| dendritic cells from mice neonatally vaccinated with modified vaccinia virus ankara transfer resistance against herpes simplex virus type i to naive one-week-old mice. | modified vaccinia ankara (mva) is an attenuated virus. mva induces the production of ifn and flt3-l (fl), which results in the expansion of dendritic cells (dc) and enhanced resistance against viral infections. we report on the interplay among ifn, fl, and dc in the resistance against heterologous virus after injection of neonatal mice with mva. the induction of serum fl was tested on day 2, and the expansion of dc was tested 1 wk after treatment with mva. at this time point the resistance again ... | 2004 | 15128820 |
| structural and functional features of the polycationic peptide required for inhibition of herpes simplex virus invasion of cells. | glycoprotein c (gc) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) mediates initial virus contact with cells by binding to heparan sulfate (hs) chains. the synthetic peptide 137gsrvqircrfrnstr151 overlapping a major part of the hs-binding site of gc inhibited hsv-1 infection and, to some extent, hsv-2 infection of cells. experiments on mutant, glycosaminoglycan-deficient cells as well as the binding assays involving peptide and purified cell surface components identified hs, and, to a lesser degree, cho ... | 2004 | 15130536 |
| infection with oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 induces apoptosis in neighboring human cancer cells: a potential target to increase anticancer activity. | the antitumor efficacy of a herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 oncolytic virus depends on the cytotoxic effect of the virus, but also on viral replication and spread within the tumor. apoptosis is considered a defense mechanism of infected cells that minimizes the spread of viral progeny by limiting cellular production of virus. we sought to determine whether oncolytic hsv-1 infection induces apoptosis in neighboring, uninfected cells and whether manipulation of apoptosis can increase viral replicatio ... | 2004 | 15131064 |
| functional properties of the herpes simplex virus type i origin-binding protein are controlled by precise interactions with the activated form of the origin of dna replication. | the herpes simplex virus, type i origin-binding protein, obp, is a superfamily ii dna helicase encoded by the ul9 gene. obp binds in a sequence-specific and cooperative way to the viral origin of replication oris. obp may unwind partially and introduce a hairpin into the double-stranded origin of replication. the formation of the novel conformation referred to as oris* also requires the single-stranded dna-binding protein, icp8, and atp hydrolysis. obp forms a stable complex with oris*. the hair ... | 2004 | 15133043 |
| a novel class of phosphonate nucleosides. 9-[(1-phosphonomethoxycyclopropyl)methyl]guanine as a potent and selective anti-hbv agent. | 9-[1-(phosphonomethoxycyclopropyl)methyl]guanine (pmcg, 1), representative of a novel class of phosphonate nucleosides, blocks hbv replication with excellent potency (ec(50) = 0.5 microm) in a primary culture of hepg2 2.2.15 cells. it exhibits no significant cytotoxicity in several human cell lines up to 1.0 mm. it does not inhibit replication of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) or herpes simplex virus (hsv-1) at 30 microm. many purine base analogues of 1 also exhibit inhibitory activity aga ... | 2004 | 15139764 |
| conformational changes in the nuclear lamina induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 require genes u(l)31 and u(l)34. | the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) u(l)31 and u(l)34 proteins are dependent on each other for proper targeting to the nuclear membrane and are required for efficient envelopment of nucleocapsids at the inner nuclear membrane. in this work, we show that whereas the solubility of lamins a and c (lamin a/c) was not markedly increased, hsv induced conformational changes in the nuclear lamina of infected cells, as viewed after staining with three different lamin a/c-specific antibodies. in one c ... | 2004 | 15140953 |
| the dominant-negative herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) recombinant cj83193 can serve as an effective vaccine against wild-type hsv-1 infection in mice. | by selectively regulating the expression of the trans-dominant-negative mutant polypeptide ul9-c535c, of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) origin binding protein ul9 with the tetracycline repressor (tetr)-mediated gene switch, we recently generated a novel replication-defective and anti-hsv-specific hsv-1 recombinant, cj83193. the ul9-c535c peptides expressed by cj83193 can function as a potent intracellular therapy against its own replication, as well as the replication of wild-type hsv-1 and ... | 2004 | 15140973 |
| glioma-specific and cell cycle-regulated herpes simplex virus type 1 amplicon viral vector. | we have engineered a novel herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1)-based amplicon viral vector, whereby gene expression is controlled by cell cycle events. in nondividing cells, trans-activation of the cyclin a promoter via interaction of the gal4/nf-ya fusion protein with the gal4-binding sites is prevented by the presence of a repressor protein, cell cycle-dependent factor 1 (cdf-1). cdf-1 is specifically expressed during the g(0)/g(1) phase of the cell cycle and its binding site is located within ... | 2004 | 15144579 |
| high recombination rate in herpes simplex virus type 1 natural populations suggests significant co-infection. | herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is highly prevalent in all human populations and has been presumed to evolve in a clonal manner because of a lack of evidence for significant levels of co-infection. different hsv-1 populations have distinct distributions of strains and the long timescale evident from hsv-1 population diversity has led to the suggestion that studies of virus variability may yield information about host population history. in this sequencing study of three segments of the hsv-1 ... | 2004 | 15157629 |
| methods for detecting the hsv-1 lat anti-apoptosis activity in virus infected tissue culture cells. | plasmids expressing the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) latency-associated transcript (lat) reduce apoptosis in transient transfection assays in tissue culture. lat also reduces apoptosis in the context of the virus in trigeminal ganglia of rabbits and mice at approximately 6-7 days post-infection during the switch from acute to latent hsv-1 infection, a time at which lat is the only abundantly transcribed viral gene. analysis of lat's anti-apoptosis function is complicated in tissue culture ... | 2004 | 15158063 |
| hsv excretion after bone marrow transplantation: a 4-year survey. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) oral excretions are common after bone marrow transplantation (bmt). | 2004 | 15163425 |
| toxic effects of bis(thiosemicarbazone) compounds and its palladium(ii) complexes on herpes simplex virus growth. | here, we present data on the activity of benzyl bis(thiosemicarbazone); 3,5-diacyl-1,2,4-triazole bis(4-methylthiosemicarbazone) and their pd(ii) complexes against the replication of wild type and of acyclovir (acv)-resistant, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv 1) and type 2 (hsv 2) strains. the data were compared to those under the action of acyclovir. the testing of cytotoxic activity suggests that these compounds may be endowed with important antiviral properties. it is interesting to note that ... | 2004 | 15163546 |
| differential cellular requirements for activation of herpes simplex virus type 1 early (tk) and late (gc) promoters by icp4. | the herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early protein, icp4, activates the transcription of viral early and late genes and is essential for viral growth. it has been shown to bind dna and interact with components of the general transcription machinery to activate or repress viral transcription, depending upon promoter context. since early and late gene promoters have different architectures and cellular metabolism may be very different at early and late times after infection, the cellular requ ... | 2004 | 15163709 |
| induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 by herpes simplex virus type 1 contributes to inhibition of the interferon signaling pathway. | we showed previously that herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) suppresses the interferon (ifn) signaling pathway during the early infection stage in the human amnion cell line fl. hsv-1 inhibits the ifn-induced phosphorylation of janus kinases (jak) in infected fl cells. in the present study, we showed that the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (socs3), a host negative regulator of the jak/stat pathway, is rapidly induced in fl cells after hsv-1 infection. maximal levels of socs3 protein were de ... | 2004 | 15163721 |
| ability of the human cytomegalovirus ie1 protein to modulate sumoylation of pml correlates with its functional activities in transcriptional regulation and infectivity in cultured fibroblast cells. | in one of the earliest events in human cytomegalovirus (hcmv)-infected cells, the major immediate-early (ie) protein ie1 initially targets to and then disrupts the nuclear structures known as pml oncogenic domains (pods) or nuclear domain 10. recent studies have suggested that modification of pml by sumo is essential to form pods and that ie1 both binds to pml and may disrupt pods by preventing or removing sumo adducts on pml. in this study, we showed that in contrast to herpes simplex virus typ ... | 2004 | 15163746 |
| distinct migrating and nonmigrating dendritic cell populations are involved in mhc class i-restricted antigen presentation after lung infection with virus. | during lung infection with virus, airway-derived dendritic cells (dc) have been thought to be the dominant cell type involved in acquisition, transport, and direct antigen presentation for cytotoxic t lymphocyte priming. contrary to this view, we have found that both an airway-derived cd8alpha(-)cd11b(-) dc subset and distinct cd8alpha(+) lymph node resident dc can present class i-restricted antigens after lung infection with influenza virus or herpes simplex virus 1. presentation by a nonairway ... | 2004 | 15163797 |
| infectious delivery of the 132 kb cdkn2a/cdkn2b genomic dna region results in correctly spliced gene expression and growth suppression in glioma cells. | the expression of genes from genomic loci can be relatively complex, utilizing exonic, intronic and flanking sequences to regulate tissue and developmental specificity. infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes (ibacs) have been shown to deliver and express large genomic loci (up to 135 kb) into primary cells for functional analyses. the delivery of large genomic dna inserts allows the expression of complex loci and of multiple splice variants. herein, we demonstrate for the first time that an ... | 2004 | 15164098 |
| an atypic herpes encephalitis with wallenberg's lateral medullary syndrome and cd receptors deficiency. | herpes simplex encephalitis is a rare complication of herpes virus infections. innate immune mechanisms are the first line of defence encountered by invading infectious agents. a 41-year-old man was admitted to the neurology department with the complaints of fever, headache, vertigo, tinnitus and ataxia. his first brain magnetic resonance imagine showed nodular lesions in the medulla oblongata and the second showed a new left occipital lobe lesion in addition. in sera, herpes simplex virus igg a ... | 2004 | 15168883 |
| predominant type 1 cmv-specific memory t-helper response in humans: evidence for gender differences in cytokine secretion. | cell-mediated memory immune responses to viral antigens are important for protection against viruses causing persistent or acute infections. this study compared the cytokine profile of memory t-helper cells specific for cytomegalovirus (cmv) in healthy cmv-seropositive men and women. the cytokine response reflected t(h)1 bias, with dominant secretion of interferon (ifn)-gamma along with moderate levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (il)-10, and il-2. analyzed by gender, women had h ... | 2004 | 15172447 |
| infiltration of the brain by pathogens causes alzheimer's disease. | despite very numerous studies on alzheimer's disease (ad), especially on amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, little information has been obtained thus on the causes of the disease. evidence is described here that implicates firstly herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1) as a strong risk factor when it is present in brain of carriers of the type 4 allele of the gene for apolipoprotein e (apoe-4). indirect support comes from studies indicating the role of apoe in several diverse diseases of k ... | 2004 | 15172740 |
| nonhuman primates might be highly susceptible to cross-species infectivity by human alpha-herpesviruses. | | 2004 | 15176377 |
| a neuroblastoma-selective suicide gene therapy approach using the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter. | in this study, selective expression of therapeutic transgenes was evaluated in neuroblastoma cells. promoter fragments of the genes for neuron-specific enolase (nsep), tyrosine hydroxylase (thp), and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (dbhp) were studied in neuroblastoma and nonneuronal cell lines by transient transfection experiments using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (facs) analysis of enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) and luciferase (luc+) assay. both reporter gene assays revealed a neu ... | 2004 | 15181182 |
| both soluble and membrane-bound forms of flt3 ligand enhance tumor immunity following "suicide" gene therapy in a murine colon carcinoma model. | in prodrug-activated ("suicide") gene therapy, tumor cells are transfected with the gene for an enzyme that converts an inactive prodrug, such as ganciclovir (gcv), to a toxic compound. transfected cells are killed on administration of gcv, as also are untransfected "bystander" cells. the ability of the dendritic cell stimulatory cytokine flt3 ligand (flt3-l) to modulate prodrug-activated gene therapy has been investigated. transfectants of the murine colon carcinoma mc26 were generated expressi ... | 2004 | 15185012 |
| use of herpesvirus papio 2 as an alternative antigen in immunoblotting assay for b virus diagnosis. | herpesvirus papio 2 (hvp2), which infects baboons, is much more closely related genetically and antigenically to monkey b virus (bv) than to human herpes simplex virus 1(hsv1) and other related herpes viruses. the usefulness of hvp2 as an alternative test antigen in immunoblotting assays to detect bv-antibody in macaque monkey sera was assessed. six hvp2 proteins reacted with bv-positive sera in immunoblotting. no specific bands could be detected with bv-negative sera. these results show the use ... | 2004 | 15187363 |
| synthesis of aldehydo-sugar derivatives of pyrazoloquinoline as inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication. | synthesis of a novel series of structurally related pyrazoloquinoline nucleosides is described. all the newly synthesized compounds were examined for their in vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex type-1 as shown by two different bioassays, namely; crystal violet staining or the mts tetrazolium dye measurement. the acute toxicity (ld50) values of the biologically active compounds were determined. | 2004 | 15202490 |
| herpesviral-bacterial interrelationships in aggressive periodontitis. | recent findings have begun to provide a basis for a causal link between herpesviruses and aggressive periodontitis. one theory is that herpesviruses cooperate with specific bacteria in the etiopathogenesis of the disease. this study examined whether the presence of herpesviruses [human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), epstein-barr virus (ebv) type 1, herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and 2] is associated with the presence of putative pathogenic bacteria (porphyromonas gingivalis, prevotella intermedia, t ... | 2004 | 15206912 |
| a human cellular protein activity (of-1), which binds herpes simplex virus type 1 origin, contains the ku70/ku80 heterodimer. | in an effort to identify host proteins involved in herpes simplex virus type 1 replication, monkey and human cellular protein activities (called of-1) that bind the viral replication origin, oris, have been described. we show by mass spectrometry that the dna-binding component of human of-1 contains ku70 and ku80 proteins. | 2004 | 15220460 |
| detection of multiple human herpes viruses by dna microarray technology. | the detailed characterization of virus dna is a challenge, and the genotyping that has been achieved to date has only been possible because researchers have sent a great deal of time and effort to do so. instead of the simultaneous detection of hundreds of viruses on a single high-density dna-chip at very high costs per chip, we present here an alternative approach using a well-designed and tailored microarray which can establish whether or not a handful of viral genes are present in a clinical ... | 2004 | 15230636 |
| evaluation of the elvis plate method for the detection and typing of herpes simplex virus in clinical specimens. | this study was conducted to assess the reliability of a commercial enzyme-linked viral inducible system (elvis) (diagnostic hybrids, inc., athens, oh) for rapid detection and typing of herpes simplex virus (hsv). results using elvis were compared to those of shell vial culture (svc) and hsv detection with monoclonal antibodies and an immunoperoxidase stain plus typing with microtrak direct fluorescent antibodies (trinity biotech plc, wicklow, ireland). specimens yielding discrepant hsv results w ... | 2004 | 15246506 |
| a ring finger ubiquitin ligase is protected from autocatalyzed ubiquitination and degradation by binding to ubiquitin-specific protease usp7. | herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early regulatory protein icp0 stimulates lytic infection and reactivation from latency, processes that require the ubiquitin e3 ligase activity mediated by the ring finger domain in the n-terminal portion of the protein. icp0 stimulates the production of polyubiquitin chains by the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes ubch5a and ubch6 in vitro, and in infected and transfected cells it induces the proteasome-dependent degradation of a number of cellular proteins inc ... | 2004 | 15247261 |
| bupropion (zyban, wellbutrin) inhibits nicotine-induced viral reactivation in herpes simplex virus type 1 latent rabbits. | we reported that nicotine applied via a transdermal patch (21 mg/day) induced viral reactivation and ocular shedding in herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) latent rabbits. one possible mechanism of action involves the release of catecholamines and other similar agents, triggering hsv reactivation. bupropion (zyban, wellbutrin), a non-nicotine aid to smoking cessation, inhibits neuronal uptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. to determine whether bupropion inhibits hsv reactivation, ra ... | 2004 | 15254144 |
| counteracting corneal immunoinflammatory lesion with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein. | herpetic stromal keratitis (hsk) is a t cell-orchestrated, immunoinflammatory lesion that results from corneal herpes simplex virus infection. previous reports indicate an essential role for proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (il)-1 in hsk pathogenesis. the present study evaluates the efficacy of il-1 receptor antagonist (il-1 ra) protein in the management of hsk. mice receiving il-1 ra had diminished disease severity. the administration of il-1 ra was shown to reduce the influx into the corne ... | 2004 | 15258192 |
| herpes simplex virus type 1 esophagitis in an immunocompetent adolescent. | | 2004 | 15259498 |
| ph-dependent conformational changes and topology of a herpesvirus translocating peptide in a membrane-mimetic environment. | pol peptide, an oligopeptide corresponding to the 27 c-terminal amino acids of dna polymerase from herpes simplex virus type 1, has recently been suggested to translocate from endosomal compartments into the cytosol after being intracellularly delivered via a protein carrier. while an acidic environment was thought to be important for pol peptide membrane translocation, the mechanism of translocation remains unclear. to investigate the influence of an acidic environment on the conformational pro ... | 2004 | 15260477 |
| regulation of ifn regulatory factor-7 and ifn-alpha production by enveloped virus and lipopolysaccharide in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. | human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc) are a major source of ifn-alpha upon exposure to enveloped viruses and tlr-7 and tlr-9 ligands. although ifn regulatory factor-7 (irf-7) is known to play an essential role in virus-activated transcription of ifn-alpha genes, the molecular mechanisms of ifn-alpha production in human pdc remain poorly understood. we and others have recently reported high constitutive levels of irf-7 expression in pdc as compared with other pbmc. in this study, we demonstrat ... | 2004 | 15265881 |
| immunomodulation by roquinimex decreases the expression of il-23 (p19) mrna in the brains of herpes simplex virus type 1 infected balb/c mice. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) is a common neurotropic virus which infects epithelial cells and subsequently the trigeminal ganglia (tg) and brain tissue. we studied how immunomodulation with roquinimex (linomide) affects the course of corneal hsv infection in balb/c mice. balb/c mice have also been used in a model for hsv-based vectors in treating an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (cns). we addressed the questions of how immunomodulation affects the local as well as the systemic i ... | 2004 | 15270847 |
| mutations in herpes simplex virus glycoprotein d that prevent cell entry via nectins and alter cell tropism. | glycoprotein d (gd) determines which cells can be infected by herpes simplex virus (hsv) by binding to one of the several cell surface receptors that can mediate hsv entry or cell fusion. these receptors include the herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem), nectin-1, nectin-2, and sites in heparan sulfate generated by specific 3-o-sulfotransferases. the objective of the present study was to identify residues in gd that are critical for physical and functional interactions with nectin-1 and nectin-2. we ... | 2004 | 15273289 |
| herpes simplex virus 1 induced lox-1 expression in an endothelial cell line, ecv 304. | infections, such as by chlamydophilia pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and helicobacter pylori, have been shown to be involved in atherogenesis. herpes simplex virus i (hsv-1) could infect vascular endothelial cells, and it has been shown that, when endothelial cells were activated with oxidized ldl (oxldl), a number of cellular events are occurred, leading to endothelial cell dysfunction. since lox-1 is a major receptor for oxldl on endothelial cells and its expression was inc ... | 2004 | 15279708 |
| suppression of herpes simplex virus 1 in mdbk cells via the interferon pathway. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) normally undergoes productive infection in culture, causing cell destruction and plaque formation. here we characterize an unusual pattern of hsv type 1 (hsv-1) infection in mdbk cells which surprisingly results in suppression of replication, cell recovery, and maintenance of virus. compared to vero cells, mdbk cells supported a normal productive infection at a high multiplicity with complete cell destruction. at low multiplicity, hsv also showed an identical initial s ... | 2004 | 15280473 |
| synthesis and antiviral evaluation of some novel tricyclic pyrazolo[3,4-b]indole nucleosides. | novel pyrazolo[3,4-b]indole nucleoside analogs were synthesized from the corresponding 3-formyl-2-chloroindole and 3-cyano-2-chloroindole nucleosides by treatment with hydrazine. very few examples of pyrazolo[3,4-b]indole heterocycles have been published in the literature and this is the first synthesis of nucleoside analogs containing this heterocycle. these new pyrazolo[3,4-b]indole nucleosides were active against human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1, but this activity was not ... | 2004 | 15281368 |
| the reading frame bplf1 of epstein-barr virus: a homologue of herpes simplex virus protein vp16. | the open reading frame bplf1 of epstein-barr virus (ebv) shows homology to the herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv1) protein vp16. this protein is a structural tegument component playing a pivotal role for hsv replication as trans-activator of viral immediate-early genes. an ebv gene with a comparable function has not been described so far. however, computer analysis indicated that bplf1 may be a tegument protein homologous to vp16. this is the first report on the characterisation of the bplf1 gene, its ... | 2004 | 15284487 |
| herpes simplex virus-1--associated congenital cataract. | to report association of herpes simplex virus-type 1 (hsv-1) in four cases of congenital cataract. | 2004 | 15289153 |
| gender differences in viral infection after repeated exercise stress. | fatiguing exercise can increase susceptibility to respiratory infection after intranasal inoculation with herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) in male mice. although gender differences in susceptibility to certain pathogens do exist, it is unknown whether female mice will respond differently than males in response to strenuous exercise and hsv-1 infection. | 2004 | 15292734 |
| [spectrum of cytokines produced by blood leukocytes in infection of herpes simplex virus, type 1]. | three types of reaction of human blood leucocytes to herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) were detected. the first reaction type, i.e. production of ifn-alpha, ifn-gamma, il-1beta, il-6 and tnfalpha but not of il-2 or il-4, denotes the primary body reaction to an infectious agent. the second reaction type is related with infection of activated hsv-1 leucocytes and is accompanied by an inhibited production of ifn-gamma, il-6 and il-8, which is targeted at suppressing the antivirus cell mechanisms. the ... | 2004 | 15293510 |
| oral shedding of herpes simplex virus type 2. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) 1 and hsv-2 reactivate preferentially in the oral and genital area, respectively. we aimed to define frequency and characteristics associated with oral shedding of hsv-2. | 2004 | 15295123 |
| severe rash after dermatitis. | | 2004 | 15298830 |
| persistent expression of cd94/nkg2 receptors by virus-specific cd8 t cells is initiated by tcr-mediated signals. | subsets of cd8 t cells express receptors that are critical in regulating the activity of nk cells. to characterize the expression of these receptors on cd8 t cells we made use of transgenic mice that express a h-2kb restricted tcr specific for the immunodominant epitope located within the hsv-1 glycoprotein b (gb). few naive gb-specific t cells express ly49 or cd94/nkg2 receptors. following acute infection of c57bl/6 mice with either hsv-1 or a recombinant influenza virus that encodes the gb det ... | 2004 | 15302848 |
| [study on the preparation of tk-gene nanoparticles and its expression]. | to prepare tk-gene nanoparticles and investigate its expression. | 2004 | 15303660 |
| antiviral activity of undaria pinnatifida against herpes simplex virus. | the major component of an aqueous extract of the seaweed undaria pinnati fi da has been identified previously as a galactofucan (gfs), a sulfated polysaccharide. the galactofucan was partially purified and the material tested in this study is 75% pure galactofucan sulfate. gfs was evaluated for antiviral activity against 32 clinical strains of herpes simplex virus (hsv): 14 strains of hsv-1 and 18 strains of hsv-2. twelve strains (four hsv-1 and eight hsv-2) were resistant to acyclovir (acv-r) a ... | 2004 | 15305315 |
| [herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis]. | background: herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis (hse) is the most frequent cause of severe sporadic viral encephalitis. in spite of the advanced modern methods for the treatment of hse it is still associated with high mortality. early diagnosis and prompt antiviral therapy with acyclovir are essential to improve prognosis and to prevent severe neurologic sequels. purpose: this review summarizes the current knowledge on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical presentation, and treatment of her ... | 2004 | 15309272 |
| catalysis of strand exchange by the hsv-1 ul12 and icp8 proteins: potent icp8 recombinase activity is revealed upon resection of dsdna substrate by nuclease. | the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is associated with a high degree of homologous recombination, which is likely to be mediated, in part, by hsv-1-encoded proteins. we have previously shown that the hsv-1 encoded icp8 protein and alkaline nuclease ul12 are capable of catalyzing an in vitro strand-exchange reaction. here, we show, by electron microscopy, that the products of the strand exchange reaction between linear double-stranded dna and circular single-stranded dna consis ... | 2004 | 15313607 |
| clinical trials of prophylactic and therapeutic herpes simplex virus vaccines. | herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is a suitable target for a vaccine, despite available antiviral therapies, because the virus causes lifelong infection and significant medical and psychosocial morbidity. a vaccine has the potential to reduce hsv acquisition, disease severity and the number of cases of neonatal herpes. it could also reduce transmission of hiv, which is epidemiologically linked to hsv. prophylactic vaccines for hsv-2 must give broad and durable immunity across all mucosal surfa ... | 2004 | 15319086 |
| paranoid syndrome and herpes simplex encephalitis--coincidence or casual nexus? | patients with viral infection of the central nervous system are often difficult to establish the correct diagnosis. this paper presents our knowledge of herpes simplex encephalitis and a case report of 25-year-old woman. in this case paranoid syndrome preceded viral encephalitis. we established that the presence of mental abnormalities could go before encephalitis or could dominate in symptomatology of encephalitis. | 2003 | 15323165 |
| during lytic infection herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with histones bearing modifications that correlate with active transcription. | herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is a large (150-kb) double-stranded dna virus that forms latent infections in neuronal cells of the human peripheral nervous system. previous work determined that the hsv-1 genome is found in an ordered nucleosomal structure during latent infection. however, during lytic infection, it was unclear whether viral dna was in a chromatin state. we examined hsv-1 during lytic infection using micrococcal nuclease digestion and chromatin immunoprecipitation. the hsv-1 ... | 2004 | 15331750 |
| full resistance of herpes simplex virus type 1-infected primary human cells to alpha interferon requires both the us11 and gamma(1)34.5 gene products. | the gamma(1)34.5 gene product is important for the resistance of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) to interferon. however, since the inhibition of protein synthesis observed in cells infected with a gamma(1)34.5 mutant virus results from the combined loss of the gamma(1)34.5 gene product and the failure to translate the late us11 mrna, we sought to characterize the relative interferon sensitivity of mutants unable to produce either the us11 or the gamma(1)34.5 polypeptide. we now demonstrate t ... | 2004 | 15331752 |
| hsv1716 injection into the brain adjacent to tumour following surgical resection of high-grade glioma: safety data and long-term survival. | following standard treatment, the prognosis remains poor in patients with high-grade glioma and new therapies are urgently required. herpes simplex virus 1716 (hsv1716) is an icp34.5 null mutant that is selectively replication competent and shown to be safe and to replicate following injection into high-grade glioma. we demonstrate that following surgical resection, hsv1716 is safe when injected into the brain adjacent to excised tumour. in all, 12 patients with recurrent or newly diagnosed high ... | 2004 | 15334111 |
| [establishment of primary cultured neurons model of mouse embryo with hsv-1 infection]. | to establish a neurons model for herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection using cultures of mouse embryo. | 2003 | 15340566 |
| [do antisense oligonucleotides improve viral immunopathology?]. | tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha as a proinflammatory cytokine is of great importance during the development of herpes simplex virus-1 keratitis (hsk). in this study the local administration of antisense oligonucleotides (ason) targeting tnf-alpha was examined for its usefulness in ameliorating this disease. | 2005 | 15340755 |
| enhancing sensitivity of human herpes virus diagnosis with dna microarrays using dendrimers. | dna microarray technology has become a promising new tool for the detection and identification of viral pathogens in human plasma and cell cultures. for exploration of this technology, we have developed dna microarrays that encode capture oligonucleotide probes for different human herpes viruses: herpes simplex virus (hsv) hsv-1, hsv-2, varicella zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), and hhv-6. the on-chip hybridization is accomplished with the pcr amplicons of the ... | 2004 | 15351231 |
| synthesis and evaluation of thymine-derived carboxamides against mitochondrial thymidine kinase (tk-2) and related enzymes. | based on the structure of our previously identified mitochondrial thymidine kinase (tk-2) inhibitors, three series of thymine-derived carboxamides have been synthesized and tested against tk-2 and related enzymes. the methodology employed has been a solution-phase parallel synthesis based on the coupling of three thymine-derived acids [4-(thymin-1-yl)butyric acid (i), [4-(thymin-1-yl)-butyrylamino]acetic acid (ii) and 6-(thymin-1-yl)hexanoic acid (iii)] with different commercially available prim ... | 2004 | 15351391 |
| delayed facial paralysis after vestibular schwannoma surgery: role of herpes viruses reactivation--our experience in eight cases. | the objectives of this study were to study the role of herpes virus reactivation in the onset of delayed facial paralysis (dfp) occurring more than 72 hours after vestibular schwannoma (vs) surgery and to advocate specific medical management. | 2004 | 15354015 |
| inhibition of herpesvirus-induced hiv-1 replication by cyclopentenone prostaglandins: role of ikappab kinase (ikk). | herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections have been associated with reactivation of hiv-1 replication and increases of hiv-1-load in plasma of co-infected individuals. the present authors have previously reported that in epithelial cells hsv-1 induces the ikappab-kinase (ikk) causing persistent activation of nf-kappab, a critical regulator of hiv-1 replication. the present study was performed to investigate whether hsv-1-infection could induce ikk-mediated nf-kappab activation and enhance hiv-1 expr ... | 2004 | 15362659 |
| increased presence of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in short- and long-term experimental herpes simplex virus encephalitis. | herpes simplex virus encephalitis (hsve) causes elevated morbidity and mortality despite antiviral treatment. virus-independent mechanisms may perpetuate brain damage. matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) target extracellular matrix components. this study describes the protein and mrna expression of mmp2 and mmp9 in experimental hsve in the short and long term. ten sjl-nbom mice were infected with neurovirulent hsv-1 and compared with nine controls. the presence of mmp2 and mmp9 in brain tissue was ... | 2004 | 15364410 |
| short interfering rna-mediated inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 gene expression and function during infection of human keratinocytes. | rna interference (rnai) is an antiviral mechanism that is activated when double-stranded rna is cleaved into fragments, called short interfering rna (sirna), that prime an inducible gene silencing enzyme complex. we applied rnai against a herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) gene, glycoprotein e, which mediates cell-to-cell spread and immune evasion. in an in vitro model of infection, human keratinocytes were transfected with sirna specific for glycoprotein e and then infected with wild-type hsv- ... | 2004 | 15367593 |
| hesseltin a, a novel antiviral metabolite from penicillium hesseltinei. | [structure: see text] hesseltin a 1, a novel compound of mixed polyketide-terpenoid origins was isolated from the filamentous fungus penicillium hesseltinei. the structure and stereochemistry were determined from extensive one- and two-dimensional nmr and mass spectral data. | 2004 | 15387518 |
| (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (bvdu). | (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (bvdu, brivudin, zostex, zerpex, zonavir), now more than 20 years after its discovery, still stands out as a highly potent and selective inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) infections. it has been used in the topical treatment of herpetic keratitis and recurrent herpes labialis and the systemic (oral) treatment of herpes zoster (zona, shingles). the high selectivity of bvdu towards hsv-1 and vzv depends primarily ... | 2005 | 15389733 |
| microarray analysis in the hsv-1 latently infected mouse trigeminal ganglion. | to review our previous studies regarding alterations in gene expression in hsv-1 latently infected mouse trigeminal ganglia (tgs) following treatment with immunosuppressants and hyperthermia. | 2004 | 15448479 |
| a new lignan glycoside and phenylethanoid glycosides from strobilanthes cusia bremek. | the root of strobilanthes cusia bremek. (acanthaceae), popularly known as da-ching-yeh, has been commonly used in traditional chinese medicine. it is used to treat influenza, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, encephalitis b, viral pneumonia, mumps, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). in this study, we found a new lignan glycoside (6) and two new phenylethanoid glycosides (7, 8) together with five known compounds as chemical constituents of strobilanthes cusia root. some samples were e ... | 2004 | 15467245 |
| cognate cd4(+) t cell licensing of dendritic cells in cd8(+) t cell immunity. | several studies have indicated that cd8(+) t cells require cd4(+) t cell help for memory formation. evidence suggests that such help can be antigen independent, challenging whether the 'licensing' of dendritic cells (dcs) by cd4(+) t cells is ever required for cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) responses. we show here that help is essential for the generation of ctl immunity to herpes simplex virus 1 and that cd4(+) t cells mediate help in a cognate, antigen-specific way. we provide direct in vivo evi ... | 2004 | 15475958 |
| inhibition of the stress-activated kinase, p38, does not affect the virus transcriptional program of herpes simplex virus type 1. | to investigate the impact of stress kinase p38 activation on hsv-1 transcription, we performed a global transcript profile analysis of viral mrna using an oligonucleotide-based dna microarray. rna was isolated from vero cells infected with the kos strain of hsv-1 in the presence or absence of sb203580, a pyridinyl imidazole inhibitor of p38. under conditions that eliminated atf2 activation but had no effect on c-jun, and reduced virus yield by 85-90%, no effect on accumulation of viral ie, de, o ... | 2004 | 15476882 |
| antiviral activities of medicinal herbs traditionally used in southern mainland china. | the aqueous extracts from 21 medicinal herbs traditionally used in southern mainland china were screened for antiviral activities against human herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) using a cytopathic effect (cpe) reduction assay. three extracts from agrimonia pilosa, pithecellobium clypearia and punica granatum, respectively, showed anti-hsv-1 activity, which was possibly contributed by the polyphenolic compounds in the herbal extracts. six of the extra ... | 2004 | 15478204 |
| 6-azapyrimidine-2'-deoxy-4'-thionucleosides: antiviral agents against tk+ and tk- hsv and vzv strains. | the synthesis of a series of novel 1-(2-deoxy-4-thio-beta-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-(6-azapyrimidine) nucleosides is described. x-ray crystallographic data of the thymidine derivative allowed conformational analysis, which indicated a twist (3t2) sugar conformation. hydrogen-bonded assemblies for the crystal structure were determined using platon software to allow further interpretation of the crystal packing and base interactions. the 6-azapyrimidine nucleosides described were evaluated against ... | 2004 | 15481985 |
| htrp--an immediate-early gene product induced by hsv1 infection in human embryo fibroblasts, is involved in cellular co-repressors. | the interaction between virus and receptor is a process that mimics physiological ligand binding receptors and induces signal transduction. in the investigation of the interaction between hsv1 (herpes simplex virus 1) and human fibroblasts via virus binding to its receptor complex on cellular membranes, the htrp (human transcription regulator protein), a protein encoded by an immediate-early gene of cellular response against the specific stimulation of hsv1 binding, was cloned from a cdna librar ... | 2004 | 15496587 |
| a wide range of medium-sized, highly cationic, alpha-helical peptides show antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus. | ten highly cationic, alpha-helical peptides were synthesized and tested for antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2). several of the peptides were found to exhibit antiviral activity. the peptides affinity for heparan sulfate (hs) increased with the number of cationic residues. net charge could be decisive for the anti-hsv-1 activity, while secondary structure of the peptides seems more important for the anti-hsv-2 activity. the peptides were able to inhibit the ... | 2004 | 15498607 |
| persistent expression of chemokine and chemokine receptor rnas at primary and latent sites of herpes simplex virus 1 infection. | inflammatory cytokines and infiltrating t cells are readily detected in herpes simplex virus (hsv) infected mouse cornea and trigeminal ganglia (tg) during the acute phase of infection, and certain cytokines continue to be expressed at lower levels in infected tg during the subsequent latent phase. recent results have shown that hsv infection activates toll-like receptor signaling. thus, we hypothesized that chemokines may be broadly expressed at both primary sites and latent sites of hsv infect ... | 2004 | 15507126 |
| ftir microscopy detection of cells infected with viruses. | fourier-transform infrared (ftir) microscopy is considered a comprehensive and sensitive method for detection of molecular changes in cells. the advantage of ftir microspectroscopy over conventional ftir spectroscopy is that it facilitates inspection of restricted regions of a cell culture or a tissue. we have shown that it is possible to apply ftir microscopy as a sensitive and effective assay for the detection of cells infected with various members of the herpes family of viruses and retroviru ... | 2005 | 15507707 |
| synthesis and antiviral evaluation of polyhalogenated imidazole nucleosides: dimensional analogues of 2,5,6-trichloro-1-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole. | a series of polyhalogenated imidazole nucleosides were designed and synthesized as ring-contracted analogues of 2,5,6-trichloro-1-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (tcrb) and its 2-bromo analogue (bdcrb) in an effort to explore the spatial limitation of the active pocket(s) in the target protein(s). 2,4,5-trichloro-, 2-bromo-4,5-dichloro-, and 2,4,5-tribromoimidazole nucleosides were prepared by a condensation of the preformed heterocycles with the appropriate sugar precursors. the ribofuranos ... | 2004 | 15509173 |
| synthesis and antiviral activity of 3-formyl- and 3-cyano-2,5,6-trichloroindole nucleoside derivatives. | a series of trichlorinated indole nucleosides has been synthesized and tested for activity against human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) and herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) and for cytotoxicity. the previously reported 3-formyl-2,5,6-trichloro-1-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)indole (ftcri) and its 3-cyano homologue (ctcri) were chemically modified at the 3-position. the formation of hydrazones and oximes of ftcri was accomplished by a dehydrative addition of the appropriate hydrazine or hydroxylamine derivat ... | 2004 | 15509175 |
| virulence genes in herpes simplex virus type 1 corneal infection. | | 2004 | 15512957 |
| acog practice bulletin: clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, number 57, november 2004. gynecologic herpes simplex virus infections. | both herpes simplex virus (hsv) type i and hsv type 2 can cause genital herpes. because the infection is chronic, genital herpes has become the most common sexually transmitted disease among women. the prevalence of the hsv-2 antibody among women in the united states is 26%, although genital herpes has been diagnosed in only a small proportion (10-25%) of individuals with hsv-2 antibodies. herpes simplex virus type i is becoming a more frequent cause of genital herpes, especially among young wom ... | 2004 | 15516420 |
| study on the mechanism of bioelectric recognition assay: evidence for immobilized cell membrane interactions with viral fragments. | the bioelectric recognition assay (bera) is a whole-cell based biosensing system that detects the electric response of cultured cells, suspended in a gel matrix, to various ligands, which bind to the cell and/or affect its physiology. previous studies have demonstrated the potential application of this method for rapid, inexpensive detection of viruses in a crude sample. however, the understanding, so far, of the fundamental processes that take place during cell-virus interactions within the pro ... | 2004 | 15522609 |
| serologic survey in a colony of captive common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) after infection with herpes simplex type 1-like virus. | an outbreak of herpesvirus caused the death of four of five common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) in a private colony. gross lesions included acute ulcerative gingivitis, glossitis, and enlarged mandibular lymph nodes. histologically, all fatal cases showed meningoencephalitis and eosinophilia with intranuclear inclusion bodies in neurons and glial cells. a herpes simplex-like virus was cultured from the brain and was identified as herpes simplex type 1 virus or a closely related virus by immuno ... | 2004 | 15526895 |
| hsv-1 vs. hsv-2 demographics. | | 2004 | 15536801 |
| exposure to urban pollutants and serum levels of igg anti herpes simplex virus type 1. | the aim of the study is to investigate whether traffic policemen exposed to urban pollutants and psycho-social stressors may be at risk of modifications in serum levels of immunoglobulins g antibodies (igg ab) against herpes simplex virus (type1) (hsv-1) compared with controls. traffic policemen were matched by sex, age, working life and drinking habits (less than two glasses of wine or beer per day) with controls, after excluding the subjects with the principal confounding factors (smoking habi ... | 2004 | 15540623 |
| vp22-mediated intercellular transport correlates with enhanced biological activity of mybengrailed but not (hsv-i) thymidine kinase fusion proteins in primary vascular cells following non-viral transfection. | the intercellular transport properties of the herpes simplex virus (hsv) protein vp22 have been harnessed to enhance the effectiveness of viral gene transfer. we investigated the intercellular transport and biological effects of vp22 fused with the dominant negative c-myb chimera, mybengrailed (myben) and hsv-i thymidine kinase (tk), in primary vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmc) following non-viral transfection. | 2005 | 15543525 |
| 5-(1-substituted) alkyl pyrimidine nucleosides as antiviral (herpes) agents. | the treatment of viral diseases remains one of the major challenges to modern medicine. during the past two decades there has been increased recognition of the consequences of serious viral illnesses that are not controlled by vaccination. these illnesses include human immunodeficiency virus, human herpes viruses, and viruses that cause hepatitis. there are now eight pathogens recognized in the herpes virus family that cause infections in humans. infections by the herpes viruses are opportunisti ... | 2004 | 15544474 |
| azaanalogues of ebselen as antimicrobial and antiviral agents: synthesis and properties. | the different analogues of ebselen-unsubstituted benzisoselenazol-3(2h)-one (2a) 2-pyridylbenzisoselenazol-3(2h)-ones (2b-h) and 7-azabenzisoselenazol-3(2h)-ones (3a-j) were designed as new selenium-containing antiviral and antimicrobial agents and synthesized. some of them were found in the antiviral assay in vitro to be strong inhibitors of cythopatic activity of herpes simplex virus type 1--hsv-1 (compounds 2a,b,f,h, 3a-j) and encephalomyocarditis virus--emcv (compounds 2a,h, 3a-f,k,l). the c ... | 2004 | 15544790 |
| antiviral and antiplasmodial spirodihydrobenzofuran terpenes from the fungus stachybotrys nephrospora. | two known spirodihydrobenzofuran terpenes (1 and 2) were isolated from a mycelium extract of the fungus stachybotrys nephrospora bcc 3900. compound 1 (mer-nf5003f or stachybotrydial) exhibited potent antiviral activity (the ic50 value of 4.32 microg/ml) comparable to the standard drug, acyclovir, while compound 2 was inactive against the hsv-1 virus. both 1 and 2 possessed antiplasmodial activity (ic50 values of 0.85 and 0.15 microg/ml for 1 and 2, respectively), and were not toxic towards the v ... | 2004 | 15549667 |
| viral activation of macrophages through tlr-dependent and -independent pathways. | induction of cytokine production is important for activation of an efficient host defense response. macrophages constitute an important source of cytokines. in this study we have investigated the virus-cell interactions triggering induction of cytokine expression in macrophages during viral infections. we found that viral entry and viral gene products produced inside the cell are responsible for activation of induction pathways leading to ifn-alphabeta expression, indicating that virus-cell inte ... | 2004 | 15557184 |
| prevention of genital herpes in a guinea pig model using a glycoprotein d-specific single chain antibody as a microbicide. | background: genital herpes (gh) is a recurrent sexually transmitted infection (sti) that causes significant morbidity and is also the major source of herpes simplex virus (hsv) in cases of neonatal herpes. vaccination is a current goal which has had limited success so far in preventing gh and microbicides offer an attractive alternative. treatment of primary disease cannot prevent establishment of latent infections and thus, cannot prevent subsequent recurrent disease. recently, many of the mole ... | 2004 | 15560847 |
| intimate male partner violence impairs immune control over herpes simplex virus type 1 in physically and psychologically abused women. | intimate partner violence (ipv) against women is a worldwide problem and a cause of significant distress and threat to health. studies have focused mainly on mental health, and few have considered the effect on physiological systems. the aim of this research was to determine whether ipv also compromises the immune system, as evidenced by a decrease in immune regulation over herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), the latent virus that causes cold sores. | 2004 | 15564366 |
| methylprednisolone, valacyclovir, or both for vestibular neuritis. | | 2004 | 15570683 |
| docosanol: a topical antiviral for herpes labialis. | recurrent herpes labialis is a painful and potentially disfiguring infection affecting an estimated 40 million people in the us alone. the majority of recurrences are caused by herpes simplex virus type 1. various oral and topical formulations of nucleoside analogues have demonstrated efficacy for this indication. over-the-counter treatments are palliative in nature and do not reduce time to healing. docosanol is a compound with a unique mechanism of action involving viral fusion inhibition. in ... | 2004 | 15571473 |
| detection of herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus and epstein-barr virus dna in atherosclerotic plaques and in unaffected bypass grafts. | herpes virus infections are suspected to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. | 2005 | 15572003 |
| in vitro and in vivo antiherpetic activity of three new synthetic brassinosteroid analogues. | brassinosteroids are a novel group of steroids that appear to be ubiquitous in plants and are essential for normal plant growth and development. it has been previously reported that brassinosteroid analogues exert an antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and arenaviruses. in the present study, we report the chemical synthesis of compounds (22s,23s)-3beta-bromo-5alpha,22,23-trihydroxystigmastan-6-one (2), (22s,23s)-5alpha-fluoro-3beta-22,23-trihydroxystigmastan-6-one (3), ... | 2004 | 15579323 |
| eruptive disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis in an immunocompetent host: is this associated with herpes simplex virus or bacterial infection? | | 2004 | 15583605 |
| expression of il-15, il-18 and nos-ii in contralateral eyes of balb/c mice during the development of hsv-induced keratitis. | | 2005 | 15585336 |
| synthesis and evaluation of 2'-deoxy-2'-18f-fluoro-5-fluoro-1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyluracil as a potential pet imaging agent for suicide gene expression. | 2'-deoxy-2'-(18)f-fluoro-5-fluoro-1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyluracil ((18)f-ffau) has been synthesized and evaluated in ht-29 cells as a potential pet agent for herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (hsv1-tk) gene expression. | 2004 | 15585483 |
| [the synthesis and antiherpetic activity of acyclovir phosphonate esters]. | alkyl esters of acyclovir phosphite, alkoxycarbonylphosphonate, ethoxycarbonylmethylphosphonate, and aminocarbonylphosphonate were synthesized. most of them were shown to inhibit the replication of type 1 herpes simplex virus in vero cell culture. the stability in phosphate buffer and human blood serum was studied for several of the derivatives. a correlation between the stability and antiviral activity of the synthesized compounds is discussed. the english version of the paper: russian journal ... | 2004 | 15586811 |
| ethnomedicinal uses of momordicacharantia (cucurbitaceae) in togo and relation to its phytochemistry and biological activity. | investigation of the traditional uses of momordica charantia (cucurbitaceae) in togo (west africa) showed that it is one of the most important local medicinal plants both for ritual and ethnomedical practices. there was a high degree of consensus (>50%) for use in the treatment of gastrointestinal and viral disease among 47 groups of village informants in the general population, while 19 traditional healers reported a larger and broader set of uses. the use by informants in gaur and kwa language ... | 2005 | 15588650 |