| clostridium difficile in a healthcare worker. | | 1996 | 8744518 |
| life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding caused by aphthous ulcers in a patient with perinatal acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | | 1995 | 8745032 |
| [diarrhea caused by antibiotic therapy]. | diarrhoea, or any change in bowel habits, occurs in up to 30% of the individuals treated by antimicrobial agents. most cases of such diarrhoea are benign and secondary to a transient dysfunction of normal colonic flora induced by the antibiotic treatment. in some cases, the antibiotic-induced alteration of the normal gut flora leads to the establishment of pathogens, of which clostridium difficile is the most important. c. difficile intestinal infection results in a wide spectrum of diseases, ra ... | 1996 | 8746030 |
| [infectious diarrhea in the aged]. | infectious diarrhoea in the elderly is associated with high morbidity and mortality and need early diagnosis and treatment. polypathology, malnutrition, polytherapy, length of stay in the hospital and residence in nursing-home contribute to the increasing incidence and gravity of these diseases with aging. viral gastroenteritis is responsible for epidemic in nursing-home residents. bacterial gastrointestinal infections are primarily caused by enterotoxigenic agents inducing sporadic or epidemic ... | 1996 | 8746032 |
| [diarrhea in immune deficiency status]. | with a prevalence of approximatively 50%, diarrhoea is a frequent event in immune deficiency of any cause. because this condition is permanent in aids, the main characteristic of diarrhoea is chronicity. non infectious causes are more common in conditions other than aids with, for exemple, intestinal injuries related to graft versus host disease or to chemotherapy toxicity. among infectious causes, enteric parasitic diseases such as cryptosporidiosis or microsporidiosis are more commonly observe ... | 1996 | 8746035 |
| infectious intestinal disease in elderly people. | this paper analyses routinely available data on infectious intestinal diseases occurring in people aged 65 years and over in england and wales from 1990 to 1994. these data include annual reports of consultations with general practitioners in spotter practices collated by the royal college of general practitioners, notifications of food poisoning collated by the office of population censuses and surveys, hospital admissions extracted from hospital episode statistics data, reports of general outb ... | 1996 | 8755672 |
| clostridium difficile colitis: optimizing a cost-effective approach. | | 1996 | 8759689 |
| [antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis: retrospective study of 48 cases diagnosed by colonoscopy]. | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is a rare but potentially severe complication of antibiotic treatment, which is characterized by the proliferation of the bacterium clostridium difficile in the colon. in this retrospective study, 48 cases of endoscopically confirmed pmc were included. the following variables were analysed: characteristics of the patients, antibiotics, clinical, biological and endoscopic features of pmc and its treatment. the antibiotic treatment was often ambulatory (83 per cent) ... | 1996 | 8762225 |
| fatal clostridium difficile enteritis after total abdominal colectomy. | | 1996 | 8771437 |
| fatal clostridium difficile enteritis after total abdominal colectomy. | a 71-year-old man who had undergone an ileorectal anastomosis some years earlier, developed fulminant fatal clostridium difficile pseudomembranous enteritis and proctitis after a prostatectomy. this case and three reports of c. difficile involvement of the small bowel in adults emphasize that the small intestine can be affected. no case like ours, of enteritis after colectomy from c. difficile, has hitherto been reported. | 1996 | 8776096 |
| nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of low levels of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens in animal feces and meat. | a rapid and sensitive method for detecting enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens in animal feces and meat is described. the method consists of a combination of nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with enrichment culture of the sample. in the pcr, two pairs of oligonucleotide primers homologous to the c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) gene were used: the first primer pair amplified a 425-bp fragment and the second one amplified a 199-bp fragment within the fragment amplified by the first pcr. ... | 1996 | 8777225 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile colitis. | | 1996 | 8779470 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile colitis. | | 1996 | 8779471 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile colitis. | | 1996 | 8779472 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile colitis. | | 1996 | 8779473 |
| role of culture and toxin detection in laboratory testing for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | two variations of an egg yolk agar base medium containing cycloserine, cefoxitin, and fructose (ccfa), one with 250 micrograms and other with 500 micrograms of cycloserine/ml of agar medium were compared to study the effect of the cycloserine concentration on recovery of clostridium difficile from stool samples. in addition, the role of prior anaerobic reduction of these media in the detection of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) was tested. each medium was studied over a two-mont ... | 1996 | 8781886 |
| prospective study of toxigenic clostridium difficile in children given amoxicillin/clavulanate for otitis media. | evaluate antibiotic-associated diarrhea and toxigenic clostridium difficile in stool specimens obtained from children before and after 10 days of amoxicillin/clavulanate for otitis media. | 1996 | 8783348 |
| protein-losing enteropathy is associated with clostridium difficile diarrhea but not with asymptomatic colonization: a prospective, case-control study. | a prospective, case-control study was performed in which enteric protein loss and nutritional status were measured in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic infections due to clostridium difficile. enteric protein loss, measured by elevated levels of fecal alpha1-antitrypsin, was detected in 14 of 20 cases and controls with diarrhea (9 of 10 cases with c. difficile-associated diarrhea and 5 of 10 age-matched control with diarrhea not associated with c. difficile) compared with none of 20 asy ... | 1996 | 8783689 |
| a risk-benefit assessment of teicoplanin in the treatment of infections. | teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic whose activity is selectively oriented against gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, clostridium difficile, peptostreptococcus spp. and corynebacterium jeikeium; such activity is affected by neither methicillin resistance nor beta-lactamase production. teicoplanin is not significantly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; consequently, it has to be administered intravenously (e ... | 1995 | 8785019 |
| [in vitro activities of sulopenem, a new parenteral penem, against anaerobes]. | in vitro activities of sulopenem, a novel parenteral penem, was compared with those of imipenem, flomoxef, cefuzonam, cefoperazone and sulbactam/ampicillin against 66 reference strains (19 genera, 61 species) and 392 recent clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria and fastidious aerobic bacteria. sulopenem had a very broad spectrum against anaerobic bacteria. in general, this compound was active against anaerobic reference strains with mics of < or = 0.78 micrograms/ml, while being the least acti ... | 1996 | 8786627 |
| [clostridium difficile]. | | 1996 | 8804201 |
| [diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile: one-year experience in a general hospital]. | clostridium difficile is considered the most common cause of nosocomial acquired diarrhoea, with frequencies differing widely from one institution to another. so far, it is a scarcely reported condition in spain. in the present study 129 episodes of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad) occurred in 120 patients in a 2,000-bed hospital in 1994 is reported. all cases were diagnosed by demonstrating cytotoxicity on cellular lines (mrc-5) from feces or from the strain isolated from a cul ... | 1996 | 8804202 |
| diarrhea associated with lorazepam solution in a tube-fed patient. | a 43-year-old patient with adult respiratory distress syndrome, alcoholic hallucinosis, and delirium required significant amounts of lorazepam, morphine, and midazolam for management of agitation and increased peak airway pressures. broad-spectrum antibiotics and intermittent pancuronium therapy were instituted. a nasoenteral feeding tube was placed for nutrition and medication administration during mechanical ventilation. tube feedings were well tolerated except for intermittent bouts of large ... | 1996 | 8807930 |
| clostridium novyi alpha-toxin-catalyzed incorporation of glcnac into rho subfamily proteins. | the lethal and edema-inducing alpha-toxin from clostridium novyi causes rounding up of cultured cell lines by redistribution of the actin cytoskeleton. alpha-toxin belongs to the family of large clostridial cytotoxins that encompasses clostridium difficile toxin a and b and the lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii. toxin a and toxin b have been recently identified as monoglucosyltransferases to modify the low molecular mass gtpases of the rho subfamily (just, i., selzer, j., wilm, m., von eic ... | 1996 | 8810274 |
| clostridium difficile infection of the gut. | | 1996 | 8813947 |
| cleaning up clostridium difficile infection. | | 1996 | 8813978 |
| [clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea--an increasing problem. reduce the administration of antibiotics and improve hygiene!]. | | 1996 | 8815352 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, clostridium difficile, and short-chain fatty acids. | it has been hypothesized that clostridium difficile and decreased colonic production of short-chain fatty acids (scfas) cause the development of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. we therefore wanted to investigate the effects of an intensive and uniform antibiotic therapy on faecal scfas concentrations. c. difficile, and extent of diarrhoea. | 1996 | 8819219 |
| clostridium difficile toxins attack rho. | | 1996 | 8820565 |
| [the role of clostridium difficile in human pathology]. | | 1996 | 8820690 |
| relapses or reinfections: analysis of a case of clostridium difficile-associated colitis by two typing systems. | immunoblotting and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of clostridium difficile isolates were employed to differentiate reinfection by a newly acquired strain from relapse by an original strain in a 10-year-old patient with four episodes of c. difficile-associated colitis. immunoblot typing demonstrated subserogroup k-1 of serogroup k for the first and second organisms, subserogroup a-1 of serogroup a for the third organism, and subserogroup g-4 of serogroup g for the fourth organism. pfge analysis ... | 1996 | 8824166 |
| phospholipid profiles of clostridium difficile. | phospholipid molecular species present in 32 isolates of clostridium difficile were examined by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry in negative-ion mode. this revealed major anions consistent with the expected presence of the following phosphatidylglycerol (pg) analogs: pg(31:2), pg(32:1), pg(33:2), pg(33:1), pg(34:2), and pg(34:1). the major phospholipid molecular species are distinct from those of other bacterial groups examined. | 1996 | 8824641 |
| cryptosporidiosis: an unrecognized cause of diarrhea in elderly hospitalized patients. | human infection with cryptosporidium species has been increasingly noted in the past decade. we conducted a broad-based longitudinal review in a community setting and found that a cryptosporidium species was detected in one-third of the specimens screened over a 5-year period. thirty-six patients were identified, comprising three distinct clinical groups: persons with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection (18 patients); young, otherwise healthy persons (5 patients); and, surprisingly, chr ... | 1996 | 8824990 |
| saccharomyces boulardii is not saccharomyces cerevisiae. | | 1996 | 8825013 |
| the toxigenic element of clostridium difficile strain vpi 10463. | the toxigenic element of clostridium difficile strain vpi 10463 is identified by establishing boundaries between toxigenic sequences and those sequences shared by nontoxigenic and toxigenic strains. the toxigenic element is chromosomal, 19.6 kb in length, and comprised of five open reading frames which include the toxin a and b genes. four of the open reading frames are contiguous and are transcribed in the same direction. the fifth is downstream from the others and oriented in the opposite dire ... | 1995 | 8825908 |
| clostridium difficile infection. | the spore-forming anaerobe clostridium difficile has become a serious enteropathogen. changes in the composition of natural intestinal flora, mainly due to antibiotic therapy, permit its colonization of, and multiplication in, the colon. the disease is caused by (entero)toxin a and (cyto)toxin b, and infection ranges from asymptomatic carrier state and mild diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. the clinical diagnosis is made by observing inflammatory, sometimes bloody, diarrhea and by the colono ... | 1996 | 8828001 |
| [an epidemic outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis due to clostridium difficile in term newborn infants]. | | 1996 | 8830582 |
| [study of the thermoresistance of clostridium difficile spores]. | thermoresistance of c. difficile spores was investigated. c. difficile strains were isolated from different sources. as control, toxigenic vpi 10463 and nontoxigenic nih briggs 8050 c. difficile strains were used. the inhibition of growth majority of c. difficile after heating at 85 degrees c was shown. no correlation between thermoresistance of c. difficile spores, toxigenicity and source of the strains was observed. | 1995 | 8833929 |
| anti-clostridium difficile bovine immunoglobulin concentrate inhibits cytotoxicity and enterotoxicity of c. difficile toxins. | clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis result from the actions of bacterial exotoxins on the colonic mucosa. this study examined the ability of hyperimmune bovine colostral antibodies to neutralize the biological effects of these toxins. anti-c. difficile bovine immunoglobulin concentrate was prepared from the colostral milk of holstein cows previously immunized with c. difficile toxoids. the anti-c. difficile bovine immunoglobulin concentrate contained high levels of bovine immunoglobulin g ... | 1996 | 8834883 |
| molecular typing of clostridium difficile. | | 1996 | 8854453 |
| restoration of clostridium difficile toxin-b-inhibited phospholipase d by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. | receptor signalling to phospholipase d (pld) in human embryonic kidney (hek) cells stably expressing the m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor apparently involves rho proteins. since phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [ptdins(4,5)p2] has been recognized as an essential cofactor for pld activity and since activated rho proteins have been reported to stimulate the synthesis of ptdins(4,5)p2, we studied whether in hek cells pld activity is regulated by ptdins(4,5)p2 and, in particular, whether pt ... | 1996 | 8856074 |
| enzyme electrophoresis combined with serogrouping for improved differentiation of clostridium difficile strains. | we used enzyme electrophoresis to study a set of epidemiologically related and unrelated isolates of clostridium difficile. the 53 strains belonged to the most frequent serogroups (a1, c, g, h and k). nine electrophoretic profiles were defined on the basis of five enzymes, and two were characteristic of a single strain. each serogroup was resolved into two or three different enzyme patterns. by combining the two methods we were able to resolve the strains into 12 types. there was an excellent co ... | 1996 | 8856317 |
| inhibition of adhesion of clostridium difficile to caco-2 cells. | for many microorganisms, including clostridium difficile, mucosal association is an important factor influencing intestinal colonisation and subsequent infection. inhibition of adhesion of c. difficile to intestinal mucosa could be a new promising strategy for prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. we investigated the possibilities of influencing the adhesion of c. difficile by xylitol and bovine colostrum whey. caco-2 cells and c. difficile cells were incubated with 1%, 5% ... | 1996 | 8856319 |
| a role for rho in receptor- and g protein-stimulated phospholipase c. reduction in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate by clostridium difficile toxin b. | receptors coupled to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (g proteins) activate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (ptdins(4,5)p2)-hydrolyzing phospholipase c (plc) enzymes by activated alpha of free beta gamma subunits of the relevant g proteins. to study whether low molecular weight g proteins of the rho family are involved in receptor signaling to plc, we examined the effect of clostridium difficile toxin b, which glucosylates and thereby inactivates rho proteins, on the regu ... | 1996 | 8857584 |
| abnormal colonic accumulation of fluorine-18-fdg in pseudomembranous colitis. | a 51-yr-old man with a history of pancreatic carcinoma was studied with [18f]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18f]fdg) and pet as part of staging for residual disease after chemotherapy. the pet study was performed during a clostridium difficile-associated diarrheal illness. striking [18f]fdg uptake was demonstrated in the wall of the colon over its entire length. clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and mechanisms of [18f]fdg uptake in normal and abnormal tissues are briefly reviewed and a mechanism f ... | 1996 | 8862310 |
| a group ii intron in a conjugative transposon from the gram-positive bacterium, clostridium difficile. | we have been studying the conjugative transposon tn5397, originally isolated from the gram-positive pathogen clostridium difficile. physical analysis of this transposon demonstrated that it contained a group ii intron. this is the first report of an intron in a conjugative transposon and the first report of a group ii intron in gram-positive bacteria. the intron interrupted a gene in tn5397 that is almost identical to orf14 from tn916. dna hybridisation analysis showed that elements related to t ... | 1996 | 8863741 |
| inhibition by toxin b of inositol phosphate formation induced by g protein-coupled and tyrosine kinase receptors in n1e-115 neuroblastoma cells: involvement of rho proteins. | g protein-coupled receptors activate phospholipase c (plc)-beta isoforms by the alpha or beta gamma subunits of g proteins, whereas growth-factor receptors activate plc-gamma isoforms by phosphorylating tyrosine residues of the enzyme. as a common substrate for plc enzymes, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [ptdins(4,5)p2] may play a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular plc activity. because small-molecular-weight g proteins have been implicated in the synthesis of ptdins(4,5)p2, we st ... | 1996 | 8863831 |
| ascites associated with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. | we report the case of an elderly patient who had ascites due to pseudomembranous colitis and associated hypoalbuminemia. computed tomography showed diffuse colonic wall thickening. an indium-111 scan to localize the site of infection showed abnormal localization of 111in throughout the colon. despite treatment, the patient died. autopsy disclosed no other cause for the ascites, except for possible sepsis. to study the cause of ascites in patients with pseudomembranous colitis, we reviewed our in ... | 1996 | 8865801 |
| [occurrence and clinical picture of clostridium difficile infections after antibiotic therapy]. | 39 patients with colon bowel inflammatory by c. difficile infection after antibioticotherapy were treated. the causes of antibioticotherapy most frequently former infection of the upper respiratory tract. the c. difficile infection were most frequently before therapy: poliantibiotics, cephalosporins ii generations and linkomycin. in diagnosis of c. difficile infection the enzyme immuno-fluorescence test were practical utility confirmed. the symphtomaticotherapy patients with slight course of ill ... | 1995 | 8868193 |
| exchange of domains of glutamate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon pyrococcus furiosus and the mesophilic bacterium clostridium difficile: effects on catalysis, thermoactivity and stability. | the glutamate dehydrogenase gene from the hyperthermophilic archaeon pyrococcus furiosus has been functionally expressed in escherichia coli under the control of the lambda pl promoter. the p. furiosus glutamate dehydrogenase amounted to 20% of the total e. coli cell protein, and the vast majority consisted of hexamers. following activation by heat treatment, an enzyme could be purified from e. coli that was indistinguishable from the glutamate dehydrogenase purified from p. furiosus. hybrid gen ... | 1995 | 8869641 |
| comparison of four laboratory tests for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | four different laboratory tests for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea were compared to determine the optimal one for management of patients with hospital-acquired diarrhea. stool samples from 231 patients with diarrhea were tested by the following methods: culture for clostridium difficile with subsequent determination of exotoxin production, with a toxigenic clostridium difficile positive (tcp) result considered truly positive; enzyme immunoassay (eia); latex agglutination ... | 1996 | 8874073 |
| effect of clostridium difficile toxin a on cd11/cd18 expression in vitro. | clostridium difficile toxin a is chemotactic for neutrophils and induces their emigration into the colonic mucosae of rodents. we found that toxin a did not upregulate neutrophil beta 2 integrins on isolated human neutrophils. these data support the hypothesis that in c. difficile colitis, these adhesion molecules are upregulated by endogenous mediators. | 1996 | 8877145 |
| financial burden of hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection has become endemic in many hospitals and yet few data on the associated costs of such cases are available. we prospectively followed 50 consecutive cases of c. difficile infection and 92 control patients, who were admitted to the same geriatric wards within 72 h of the cases. cases and controls had similar age, sex and major diagnosis distributions. cases stayed significantly longer (mean 21.3 days, median 20.5 days; p < 0.001) in hospital than controls, including ... | 1996 | 8880547 |
| clostridium difficile, pseudomembranous enterocolitis: striking ct and sonographic features in a pediatric patient. | | 1996 | 8886718 |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxin a and toxin b on phospholipase d activation in human promyelocytic leukemic hl60 cells. | the possible involvement of rho family gtp-binding proteins in the regulation of phospholipase d (pld) activity has recently been demonstrated. in the present study, to further examine the role of rho family proteins in pld activation of human promyelocytic leukemic hl60 cells, we used toxin a and toxin b from the anaerobic bacterium clostridium difficile, which was shown to glucosylate rho family proteins and inhibit their interaction with effectors. pretreatment of [3h]oleic acid-labeled hl60 ... | 1996 | 8890188 |
| in vitro evaluation of activities of nitazoxanide and tizoxanide against anaerobes and aerobic organisms. | the antibacterial activities of nitazoxanide and its main metabolite, tizoxanide, were tested against a broad range of bacteria, including anaerobes. metronidazole, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, and clindamycin were used as positive controls. mics were determined by reference agar dilution methods. the 241 anaerobes were all inhibited by nitazoxanide, with the mics at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (mic90s) being between 0.06 and 4 mg/liter wit ... | 1996 | 8891127 |
| clostridium difficile acquisition rate and its role in nosocomial diarrhoea at a university hospital in turkey. | infection with clostridium difficile can present with various clinical pictures ranging from an asymptomatic carrier state to pseudomembranous colitis and plays an important part in the etiology of nosocomial diarrhoea. to identify risk factors for c. difficile colonization and diarrhoea in hospitalized subjects, patients admitted to a general medicine ward at marmara university hospital during a one year period were entered into the study. of the 202 patients, nosocomial diarrhoea developed in ... | 1996 | 8891544 |
| imipenem or cefoperazone-sulbactam combined with vancomycin for therapy of presumed or proven infection in neutropenic cancer patients. | the purpose of this prospective randomized study was to compare the efficacy and safety of imipenem and cefoperazone-sulbactam combined with vancomycin for the treatment of fever in neutropenic cancer patients. patients were assigned to either imipenem 500 mg/m2 (500 mg for bone marrow transplant recipients) every 6 h or cefoperazone (2 g)-sulbactam (1 g) every 8 h all patients received vancomycin 1 g every 12 h. a total of 457 febrile or infectious episodes occurring in 407 patients were entere ... | 1996 | 8894569 |
| multicenter evaluation of four methods for clostridium difficile detection: immunocard c. difficile, cytotoxin assay, culture, and latex agglutination. | a three-center study was undertaken to compare several test methods for the detection of clostridium difficile, associated toxin, or related markers by using 927 stool specimens. methods included direct assay of cytotoxin in stool by tissue culture, c. difficile bacterial culture followed by cytotoxin assay, bacterial culture alone, latex agglutination assay, and the immunocard c. difficile test (meridian diagnostics, inc.). the sensitivities, as determined against direct cytotoxin assay results ... | 1996 | 8897171 |
| substance p activation of enteric neurons in response to intraluminal clostridium difficile toxin a in the rat ileum. | nerves have been suggested to mediate the effects of bacterial toxins in intestinal diseases. however, the mechanisms involved are unknown. this study examined endogenous substance p (sp) activation of the substance p receptor (spr) on enteric neurons in the rat ileum after exposure to intraluminal clostridium difficile toxin a. | 1996 | 8898641 |
| clostridium difficile infection as a cause of severe sepsis. | although colitis is often seen in critically all patients who have received multiple broad-spectrum antibiotics, there are no reports describing severe sepsis as a result of clostridium difficile infection. we describe three cases of severe sepsis with local intestinal clostridium difficile infection as the only identifiable etiology. the mechanism of severe sepsis may be a derangement of the gastrointestinal barrier function. this could result in absorption of microbes or endotoxin or activatio ... | 1996 | 8905440 |
| clostridium difficile. | the current impact of clostridium difficile will have been noticed by many clinicians, particularly those managing elderly patients. infection with this bacterium can give rise to a wide range of symptoms, from diarrhoea to fulminating colitis and toxic megacolon. patients may also be asymptomatically colonized by c. difficile. in this article the epidemiology and aetiology of c.difficile infection will be discussed, followed by an explanation of how diagnosis of cases is best achieved, how the ... | 1996 | 8909713 |
| role of rho proteins in carbachol-induced contractions in intact and permeabilized guinea-pig intestinal smooth muscle. | 1. the aim of this study was to determine whether the low molecular mass gtpase rhoa or related proteins are involved in carbachol- and high-k(+)-induced contractions in intact intestinal smooth muscle as well as the carbachol-induced increase in ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilaments in permeabilized preparations. 2. the carbachol-induced increase in the ca2+ sensitivity of force production in beta-escin-permeabilized intestinal smooth muscle was enhanced in preparations that were loaded with the ... | 1996 | 8910218 |
| genetic organization and distribution of tetracycline resistance determinants in clostridium perfringens. | the tet p determinant from the conjugative clostridium perfringens r plasmid pcw3 two functional overlapping tetracycline resistance genes, teta(p) and tetb(p). the teta(p) gene encodes a putative 46-kda transmembrane protein which mediates active efflux of tetracycline from the cell, while tetb(p) encodes a putative 72.6-kda protein which has significant similarity to tet m-like tetracycline resistance proteins (j. sloan, l.m. mcmurry, d. lyras, s. b. levy, and j. i. rood, mol. microbiol. 11:40 ... | 1996 | 8913453 |
| macrofragment localization of the toxin a and toxin b genes of clostridium difficile. | we report the physical mapping of the toxin a and b genes to the bacterial chromosome of clostridium difficile atcc 43594 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. single and double digestions with restriction endonucleases nrui and sacii allowed localization of the toxin genes to a specific 577-kb fragment and estimation of genome size to be approximately 3.8 megabases. this effort represents the initial step in the construction of a physical map of the whole genome. | 1996 | 8914776 |
| leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions evoked by mast cells. | in this review we have summarized some of the evidence to support the view that mast cells play a critical role in leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation. initially, data using a pharmacological tool, compound 48/80, which directly activates mast cells, is reviewed, demonstrating that this reagent can induce the multi-step recruitment of leukocytes (rolling, adhesion and emigration) to sites of inflammation. the adhesive mechanisms and pro-inflammatory mediators implicated in mast cell-i ... | 1996 | 8915188 |
| manipulation of a hospital antimicrobial formulary to control an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. | infection control practices are not uniformly successful in limiting outbreaks of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre). despite the implementation of barrier precautions for vre-infected patients, nearly one-half of the inpatients at our center were found to have gastrointestinal colonization by vre. in an attempt to control the outbreak, we altered the antibiotic formulary by restricting the use of cefotaxime and vancomycin and adding beta-lactamase inhibitors to replace third-generation ceph ... | 1996 | 8922796 |
| molecular mimicry in the recognition of glycosphingolipids by gal alpha 3 gal beta 4 glcnac beta-binding clostridium difficile toxin a, human natural anti alpha-galactosyl igg and the monoclonal antibody gal-13: characterization of a binding-active human glycosphingolipid, non-identical with the animal receptor. | glycoconjugates with terminal gal alpha 3gal beta 4glcnac beta sequences have been shown to be recognized by three carbohydrate-binding proteins; toxin a of clostridium difficile, human natural anti alpha-galactosyl igg and the monoclonal antibody gal-13. however, the biological significance of this binding specificity in humans is unclear, since unsubstituted gal alpha 3gal beta 4glcnac beta sequences are not found in human tissues, due to suppression of the gene coding for the enzyme gal beta ... | 1996 | 8922955 |
| [pancolitis caused by clostridium difficile, with a recurrent outbreak]. | | 1996 | 8924335 |
| [85-year-old female patient with abdominal distention and fever]. | | 1996 | 8927769 |
| chronic osteomyelitis caused by clostridium difficile in an adolescent with sickle cell disease. | | 1996 | 8933563 |
| clostridium difficile and sucralfate. | | 1996 | 8934235 |
| risk factors associated with clostridium difficile diarrhea in hospitalized adult patients: a case-control study--sucralfate ingestion is not a negative risk factor. | to assess risk factors associated with clostridium difficile diarrhea in hospitalized adult patients, and to test the hypothesis that sucralfate ingestion is associated with nondetection of c difficile cytotoxin in stool specimens. | 1996 | 8935731 |
| genotyping of outbreak-related and sporadic isolates of clostridium difficile belonging to serogroup c. | serogroup c of clostridium difficile is the serogroup most frequently related to outbreaks. fifty-six toxigenic serogroup c isolates of c. difficile were genotyped by ribotyping pcr (ribo-pcr), random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) assay, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). thirty-five of the 56 isolates were recovered from four unrelated outbreaks (belgium, 1987, 1992, and 1995; france, 1992 to 1993) 7 derived from a spatiotemporal cluster in cotonou, benin (1992), and 14 were sporad ... | 1996 | 8940447 |
| tyrothricin-containing oral tablets causing clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | | 1996 | 8943986 |
| epidemiology and typing of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is now established as the most common nosocomial enteric pathogen causing pseudomembranous colitis, antibiotic-associated colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. antibiotic therapy is the most important risk factor in colonization and infection with c. difficile. however, other factors are involved such as age and underlying illness. the introduction of reliable typing and fingerprinting methods has demonstrated hospital acquisition and cross-infection with c. difficil ... | 1996 | 8944362 |
| pathogenesis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile is now regarded as a major enteric pathogen in hospitals and nursing-home facilities. the pathophysiology of this pathogen involves alterations of the indigenous colonic flora by antibiotics, ingestion of spores and colonization by c. difficile, followed by release of its toxins. although most of the research on the intestinal effects of c. difficile had been focused on its enterotoxin or toxin a, recent results indicate that toxin b, the cytotoxin of c. difficile, is also ... | 1996 | 8944363 |
| immune response to clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile produces two toxins (a and b) which cause antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. one of the most puzzling aspects of c. difficile infection is the wide spectrum of clinical presentation which ranges from asymptomatic carriage to fulminant, life-threatening colitis. this review examines the hypothesis that immune responses to c. difficile underlie these dramatic variations in disease presentation and course. animals can be protected from c. difficile c ... | 1996 | 8944364 |
| management of clostridium difficile infection and other antibiotic-associated diarrhoeas. | most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea are due to clostridium difficile or are enigmatic. patients with c. difficile-associated disease are more likely to have colitis, severe disease and nosocomial acquisition. the preferred diagnostic test is a c. difficile toxin assay using a tissue culture assay or enzyme immunoassay. the usual treatment is withdrawal of the inducing agent, sometimes supplemented with oral vancomycin or metronidazole. response rates approach 100%; the major complicati ... | 1996 | 8944365 |
| human intestinal epithelial cells swell and demonstrate actin rearrangement in response to the metalloprotease toxin of bacteroides fragilis. | enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis (etbf) cells produce a 20-kda heat-labile metalloprotease toxin which is potentially important in the pathogenesis of diarrhea associated with this infection. previous studies indicate that subconfluent ht29/c1 cells treated with the b. fragilis toxin (bft) develop morphologic changes with dissolution of tight clusters and apparent swelling. such alterations suggest toxin-stimulated reorganization of the cellular cytoskeleton. the purpose of the current study ... | 1996 | 8945541 |
| bacteroides fragilis toxin rapidly intoxicates human intestinal epithelial cells (ht29/c1) in vitro. | enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis strains associated with childhood diarrhea produce a 20-kda protein toxin (bft). purified bft causes striking morphologic changes in subconfluent human colonic epithelial cells (ht29/c1). in a 3-h ht29/c1 cell assay, the estimated half-maximal effective concentration of bft was 12.5 pm, and morphologic effects were detectable as early as 30 min and nearly complete by 1.5 h. concentrations as low as 0.5 pm could also cause intoxication, but morphologic changes ... | 1996 | 8945542 |
| saccharomyces boulardii protease inhibits clostridium difficile toxin a effects in the rat ileum. | saccharomyces boulardii, a nonpathogenic yeast, is effective in treating some patients with clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. we have previously reported that s. boulardii inhibits rat ileal secretion in response to c. difficile toxin a possibly by releasing a protease that digests the intestinal receptor for this toxin (c. pothoulakis, c. p. kelly, m. a. joshi, n. gao, c. j. o'keane, i. castagliuolo, and j. t. lamont, gastroenterology 104: 1108-1115, 1993). the aim of this study was t ... | 1996 | 8945570 |
| evaluation of two commercial microtiter cytotoxin assays for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin b in stool specimens. | two commercial microtiter cytotoxin assays using a fibroblast cell line (bartels, baxter diagnostics, inc., deerfield, il) and an epithelial cell line (cytotoxi test, advanced clinical diagnostics, toledo, oh) were evaluated for their ability to detect clostridium difficile toxin b in stool specimens. after 48 hours, the assays had comparable sensitivity (90 versus 92%) and specificity (99 versus 98%). although not statistically significant, the bartels assay detected more toxin-positive specime ... | 1996 | 8950530 |
| in vitro activity of quinolones and other antimicrobial agents against anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activities of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and du-6859a against peptostreptococci, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides fragilis, porphyromonas, prevotella, and fusobacterium were determined by an agar dilution method. these activities were compared with those of piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin, and metronidazole. imipenem, metronidazole, and du-6859a were the most active antimicrobial agents that were tested. the in vitro ... | 1996 | 8953101 |
| increased incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea following decreased restriction of antibiotic use. | removal of antimicrobial agents from formulary restriction status at our center was followed by an increase in the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. the mean monthly incidence of c. difficile diarrhea for the 12-month period before institution of decreased restriction of antibiotic use was 3.4 infections per 1,000 admissions and rose to 6.2 infections per 1,000 admissions during the following 4-month period (p < .05). patients who developed disease before and after decrease ... | 1996 | 8953115 |
| difference in protein substrate specificity between hemorrhagic toxin and lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii. | the hemorrhagic toxin (ht) from clostridium sordellii is pharmacologically related to clostridium difficile toxins a and b and clostridium sordellii lethal toxin which have been recently identified as mono-glucosyl-transferases. here we report that ht, which is coexpressed with lethal toxin, is also a glucosyltransferase. whereas lethal toxin glucosylates the rho subfamily proteins rac and cdc42 and the ras subfamily proteins h-ras and rap, the substrate specificity of ht is strictly confined to ... | 1996 | 8954906 |
| diarrhea and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea on a surgical service. | to identify the incidence, risk factors, and treatment of diarrhea and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in surgery patients. | 1996 | 8956776 |
| [severe massive pseudomembranous colitis with a fulminant course]. | pseudomembranous colitis is an inflammatory disease of rectal and colonic mucosa caused by clostridium difficile produced toxin. the inflammation is produced as the consequence of a non-specific response to several agents. it usually presents with abdominal pain and mild watery diarrhea which used to decrease when removing the antibiotic or when starting the therapy with metronidazole or vancomycin. in aged patients, with severe concomitant diseases, may appear complications such as dehydration, ... | 1996 | 8963907 |
| a human antibody binds to alpha-galactose receptors and mimics the effects of clostridium difficile toxin a in rat colon. | nearly all human sera contain an immunoglobulin g antibody (antigalactose) that binds the trisaccharide gal alpha 1-3gal beta 1-4glcnac expressed on cells from most mammals but not humans. because the clostridium difficile toxin a receptor in rodents contains this trisaccharide, the aim of this study was to examine whether antigalactose could mimic the enterotoxic effects of toxin a and bind to receptors containing this trisaccharide. | 1996 | 8964394 |
| [current diagnosis, clinical course and treatment of acute colitis infection with clostridium difficile]. | detection rate of g. intestionalis in feces with direct microscopy has been compared with the immuno-enzymatic technique detecting protein gsa 65 with alexon inc., prospec t/giardia reagents kit. the results obtained with both methods have further been compared with those obtained by microscopic examination of the duodenal content. detectability of giardia intestinalis with eia technique with the use of ready-made kit has been assessed. feces have been collected from 371 patients. protein gsa 65 ... | 1996 | 8966161 |
| [infectious diarrhea]. | infectious diarrhea is a very common, usually self-limited disease. among travellers to developing countries, diarrhea is by far the most common medical problem. the intake of sufficient glucose-electrolyte solutions is the most important step to prevent dehydration. loperamide may be prescribed as a valuable antimotility agent: however, this drug should not be used in patients with high fevers, bloody diarrhea and severe abdominal cramps. stool cultures are recommended in cases without improvem ... | 1996 | 8966415 |
| rapid and effective method for preparation of fecal specimens for pcr assays. | we have developed a novel method for the preparation of fecal specimens for pcr assays. approximately 100 mg of solid stool or 200 microliters of liquid fecal sample was thoroughly suspended in 1 ml of water. fecal debris was removed by low-speed centrifugation (2,800 x g for 2 min). the supernatant was then boiled for 10 min in a water bath and further clarified by high-speed centrifugation (12,000 x g for 5 min). fifty microliters of the clarified supernatant was then purified by sepharose cl- ... | 1997 | 8968926 |
| review article: antibiotic-induced clostridium difficile infection. | the great majority of cases of clostridium difficile infection are hospital-acquired, and the reported incidence in england and wales has increased sixfold between 1990 and 1993, with at least 17 patients dying in a recent large nosocomial outbreak. c. difficile infection accounts for an average 3-week increased length of stay in hospital. acquisition of a toxigenic strain of clostridium difficile may be followed by asymptomatic carriage, diarrhoea, colitis or pseudomembranous colitis. antibioti ... | 1996 | 8971278 |
| definition of the single integration site of the pathogenicity locus in clostridium difficile. | we determined the nucleotide sequence 3.8 kb upstream and 5.2 kb downstream of the toxin genes a and b of clostridium difficile. nine orfs were discovered. based on pcr-directed approaches, two were attributed to the pathogenicity locus (paloc). the other seven were found in every c. difficile isolate obtained from the human gastrointestinal tract, respectless of their toxinogenicity. the orfs cdu1 and cdu2/2' upstream of the paloc displayed similarity to repressors of gram-positive bacteria (cd ... | 1996 | 8973304 |
| [acute clostridium difficile gastroenteritis infection in children: report of three cases]. | the causes and clinical manifestations of clostridium difficile infection in children are described in this report. the studies were performed on three children aged up to 3 years. risk factors as well as possible diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are discussed. | 1996 | 8975229 |
| in vitro activity of bay 12-8039, a new fluoroquinolone. | the in vitro activity of bay 12-8039, a new fluoroquinolone, was studied in comparison with those of ciprofloxacin, trovafloxacin (cp 99,219), cefpodoxime, and amoxicillin-clavulanate against gram-negative, gram-positive, and anaerobic bacteria. its activity against mycobacteria and chlamydia was also investigated. bay 12-8039 was active against members of the family enterobacteriaceae (mic at which 90% of strains tested were inhibited [mic90s] < or = 1 microgram/ml, except for serratia spp. mic ... | 1997 | 8980763 |
| [meaningless with an expensive yeast preparation in diarrhea]. | | 1996 | 8992152 |
| antimicrobial resistance in organisms causing diarrheal disease. | antimicrobial resistance is becoming increasingly important in the treatment of enteric infections, particularly those due to shigella, vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (associated with traveler's diarrhea), and salmonella typhi. the rate of antimicrobial resistance is highest in the developing world, where the use of antimicrobial drugs is relatively unrestricted. of greatest immediate concern is the need for an effective, inexpensive antimicrobial that can be used safely as tr ... | 1997 | 8994788 |
| incidence of diarrhea with antibiotics and the increase of clostridia in rabbits. | rabbits were treated with a single intravenous injection of various antibiotics. more than 40 per cent of the animals showed diarrhea after being treated with sulbactam/cefoperazone, cefmetazole, clindamycin, piperacillin or aspoxicillin. clostridium difficile was isolated from sulbactam/cefoperazone-treated diarrheic rabbits, with their cecal contents showing positive reaction in a latex agglutination test for c. difficile enterotoxin. however, 27 cefmetazole-induced diarrheic cases were not as ... | 1996 | 8996700 |
| clostridium difficile infection: pathophysiology and diagnosis. | clostridium difficile is a relatively common enteric pathogen encountered most frequently in association with antibiotic use and as a nosocomial pathogen. four factors dictate clinical expression: (1) acquisition of the organism from environmental sources or previous colonization; (2) distortion of the competing colonic flora by antibiotics; (3) toxin production; and (4) age-related susceptibility. characteristics of clinical features include inflammatory diarrhea (cramps, fecal leukocytes, syst ... | 1997 | 9000498 |