| the resting sites and blood-meal sources of anopheles minimus in taiwan. | the who declared taiwan free from malaria in 1965, but in 2003 the reporting of two introduced cases in a rural area suggested a possible local transmission of this disease. therefore, understanding the resting sites and the blood sources of anopheles minimus is crucial in order to provide information for implementing vector control strategies. | 2008 | 18538036 |
| evaluation of the function of a type i peritrophic matrix as a physical barrier for midgut epithelium invasion by mosquito-borne pathogens in aedes aegypti. | in addition to modulating blood meal digestion and protecting the midgut epithelial cells from mechanical and chemical damage, a biological function attributed to the mosquito type i peritrophic matrix (pm) is preventing or reducing pathogen invasion, especially from plasmodium spp. previously, we demonstrated that chitin is an essential component of the pm and is synthesized de novo in response to blood feeding in aedes aegypti. therefore, knocking down chitin synthase expression by rna interfe ... | 2008 | 18627241 |
| biocontrol of larval mosquitoes by acilius sulcatus (coleoptera: dytiscidae). | problems associated with resistant mosquitoes and the effects on non-target species by chemicals, evoke a reason to find alternative methods to control mosquitoes, like the use of natural predators. in this regard, aquatic coleopterans have been explored less compared to other insect predators. in the present study, an evaluation of the role of the larvae of acilius sulcatus linnaeus 1758 (coleoptera: dytiscidae) as predator of mosquito immatures was made in the laboratory. its efficacy under fi ... | 2008 | 18922168 |
| armigeres subalbatus prophenoloxidase iii: cloning, characterization and potential role in morphogenesis. | it has long been suggested that phenoloxidases (pos) play key roles in various physiological functions in insects, e.g., cuticular sclerotization, wound healing, egg tanning and melanotic encapsulation of pathogens. here we report that a mosquito po, designated armigeres subalbatus prophenoloxidase iii (as-pro-po iii), is likely involved in the morphogenesis in mosquito. expression profile analysis found that as-pro-po iii mrna is persistently expressed in adult mosquitoes and is not significant ... | 2009 | 19013240 |
| transgenesis approaches for functional analysis of peptidergic cells in the silkworm bombyx mori. | the domestic silkworm, bombyx mori represents an insect model of great scientific and economic importance. besides the establishment of a stable germline transformation using the piggybac vector, technically feasible methods for in vivo gene delivery and transient gene expression were developed using viral based vectors, especially sindbis viruses and baculoviruses. the recombinant baculovirus, autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv), commonly used for large-scale protein p ... | 2009 | 19111552 |
| a recent survey of mosquito fauna in guangdong province,southern china, with a review of past records [corrected]. | the southern province of guangdong has long been subject to endemic mosquito-borne diseases. in recent years, this region of china has experienced rapid, extensive economic development involving environmental change, making much of the scant knowledge of its mosquito fauna obsolete. this paper reviews previous mosquito surveys, some of which may be too old to be of relevance to present-day conditions, and presents the results of a recent survey of adult and immature mosquitoes. the main vectors ... | 2008 | 19120964 |
| distribution of arboviruses and mosquitoes in northwestern yunnan province, china. | from july to september in 2005 and 2006, a survey was conducted to identify mosquito species and mosquito-borne arboviruses at elevations ranging from 900-3280 m between 24 degrees 00' n and 29 degrees 00' n latitude in the northwestern part of yunnan province, china. a total of 54,879 mosquitoes representing 15 species and 4 genera was collected using uv light traps at 59 sites. culex tritaeniorhynchus and anopheles sinensis were the most abundant species. the density of mosquitoes as well as t ... | 2009 | 19196130 |
| molecular evolution of immune genes in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | background: as pathogens that circumvent the host immune response are favoured by selection, so are host alleles that reduce parasite load. such evolutionary processes leave their signature on the genes involved. deciphering modes of selection operating on immune genes might reveal the nature of host-pathogen interactions and factors that govern susceptibility in host populations. such understanding would have important public health implications. methodology/findings: we analyzed polymorphisms ... | 2009 | 19234606 |
| susceptibility of various mosquitoes of thailand to nocturnal subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti. | ten different mosquito species representing five genera were allowed to feed on human blood containing microfilariae (5.5-6.5 mf/microl) of nocturnal subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti from kanchanaburi province, thailand. aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, aedes desmotes, downsiomyia species (=finlaya niveus group), culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles dirus a, an. maculatus, an. minimus, armigeres subalbatus, and mansonia uniformis were fed under laboratory conditions using an artificial membrane fee ... | 2008 | 19263851 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification applied to filarial parasites detection in the mosquito vectors: dirofilaria immitis as a study model. | abstract: | 2009 | 19284882 |
| the salivary transcriptome of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) larvae: a microarray-based analysis. | in spite of the many recent developments in the field of vector sialomics, the salivary glands of larval mosquitoes have been largely unexplored. we used whole-transcriptome microarray analysis to create a gene-expression profile of the salivary gland tissue of fourth-instar anopheles gambiae larvae, and compare it to the gene-expression profile of a matching group of whole larvae. we identified a total of 221 probes with expression values that were (a) significantly enriched in the salivary gla ... | 2009 | 19328852 |
| genome-wide transcriptomic profiling of anopheles gambiae hemocytes reveals pathogen-specific signatures upon bacterial challenge and plasmodium berghei infection. | the mosquito anopheles gambiae is a major vector of human malaria. increasing evidence indicates that blood cells (hemocytes) comprise an essential arm of the mosquito innate immune response against both bacteria and malaria parasites. to further characterize the role of hemocytes in mosquito immunity, we undertook the first genome-wide transcriptomic analyses of adult female an. gambiae hemocytes following infection by two species of bacteria and a malaria parasite. | 2009 | 19500340 |
| plasma phenoloxidase of the larval tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens, is virucidal. | heliothis virescens larval plasma contains high levels of an antiviral activity against the budded form of the helicoverpa zea single nucleopolyhedrovirus (hzsnpv) in vitro. preliminary results indicated that phenoloxidase is primarily responsible for this virucidal effect. however it is known that other enzymes that generate antimicrobial reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates are present in hemolymph that could contribute to the observed virucidal activity. to elucid ... | 2006 | 19537988 |
| persistent wolbachia and cultivable bacteria infection in the reproductive and somatic tissues of the mosquito vector aedes albopictus. | commensal and symbiotic microbes have a considerable impact on the behavior of many arthropod hosts, including hematophagous species that transmit pathogens causing infectious diseases to human and animals. little is known about the bacteria associated with mosquitoes other than the vectorized pathogens. this study investigated wolbachia and cultivable bacteria that persist through generations in ae. albopictus organs known to host transmitted arboviruses, such as dengue and chikungunya. | 2009 | 19633721 |
| [the first report of kadipiro virus isolation in china]. | 5 strains of virus isolated from culex tritaeniorhynchus, anopheles sinensis and armigeres subalbatus, which caused cytopathic effect in c6/36 cells, had been obtained in the survey of arboviruses in northwestern yunnan province. china. the virus particles displayed 70 nanometers diameter (n=7) with no envelope but spikes on the surfaces. rna-page of the genomes of the isolates showed 6-5-1 profile. a fragment of the 12th segment sequence was amplified by a pair of specific primers for kadipiro ... | 2009 | 19634758 |
| transgenesis and paratransgenesis to control insect-borne diseases: current status and future challenges. | insect-borne diseases cause significant human morbidity and mortality. current control and preventive methods against vector-borne diseases rely mainly on insecticides. the emergence of insecticide resistance in many disease vectors highlights the necessity to develop new strategies to control these insects. vector transgenesis and paratransgenesis are novel strategies that aim at reducing insect vectorial capacity, or seek to eliminate transmission of pathogens such as plasmodium sp., trypanoso ... | 2010 | 19819346 |
| mosquito infection responses to developing filarial worms. | human lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito-vectored disease caused by the nematode parasites wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and brugia timori. these are relatively large roundworms that can cause considerable damage in compatible mosquito vectors. in order to assess how mosquitoes respond to infection in compatible mosquito-filarial worm associations, microarray analysis was used to evaluate transcriptome changes in aedes aegypti at various times during b. malayi development. changes in trans ... | 2009 | 19823571 |
| ecological study of avian malaria vectors on the island of minami-daito, japan. | the seasonal prevalence and spatial distribution of mosquitoes were examined as part of an avian malaria study on the oceanic island of minami-daito island, japan. because dry ice was not available in this study, yeast-generated co2 was used to attract biting mosquitoes. adult mosquitoes were collected biweekly using battery-operated traps enhanced with yeast-generated co2 and a gravid trap from march 2006 to february 2007. the co2-baited traps were distributed in 4 different habitats: sugar can ... | 2009 | 19852217 |
| characterization of expression, activity and role in antibacterial immunity of anopheles gambiae lysozyme c-1. | there are eight lysozyme genes in the anopheles gambiae genome. transcripts of one of these genes, lysc-1, increased in anopheles gambiae cell line 4a3b by 24 h after exposure to heat-killed micrococcus luteus. lysozyme activity was also identified in conditioned media from the cell line from which the protein was purified to homogeneity using ion exchange and gel filtration. mass spectrometric analysis of the purified protein showed 100% identity to lysozyme c-1. purified lysozyme c-1 was teste ... | 2010 | 19932188 |
| discovery of plasmodium modulators by genome-wide analysis of circulating hemocytes in anopheles gambiae. | insect hemocytes mediate important cellular immune responses including phagocytosis and encapsulation and also secrete immune factors such as opsonins, melanization factors, and antimicrobial peptides. however, the molecular composition of these important immune cells has not been elucidated in depth, because of their scarcity in the circulating hemolymph, their adhesion to multiple tissues and the lack of primary culture methods to produce sufficient material for a genome-wide analysis. in this ... | 2009 | 19940242 |
| differential transcriptomic responses of biomphalaria glabrata (gastropoda, mollusca) to bacteria and metazoan parasites, schistosoma mansoni and echinostoma paraensei (digenea, platyhelminthes). | a 70-mer-oligonucleotide-based microarray (1152 features) that emphasizes stress and immune responses factors was constructed to study transcriptomic responses of the snail biomphalaria glabrata to different immune challenges. in addition to sequences with relevant putative id and gene ontology (go) annotation, the array features non-immune factors and unknown b. glabrata ests for functional gene discovery. the transcription profiles of b. glabrata (3 biological replicates, each a pool of 5 snai ... | 2010 | 19962194 |
| identification of protein components of egg masses indicates parental investment in immunoprotection of offspring by biomphalaria glabrata (gastropoda, mollusca). | the macromolecules contributed by the freshwater gastropod biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host of schistosoma mansoni, to developing offspring inside egg masses are poorly known. sds-page fractionated egg mass fluids (emf) of m line and bb02 b. glabrata were analyzed by maldi-tof (ms and tandem ms). a mascot database was assembled with est data from b. glabrata and other molluscs to aid in sequence characterization. of approximately 20 major emf polypeptides, 16 were identified as defense-r ... | 2010 | 19995576 |
| nationwide surveillance of west nile virus targeting mosquitoes and dead birds from april 2004 through march 2007 in japan. | we conducted nationwide west nile virus (wnv) surveillance targeting mosquitoes and dead birds to reveal whether the virus and its potential vectors are present in japan. a total of 12 766 mosquitoes and 230 dead birds were collected in april 2004-march 2005 (the 2004-2005 period), 10 755 mosquitoes and 267 dead birds in april 2005-march 2006 (the 2005-2006 period), and 8624 mosquitoes and 245 dead birds in april 2006-march 2007 (the 2006-2007 period). the species of most of the mosquitoes colle ... | 2011 | 20163573 |
| hemolytic activity is mediated by the endogenous lectin in the mosquito hemolymph serum. | although cytolysis of invading organisms is an innate form of immunity used by invertebrates, so far the underlying mechanism remains less explored. the pupal hemolymph of the mosquito armigeres subalbatus induces an activity that causes hemolysis of human red blood cells (hrbc). this hemolytic activity was inhibited by sialic acid (n-acetylneuraminic acid) and serine protease inhibitors. we purified the sialic acid-specific lectin(s) from the pupal hemolymph using formaldehyde-fixed hrbc and de ... | 2010 | 20193690 |
| the drosophila prr gnbp3 assembles effector complexes involved in antifungal defenses independently of its toll-pathway activation function. | the drosophila toll-signaling pathway controls the systemic antifungal host response. gram-negative binding protein 3 (gnbp3), a member of the beta-glucan recognition protein family senses fungal infections and activates this pathway. a second detection system perceives the activity of proteolytic fungal virulence factors and redundantly activates toll. gnbp3(hades) mutant flies succumb more rapidly to candida albicans and to entomopathogenic fungal infections than wt flies, despite normal trigg ... | 2010 | 20201042 |
| infection and vertical transmission of kamiti river virus in laboratory bred aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | kamiti river virus (krv) is an insect-only flavivirus that was isolated from field-collected ae. macintoshi mosquitoes in 1999, and is closely related to cell fusing agent virus. both of these viruses belong to the family flaviviridae, which also contains other viruses of medical importance, such as yellow fever virus, west nile virus and dengue. because ae. macintoshi is the only known natural host to krv, the main objective of this study was to establish the possibility that other mosquito hos ... | 2007 | 20337552 |
| differential transcript expression between the microfilariae of the filarial nematodes, brugia malayi and b. pahangi. | brugia malayi and b. pahangi are two closely related nematodes that cause filariasis in humans and animals. however, b. pahangi microfilariae are able to develop in and be transmitted by the mosquito, armigeres subalbatus, whereas most b. malayi are rapidly melanized and destroyed within the mosquito hemocoel. a cross-species microarray analysis employing the b. malayi v2 array was carried out to determine the transcriptional differences between b. malayi and b. pahangi microfilariae with simila ... | 2010 | 20370932 |
| cytokine-induced tumor suppressors: a grim story. | cytokines belonging to the ifn family are potent growth suppressors. in a number of clinical and preclinical studies, vitamin a and its derivatives like retinoic acid (ra) have been shown to exert synergistic growth-suppressive effects on several tumor cells. we have employed a genome-wide expression-knockout approach to identify the genes critical for ifn/ra-induced growth suppression. a number of novel genes associated with retinoid-interferon-induced mortality (grim) were isolated. in this re ... | 2010 | 20382543 |
| mosquito transcriptome profiles and filarial worm susceptibility in armigeres subalbatus. | armigeres subalbatus is a natural vector of the filarial worm brugia pahangi, but it kills brugia malayi microfilariae by melanotic encapsulation. because b. malayi and b. pahangi are morphologically and biologically similar, comparing ar. subalbatus-b. pahangi susceptibility and ar. subalbatus-b. malayi refractoriness could provide significant insight into recognition mechanisms required to mount an effective anti-filarial worm immune response in the mosquito, as well as provide considerable de ... | 2010 | 20421927 |
| alteration of microbial communities colonizing leaf litter in a temperate woodland stream by growth of trees under conditions of elevated atmospheric co2. | elevated atmospheric co(2) can cause increased carbon fixation and altered foliar chemical composition in a variety of plants, which has the potential to impact forested headwater streams because they are detritus-based ecosystems that rely on leaf litter as their primary source of organic carbon. fungi and bacteria play key roles in the entry of terrestrial carbon into aquatic food webs, as they decompose leaf litter and serve as a source of nutrition for invertebrate consumers. this study test ... | 2010 | 20543045 |
| isolation and full-length sequence analysis of armigeres subalbatus totivirus, the first totivirus isolate from mosquitoes representing a proposed novel genus (artivirus) of the family totiviridae. | during an investigation of arboviruses in china, a novel dsrna virus was isolated from adult female armigeres subalbatus. full genome sequence analysis showed the virus to be related to members of the family totiviridae, and was therefore named 'armigeres subalbatus totivirus' (astv). transmission electron microscopy identified icosahedral, non-enveloped virus particles with a mean diameter of 40 nm. the astv genome is 7510 bp in length, with two orfs. orf1 (4443 nt) encodes the coat-protein and ... | 2010 | 20702653 |
| upregulation of a novel eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5a (eif5a) in dengue 2 virus-infected mosquito cells. | dengue virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is the etiological agent of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome. it generally induces apoptosis in mammalian cells, but frequently results in persistent infection in mosquito cells. that mechanism remains to be explored. in turn, a genomic survey through subtractive hybridization (pcr-select cdna subtraction) was conducted in order to find gene(s) that may play a role in interactions between the virus and its host cells. | 2010 | 20819232 |
| zoonotic brugia pahangi filariasis in a suburbia of kuala lumpur city, malaysia. | five local malaysian patients with clinical manifestations consistent with lymphatic filariasis were referred to our medical centre between 2003 and 2006. although no microfilariae (mf) were detected in their nocturnal blood samples, all were diagnosed to have lymphatic filariasis on the basis of clinical findings and positive serology results. pcr on their blood samples revealed that two of the patients were infected with brugia pahangi, an animal filarial worm hitherto not known to cause human ... | 2010 | 20951228 |
| serological investigations of flavivirus prevalence in khammouane province, lao people's democratic republic, 2007-2008. | a large-scale cross-sectional seroprevalence study of dengue (den) and japanese encephalitis (je) was conducted in khammouane province, lao pdr, as part of the initial baseline health impact assessment of the nam theun 2 hydroelectric dam construction project. health surveys were performed between may 2007 and february 2008 with serum samples collected from healthy individuals involved in the resettlement program of 16 villages (total surveyed population 4,369). hemagglutination inhibition assay ... | 2010 | 21036856 |
| global analysis of the transcriptional response of whitefly to tomato yellow leaf curl china virus reveals the relationship of coevolved adaptations. | the begomoviruses are the largest and most economically important group of plant viruses transmitted exclusively by the whitefly bemisia tabaci in a circulative, persistent manner. the circulation of the viruses within the insect vectors involves complex interactions between virus and vector components; however, the molecular mechanisms of these interactions remain largely unknown. here we investigated the transcriptional response of the invasive b. tabaci middle east-asia minor 1 species to tom ... | 2011 | 21270146 |
| filarial worms reduce plasmodium infectivity in mosquitoes. | co-occurrence of malaria and filarial worm parasites has been reported, but little is known about the interaction between filarial worm and malaria parasites with the same anopheles vector. herein, we present data evaluating the interaction between wuchereria bancrofti and anopheles punctulatus in papua new guinea (png). our field studies in png demonstrated that an. punctulatus utilizes the melanization immune response as a natural mechanism of filarial worm resistance against invading w. bancr ... | 2011 | 21347449 |
| autoimmunity-related demyelination in infection by japanese encephalitis virus. | japanese encephalitis (je) virus is the most common cause of epidemic viral encephalitis in the world. the virus mainly infects neuronal cells and causes an inflammatory response after invasion of the parenchyma of the brain. the death of neurons is frequently observed, in which demyelinated axons are commonly seen. the mechanism that accounts for the occurrence of demyelination is ambiguous thus far. with a mouse model, the present study showed that myelin-specific antibodies appeared in sera, ... | 2011 | 21356046 |
| cardiomyopathy syndrome of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) is caused by a double-stranded rna virus of the totiviridae family. | cardiomyopathy syndrome (cms) of farmed and wild atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) is a disease of yet unknown etiology characterized by a necrotizing myocarditis involving the atrium and the spongious part of the heart ventricle. here, we report the identification of a double-stranded rna virus likely belonging to the family totiviridae as the causative agent of the disease. the proposed name of the virus is piscine myocarditis virus (pmcv). on the basis of the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp ... | 2011 | 21411528 |
| seasonal prevalence of mosquitoes, including vectors of brugian filariasis, in southern islands of the republic of korea. | a survey of mosquitoes, including the vector status of brugia malayi filariasis and their relative larval density, was conducted from 2002 to 2005 at several southern remote islands of jeollanam-do (province), gyeongsangnam-do, and jeju-do, korea, where filariasis was previously endemic. overall, a total of 9 species belonging to 7 genera were collected. ochlerotatus togoi (formerly known as aedes togoi), anopheles (hyrcanus) group, and culex pipiens were the predominant species captured at all ... | 2011 | 21461270 |
| continuity and change of japanese encephalitis virus in toyama prefecture, japan. | abstract. to determine the mechanisms of maintenance and evolution of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) in a temperate zone, we attempted to isolate jev from mosquitoes and pigs in toyama prefecture, japan. a total of 87 jevs were isolated from female culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes and pigs during 2005-2009. the prevalence of jev in toyama prefecture was seasonally late in comparison with that of the virus during 1966-1972. furthermore, jevs were isolated after the peak in the number of fema ... | 2011 | 21540378 |
| emergence of genotype i of japanese encephalitis virus as the dominant genotype in asia. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen, is one of the major causes of viral encephalitis worldwide. previous phylogenetic studies based on the envelope protein indicated that there are four genotypes, and surveillance data suggest that genotype i is gradually replacing genotype iii as the dominant strain. here we report an evolutionary analysis based on 98 full-length genome sequences of jev, including 67 new samples isolated from humans, pigs, mosquitoes, midges. ... | 2011 | 21697481 |
| the abundance and host-seeking behavior of culicine species (diptera: culicidae) and anopheles sinensis in yongcheng city, people's republic of china. | abstract: background: the knowledge of mosquito species diversity and the level of anthropophily exhibited by each species in a region are of great importance to the integrated vector control. culicine species are the primary vectors of japanese encephalitis (je) virus and filariasis in china. anopheles sinensis plays a major role in the maintenance of plasmodium vivax malaria transmission in china. the goal of this study was to compare the abundance and host-seeking behavior of culicine specie ... | 2011 | 22115320 |
| nationwide distribution of culex mosquitoes and associated habitat characteristics at residential areas in malaysia. | a standardized larval dipping method was used to determine the infestation rates of culex and other species of mosquitoes in stagnant water at 20 residential areas. this study also examined the associations between culex distribution and various habitat characteristics across all states in malaysia. identification of 7,848 specimens yielded 6 species dominated by culex quinquefasciatus (82.74%), followed by cx. vishui (14.39%), cx. gelidus (2.70%), lutzia fuscanus (0.11%), armigeres subalbatus ( ... | 2012 | 23833895 |
| abstracts of the fourth international symposium on molecular insect science. may 28-june 2, 2002. tucson, arizona, usa. | | 2002 | 15455051 |
| asap: a resource for annotating, curating, comparing, and disseminating genomic data. | asap is a comprehensive web-based system for community genome annotation and analysis. asap is being used for a large-scale effort to augment and curate annotations for genomes of enterobacterial pathogens and for additional genome sequences. new tools, such as the genome alignment program mauve, have been incorporated into asap in order to improve display and analysis of related genomes. recent improvements to the database and challenges for future development of the system are discussed. asap ... | 2006 | 16381899 |
| gene expression studies in mosquitoes. | research on gene expression in mosquitoes is motivated by both basic and applied interests. studies of genes involved in hematophagy, reproduction, olfaction, and immune responses reveal an exquisite confluence of biological adaptations that result in these highly-successful life forms. the requirement of female mosquitoes for a bloodmeal for propagation has been exploited by a wide diversity of viral, protozoan and metazoan pathogens as part of their life cycles. identifying genes involved in h ... | 2008 | 19161831 |
| the roles of serpins in mosquito immunology and physiology. | in vector-borne diseases, the complex interplay between pathogen and its vector's immune system determines the outcome of infection and therefore disease transmission. serpins have been shown in many animals to be key regulators of innate immune reactions. their control over regulatory proteolytic cascades ultimately decides whether the recognition of a pathogen will lead to an appropriate immune response. in mosquitoes, serpins (srpns) regulate the activation of prophenoloxidase and thus melani ... | 2012 | 22960307 |
| cloning, characterization and effect of tmpgrp-le gene silencing on survival of tenebrio molitor against listeria monocytogenes infection. | peptidoglycan recognition proteins (pgrps) are a family of innate immune molecules that recognize bacterial peptidoglycan. pgrp-le, a member of the pgrp family, selectively binds to diaminopimelic acid (dap)-type peptidoglycan to activate both the immune deficiency (imd) and prophenoloxidase (propo) pathways in insects. a pgrp-le-dependent induction of autophagy to control listeria monocytogenes has also been reported. we identified and partially characterized a novel pgrp-le homologue, from ten ... | 2013 | 24240808 |
| functions of armigeres subalbatus c-type lectins in innate immunity. | c-type lectins (ctls) are a superfamily of calcium-dependent carbohydrate binding proteins containing at least one carbohydrate-recognition domain (crd) and they are present in almost all metazoans. insect ctls may function as pattern-recognition receptors and play important roles in innate immunity. in this study, we selected five asctls from the mosquito armigeres subalbatus, a natural vector of filarial nematodes, and performed both in vitro and in vivo studies to elucidate their functions in ... | 2014 | 25014898 |
| insect-specific flaviviruses: a systematic review of their discovery, host range, mode of transmission, superinfection exclusion potential and genomic organization. | there has been a dramatic increase in the number of insect-specific flaviviruses (isfs) discovered in the last decade. historically, these viruses have generated limited interest due to their inability to infect vertebrate cells. this viewpoint has changed in recent years because some isfs have been shown to enhance or suppress the replication of medically important flaviviruses in co-infected mosquito cells. additionally, comparative studies between isfs and medically important flaviviruses can ... | 2015 | 25866904 |
| a tyrosine-to-histidine switch at position 18 of the ross river virus e2 glycoprotein is a determinant of virus fitness in disparate hosts. | arthritogenic alphaviruses are human pathogens maintained in nature through alternating replication in vertebrates and mosquitoes. using chimeric viruses, we previously reported that replacement of the pe2 coding region of the t48 strain of ross river virus (rrv-t48) with that from the attenuated dc5692 strain, which differ by 7 amino acids, resulted in an attenuated disease phenotype in a mouse model of rrv-induced rheumatic disease. here, we demonstrate that introduction of one of these amino ... | 2013 | 23514884 |
| viral metagenomics on blood-feeding arthropods as a tool for human disease surveillance. | surveillance and monitoring of viral pathogens circulating in humans and wildlife, together with the identification of emerging infectious diseases (eids), are critical for the prediction of future disease outbreaks and epidemics at an early stage. it is advisable to sample a broad range of vertebrates and invertebrates at different temporospatial levels on a regular basis to detect possible candidate viruses at their natural source. however, virus surveillance systems can be expensive, costly i ... | 2016 | 27775568 |
| multi-gene detection and identification of mosquito-borne rna viruses using an oligonucleotide microarray. | arthropod-borne viruses are important emerging pathogens world-wide. viruses transmitted by mosquitoes, such as dengue, yellow fever, and japanese encephalitis viruses, infect hundreds of millions of people and animals each year. global surveillance of these viruses in mosquito vectors using molecular based assays is critical for prevention and control of the associated diseases. here, we report an oligonucleotide dna microarray design, termed arbochip5.1, for multi-gene detection and identifica ... | 2013 | 23967358 |
| the role of innate immunity in conditioning mosquito susceptibility to west nile virus. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) represent an emerging threat to human and livestock health globally. in particular, those transmitted by mosquitoes present the greatest challenges to disease control efforts. an understanding of the molecular basis for mosquito innate immunity to arbovirus infection is therefore critical to investigations regarding arbovirus evolution, virus-vector ecology, and mosquito vector competence. in this review, we discuss the current state of understanding regardi ... | 2013 | 24351797 |
| phenoloxidase activity acts as a mosquito innate immune response against infection with semliki forest virus. | several components of the mosquito immune system including the rna interference (rnai), jak/stat, toll and imd pathways have previously been implicated in controlling arbovirus infections. in contrast, the role of the phenoloxidase (po) cascade in mosquito antiviral immunity is unknown. here we show that conditioned medium from the aedes albopictus-derived u4.4 cell line contains a functional po cascade, which is activated by the bacterium escherichia coli and the arbovirus semliki forest virus ... | 2012 | 23144608 |
| antiviral responses of arthropod vectors: an update on recent advances. | arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges and sand flies, transmit many viruses that can cause outbreaks of disease in humans and animals around the world. arthropod vector species are invading new areas due to globalisation and environmental changes, and contact between exotic animal species, humans and arthropod vectors is increasing, bringing with it the regular emergence of new arboviruses. for future strategies to control arbovirus transmission, it is important to improve ... | 2014 | 25674592 |
| a transgenic sensor strain for monitoring the rnai pathway in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. | the rna interference pathway functions as an antiviral defense in invertebrates. in order to generate a phenotypic marker which "senses" the status of the rnai pathway in aedes aegypti, transgenic strains were developed to express egfp and dsred marker genes in the eye, as well as double-stranded rna homologous to a portion of the egfp gene. transgenic "sensor" mosquitoes exhibited robust eye-specific dsred expression with little egfp, indicating rnai-based silencing. cloning and high-throughput ... | 2008 | 18549956 |
| mosquitoes of western yunnan province, china: seasonal abundance, diversity, and arbovirus associations. | the western borderland between yunnan province, china, and myanmar is characterized by a climate that facilitates year-round production of mosquitoes. numerous mosquito-transmitted viruses, including japanese encephalitis virus circulate in this area. this project was to describe seasonal patterns in mosquito species abundance and arbovirus activity in the mosquito populations. | 2013 | 24146951 |
| evaluation of a field-portable dna microarray platform and nucleic acid amplification strategies for the detection of arboviruses, arthropods, and bloodmeals. | highly multiplexed assays, such as microarrays, can benefit arbovirus surveillance by allowing researchers to screen for hundreds of targets at once. we evaluated amplification strategies and the practicality of a portable dna microarray platform to analyze virus-infected mosquitoes. the prototype microarray design used here targeted the non-structural protein 5, ribosomal rna, and cytochrome b genes for the detection of flaviviruses, mosquitoes, and bloodmeals, respectively. we identified 13 of ... | 2012 | 23249687 |
| comparison of genotypes i and iii in japanese encephalitis virus reveals distinct differences in their genetic and host diversity. | japanese encephalitis (je) is an arthropod-borne disease associated with the majority of viral encephalitis cases in the asia-pacific region. the causative agent, japanese encephalitis virus (jev), has been phylogenetically divided into five genotypes. recent surveillance data indicate that genotype i (gi) is gradually replacing genotype iii (giii) as the dominant genotype. to investigate the mechanism behind the genotype shift and the potential consequences in terms of vaccine efficacy, human c ... | 2014 | 25056890 |
| insights into the evolutionary history of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) based on whole-genome sequences comprising the five genotypes. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is the etiological agent of japanese encephalitis (je), one of the most serious viral encephalitis worldwide. five genotypes have been classified based on phylogenetic analysis of the viral envelope gene or the complete genome. previous studies based on four genotypes have reported that in evolutionary terms, genotype 1 jev is the most recent lineage. however, until now, no systematic phylogenetic analysis was reported based on whole genomic sequence of all five ... | 2015 | 25884184 |
| detection of japanese encephalitis virus genotype v in culex orientalis and culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) in korea. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) causes significant viral encephalitis and is distributed throughout the asian countries. the virus is known to be transmitted by culex tritaeniorhynchus, which mainly breeds in rice paddies in korea. in this study, we investigated the presence of other mosquito species that can transmit jev as a second or regional vector. we selected five cities where patients have experienced je in the last 5 years as mosquito-collecting locations and subdivided them into four ... | 2015 | 25658839 |
| unprecedented genomic diversity of rna viruses in arthropods reveals the ancestry of negative-sense rna viruses. | although arthropods are important viral vectors, the biodiversity of arthropod viruses, as well as the role that arthropods have played in viral origins and evolution, is unclear. through rna sequencing of 70 arthropod species we discovered 112 novel viruses that appear to be ancestral to much of the documented genetic diversity of negative-sense rna viruses, a number of which are also present as endogenous genomic copies. with this greatly enriched diversity we revealed that arthropods contain ... | 2015 | 25633976 |
| the involvement of microglial cells in japanese encephalitis infections. | despite the availability of effective vaccines, japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infections remain a leading cause of encephalitis in many asian countries. the virus is transmitted to humans by culex mosquitoes, and, while the majority of human infections are asymptomatic, up to 30% of je cases admitted to hospital die and 50% of the survivors suffer from neurological sequelae. microglia are brain-resident macrophages that play key roles in both the innate and adaptive immune responses in the c ... | 2012 | 22919405 |
| induction of fas mediated caspase-8 independent apoptosis in immune cells by armigeres subalbatus saliva. | it is widely recognized that the introduction of saliva of bloodsucking arthropods at the site of pathogen transmission might play a central role in vector-borne infections. however, how the interaction between salivary components and the host immune system takes place and which physiological processes this leads to has yet to be investigated. armigeres subalbatus is one of the prominent types of mosquitoes involved in the transmission of parasitic and viral diseases in humans and animals. | 2012 | 22815944 |
| non-canonical translation in rna viruses. | viral protein synthesis is completely dependent upon the translational machinery of the host cell. however, many rna virus transcripts have marked structural differences from cellular mrnas that preclude canonical translation initiation, such as the absence of a 5' cap structure or the presence of highly structured 5'utrs containing replication and/or packaging signals. furthermore, whilst the great majority of cellular mrnas are apparently monocistronic, rna viruses must often express multiple ... | 2012 | 22535777 |
| mosquito surveillance revealed lagged effects of mosquito abundance on mosquito-borne disease transmission: a retrospective study in zhejiang, china. | mosquito-borne diseases (mbds) are still threats to public health in zhejiang. in this study, the associations between the time-lagged mosquito capture data and mbds incidence over five years were used to examine the potential effects of mosquito abundance on patterns of mbds epidemiology in zhejiang during 2008-2012. light traps were used to collect adult mosquitoes at 11 cities. correlation tests with and without time lag were performed to investigate the correlations between mbds incidence ra ... | 2014 | 25393834 |
| molecular epidemiology of japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes in taiwan during 2005-2012. | japanese encephalitis (je) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease caused by the japanese encephalitis virus (jev). pigs and water birds are the main amplifying and maintenance hosts of the virus. in this study, we conducted a jev survey in mosquitoes captured in pig farms and water bird wetland habitats in taiwan during 2005 to 2012. a total of 102,633 mosquitoes were collected. culex tritaeniorhynchus was the most common mosquito species found in the pig farms and wetlands. among the 26 mosquito ... | 2014 | 25275652 |
| entomo-virological study of a suspected japanese encephalitis outbreak in muzaffarpur district, bihar, india. | | 0 | 23760390 |
| surveillance of japanese encephalitis virus infection in mosquitoes in vietnam from 2006 to 2008. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infection in mosquitoes was monitored in vietnam from 2006 to 2008. a total of 15,225 mosquitoes, identified as 26 species in five genera were collected and 12,621 were grouped into 447 pools for examination of jev infection by assays for cytopathic effects in c6/36 cells and by rt-pcr to detect flavivirus rna. three jev strains were isolated from culex tritaeniorhynchus giles collected in northern and southern vietnam and two jev strains were isolated from cule ... | 2013 | 23358634 |
| molecular detection and genotyping of japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes during a 2010 outbreak in the republic of korea. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen, is one of the major causes of viral encephalitis. to reduce the impact of japanese encephalitis among children in the republic of korea (rok), the government established a mandatory vaccination program in 1967. through the efforts of this program only 0-7 (mean 2.1) cases of japanese encephalitis were reported annually in the rok during the period of 1984-2009. however, in 2010 there was an outbreak of 26 confirmed cases of j ... | 2013 | 23390520 |
| susceptibility of eight species members in the anopheles hyrcanus group to nocturnally subperiodic brugia malayi. | filariasis, caused by brugia malayi, is a public health problem in thailand. currently, at least two locations in southern thailand are reported to be active endemic areas. two and four mansonia species are primary and secondary vectors, respectively, of the nocturnally subperiodic race, whereas, coquillettidia crassipes is a vector of the diurnally subperiodic race. although several anopheles species have been incriminated extensively as natural and/or suspected vectors of b. malayi, little is ... | 2013 | 23289957 |
| armigeres subalbatus incriminated as a vector of zoonotic brugia pahangi filariasis in suburban kuala lumpur, peninsular malaysia. | in 2011, we reported occurrence of natural human infections with brugia pahangi, a filarial worm of dogs and cats, in a surburb of kuala lumpur, the capital city of malaysia. our preliminary entomological survey at that time suggested the mosquito species armigeres subalbatus as the vector of the zoonotic infections. in this present report, we provide biological evidence to confirm our preliminary finding. | 2013 | 23898840 |
| monitoring of malaria, japanese encephalitis and filariasis vectors. | vector monitoring in military stations would help in protecting the armed forces from vector borne diseases such as malaria, japanese encephalitis and filariasis. | 2013 | 24843200 |
| mosquito vector diversity across habitats in central thailand endemic for dengue and other arthropod-borne diseases. | recent years have seen the greatest ecological disturbances of our times, with global human expansion, species and habitat loss, climate change, and the emergence of new and previously-known infectious diseases. biodiversity loss affects infectious disease risk by disrupting normal relationships between hosts and pathogens. mosquito-borne pathogens respond to changing dynamics on multiple transmission levels and appear to increase in disturbed systems, yet current knowledge of mosquito diversity ... | 2013 | 24205420 |
| japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes and swine in yunnan province, china 2009-2010. | the residential regions of yunnan province, canton of jing hong, in china were surveyed for japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infection in mosquito and swine vectors to determine the frequency of jev-carrying zoonotic vectors in 2009-2010. a total of 21,500 mosquitoes were collected and divided by species, and brain tissue was collected from 108 stillborn piglets. the infection rates for the different jev species were 13.2% for culex tritaeniorhynchus, 2.7% for anopheles sinensis, 0.7% for armig ... | 2012 | 23199264 |
| litchi-associated acute encephalitis in children, northern vietnam, 2004-2009. | since the end of the 1990s, unexplained outbreaks of acute encephalitis in children coinciding with litchi harvesting (may-july) have been documented in the bac giang province in northern vietnam. a retrospective ecologic analysis of data for 2004-2009 involving environmental, agronomic, and climatic factors was conducted to investigate the suspected association between the outbreaks and litchi harvesting. the clinical, biological, and immunologic characteristics of the patients suggested a vira ... | 0 | 23092599 |
| entomological investigations into an epidemic of japanese encephalitis (je) in northern districts of west bengal, india (2011-2012). | japanese encephalitis (je) is one of the most important arboviral diseases of human beings with outbreaks in many parts of southeast asia including india. we present the entomological findings of an outbreak occurred in northern part of west bengal during 2011-2012 with special emphasis on the role of je vectors in different seasons. | 0 | 25027086 |
| a kdel retrieval system for er-golgi transport of japanese encephalitis viral particles. | evidence has emerged that rna viruses utilize the host secretory pathway for processing and trafficking mature viral particles and for exiting the infected cells. upon completing the complex assembly process, the viral particles take advantage of the cellular secretory trafficking machinery for their intracellular trafficking toward the golgi organelle and budding or export of virions. in this study, we showed that japanese encephalitis virus (jev)-induced extracellular grp78 contains no kdel mo ... | 2016 | 26861384 |
| sampling design influences the observed dominance of culex tritaeniorhynchus: considerations for future studies of japanese encephalitis virus transmission. | mosquito sampling during japanese encephalitis virus (jev)-associated studies, particularly in india, has usually been conducted via aspirators or light traps to catch mosquitoes around cattle, which are dead-end hosts for jev. high numbers of culex tritaeniorhynchus, relative to other species, have often been caught during these studies. less frequently, studies have involved sampling outdoor resting mosquitoes. we aimed to compare the relative abundance of mosquito species between these two pr ... | 2016 | 26726881 |
| a metagenomic survey of viral abundance and diversity in mosquitoes from hubei province. | mosquitoes as one of the most common but important vectors have the potential to transmit or acquire a lot of viruses through biting, however viral flora in mosquitoes and its impact on mosquito-borne disease transmission has not been well investigated and evaluated. in this study, the metagenomic techniquehas been successfully employed in analyzing the abundance and diversity of viral community in three mosquito samples from hubei, china. among 92,304 reads produced through a run with 454 gs fl ... | 2015 | 26030271 |
| comparative evaluation of the efficiency of the bg-sentinel trap, cdc light trap and mosquito-oviposition trap for the surveillance of vector mosquitoes. | the surveillance of vector mosquitoes is important for the control of mosquito-borne diseases. to identify a suitable surveillance tool for the adult dengue vector aedes albopictus, the efficacy of the bg-sentinel trap, cdc light trap and mosquito-oviposition trap (mot) on the capture of vector mosquitoes were comparatively evaluated in this study. | 2016 | 27519419 |
| assessment of angelica sinensis (oliv.) diels as a repellent for personal protection against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions in northern thailand. | angelica sinensis (oliv.) hexane extract (ahe) has been reported as a proven and impressive repellent against laboratory-reared female aedes aegypti mosquitoes. with the aim of promoting products of plant origin as a viable alternative to conventional synthetic substances, this study was designed to transform ahe-based repellents for exploitable commercial production by enhancing their efficacy and assessing their physical and biological stability as well as repellency against mosquitoes under l ... | 2016 | 27357395 |
| the characterization of the phlebotomus papatasi transcriptome. | as important vectors of human disease, phlebotomine sand flies are of global significance to human health, transmitting several emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. the most devastating of the sand fly transmitted infections are the leishmaniases, causing significant mortality and morbidity in both the old and new world. here we present the first global transcriptome analysis of the old world vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis, phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli) and compare this transcriptom ... | 2013 | 23398403 |
| insect sex determination manipulated by their endosymbionts: incidences, mechanisms and implications. | the sex-determining systems of arthropods are surprisingly diverse. some species have male or female heterogametic sex chromosomes while other species do not have sex chromosomes. most species are diploids but some species, including wasps, ants, thrips and mites, are haplodiploids (n in males; 2n in females). many of the sexual aberrations, such as sexual mosaics, sex-specific lethality and conversion of sexuality, can be explained by developmental defects including double fertilization of a bi ... | 2012 | 26467955 |
| bothaella manhi, a new species of tribe aedini (diptera: culicidae) from the cuc phuong national park of vietnam based on morphology and dna sequence. | a new species of genus bothaella (diptera: culicidae) collected along with two other species of the genus during surveys for flavivirus isolations in the cuc phuong national park in northern vietnam is formally described and named as bothaella manhi, sp. n. the adults, pupa and fourth-instar larva are characterized, the male genitalia and the two immature stages are illustrated and dna sequence data are included for regions coding for sections of the coi and coii genes (mtdna). the species is co ... | 0 | 23155353 |
| mosquito species composition and plasmodium vivax infection rates for korean army bases near the demilitarized zone in the republic of korea, 2011. | vivax malaria is a significant military and civilian health threat in northern republic of korea (rok). mosquito collections were performed at two rok army installations, paju near the demilitarized zone (dmz) using black light traps in 2011. the dmz, a 4 km wide border, is the northernmost point of the rok and separates the rok from the democratic people's republic of korea (dprk). anopheles spp. were identified by polymerase chain reaction and screened for plasmodium vivax sporozoites. of 4,35 ... | 2012 | 23243112 |
| random repeated cross sectional study on breeding site characterization of anopheles sinensis larvae in distinct villages of yongcheng city, people's republic of china. | characterizing the breeding site of anopheles sinensis is of major importance for the transition from malaria control to elimination in china. however, little information is available especially regarding the characteristics and influencing factors of breeding sites of an. sinensis in yongcheng city, a representative region of unstable malaria transmission in the huang-huai river region of central china. the aims of this study were to determine the breeding site characteristics of an. sinensis a ... | 2012 | 22444032 |
| salivary gland proteome during adult development and after blood feeding of female anopheles dissidens mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). | understanding changes in mosquito salivary proteins during the time that sporozoite maturation occurs and after blood feeding may give information regarding the roles of salivary proteins during the malarial transmission. anopheles dissidens (formerly anopheles barbirostris species a1) is a potential vector of plasmodium vivax in thailand. in this study, analyses of the proteomic profiles of female an. dissidens salivary glands during adult development and after blood feeding were carried out us ... | 2016 | 27669021 |
| identification of salivary gland proteins depleted after blood feeding in the malaria vector anopheles campestris-like mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). | malaria sporozoites must invade the salivary glands of mosquitoes for maturation before transmission to vertebrate hosts. the duration of the sporogonic cycle within the mosquitoes ranges from 10 to 21 days depending on the parasite species and temperature. during blood feeding salivary gland proteins are injected into the vertebrate host, along with malaria sporozoites in the case of an infected mosquito. to identify salivary gland proteins depleted after blood feeding of female anopheles campe ... | 2014 | 24599352 |
| open field release of genetically engineered sterile male aedes aegypti in malaysia. | dengue is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease. in the absence of specific drugs or vaccines, control focuses on suppressing the principal mosquito vector, aedes aegypti, yet current methods have not proven adequate to control the disease. new methods are therefore urgently needed, for example genetics-based sterile-male-release methods. however, this requires that lab-reared, modified mosquitoes be able to survive and disperse adequately in the field. | 2012 | 22970102 |
| mosquito oviposition behavior and vector control. | the burden of gene transfer from one mosquito generation to the next falls on the female and her eggs. the selection of an oviposition site that guarantees egg and larval survival is a critical step in the reproductive process. the dangers associated with ephemeral aquatic habitats, lengthy droughts, freezing winters, and the absence of larval nutrition makes careful oviposition site selection by a female mosquito extremely important. mosquito species exhibit a remarkable diversity of ovipositio ... | 2016 | 27869724 |
| extensive genetic diversity of rickettsiales bacteria in multiple mosquito species. | rickettsiales are important zoonotic pathogens, causing severe disease in humans globally. although mosquitoes are an important vector for diverse pathogens, with the exception of members of the genus wolbachia little is known about their role in the transmission of rickettsiales. herein, rickettsiales were identified by pcr in five species of mosquitoes (anopheles sinensis, armigeres subalbatus, aedes albopictus, culex quinquefasciatus and cu. tritaeniorhynchus) collected from three chinese pro ... | 2016 | 27934910 |
| intra-instar larval cannibalism in anopheles gambiae (s.s.) and anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). | cannibalism has been observed in a wide range of animal taxa and its importance in persistence and stability of populations has been documented. in anopheline malaria vectors the inter-instar cannibalism between fourth- and first-instar larvae (l4-l1) has been shown in several species, while intra-instar cannibalism remains poorly investigated. in this study we tested the occurrence of intra-instar cannibalism within larvae of second-, third- and fourth-instar (l2, l3 and l4) of anopheles gambia ... | 2016 | 27806728 |
| identification of immunity-related genes in dialeurodes citri against entomopathogenic fungus lecanicillium attenuatum by rna-seq analysis. | dialeurodes citri is a major pest in citrus producing areas, and large-scale outbreaks have occurred increasingly often in recent years. lecanicillium attenuatum is an important entomopathogenic fungus that can parasitize and kill d. citri. we separated the fungus from corpses of d. citri larvae. however, the sound immune defense system of pests makes infection by an entomopathogenic fungus difficult. here we used rna sequencing technology (rna-seq) to build a transcriptome database for d. citri ... | 2016 | 27644092 |
| the infectious particle of insect-borne totivirus-like omono river virus has raised ridges and lacks fibre complexes. | omono river virus (omrv) is a double-stranded rna virus isolated from culex mosquitos, and it belongs to a group of unassigned insect viruses that appear to be related to totiviridae. this paper describes electron cryo-microscopy (cryoem) structures for the intact omrv virion to 8.9 å resolution and the structure of the empty virus-like-particle, that lacks rna, to 8.3 å resolution. the icosahedral capsid contains 120-subunits and resembles another closely related arthropod-borne totivirus-like ... | 2016 | 27616740 |
| reproduction-immunity trade-offs in insects. | immune defense and reproduction are physiologically and energetically demanding processes and have been observed to trade off in a diversity of female insects. increased reproductive effort results in reduced immunity, and reciprocally, infection and activation of the immune system reduce reproductive output. this trade-off can manifest at the physiological level (within an individual) and at the evolutionary level (genetic distinction among individuals in a population). the resource allocation ... | 2015 | 26667271 |
| bacterial infection increases reproductive investment in burying beetles. | the nicrophorus genus lives and breeds in a microbe rich environment. as such, it would be expected that strategies should be in place to counter potentially negative effects of the microbes common to this environment. in this study, we show the response of nicrophorus vespilloides to the common soil bacterium, bacillus subtilis. phenoloxidase (po) levels are not upregulated in response to the challenge and the bacteria are observed to multiply within the haemolymph of the host. despite the grow ... | 2015 | 26529021 |
| comparative transcriptomic analysis of immune responses of the migratory locust, locusta migratoria, to challenge by the fungal insect pathogen, metarhizium acridum. | the migratory locust, locusta migratoria manilensis, is an immensely destructive agricultural pest that forms a devastating and voracious gregarious phase. the fungal insect pathogen, metarhizium acridum, is a specialized locust pathogen that has been used as a potent mycoinsecticide for locust control. little, however, is known about locust immune tissue, i.e. fat body and hemocyte, responses to challenge by this fungus. | 2015 | 26503342 |
| comparative paleovirological analysis of crustaceans identifies multiple widespread viral groups. | the discovery of many fragments of viral genomes integrated in the genome of their eukaryotic host (endogenous viral elements; eves) has recently opened new avenues to further our understanding of viral evolution and of host-virus interactions. here, we report the results of a comprehensive screen for eves in crustaceans. following up on the recent discovery of eves in the terrestrial isopod, armadillidium vulgare, we scanned the genomes of six crustacean species: a terrestrial isopod (armadilli ... | 2015 | 26388953 |