| combined effects of soil moisture and carbaryl to earthworms and plants: simulation of flood and drought scenarios. | studying tolerance limits in organisms exposed to climatic variations is key to understanding effects on behaviour and physiology. the presence of pollutants may influence these tolerance limits, by altering the toxicity or bioavailability of the chemical. in this work, the plant species brassica rapa and triticum aestivum and the earthworm eisenia andrei were exposed to different levels of soil moisture and carbaryl, as natural and chemical stressors, respectively. both stress factors were test ... | 2011 | 21514022 |
| predicted no effect concentration (pnec) for triclosan to terrestrial species (invertebrates and plants). | triclosan (tcs) is an antimicrobial agent which is used as a broad-spectrum bacteriostatic and found in personal care products, and due to this it is spread in the environment. aquatic toxicity studies have been reported, but little data is available for its toxicity to terrestrial organisms. the main purpose of this study was to assess the toxicity of tcs in the terrestrial environment, using a battery of soil species, belonging to different taxonomic levels. the species included the invertebra ... | 2010 | 20227762 |
| scenario modeling potential eco-efficiency gains from a transition to organic agriculture: life cycle perspectives on canadian canola, corn, soy, and wheat production. | we used life cycle assessment to scenario model the potential reductions in cumulative energy demand (both fossil and renewable) and global warming, acidifying, and ozone-depleting emissions associated with a hypothetical national transition from conventional to organic production of four major field crops [canola (brassica rapa), corn (zea mays), soy (glycine max), and wheat (triticum aestivum)] in canada. models of these systems were constructed using a combination of census data, published va ... | 2008 | 18574623 |
| a ground-based comparison of nutrient delivery technologies originally developed for growing plants in the spaceflight environment. | a ground-based comparison of plant nutrient delivery systems that have been developed for microgravity application was conducted for dwarf wheat (triticum aestivum l. 'yecora rojo') and rapid-cycling brassica (brassica rapa l. crgc#1-33) plants. these experiments offer insight into nutrient and oxygen delivery concerns for greenhouse crop production systems. the experiments were completed over a 12-day period to simulate a typical space shuttle-based spaceflight experiment. the plant materials, ... | 2007 | 17654790 |
| accumulation of hmx (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) in indigenous and agricultural plants grown in hmx-contaminated anti-tank firing-range soil. | to investigate their potential for phytoremediation, selected agricultural and indigenous terrestrial plants were examined fortheir capacity to accumulate and degrade the explosive octahydro-1 ,3,5,7-tetra nitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (hmx). plant tissue and soil extracts were analyzed for the presence of hmx and possible degradative metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array uv detection (hplc-uv), micellar electrokinetic chromatography with diode-array uv detection ... | 2002 | 11811476 |
| soil-based phytotoxicity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt) to terrestrial higher plants | seed germination and early stage seedling growth tests were conducted to determine the ecotoxicological threshold of 2,4, 6-trinitrotoluene (tnt) in two soils of different properties. soils were amended up to 1,600 mg tnt kg-1 soil and four representative species of higher plants, two dicotyledons (lepidium sativum l., common name: cress; and brassica rapa metzg., turnip) and two monocotyledons (acena sativa l., oat; and triticum aestivum l., wheat), were assessed. cumulative seed germination an ... | 1999 | 9888960 |
| reaction of five non-cereal grasses to five races and two host selective toxins of pyrenophora tritici-repentis. | alternative hosts increase the difficulty of disease management in crops because these alternate hosts provide additional sources of primary inoculum or refuges for diversity in the pathogen gene pool. agropyron cristatum (crested wheatgrass), bromus inermis (smooth bromegrass), pascopyrum smithii (western wheatgrass), stipa viridula (green needlegrass), and thinopyrum intermedium (intermediate wheatgrass), commonly identified in range, prairie, verge, and soil reclamation habitats, serve as add ... | 2015 | 26361472 |
| phylogenetic relationships of 10 grass species: an assessment of phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed spacer region in nuclear ribosomal dna in monocots. | entire sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (itss) and 5.8s subunit of nuclear ribosomal dna (nrdna) were obtained from nine grass species by direct double-stranded sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplified dna fragments. these sequences from subfamily pooideae (triticum aestivum, crithodium monococcum, sitopsis speltoides, hordeum vulgare, secale montanum, avena longiglumis, bromus inermis, brachypodium distachyon) and subfamily panicoideae (sorghum bicolor) together with ... | 1994 | 8181731 |
| interacting agricultural pests and their effect on crop yield: application of a bayesian decision theory approach to the joint management of bromus tectorum and cephus cinctus. | worldwide, the landscape homogeneity of extensive monocultures that characterizes conventional agriculture has resulted in the development of specialized and interacting multitrophic pest complexes. while integrated pest management emphasizes the need to consider the ecological context where multiple species coexist, management recommendations are often based on single-species tactics. this approach may not provide satisfactory solutions when confronted with the complex interactions occurring be ... | 2015 | 25692673 |
| archaeobotanical study of ancient food and cereal remains at the astana cemeteries, xinjiang, china. | starch grain, phytolith and cereal bran fragments were analyzed in order to identify the food remains including cakes, dumplings, as well as porridge unearthed at the astana cemeteries in turpan of xinjiang, china. the results suggest that the cakes were made from triticum aestivum while the dumplings were made from triticum aestivum, along with setaria italica. the ingredients of the porridge remains emanated from panicum miliaceum. moreover, direct macrobotantical evidence of the utilization o ... | 2012 | 23028807 |
| structural changes of plant residues during decomposition in a compost environment. | the degradation of plant material during composting was investigated qualitatively by scanning electron microscopy (sem) and quantitatively by chemical methods. decomposition of miscanthus (miscanthus oogiformis l.), hemp (cannabis sativa l.) and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) straw was observed by placing litterbags containing these materials in compost piles. hemp and miscanthus straw were more stable than wheat straw, but the two materials differed in the way they were degraded despite similar ... | 2006 | 15990291 |
| dissecting the u, m, s and c genomes of wild relatives of bread wheat (aegilops spp.) into chromosomes and exploring their synteny with wheat. | goat grasses (aegilops spp.) contributed to the evolution of bread wheat and are important sources of genes and alleles for modern wheat improvement. however, their use in alien introgression breeding is hindered by poor knowledge of their genome structure and a lack of molecular tools. the analysis of large and complex genomes may be simplified by dissecting them into single chromosomes via flow cytometric sorting. in some species this is not possible due to similarities in relative dna content ... | 2016 | 27402341 |
| qtl analysis of genetic loci affecting domestication-related spike characters in common wheat. | domestication-related changes that govern a spike morphology suitable for seed harvesting in cereals have resulted from mutation and selection of the genes. a synthetic hexaploid wheat (s-6214, genome aabbdd) produced by a cross between durum wheat (aabb) and wild goat grass (dd) showed partial non-domestication-related phenotypes due to genetic effects of the wild goat grass genome. quantitative trait loci (qtls) affecting wheat domestication-related spike characters including spike threshabili ... | 2014 | 25475935 |
| nad-dependent aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase in wheats (triticum l.) and goatgrasses (aegilops l.): evolutionary genetics. | evolutionary electrophoretic variation of a nad-specific aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase, aadh-e, in wheat and goatgrass species is described and discussed in comparison with a nad-specific alcohol dehydrogenase (adh-a) and a nadp-dependent aadh-b studied previously. cultivated tetraploid emmer wheats (t. turgidum s. l.) and hexaploid bread wheats (t. aestivum s. l.) are all fixed for a heterozygous triplet, e(0.58)/e(0.64). the slowest isoenzyme, e(0.58), is controlled by a homoeoallelic gene on ... | 1984 | 24258843 |
| variation among species in the temperature dependence of the reappearance of variable fluorescence following illumination. | the relationship between the thermal dependence of the reappearance of chlorophyll variable fluorescence following illumination and temperature dependence of the apparent michaelis constant (k(m)) of nadh hydroxypyruvate reductase for nadh was investigated in cool and warm season plant species. brancker sf-20 and sf-30 fluorometers were used to evaluate induced fluorescence transients from detached leaves of wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv tam-101), cotton (gossypium hirsutum l. cv paymaster 145) ... | 1990 | 16667518 |
| weightlessness experiments on biosatellite ii. | four experiments in the aft compartment of biosatellite ii investigated the broad question of the effect of nearly zero gravity on the development, morphology and metabolism of plants and animals. the fertilization and development of the egg of a vertebrate (the frog, rana pipiens), the feeding and growth of a protozoan (the giant amoeba, pelomyxa carolinensis), the orientation of leaves and petioles of a young dicotyledon (pepper plants, capsicum annuum) and the morphogenesis, orientation, hist ... | 1969 | 11949691 |
| characterization of a hypoallergenic wheat line lacking ω-5 gliadin. | there is no curative treatment for wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (wdeia). ω-5 gliadin is one of the dominant allergens affecting wdeia patients. the use of ω-5 gliadin-free wheat flour in the regular diet is considered one of the prophylactic approaches against the elicitation of allergic symptoms and sensitization to ω-5 gliadin. we sought to find hypoallergenic bread wheat (or common wheat) that lacked the genes encoding ω-5 gliadin and to evaluate its in vitro allergenicity. we ... | 2016 | 27103182 |
| photoinhibition at low temperature in chilling-sensitive and -resistant plants. | photoinhibition resulting from exposure at 7 degrees c to a moderate photon flux density (300 micromoles per square meter per second, 400-700 nanometers) for 20 hours was measured in leaves of annual crops differing widely in chilling tolerance. the incidence of photoinhibition, determined as the decrease in the ratio of induced to total chlorophyll fluorescence emission at 693 nanometers (f(v)/f(max)) measured at 77 kelvin, was not confined to chilling-sensitive species. the extent of photoinhi ... | 1989 | 16666971 |
| competition increases sensitivity of wheat (triticum aestivum) to biotic plant-soil feedback. | plant-soil feedback (psf) and plant competition play an important role in structuring vegetation composition, but their interaction remains unclear. recent studies suggest that competing plants could dilute pathogenic effects, whereas the standing view is that competition may increase the sensitivity of the focal plant to psf. in agro-ecosystems each of these two options would yield contrasting outcomes: reduced versus enhanced effects of weeds on crop biomass production. to test the effect of c ... | 2013 | 23776610 |
| cuticular uptake of xenobiotics into living plants. part 2: influence of the xenobiotic dose on the uptake of bentazone, epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin, applied in the presence of various surfactants, into chenopodium album, sinapis alba and triticum aestivum leaves. | this study has determined the uptake of three pesticides, applied as commercial or model formulations in the presence of a wide range of surfactants, into the leaves of three plant species (bentazone into chenopodium album l. and sinapis alba l., epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin into triticum aestivum l.). the results have confirmed previous findings that the initial dose (nmol mm(-2)) of xenobiotic applied to plant foliage is a strong, positive determinant of uptake. this held true for all the ... | 2006 | 16718743 |
| uptake of various trace elements during germination of wheat, buckwheat and quinoa. | the practice of sprouting is widely used to improve the nutritional value of grain seeds. several nutritive factors such as vitamin concentrations and bioavailability of trace elements and minerals increase during germination. the objective of this work was to study the enrichment of various essential trace elements during germination of wheat (triticum aestivum), buckwheat (fagopyrum esculentum), and quinoa (chenopodium quinoa) seeds in order to improve their nutritional role as a source of bio ... | 1997 | 9373873 |
| rhizosphere priming effect on soil organic carbon decomposition under plant species differing in soil acidification and root exudation. | effects of rhizosphere properties on the rhizosphere priming effect (rpe) are unknown. this study aimed to link species variation in rpe with plant traits and rhizosphere properties. four c3 species (chickpea, cicer arietinum; field pea, pisum sativum; wheat, triticum aestivum; and white lupin, lupinus albus) differing in soil acidification and root exudation, were grown in a c4 soil. the co2 released from soil was trapped using a newly developed naoh-trapping system. white lupin and wheat showe ... | 2016 | 27101777 |
| bioaccessibility of polyphenols from wheat (triticum aestivum), sorghum (sorghum bicolor), green gram (vigna radiata), and chickpea (cicer arietinum) as influenced by domestic food processing. | cereals (wheat and sorghum) and legumes (green gram and chickpea) commonly consumed in asia and africa were evaluated for polyphenolic content. bioaccessibility of polyphenols from these grains as influenced by domestic processing was also estimated. total polyphenol content of wheat and sorghum was 1.20 and 1.12 mg/g respectively, which was increased by 49% and 20% respectively, on roasting. in contrast, a significant reduction of the same was observed in both the cereals after pressure-cooking ... | 2014 | 25340251 |
| allelopathic effect of ashwagandha against the germination and radicle growth of cicer arietinum and triticum aestivum. | ashwagandha (withania somnifera) is an important medicinal plant in indian traditional system of medicine and traditionally has been used for several medicinal purposes in the indian subcontinent. | 2012 | 22923955 |
| the possibility of useful usage of biodegradation products of sunflower plants. | heads of sunflower (helianthus annuus l.) were first biodegraded at 55 degrees c by their microflora. biodegradation products of sunflower heads (bpsh) were analyzed. they were found to contain 9.77% dry matter, 3.98% total ash, 3.18% crude protein and 5.75% total organic matter. bod load was determined as 4.80 g/100 g. subsequently, the effects of bpsh at various concentrations (1.0%, 2.5%, 10% and 100%) on the seed germination and some growth parameters of phaseolus vulgaris l., cicer arietinu ... | 2006 | 15922594 |
| characterization of the genes encoding the cytosolic and plastidial forms of adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase in wheat endosperm. | in most species, the synthesis of adp-glucose (glc) by the enzyme adp-glc pyrophosphorylase (agpase) occurs entirely within the plastids in all tissues so far examined. however, in the endosperm of many, if not all grasses, a second form of agpase synthesizes adp-glc outside the plastid, presumably in the cytosol. in this paper, we show that in the endosperm of wheat (triticum aestivum), the cytosolic form accounts for most of the agpase activity. using a combination of molecular and biochemical ... | 2002 | 12428011 |
| herbicidal potential of catechol as an allelochemical. | catechol is an allelochemical which belongs to phenolic compounds synthesized in plants. its herbicidal effects on weed species; field poppy (papaver rhoeas), creeping thistle (cirsium arvense), henbit (lamium amplexicaule) and wild mustard (sinapis arvensis) were investigated using wheat (triticum vulgare) and barley (hordeum vulgare) species as control plants. in comparison to 2,4-d (a common synthetic herbicide), 13.64 mm of catechol have been found to have a strong herbicidal effect, as effe ... | 2013 | 16610220 |
| accurate measurement of transgene copy number in crop plants using droplet digital pcr. | genetic transformation is a powerful means for the improvement of crop plants, but requires labor- and resource-intensive methods. an efficient method for identifying single-copy transgene insertion events from a population of independent transgenic lines is desirable. currently, transgene copy number is estimated by either southern blot hybridization analyses or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) experiments. southern hybridization is a convincing and reliable method, but it also is ... | 2017 | 28231382 |
| is the multicolored asian ladybeetle, harmonia axyridis, the most abundant natural enemy to aphids in agroecosystems? | the multicolored asian ladybeetle, harmonia axyridis pallas (coleoptera: coccinellidae), was introduced into western europe in the late 1990s. since the late 2000s, this species has been commonly considered one of the most abundant aphid predators in most western european countries. in spite of the large amount of research on h. axyridis, information concerning its relative abundance in agroecosystems is lacking. this study aims to evaluate the abundance of h. axyridis within the aphidophage com ... | 2013 | 24785375 |
| population dynamics of dichelops melacanthus (dallas) (heteroptera: pentatomidae) on host plants. | the stink bug dichelops melacanthus (dallas) has become one of the major pests of corn and wheat in brasil, mainly after a shift from the conventional tillage system to the no tillage cultivation system. this fact may be due to the simultaneous occurrence of second planting corn with wheat cultivation, and the presence of wild hosts. this study aimed to evaluate the population dynamics of d. melacanthus on wild hosts adjacent to areas cultivated with corn, wheat, and soybean during the season an ... | 2013 | 23949747 |
| constitutively elevated levels of putrescine and putrescine-generating enzymes correlated with oxidant stress resistance in conyza bonariensis and wheat. | oxidant stress resistance in conyza bonariensis and wheat (triticum aestivum) has been correlated with high levels of antioxidant enzyme activities. additionally, external oxidant stresses can increase a plant's levels of the enzymes of polyamine biosynthesis and polyamines, especially putrescine. we investigated the constitutive relationships between putrescine, putrescine-generating enzymes, and oxidant stress resistance in wheat and c. bonariensis. putrescine was constitutively elevated (2.5- ... | 1997 | 12223875 |
| phytotoxicity assessment of methanolic extracts from coriadrum sativum l. fruits. | the fruits of coriandrum sativum l. (apiaceae) are used as a spicing and flavoring agent in food products and are also recommended as a drug in the treatment of digestive tract disorders. the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used as food supplements is of great interest, as the market of such products is expanding worldwide. | 2013 | 23272553 |
| elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide effects on soybean and sorghum gas exchange in conventional and no-tillage systems. | increasing atmospheric co(2) concentration has led to concerns about potential effects on production agriculture. in the fall of 1997, a study was initiated to compare the response of two crop management systems (conventional tillage and no-tillage) to elevated co(2). the study used a split-plot design replicated three times with two management systems as main plots and two atmospheric co(2) levels (ambient and twice ambient) as split plots using open-top chambers on a decatur silt loam soil (cl ... | 2013 | 20176833 |
| antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of a cucumis melo lc. extract rich in superoxide dismutase activity. | the present study was conducted to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of a cantaloupe melon (cucumis melo lc., cucurbitaceae) extract (cme) selected for its high superoxide dismutase activity. peritoneal macrophages were pre-activated in vitro with 300 iu of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) and were then challenged in culture with iggl/anti-igg1 immune complexes (igg1ic) in presence of various cme extracts. the subsequent production of free radicals (super ... | 2004 | 15261965 |
| toxicity of combined mixtures of nanoparticles to plants. | an increasing production and using of nanoproducts results in releasing and dispersing nanoparticles (nps) in the environment. being released into various environment components, nps may interact with numerous pollutants, including other nps. this research aimed at assessing toxicity of combined binary mixtures of nps. the study focused on assessing mixtures of nps believed to be toxic (nano-zno+nano-cuo) and nano-zno/nano-cuo with the ones that are insignificantly toxic or non-toxic nps (nano-t ... | 2017 | 28273569 |
| assessment of comparative toxicities of lead and copper using plant assay. | the acute toxicities of lead (pb) and copper (cu) to important crop plants sorghum bicolor, cucumis sativus, triticum aestivum, and zea mays were compared. the ec50 values (the concentration of metals in the soil that reduces the growth of shoots and roots by 50%) were derived using the trimmed spearman-karber method. the ec50s-shoot (root) in mg pb kg-1 dry soil and mg cu kg-1 dry soil were in the range of 519 to >1280 (285-445), and 48-232 (<40-110), respectively. those concentrations are like ... | 2006 | 16153686 |
| soil ecotoxicity assessment using cadmium sensitive plants. | four crop plant species (sweet corn, zea may; wheat, triticum aestivum; cucumber, cucumis sativus; and sorghum, sorghum bicolor) were tested to assess an ecotoxicity in cadmium-amended soils. the measurement endpoints used were seed germination and seedling growth (shoot and root). the presence of cadmium decreased the seedling growth. the medium effective concentration values (ec50) for shoot or root growth were calculated by the trimmed spearman-karber method. due to the greater accumulation o ... | 2004 | 14553991 |
| effects of metals on seed germination, root elongation, and coleoptile and hypocotyl growth in triticum aestivum and cucumis sativus. | a simple, fast, and easy-to-perform method was carried out for the quantification of the inhibitory effects of metals on wheat and cucumber. the method uses seed germination, root elongation, and hypocotyl and coleoptile growth in these plants as parameters in the presence of varying concentrations of metals. metals selected for this study were hg, cd, co, cu, pb, and zn. although effective concentrations of these metals for a certain degree of inhibition were different, both plants had a reduce ... | 2002 | 12115046 |
| a fungal endoglucanase with plant cell wall extension activity. | we have identified a wall hydrolytic enzyme from trichoderma reesei with potent ability to induce extension of heat-inactivated type i cell walls. it is a small (23-kd) endo-1,4-beta-glucanase (cel12a) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 12. extension of heat-inactivated walls from cucumber (cucumis sativus cv burpee pickler) hypocotyls was induced by cel12a after a distinct lag time and was accompanied by a large increase in wall plasticity and elasticity. cel12a also increased the rate of ... | 2001 | 11553760 |
| temperature-stress-induced impairment of chlorophyll biosynthetic reactions in cucumber and wheat | chlorophyll (chl) biosynthesis in chill (7 degreesc)- and heat (42 degreesc)-stressed cucumber (cucumis sativus l. cv poinsette) seedlings was affected by 90 and 60%, respectively. inhibition of chl biosynthesis was partly due to impairment of 5-aminolevulinic acid biosynthesis both in chill- (78%) and heat-stress (70%) conditions. protochlorophyllide (pchlide) synthesis in chill- and heat-stressed seedlings was inhibited by 90 and 70%, respectively. severe inhibition of pchlide biosynthesis in ... | 1998 | 9662527 |
| 8-vinyl reduction and chlorophyll a biosynthesis in higher plants. | a technique involving solid-phase extractions and polyethylene h.p.l.c. suitable for the routine compositional analysis of the total protochlorophyllide pool of plants is described. the resynthesis kinetics of the individual components of the pool have been studied in briefly illuminated etiolated tissue of wheat (triticum aestivum) and cucumber (cucumis sativus) during subsequent redarkening. the data are interpreted in terms of a precursor-product relationship between the di- and mono-vinyl an ... | 1993 | 8489519 |
| effects of nitrite and sulfate on k+ uptake and growth of wheat and cucumber seedlings. | the uptake of k+ ion was studied in the roots of wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. gk szeged) and cucumber (cucumis sativus l. cv. budai csemege) seedlings grown in nutrient solution under nitrite and sulfate stress conditions. seedlings pretreated with 1 or 10 mm nano2 absorbed more k+(86rb) than those treated with 0.1 mm nano2. however, the posteffect was influenced considerably by na2so4 treatment. the results suggest that at least a partial feed-back regulation of k+ uptake may occur. however, ... | 1993 | 8184628 |
| sequence analysis of vicia faba highly repeated dna: the bamhi repeated sequence families. | cleavage of vicia faba nuclear dna with the restriction endonuclease bamhi yielded discrete size classes of 250, 850, 900, 990, 1 150, 1 500 and 1 750 bp of highly repetitive dna. each of these sequence families comprised about 3% of the total genomic dna. some sequence members from each sequence family were cloned in pbr322 and their primary structures determined. computer analyses of nucleotide sequences suggested the existence of about 60 bp sequence periodicity within the repeating unit of t ... | 1985 | 24306539 |
| thigmomorphogenesis: the response of plant growth and development to mechanical stimulation : with special reference to bryonia dioica. | when young plants of hordeum vulgare. bryonia dioica. cucumis sativus. phaseolus vulgaris. mimosa pudica. and ricinus communis. were given a gentle mechanical stimulus by rubbing the internodes for about 10 s once or twice daily, elongation was significantly retarded. plants of cucurbita pepo pisum sativum and triticum aestivum did not exhibit any such response. the initial response to rubbing was very rapid, elongation stopping less than 3 min after application of the stimulus. when the stimulu ... | 1973 | 24458719 |
| [allelopathic effects of cultured cucurbita moschata root exudates]. | by using the techniques of tissue culture, bio-assay and laboratory analysis, this paper studied the effects of the allelopathic chemicals from pumpkin (cucurbita moschata) roots on the seed germination and seedling growth of pumpkin, wheat (triticum aestivum), and radish (raphanus sativus). the pumpkin root was cultured on a sterile b5 media, and the concentrations of macro- and microelements, organic supplements and hormones in the media were adjusted by using an orthogonal design. after cultu ... | 2005 | 16011180 |
| short-term boron deprivation inhibits endocytosis of cell wall pectins in meristematic cells of maize and wheat root apices. | by using immunofluorescence microscopy, we observed rapidly altered distribution patterns of cell wall pectins in meristematic cells of maize (zea mays) and wheat (triticum aestivum) root apices. this response was shown for homogalacturonan pectins characterized by a low level (up to 40%) of methylesterification and for rhamnogalacturonan ii pectins cross-linked by a borate diol diester. under boron deprivation, abundance of these pectins rapidly increased in cell walls, whereas their internaliz ... | 2002 | 12226520 |
| differential effect of irradiance and nutrient nitrate on the relationship of in vivo and in vitro nitrate reductase assay in chlorophyllous tissues. | growth at increasing continuous irradiance (at high nutrient nitrate) and nutrient nitrate concentrations (at high continuous irradiance) furnished increases in the in vivo and in vitro nitrate reductase activities of corn (zea mays l.), field peas (pisum arvense l.), wheat (triticum aestivum l.), barley (hordeum vulgare l.), and globe amaranth (gomphrena globosa l.) leaves and of marrow (cucurbita pepo l.) cotyledons. ratios of in vivo to in vitro activity declined exponentially in all species ... | 1977 | 16659888 |
| root hairs, cuticle, and pits. | the filamentous roots of mustard (raphanus sativus), radish (brassica nigra), squash (cucurbita pepo), and wheat (triticum aestivum) are covered throughout their length with living nucleated root hairs which may measure 1600 micro or more. the outer walls of piliferous and nonpiliferous cells consist of successive layers of mucilage, cutin, and the cellulose-pectic framework of the cell. plasmodesmata and pits occur on all cell walls. under the electron microscope individual pores and pits in th ... | 1963 | 17746006 |
| estimation of biomass and canopy height in bermudagrass, alfalfa, and wheat using ultrasonic, laser, and spectral sensors. | non-destructive biomass estimation of vegetation has been performed via remote sensing as well as physical measurements. an effective method for estimating biomass must have accuracy comparable to the accepted standard of destructive removal. estimation or measurement of height is commonly employed to create a relationship between height and mass. this study examined several types of ground-based mobile sensing strategies for forage biomass estimation. forage production experiments consisting of ... | 2015 | 25635415 |
| description and sem observations of meloidogyne sasseri n. sp. (nematoda: meloidogynidae), parasitizing beachgrasses. | meloidogyne sasseri n. sp. is described and illustrated from american beachgrass (ammophila breviliffulata) originally collected from henlopen state park and fenwick island near the maryland state line in delaware, united states (6). its relationship to m. graminis, m. spartinae, and m. californiensis is discussed. primary distinctive characters of the female perineal pattern were a high to rounded arch with shoulders, widely spaced lateral lines interrupting transverse striations, a sunken vulv ... | 1993 | 19279820 |
| aerobic stability of wheat and orchardgrass round-bale silages during winter. | using recently developed technology, balage is often stored in large (1.2 x 1.2 m) round bales that are wrapped in plastic film with an in-line wrapper. the aerobic stability of this fermented forage is important, particularly during winter months when it is fed to livestock or sold as a cash crop. two types of forage, orchardgrass [dactylis glomerata l.; 54.4% dry matter (dm)] and wheat (triticum aestivum l.; 62.4% dm), were packaged in large round bales and wrapped with an in-line wrapper duri ... | 2005 | 15829675 |
| silica accumulation in triticum aestivum l. and dactylis glomerata l. | the silica accumulation in orchard grass (dactylis glomerata l.) and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) has been studied in plant samples grown under defined conditions in a pot trial. the plant habit and the quantity of biomineralised silica within the selected gramineae depend to a remarkable extent on the soil. the plants grew with different soil ph values and silica additives. by means of atomic absorption spectrometry, the silicon enrichment in different plant parts was determined. in dried plant ... | 2003 | 12698227 |
| ecotoxicological risk assessment of undisturbed metal contaminated soil at two remote lighthouse sites. | ecotoxicological risk assessments of contaminated soil are commonly completed using guideline values based on total concentrations. however, only certain fractions of contaminants are bioavailable and pose a hazard to the environment. this paper investigates the relationship between measured metal concentrations in soil and soil leachate, and the effects in organisms exposed to intact, undisturbed soil cores (wheat, tricum aestivum) and soil leachate (lettuce, lactuca sativa, and water flea, dap ... | 2010 | 20189647 |
| short-term bioassay responses to sludge products and leachate. | recycling of sewage sludge is needed in a sustainable society. quality aspects of sludge include hygiene (pathogens), nutrients (n and p), and toxicants (metals and organics). metals are of particular concern because they are not degradable, but their hazards are related to their bioavailability and chemical speciation. in this article, the effect on sludge quality of two treatment methods, incineration and pelletization, has been determined for digested sludge from two treatment plants. the com ... | 2006 | 16865600 |
| metabolism of the environmental estrogen bisphenol a by plant cell suspension cultures. | the metabolism of the environmental estrogen bisphenol a (bpa) was studied in heterotrophic plant cell suspension cultures of soybean (glycine max), wheat (triticum aestivum), foxglove (digitalis purpurea), and thorn apple (datura stramonium), which were regarded as metabolic model systems for intact plants. three main metabolic routes of bpa were observed in the tissues. most of the radioactivity found in the cell extracts consisted of carbohydrate conjugates of bpa amounting to about 85% (foxg ... | 2002 | 12243330 |
| bioassessment of heavy metals in the surface soil layer of an opencast mine aimed for its rehabilitation. | the contemporary reclamation method in an opencast coal mine closure comprises the use of the preserved surface soil layer (ssl) before mining, and can be directly returned to the areas being rehabilitated. the present study emphasizes a risk in the use of such a ssl in mine rehabilitation due to the possible excessive amount of heavy metals which usually derives from a metal-rich sediment or fluvial character of overburden material. this indication was approved by the bioassessment of cadmium ( ... | 2017 | 27823905 |
| adaptation of plants to altered shoot orientation relative to the gravity vector. | wheat triticum aestivum l., carrots daucus carota l., chinese cabbage brassica pekinensis rupr., and african marigold tagetes patula l. were grown at natural and inverted orientation in the earth gravitational field. light vector was set unidirectional or opposite directional relative to the gravity vector. shoot orientation relative to the gravity vector was set natural or invert. plants grew in the special pots furnished with plane or cylindrical hydrophilic porous membranes. the membrane allo ... | 2004 | 16240510 |
| detoxification of n-(phosphonoacetyl)-l-aspartate by carrot cells in suspension culture. | in bacterial and mammalian cells, n-(phosphonoacetyl)-l-aspartate (pala) suppresses growth by strongly inhibiting aspartate transcarbamoylase (atcase; ec 2.1.3.2), a key enzyme of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. at a concentration that would suppress growth in mammalian or bacterial cells, and that is nearly a million-fold greater than the inhibition constant (k i ) for atcase in carrot (daucus carota) seedling extracts, pala does not suppress growth of carrot cells in suspension culture. t ... | 1985 | 24241524 |
| effect of four cropping systems on variant western corn rootworm (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) adult and egg densities and subsequent larval injury in rotated maize. | the cultural practice of rotating corn, zea mays l., with soybean, glycine max (l.) merrill, to manage larval injury by the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte, was used extensively throughout east central illinois and northern indiana until the mid-1990s. the effectiveness of this management tactic diminished due to a shift in the ovipositional behavior of the western corn rootworm. the variant western corn rootworm has since spread as far as northwestern illinois, sou ... | 2005 | 16334328 |
| cdna cloning, biochemical characterization and inhibition by plant inhibitors of the alpha-amylases of the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera. | we report the characterization and cdna cloning of two alpha-amylase isozymes from larvae of the western corn rootworm (diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte). larvae raised on artificial media have very low levels of amylase activity, and much higher levels are found in larvae raised on maize seedlings. at ph 5.7, the optimum ph for enzyme activity, the alpha-amylases are substantially but not completely inhibited by amylase inhibitors from the common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) and from wheat ( ... | 2000 | 10899464 |
| inhibition of pitted morning glory (ipomoea lacunosa l.) and certain other weed species by phytotoxic components of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) straw. | this study was conducted to determine if well-known phytotoxic effects of plant residues on crop growth could also be responsible for observed reductions of certain weed species in no-till cropping systems. an aqueous extract of field-grown wheat (triticum aestivum l.) reduced the germination and root length of pitted morning glory (ipomoea lacunosa l.) and common ragweed (ambrosia artemisiifolia l.). phytotoxicity was increased by about 70% when bioassays with the wheat extract on morning glory ... | 1983 | 24407798 |
| host associations and incidence of diuraphis spp. in the rocky mountain region of the united states, and pictorial key for their identification. | the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia kurdjumov, is an introduced species first identified in 1986 into the united states. it has since become a major pest of wheat, triticum aestivum l., and other small grains in the western united states. three other diuraphis species, diuraphis frequens (walker), diuraphis mexicana (mcvicar baker), and diuraphis tritici (gillette), were already endemic to the united states before the introduction of d. noxia. the objective of this study was to determine th ... | 2010 | 21061992 |
| profiling diuraphis noxia (hemiptera: aphididae) transcript expression of the biotypes sa1 and sam feeding on various triticum aestivum varieties. | the intimate relationship between an aphid and its host is mediated by the composition of the secreted saliva. in the present study, aphid heads were sampled and transcript profiling conducted after aphids were fed on their preference host and transferred to a variety of preference and nonpreference hosts. it was found that the virulent diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae) biotype sam was able to selectively up-regulate more transcripts when confronted with feeding on a variety of ... | 2017 | 28334389 |
| virulent diuraphis noxia aphids over-express calcium signaling proteins to overcome defenses of aphid-resistant wheat plants. | the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia, an invasive phytotoxic pest of wheat, triticum aestivum, and barley, hordeum vulgare, causes huge economic losses in africa, south america, and north america. most acceptable and ecologically beneficial aphid management strategies include selection and breeding of d. noxia-resistant varieties, and numerous d. noxia resistance genes have been identified in t. aestivum and h. vulgare. north american d. noxia biotype 1 is avirulent to t. aestivum varieties ... | 2016 | 26815857 |
| near-isogenic lines of triticum aestivum with distinct modes of resistance exhibit dissimilar transcriptional regulation during diuraphis noxia feeding. | russian wheat aphid (diuraphis noxia, kurdjumov) feeding on susceptible triticum aestivum l. leads to leaf rolling, chlorosis and plant death - symptoms not present in resistant lines. although the effects of several d. noxia (dn) resistance genes are known, none have been isolated or characterized. wheat varieties expressing different dn genes exhibit distinct modes of d. noxia resistance, such as antibiosis (dn1), tolerance (dn2), and antixenosis (dn5). however, the mechanism whereby feeding a ... | 2014 | 25361582 |
| hypervirulent diuraphis noxia (hemiptera: aphididae) biotype sam avoids triggering defenses in its host (triticum aestivum) (poales: poaceae) during feeding. | in the molecular arms race between aphids and plants, both organisms rely on adaptive strategies to outcompete their evolutionary rival. in the current study, we investigated the difference in elicited defense responses of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) near-isogenic lines with different dn resistance genes, upon feeding by an avirulent and hypervirulent diuraphis noxia kurdjumov biotype. after measuring the activity of a suite of enzymes associated with plant defense, it became apparent that the ... | 2014 | 24874154 |
| cyclical parthenogenetic reproduction in the russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) in the united states: sexual reproduction and its outcome on biotypic diversity. | in 1986, the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae), became an invasive species of united states. nearly 20 yr later, new biotypes appeared that were capable of overcoming most sources of resistance and became a renewed threat to wheat, triticum aestivum l., production. cyclical (cp) and obligate (op) parthenogenesis enables aphids to both adapt to changing environments and exploit host resources. we documented these forms of reproduction for russian wheat aphid ... | 2012 | 22812148 |
| barley tolerance of russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) biotype 2 herbivory involves expression of defense response and developmental genes. | the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov), is an invasive insect pest that causes serious yield losses in bread wheat, triticum aestivum l., durum wheat, t. turgidum l and barley, hordeum vulgare l. successful management of d. noxia has been achieved through resistant varieties via plant antixenosis (aphid non-preference), antibiosis (reduced aphid growth or fecundity), tolerance (plant compensatory growth after aphid feeding), or a combination of each. previous phenotyping experiment ... | 2012 | 22476464 |
| distribution and diversity of russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) biotypes in south africa and lesotho. | russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae) was recorded for the first time in south africa in 1978. in 2005, a second biotype, rwasa2, emerged, and here we report on the emergence of yet another biotype, found for the first time in 2009. the discovery of new russian wheat aphid biotypes is a significant challenge to the wheat, triticum aestivum l., industry in south africa. russian wheat aphid resistance in wheat, that offered wheat producers a long-term solution to ... | 2011 | 22066205 |
| inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity results in the inhibition of russian wheat aphid-induced defense enzymes. | the role of xanthine oxidase (xo) in the defense response of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) against the russian wheat aphid (rwa) (diuraphis noxia) was studied. xanthine oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid, and oxygen radicals that are formed as a by-product at both of these oxidation steps may participate in plant defense reactions. a resistant wheat cultivar (tugela dn), and a close isogenic susceptible cultivar (tugela), were infested with 20-30 aphids per p ... | 2010 | 21086025 |
| global phylogenetics of diuraphis noxia (hemiptera: aphididae), an invasive aphid species: evidence for multiple invasions into north america. | the russian wheat aphid, diruaphis noxia (kudjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae), is globally one of the most devastating pests of bread wheat, tritium aestivum l., durum wheat, triticum turgidum l., and barley, hordeum vulgare l. several sources of d. noxia resistance have been incorporated in commercial wheat and barley genotypes, but up to eight virulent biotypes, defined based on their ability to damage different wheat and barley genotypes, now occur across the western united states since the firs ... | 2010 | 20568643 |
| feeding behavior of russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) biotype 2 in response to wheat genotypes exhibiting antibiosis and tolerance resistance. | in this study, wheat, triticum aestivum l. (em thell), genotypes containing the dnx, dn7, dn6, and dn4 genes for resistance to the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae), along with dn0, a susceptible control, were assessed to determine the categories of d. noxia biotype 2 (rwa2) resistance in each genotype and rwa2 feeding behaviors on dnx and dn0 plants by using the electronic penetration graph technique. at 14 d postinfestation, dn0 plants exhibited intense ch ... | 2009 | 19610450 |
| resistance to russian wheat aphid biotype 2 in cimmyt synthetic hexaploid wheat lines. | the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae), devastates wheat and barley production on all continents except australia. although d. noxia-resistant cultivars exist, virulent d. noxia populations exist in asia, north america, and south america that have the ability to overcome resistance. in this study, synthetic hexaploid wheat genotypes created at the international maize and wheat improvement center (cimmyt) were evaluated and characterized for resistance to nort ... | 2009 | 19610446 |
| dissimilar molecular defense responses are elicited in triticum aestivum after infestation by different diuraphis noxia biotypes. | for sustainable solutions to the problem of insect infestation, the study of molecular plant-insect interactions is integral to resistance breeding strategies. this also holds true in the case of wheat (triticum aestivum), where the russian wheat aphid (diuraphis noxia, kurdjumov, rwa) is responsible for significant crop losses in most major wheat producing countries around the world. our study is focused on gaining a greater understanding of the resistance mechanisms activated by the rwa resist ... | 2009 | 19453509 |
| molecular cytogenetic and agronomic characterization of advanced generations of wheat x triticale hybrids resistant to diuraphis noxia (mordvilko): application of gish and microsatellite markers. | the pi 386148 triticale from russia is among the highest resistant line to the russian wheat aphid (rwa) (diuraphis noxia (mordvilko)). this triticale line was used as the male parent in crosses with lamar wheat (triticum aestivum l.). the f1 plants were backcrossed to lamar wheat. the progenies were tested for rwa biotype 1 reaction for at least eight backcross and selfing generations. five lines from these selections were identified for their resistance to the rwa and their seeds were increase ... | 2009 | 19370091 |
| impact of diuraphis noxia and rhopalosiphum padi (hemiptera: aphididae) on primary physiology of four near-isogenic wheat lines. | the impact of feeding injury by the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko) (hemiptera: aphididae), and bird cherry-oat aphid, rhopalosiphum padi (l.) (hemiptera: aphididae) on susceptible and resistant wheat, triticum aestivum l., near-isogenic lines 'tugela' (susceptible), tugela-dn1 (antibiotic), tugela-dn2 (tolerant), and tugela-dn5 (antixenotic) was evaluated by assessing photosynthetic parameters. photosynthesis and closely related parameters, pigment composition, and nonstructura ... | 2009 | 19253663 |
| biotypic diversity in colorado russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) populations. | the biotypic diversity of the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae), was assessed in five isolates collected in colorado. three isolates, rwa 1, rwa 2, and an isolate from montezuma county, co, designated rwa 6, were originally collected from cultivated wheat, triticum aestivum l., and obtained from established colonies at colorado state university. the fourth isolate, designated rwa 7, was collected from canada wildrye, elymus canadensis l., in baca county, co. ... | 2008 | 18459426 |
| reproduction and development of russian wheat aphid biotype 2 on crested wheatgrass, intermediate wheatgrass, and susceptible and resistant wheat. | the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov), is an economically important pest of small grains. since its introduction into north america in 2003, russian wheat aphid biotype 2 has been found to be virulent to all commercially available winter wheat, triticum aestivum l., cultivars. our goal was to examine differences in russian wheat aphid reproduction and development on a variety of plant hosts to gain information about 1) potential alternate host refuges, 2) selective host pressures ... | 2008 | 18459422 |
| antioxidative enzymes and the russian wheat aphid (diuraphis noxia) resistance response in wheat (triticum aestivum). | a crucial function of antioxidative enzymes is to remove excess reactive oxygen species (ros), which can be toxic to plant cells. the effect of russian wheat aphid (rwa), diuraphis noxia (mordvilko), infestation on the activities of antioxidative enzymes was investigated in the resistant (cv. tugela dn) and the near-isogenic susceptible (cv. tugela) wheat (triticum aestivum l.). rwa infestation significantly induced the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxi ... | 2008 | 18426488 |
| physiological and biochemical responses of resistant and susceptible wheat to injury by russian wheat aphid. | we examined the physiological and biochemical responses of resistant ('halt' and 'prairie red') and susceptible ('tam 107') wheat, triticum aestivum l., to injury by the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko). photosynthetic capacity was evaluated by measuring assimilation/internal co2 (a/ci) curves, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll, and nonstructural carbohydrate content. total protein and peroxidase specific activity also were determined. no significant differences were detected ... | 2007 | 17972650 |
| variation to cause host injury between russian wheat aphid (homoptera: aphididae) clones virulent to dn4 wheat. | biotypes are infraspecific classifications based on biological rather than morphological characteristics. cereal aphids are managed primarily by host plant resistance, and they often develop biotypes that injure or kill previously resistant plants. although molecular genetic variation within aphid biotypes has been well documented, little is known about phenotypic variation, especially virulence or the biotype's ability to cause injury to cultivars with specific resistance genes. five clones (si ... | 2007 | 17972649 |
| distribution and diversity of russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) biotypes in north america. | wheat, triticum aestivum l., with russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae) resistance based on the dn4 gene has been important in managing russian wheat aphid since 1994. recently, five biotypes (rwa1-rwa5) of this aphid have been described based on their ability to differentially damage rwa resistance genes in wheat. rwa2, rwa4, and rwa5 are of great concern because they can kill wheat with dn4 resistance. in 2005, 365 russian wheat aphid clone colonies were made ... | 2007 | 17972648 |
| fractionated extracts of russian wheat aphid eliciting defense responses in wheat. | it is hypothesized that the interaction between aphids and plants follows a gene-for-gene model. the recent appearance of several new russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov) (homoptera: aphididae), biotypes in the united states and the differential response of wheat, triticum aestivum l., genotypes containing different resistance genes also suggest a gene-for-gene interaction. however, aphid elicitors remain unknown. this study was conducted to identify fractionated russian wheat aphid ... | 2007 | 17598566 |
| biotypic variation among north american russian wheat aphid (homoptera: aphididae) populations. | the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko) (homoptera: aphididae), has been a major economic pest of small grains in the western united states since its introduction in 1986. recently, a new russian wheat aphid biotype was discovered in southeastern colorado that damaged previously resistant wheat, triticum aestivum l. biotype development jeopardizes the durability of plant resistance, which has been a cornerstone for russian wheat aphid management. our objective was to assess the rela ... | 2006 | 17066823 |
| the reactive oxygen species are involved in resistance responses of wheat to the russian wheat aphid. | the effect of russian wheat aphid (rwa), diuraphis noxia (mordvilko), infestation on the hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) content and nadph oxidase (ec 1.6.3.1) activity was studied in the resistant (cv. tugela dn) and near-isogenic susceptible (cv. tugela) wheat (triticum aestivum l.). the objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of the reactive oxygen species (ros) during the resistance responses against the rwa. infestation significantly induced an early accumulation of the h(2) ... | 2006 | 17032617 |
| molecular basis of plant gene expression during aphid invasion: wheat pto- and pti-like sequences are involved in interactions between wheat and russian wheat aphid (homoptera: aphididae). | the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko) (homoptera: aphididae), is a major pest of bread wheat, triticum aestivum l. (em thell), in most wheat-growing areas worldwide. aphid-resistant cultivars are used to combat this pest, but very little is known about the molecular basis of resistance. in this study, differential gene expression in d. noxia biotype 1-resistant wheat plants containing the dnx gene and d. noxia biotype 1 feeding on dnx plants was investigated using suppressive subt ... | 2006 | 16937702 |
| positive correlation of fitness with group size in two biotypes of russian wheat aphid (homoptera: aphididae). | changes in fitness parameters as a function of colony size (one versus 10 aphids) were measured in two biotypes (rwa1 and rwa2) of the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko) (homoptera: aphididae), feeding on three cultivars of wheat, triticum aestivum l., at two temperatures. 'trego' is a cultivar with no specific resistance to d. noxia, whereas, 'stanton' and 'halt' express dny and dn4 resistance sources, respectively. feeding in a group accelerated the development of rwa1 on trego a ... | 2006 | 16937675 |
| resistance to biotype 2 russian wheat aphid (homoptera: aphididae) in two wheat lines. | biotype 2 of the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko), was identified in the united states in 2003 and is virulent to all commercially available cultivars of winter wheat, triticum aestivum l., that are resistant to biotype 1. we compared the development and reproduction of biotype 2 d. noxia at 21.7 +/- 0.12 degrees c on 'trego' (pi 612576), a susceptible commercial cultivar, and on lines ci 2401 and 03gd1378027 that represent putative resistance sources. ci 2401 is a pure wheat lin ... | 2006 | 16686158 |
| interactions among three species of cereal aphids simultaneously infesting wheat. | interactions among greenbug, schizaphis graminum (rondani), russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko), and bird cherry-oat aphid rhopalosiphum padi (l.) were examined on wheat plants (triticum aestivum l., cultivar tam 107). nymphs were released on the plants as conspecific and heterospecific pairs of either first or fourth instars and evaluated for survival, developmental time, fecundity, intra-plant movement, and affinity to plant tissues. survival from first instar to onset of reproduc ... | 2005 | 16341245 |
| comparison of dn4- and dn7-carrying spring wheat genotypes artificially infested with russian wheat aphid (homoptera: aphididae) biotype 1. | genetic resistance is a useful control strategy for managing russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko), in wheat, triticum aestivum l. in 2003, a russian wheat aphid population (denoted as biotype 2) identified in colorado was virulent to genotypes carrying the dn4 russian wheat aphid resistance gene, necessitating the rapid identification and deployment of new sources of resistance. although the dn7 gene had shown excellent resistance to russian wheat aphid biotypes 1 and 2 in evaluation ... | 2005 | 16334342 |
| is photosynthetic transcriptional regulation in triticum aestivum l. cv. 'tugeladn' a contributing factor for tolerance to diuraphis noxia (homoptera: aphididae)? | diuraphis noxia (russian wheat aphid, rwa) is a major pest on wheat in south africa and most other wheat growing countries. being a probing-sucking insect, rwas insert their stylets into the phloem sieve elements and feed on the phloem sap. this feeding causes necrotic lesions in resistant varieties, or decoloration of leaves and death in susceptible varieties. in an effort to broaden our understanding on the response of the plant to rwa feeding, we synthesized and analyzed expressed sequence ta ... | 2006 | 16328390 |
| resistance to rhopalosiphum padi (homoptera: aphididae) in three triticale accessions. | experiments were conducted to identify and characterize host plant resistance to bird cherry-oat aphid, rhopalosiphum padi (l.), in various wheat and wheat-grass hybrids. initial tests screened for resistance to r. padi among 12 grass accessions (eight wheat [triticum aestivum l.], three triticale [xtriticosecale wittmack], and 1xelytricum [elytrigia elongata [host] nevski x triticum aestivum hybrid]). r. padi had less population growth on triticale accessions '8ta5l' (pi 611760) and 'stniism 3' ... | 2005 | 15889754 |
| field evaluation of emmer wheat-derived synthetic hexaploid wheat for resistance to russian wheat aphid (homoptera: aphididae). | broadening the genetic base for resistance to russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko) (homoptera: aphididae), in bread wheat, triticum aestivum l., is desirable. to date, identified russian wheat aphid resistance genes are either located to the d chromosomes or to rye translocation of wheat, and resistance derived from the a or b genomes of tetraploid triticum spp. would therefore be highly beneficial. fifty-eight synthetic hexaploid wheat, derived from interspecific crosses of triticum ... | 2004 | 15279292 |
| plant damage and yield response to the russian wheat aphid (homoptera: aphididae) on susceptible and resistant winter wheats in colorado. | plant damage and yield response to the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko), were evaluated on a susceptible (tam 107) and a resistant (rwa e1) winter wheat, triticum aestivum l., in three colorado locations in the 1993 and 1994 crop years. russian wheat aphid was more abundant on tam 107 than on rwa e1. russian wheat aphid days per tiller were greater at the higher infestation levels. yield losses as a result of russian wheat aphid infestation occurred most of the time with tam 107 ... | 2003 | 14994801 |
| categories of resistance at four growth stages in three wheats resistant to the russian wheat aphid (homoptera: aphididae). | laboratory experiments were conducted to determine categories of resistance to russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko), in three wheats, triticum aestivum l, (pi 372129, pi 243781, and pi 222668) at zadoks growth stages 10, 20, 30, and 40. 'tam 107' was used as the susceptible standard. antixenosis was observed in pi 222668 and pi 372129. antibiosis was expressed as reduced nymphipositional period, daily nymph production, and fecundity at the jointing (zadoks 30) and boot (zadoks 40) st ... | 2003 | 12852604 |
| light activation of russian wheat aphid-elicited physiological responses in susceptible wheat. | the impact of light and its role in russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko), damage symptom formation, and photosynthetic capacity in 'arapahoe' wheat (triticum aestivum l.) were examined. after 72 h under continuous dark or continuous light regimes, the number of aphids (nymphs), leaf rolling and chlorosis ratings, fresh leaf weight, and chlorophyll contents were recorded. photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll a, kinetics and chlorophyll extractions also were determined. aphid infestation ... | 2003 | 12650362 |
| glycoproteins from russian wheat aphid infested wheat induce defence responses. | elicitors are molecules which can induce the activation of plant defence responses. elicitor activity of intercellular wash fluid from russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko) infested resistant (cv tugela dn), and susceptible (cv tugela), wheat (triticum aestivum l.), was investigated. known russian wheat aphid resistance related responses such as peroxidase and beta-1,3-glucanase activities were used as parameters of elicitor activity. the intercellular wash fluid from infested resista ... | 2009 | 12440726 |
| in vitro selection for russian wheat aphid (diuraphis noxia) resistance in wheat (triticum aestivum). | the russian wheat aphid (diuraphis noxia) is a pest on wheat (triticum aestivum) in many regions of the world. the aphid injects a phytotoxin when it feeds. identification of somaclonal variants with phytotoxin resistance may shorten development time for resistance. wheat calli from the susceptible cultivar 'stephens' were exposed to an extract from the aphid. five plants were regenerated from 100 treated calli. resistance to the aphid was observed in both the r2 and r3 generations. one of the s ... | 1993 | 24197254 |
| structure-activity relationship studies of the phytotoxic properties of the diterpenic moiety of breviones. | brevianes are a family of bioactive meroterpenoids originally described in fungi of the family penicillium. these compounds have attracted a great deal of interest not only because of their unusual skeleton, suggesting a mixed mevalonate and polyketide biogenetic pathway, and their unusual oxa-spiro ring fused to an α-pyrone, but also because of the bioactivities shown by many members of this family. | 2015 | 24839263 |
| differences in the anaerobic lactate-succinate production and in the changes of cell sap ph for plants with high and low resistance to anoxia. | anaerobically treated seedlings of oryza sativa l. var arborio accumulated in their shoots more succinate than lactate and cell sap became alkaline. conversely, in triticum aestivum l. var mek 86 lactate accumulation was far higher than that of succinate and cell sap was acidified. anoxia clearly induced proton consumption in both species as an important means to prevent or counteract acidosis. other species studied were: echinochloa crus-galli l. beauv., zea mays l. var de kalb xl75, secale cer ... | 1989 | 16666751 |