simulation models generally integrate complex demographic and genetic processes but ... | 2020 | 32684974 |
| corrigendum to: state-dependent foraging by caribou with different nutritional requirements. | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa003.]. | 2020 | 32665743 |
| reindeer: efficient indexing of k-mer presence and abundance in sequencing datasets. | in this work we present reindeer, a novel computational method that performs indexing of sequences and records their abundances across a collection of datasets. to the best of our knowledge, other indexing methods have so far been unable to record abundances efficiently across large datasets. | 2020 | 32657392 |
| mapping potential effects of proposed roads on migratory connectivity for a highly mobile herbivore using circuit theory. | migration is common worldwide as species access spatiotemporally varying resources and avoid predators and parasites. however, long-distance migrations are increasingly imperiled due to development and habitat fragmentation. improved understanding of migratory behavior has implications for conservation and management of migratory species, allowing identification and protection of seasonal ranges and migration corridors. we present a technique that applies circuit theory to predict future effects ... | 2020 | 32632940 |
| the european union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) in 2018. | this report presents the results of surveillance on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) in bovine animals, sheep, goats, cervids and other species, and genotyping in sheep, carried out in 2018 by 28 member states (ms) according to legislation, and by iceland, north macedonia, norway and switzerland (non-ms). in total, 1,181,934 cattle were tested by ms, a 10% decrease from 2017 and 20,402 by the four non-ms. one case of classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) was reported in ... | 2019 | 32626210 |
| geometry of the ideal free distribution: individual behavioural variation and annual reproductive success in aggregations of a social ungulate. | variation in social environment can mitigate risks and rewards associated with occupying a particular patch. we aim to integrate ideal free distribution (ifd) and geometry of the selfish herd (gsh) to address an apparent conflict in their predictions of equal mean fitness between patches (ifd) and declining fitness benefits within a patch (gsh). we tested these hypotheses in a socio-spatial context using individual caribou that were aggregated or disaggregated during calving and varied in their ... | 2020 | 32602664 |
| elevated resting metabolic rates among female, but not male, reindeer herders from subarctic finland. | elevated resting metabolic rates (rmr, kcal/day) are a well-established mechanism for maintaining core body temperature among cold climate populations. a high degree of interindividual variation has recently been noted among circumpolar populations. to further examine rmr variability, we investigated anthropometric and metabolic differences among reindeer herders from subarctic finland. | 2020 | 32592316 |
| the role of introgression and ecotypic parallelism in delineating intraspecific conservation units. | parallel evolution can occur through selection on novel mutations, standing genetic variation or adaptive introgression. uncovering parallelism and introgressed populations can complicate management of threatened species as parallelism may have influenced conservation unit designations and admixed populations are not generally considered under legislations. we examined high coverage whole-genome sequences of 30 caribou (rangifer tarandus) from across north america and greenland, representing div ... | 2020 | 32567754 |
| the ecology of individual differences empirically applied to space-use and movement tactics. | movement provides a link between individual behavioral ecology and the spatial and temporal variation in an individual's landscape. individual variation in movement traits is an important axis of animal personality, particularly in the context of foraging ecology. we tested whether individual caribou (rangifer tarandus) displayed plasticity in movement and space-use behavior across a gradient of resource aggregation. we quantified first-passage time and range-use ratio as proxies for movement-re ... | 2020 | 32552106 |
| genome sequence and comparative analysis of reindeer (rangifer tarandus) in northern eurasia. | reindeer are semi-domesticated ruminants that have adapted to the challenging northern eurasian environment characterized by long winters and marked annual fluctuations in daylight. we explored the genetic makeup behind their unique characteristics by de novo sequencing the genome of a male reindeer and conducted gene family analyses with nine other mammalian species. we performed a population genomics study of 23 additional reindeer representing both domestic and wild populations and several ec ... | 2020 | 32488117 |
| dental calculus as a tool to study the evolution of the mammalian oral microbiome. | dental calculus, the calcified form of the mammalian oral microbial plaque biofilm, is a rich source of oral microbiome, host, and dietary biomolecules and is well preserved in museum and archaeological specimens. despite its wide presence in mammals, to date, dental calculus has primarily been used to study primate microbiome evolution. we establish dental calculus as a valuable tool for the study of nonhuman host microbiome evolution, by using shotgun metagenomics to characterize the taxonomic ... | 2020 | 32467975 |
| identification of working reindeer using palaeopathology and entheseal changes. | this paper explores the potential of analyzing pathological lesions and entheseal changes in the identification of working reindeer. | 2020 | 32464526 |