| effect of x-ray on the snails of schistosomiasis in egypt. | biomphalaria alexandrina and bulinus truncatus snails were exposed to sublethal doses 0.2, 3, 5, 10 and 20 rad of x-ray. the survival and reproductive rates of these snails were highly affected by these doses. the maximum survival periods of laboratory populations of biomphalaria snails were less than those of field ones which means a high sensitivity of laboratory snails to x-ray. the reproductive capacity of irradiated biomphalaria and bulinus snails was highly suppressed and this will interru ... | 1996 | 8754647 |
| [survival of bulinus truncatus and biomphalaria pfeifferi in sewer water purified in stabilization ponds in a sudanese-saharan zone]. | in subsaharan africa wastewater purification to protect the health of the population could create stagnate water reservoirs for parasitic vectors such as snails which are intermediate hosts of bilharzia. laboratory studies of the survival of bulinus truncatus, an intermediate host of schistosoma haematobium, and biomphalaria pfeifferi, an intermediate host of schistosoma mansoni, in waste water purified in stabilization ponds showed that biomphalaria pfeifferi thrives to dirty water (60 mg/l < o ... | 1996 | 8767791 |
| the interactive effect of some molluscicides on the inermediate host of human bilharziasis and their associated zoosporic fungi in the river nile, egypt. | biomphalaria alexandrina and bulinus truncatus are the main vectors of human bilharziasis in egypt. the mycotic inhabitants of both control and treated snails were surveyed at 7 and 15 days intervals. the two molluscicides affected more on the mortality of biomphalaria alexandrina than bulinus truncatus. the highest population of zoosporic fungi was collected from biomphalaria alexandrina, the lowest from bulinus truncatus. copper sulphate was more effective than bayluscide on the fungal species ... | 1996 | 8955964 |
| intraspecific variation in schistosoma haematobium from algeria. | a comparative analysis has been carried out between two populations of schistosoma haematobium using the same intermediate snail host, bulinus truncatus, but originating from two distinct ecological areas of algeria: khemis-el-khechna in a sub-humid mediterranean zone and djanet in a saharan bioclimatic zone. four parameters have been studied: the growth rate of adult worms, size and shape of the eggs, chronobiology of cercarial emergence and the compatibility with the intermediate host. results ... | 1997 | 9166441 |
| distribution and genetic diversity of schistosoma haematobium within its bulinid intermediate hosts in mali. | random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers were used to assess distribution and genetic diversity of schistosoma haematobium populations within their bulinid intermediate hosts in mali. naturally infected snails (bulinus truncatus and b. globosus) were collected at four sites in the bamako district. s. haematobium cercariae from single snails were used to infect mice and genotypes of the resultant adult worms were characterized using rapd markers. diversity indices were calculated at the sc ... | 1997 | 9177092 |
| intraspecific diversity of schistosoma haematobium in west africa: chronobiology of cercarial emergence. | cercarial emergence patterns were used to analyse the intraspecific variability within and between nine populations of schistosoma haematobium collected along a transect line from the north to the south of the ivory coast (africa) and using bulinus truncatus or bulinus globosus as intermediate snail hosts. statistical comparison demonstrated the existence of a chronobiological polymorphism and the existence of three homogeneous groups of s. haematobium isolates with mean shedding times of the ce ... | 1997 | 9177094 |
| urinary schistosomiasis contracted from an irrigation pool in ramah, the southern jordan valley, jordan. | autochthonous cases of urinary schistosomiasis are reported for the second time in jordan. eight jordanian juveniles (seven males and one female) ranging in age from 10 to 15 years were diagnosed in 1995 as having the disease. urine examination using the membrane filtration technique showed varying intensities of infection. the patients were treated with praziquantel and a follow-up showed the passage of dead eggs in the urine of five patients one month after treatment. all had egg-negative urin ... | 1997 | 9288808 |
| observations on compatibility between bulinus truncatus and schistosoma haematobium in the senegal river basin. | in experiments to determine the compatibility between isolates of schistosoma haematobium and bulinus truncatus from mali and senegal, the parasite isolates were shown to differ in their intermediate host specificity. bulinus truncatus from the lower and middle valleys (senegal) and the upper valley (mali) of the senegal river basin (srb) were all susceptible to s. haematobium isolated from the urines of children living in tenegue, office du niger, mali. however, none of the b. truncatus tested ... | 1997 | 9290844 |
| laboratory assessment of the molluscicidal and cercaricidal activities of the egyptian weed, solanum nigrum l. | the molluscicidal properties of solanum nigrum l. were tested against three egyptian snail species (biomphalaria alexandrina, bulinus truncatus and lymnaea natalensis), each an intermediate host of parasites causing human schistosomiasis or fascioliasis. the plant was collected in two regions within egypt: fayium and giza. snails were exposed for 24 and 48 h, to the dry powdered fruits and leaves or to crude water extracts of the powders, and mortality was recorded. the water extract of the leav ... | 1997 | 9579213 |
| evaluation of three methods to control bulinus truncatus, the intermediate host of schistosoma haematobium in an irrigation scheme, tessaout-amont, morocco. | in morocco, the implementation of new irrigation schemes resulted in the introduction of schistosomiasis haematobium to new areas. canal structures (especially syphon boxes) were found to be favourable habitats for bulinus truncatus and they constitute important transmission sites. three methods for snail control in these syphon boxes were assessed in the tessaout-amont irrigation scheme. molluscicide (niclosamide) application resulted in a pronounced reduction in the snail population density, b ... | 1998 | 9588241 |
| new sites of bulinus truncatus and indigenous cases of urinary schistosomiasis in jordan. | thirty-two autochthonous cases of schistosoma haematobium are reported from ghore as-safi, karak lowlands, jordan. all infected persons were males (9-46 years-old). new unusual breeding sites for bulinus truncatus are discovered. the past and current distribution of the snail intermediate host is given. | 1998 | 9879562 |
| schistosomiasis in newly reclaimed areas in egypt. 1-distribution and population seasonal fluctuation of intermediate host snails. | two newly reclaimed areas located west & east of suez canal, namely el manayef area and el morra area, were studied for patterns of distribution and population seasonal fluctuation of biomphalaria alexandrina and bulinus truncatus, the intermediate host snails of schistosoma mansoni and s. haematobium, respectively. in this study geographic information system (gis) techniques were utilized for producing maps and analyzing the results. habitats of the two vector snail species were categorized int ... | 1998 | 9914712 |
| emergence of schistosoma mansoni infection in upper egypt: the giza governorate. | we found an unexpectedly high prevalence of schistosoma mansoni in a village in the upper egyptian governorate of giza. historically, s. mansoni is endemic in the northern egyptian nile delta rather than in the southern upper egypt. this observation was made during an evaluation of a rural health care schistosomiasis surveillance program using a cross sectional survey for s. haematobium and s. mansoni in the village of el-gezira el-shakra el-saf district in the upper egypt giza governorate. a 10 ... | 1999 | 10344658 |
| [malacologic-schistosomal study of the refugee camps on the plain of ruzizi in the democratic republic of the congo]. | bilharziasis due to schistosoma mansoni is widespread in the eastern part of the people's republic of the congo, particularly in the ruzizi plain area. the intermediate host is the fresh-water snail biomphalaria pfeifferi whose ecology is now well documented. bilharziasis due to schistosoma haematobium and schistosoma intercalatum have not yet been observed but the potential for this development is high given the presence of the intermediate hosts, i.e. bulinus truncatus, bulinus globosus, and b ... | 1999 | 10472580 |
| schistosomiasis in newly reclaimed areas in egypt. 2--patterns of transmission. | the distribution, abundance and seasonality of infected biomphalaria alexandrina and bulinus truncatus were studied for 2 years (1992-1994) in two newly reclaimed areas, namely el manayef and el-morra areas located on both sides of suez canal near ismailia city. the results confirm the occurrence of transmission of both schistosoma mansoni and s. haematobium since infected snails of both species were recovered in these areas. this consequently proves that reclamation of parts of the desert utili ... | 1999 | 10605512 |
| molluscicidal activity of some moroccan medicinal plants. | among 14 plants of moroccan folk medicine tested for molluscicidal activity, ethyl acetate extract from origanum compactum and hexane extracts from both chenopodium ambrosioides and ruta chalepensis were the most active (lc(90)=2.00, 2.23 and 2.23 mg l(-1), respectively) against the schistosomiasis-transmitting snail bulinus truncatus. | 2000 | 10844169 |
| molluscicidal properties of glycoalkaloid extracts from moroccan solanum species. | the glycoalkaloid extracts of seeds and leaves of solanum sodomaeum and berries of solanum elaeagnifolium were shown to have molluscicidal activity against bulinus truncatus. | 2000 | 10925405 |
| toxic activities of the plant jatropha curcas against intermediate snail hosts and larvae of schistosomes. | the aim of studies on plant molluscicides is to complement methods for controlling snails acting as intermediate hosts of schistosomes. we report on the toxic activity of extracts from jatropha curcas l. (euphorbiaceae) against snails transmitting schistosoma mansoni and s. haematobium. we studied different extracts' effects on infectious larvae, cercariae and miracidia of s. mansoni. compared to aqueous extract, methanol extract showed the highest toxicity against all tested organisms with lc10 ... | 2000 | 10929142 |
| evaluation of environmental methods to control snails in an irrigation system in central morocco. | the moroccan ministry of public health has launched a programme to eliminate schistosomiasis. one of the components in this process is the control of bulinus truncatus, the intermediate host snail of schistosoma haematobium. we evaluated three environmentally safe measures to control b. truncatus in siphon boxes, the main breeding sites for these snails in the tessaout amont irrigation system. the first method involved covering the siphon boxes to exclude light and reduce algal growth, the secon ... | 2000 | 10995096 |
| new challenges in schistosomiasis control in morocco. | cases of schistosomiasis were first detected in 1914. however, there is strong evidence that it was prevailing in the southern part of morocco long before then. as reported from different african countries, over the last three decades, the development of irrigation has led to the spread of the disease to the north and centre of the country. thereafter, a national programme of schistosomiasis control was launched by the ministry of health in 1983. the programme was based on case detection and tre ... | 2000 | 10996121 |
| molluscicidal activity of thirty essential oils on bulinus truncatus. | | 2001 | 11322026 |
| [comparative study of 3 schistosoma haematobium foci in burkina faso]. | the comparative study of the three most common schistosomiasis foci in burkinabé villages shows a great disparity both in parasitological and malacological results. parasitological investigations by reagent strips and urine filtration conducted on school children indicated respective prevalence rates of 85% at thion, 37.5% at donsin and 10.5% at djerma. malacological prospections found two species (bulinus senegalensis and bulinus truncatus) of intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis in the water ... | 2001 | 11346977 |
| antibacterial and molluscicidal activities of the essential oil of chrysanthemum viscidehirtum. | the volatile fraction of chrysanthemum viscidehirtum aerial parts, consisting mainly of limonene, beta-farnesene and many oxygenated sesquiterpenes, was screened for activity against 21 microbial strains. this essential oil exhibited activity against all germs tested, in particular salmonella typhi and proteus mirabilis. it also showed molluscicidal activity against bulinus truncatus. | 2000 | 11449503 |
| screening of malian medicinal plants for antifungal, larvicidal, molluscicidal, antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. | a total of 78 different extracts from 20 medicinal plants belonging to 14 plant families from mali were tested for their antifungal, larvicidal, molluscicidal, antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. dichloromethane, methanol, water and ethanol extracts were used. tlc autobiography for antifungal activity was run with cladosporium cucumerinum and candida albicans. extracts were also tested on the larvae of the mosquitoes aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae and culex quinquefasciatus. mollusc ... | 2001 | 11507731 |
| studies on the biology of schistosomiasis with emphasis on the senegal river basin. | the construction of the diama dam on the senegal river, the manantali dam on the bafing river, mali and the ensuing ecological changes have led to a massive outbreak of schistosoma mansoni in northern senegal, associated with high intensity of infections, due to intense transmission, and the creation of new foci of s. haematobium. data on the vectorial capacity of biomphalaria pfeifferi from ndombo, near richard toll, senegal are presented with sympatric and allopatric (cameroon) s. mansoni. com ... | 2001 | 11586429 |
| effect of various foods on biomphalaria alexandrina and bulinus truncatus and their susceptibility to schistosome miracidia. | the tested foods are tropical fish food (tetramine), rat food, blue green algae, dried lettuce leaves and a mixture of all these foods. the results indicated that feeding of b. alexandrina on a mixture of foods increased their growth and survival rates and their susceptibility to s. mansoni. tetramine elevated the egg-laying capacity of snails compared to other tested foods. the hatchability of eggs of b. alexandrina fed on algae for a period of 16 weeks showed the highest rate followed by snail ... | 2001 | 11775118 |
| implication of bulinus truncatus in the transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in senegal, west africa. | studies on the compatibility between bulinus truncatus and schistosoma haematobium from various areas in the senegal river basin (srb) were carried out, to investigate the role of b. truncatus in the epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis in senegal. the results show that b. truncatus from the lower valley is not compatible with s. haematobium from the middle valley. interestingly, the study reveals that b. truncatus from the upper valley is compatible with s. haematobium from the same area, an ... | 2002 | 12080978 |
| incidence of parastrongylus cantonensis larvae in different fresh water snails in dakahlia governorate. | samples of snails were collected from different water bodies in dakahlia governorate to assess a survey on the naturally infected snails and their infection rate with the parastrongylus cantonensis larvae. the nematode p. cantonensis is associated in the etiology of eosinophilic meningeoencephalitis of man. lanistes carinatus showed the highest rate of infection with 19-400 larvae per snail. biomphalaria alexandrina, b. glabrata, bulinus truncatus, lymnaea cailliaudi (natalensis), l. alexandrina ... | 2002 | 12214935 |
| potential of origanum compactum as a cercaricide in morocco. | at 1 mg/litre, an ethyl-acetate extract of the molluscicidal plant origanum compactum benth. (lamiaceae) immobilized all of the furcocercariae of schistosoma haematobium exposed to it, within 15 min. this apparently cercaricidal activity was attributed to the presence of terpenoids and flavonoids in the extract. encouragingly, several non-target aquatic organisms (larvae of culex pipiens and artemia salina and adult gambusia affinis) and drosophila melanogaster appeared largely unaffected by exp ... | 2002 | 12396321 |
| population genetics and dynamics at short spatial scale in bulinus truncatus, the intermediate host of schistosoma haematobium, in morocco. | the population biology of the schistosome-vector snail bulinus truncatus was studied in an irrigation system near marrakech, morocco using both genetic and demographic approaches. the population genetic survey was conducted in 4 sites, 2 sites being sampled on 2 separate occasions. individuals were genotyped at 6 microsatellite loci. no variability was found at 4 loci, and the 2 other loci had less than 4 alleles. the differentiation, both spatial and temporal, among populations was extremely we ... | 2002 | 12403323 |
| biological studies on the snail intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis with a special emphasis on using larval echinostomes as biocontrol agent against larval schistosomes and snails. | the present investigation deals with the infectivity of the two snail intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis, biomphalaria alexandrina and bulinus truncatus collected from nine drains in sharkia governorate, egypt. the rate of infection among the snails was general low being 0% in many drains. regarding b. alexandrina, the rate of infection ranged from 4-16%, and in b. truncatus ranged from 4-8%. infection with larval echinostomes was dominant over larval schistosomes in the two snail vectors. th ... | 2002 | 12512810 |
| the effect of ecological parameters on the distribution of snail vectors of schistosomiasis. | the infestation of the water courses showed 32.5% for biomphalaria alexandrina and 8.75% for bulinus truncatus. ecological parameters, showed non significant variations in the water courses harbouring snail vectors and those free from snails except for conductivity in the habitats harbouring b. truncatus. this variation was more highly significant (p<0.001). of the examined sites, 11.25% were harbouring b. alexandrina and lymnaea natalenesis living together and 5% of the sites were harbouring b. ... | 2001 | 12557938 |
| a longitudinal study of schistosome intermediate host snail populations and their trematode infection in certain areas of egypt. | seasonal variation of biomphalaria alexandrina and bulinus truncatus populations and their infection rates with schistosome and other trematode cercariae were studied longitudinally in four water courses located in giza and faiyoum governorates. abundance of both species varied from year to year and according to the type of habitat. the mean prevalence of schistosoma mansoni in biomphalaria was 0.29%, that of s. haematobium in bulinus was 1.36%. seasonal variations of age structure of the 2 vect ... | 2003 | 12739812 |
| a newly-identified lineage of schistosoma. | because of their role in causing schistosomiasis, flukes of the genus schistosoma are the best known of all digeneans. the genus has traditionally been divided into four familiar species groups. here we report on three poorly known species of schistosoma, one of which, schistosoma hippopotami, is known from the hippopotamus, one of which is provisionally identified as schistosoma edwardiense, another hippo parasite, and a third that has not previously been described. all were collected from fres ... | 2003 | 12906881 |
| trematode metacercariae of fishes as sentinels for a changing limnological environment. | trematode metacercaria populations infecting cichlids in lake kinneret (sea of galilee) were used as sentinels for the changing limnological environment. parasitological data from 0+ cichlid fingerlings (tilapia zillii, oreochromis aureus, sarotherodon galilaeus) were collected from the northwest shore of the lake during 1999 to 2001 and compared with data obtained from 1982 to 1984. the results show that the composition of the metacercarial populations changed significantly between the 2 sampli ... | 2003 | 12911062 |
| compatibility of schistosoma haematobium, s. intercalatum and their hybrids with bulinus truncatus and b. forskalii. | schistosoma haematobium and s. intercalatum readily hybridize with each other producing generations of viable hybrid offspring. experiments were designed to investigate the infectivity and viability of the s. haematobium x s. intercalatum f1 and f2 hybrid larvae in their two intermediate snail hosts compared with the parental species. analysis of the data obtained suggested that the s. haematobium male x s. intercalatum female f1 hybrid miracidia were more infective to bulinus truncatus than to ... | 2003 | 12964826 |
| spatial and temporal variation of life-history traits documented using capture-mark-recapture methods in the vector snail bulinus truncatus. | the population biology of the schistosome-vector snail bulinus truncatus was studied in an irrigation area near marrakech, morocco, using demographic approaches, in order to estimate life-history parameters. the survey was conducted using 2 capture-mark-recapture analyses in 2 separate sites from the irrigation area, the first one in 1999 and the second one in 2000. individuals larger than 5 mm were considered. the capture probability varied through time and space in both analyses. apparent surv ... | 2003 | 12964827 |
| experimental infection of bulinus truncatus with schistosoma haematobium. | | 1953 | 13045190 |
| notes on human schistosomiasis in iraq, with particular regard to the bionomics of the intermediate host, bulinus truncatus baylis. | | 1954 | 13219437 |
| effect of human pollution on density of populations of bulinus truncatus. | | 1956 | 13413377 |
| ecology and distribution of bulinus truncatus in the middle east; with comments on the effect of some human activities in their relationship to the snail host on the incidence of bilharziasis haematobia in the middle east and africa. | the author gives a comprehensive account of the present status of knowledge regarding the ecology and distribution of bulinus truncatus, the intermediate host of schistosoma haematobium in the middle east and north africa. he discusses in detail the types of habitat favoured by this snail, its life-cycle and seasonal variations in its populations, the effect of ecological factors on its distribution and occurrence, and the relationship between its control and its bionomics, stressing the many as ... | 1958 | 13573115 |
| the susceptibility and resistance of bulinus (physopsis) globosus and bulinus (bulinus) truncatus rohlfsi to two strains of schistosoma haematobium in ghana. | the author presents the results of some laboratory experiments carried out to determine the susceptibility of the snail vectors of bilharziasis in ghana to local strains of schistosoma haematobium, isolated from children living in two districts near accra: the ke district, where bulinus (bulinus) truncatus rohlfsi is the important snail vector, and the pokoasi district, where bulinus (physopsis) globosus is the exclusive intermediate host.each strain was found to be virtually specific in its abi ... | 1959 | 13638791 |
| egg-laying capacity of the small bulinus truncatus in relation to infection with schistosoma haematobium. | | 1961 | 13727550 |
| further study on the ecology of the intermediate host of schistosoma haematobium, bulinus truncatus baylis. | | 1955 | 14389815 |
| studies on bilharziasis endemicity in the vicinity of basra, iraq. | this paper reports on investigations into the distribution of snail genera and possible limiting environmental factors in the endemic and non-endemic areas of human bilharziasis in and near basra, carried out in 1958 by the who bilharziasis control project staff in iraq. these investigations confirmed the existence of an abrupt line of demarcation between these areas immediately south of basra.during june and october 1958, the known intermediate snail host, bulinus truncatus, was not found in ca ... | 1961 | 14478047 |
| [transmission of schistosoma haematobium in the town of niamey, niger]. | located in an area where schistosoma haematobium is hyperendemic, the town of niamey is a focus of hypoendemicity. the aim of the malacological follow-up studies undertaken over a one year period was the determination of the mollusc species present in the water bodies, the appreciation of their space-time distribution of the snail and to find out the potential seasons of transmission. the investigation applied to 22 sites of transmission in the urban community. four molluscs species (bulinus tru ... | 2003 | 14582291 |
| correlation between snails and fish in fish ponds of world fish center (iclarm) with special reference to snail vectors of schistosomiasis and fascioliasis. | the abundance of snail species in earthen fish ponds, irrigation and drainage canals at world fish center (iclarm) in descending order was bellamya unicolor (50.89%) > physa acuta (18.94%) > cleopatra bulimoides (7.6%) > lanistes carinatus (6.73%) > bulinus truncatus (5.19%) > melanoides tuberculata (4.83%) > lymnaea natalensis (3.14%) > gabbiella senaariensis (0.9%) > biomphalaria alexandrina (0.55%) > lym naea truncatula (0.4%) > planorbis planorbis and succinea cleopatra (0.33%) > ferrissia i ... | 2003 | 14964656 |
| the effects of myrrh (commiphora molmol) on the infected snails of schistosoma sp. and their egg masses: effect on shedding of cercariae and on snail fecundity. | myrrh has molluscicidal effect on infected bulinus truncatus and biomphalaria alexandrina snails at low concentrations (10 & 20 ppm respectively) after 24 hours exposure. the number of dead-snails increased with prolongation of exposure time. all schistosoma free cercariae were killed by 2.5 ppm within 15 minutes. one day-old egg masses were more susceptible to the ovicidal effect of myrrh than the five-day old ones. both types of eggs were more resistant to the effect of myrrh than the adult sn ... | 2003 | 14964669 |
| [recent evolution of schistosomiasis in the water project of sourou in burkina faso]. | in order to help the hydro-agricultural projects in the management of water resources together with a schistosomiasis control programme, it is important to evaluate the extent of the problem. this is the reason why parasitological and clinical surveys were conducted in schools associated with malacological surveys in transmission sites of several water projects including the one from sourou. the data-collecting for the research on molluscs was carried out in surface water and as for parasitologi ... | 2004 | 15104151 |
| [heterogeneity of schistosoma haematobium transmission in irrigated fields]. | heterogeneity of schistosoma haematobium transmission in irrigated fields. although irrigated areas exist since a long time in the niger valley the distribution of the urinary schistosomiasis does not appear homogeneous, testifying to the existence of limiting or favourable factors. the identification of these factors could lead to a better definition of the distribution of the schistosomiasis risks and to optimise control programmes. the population of five villages about 1,900 inhabitants livin ... | 2004 | 15104152 |
| [bulinus truncatus, intermediate host of schistosoma haematobium in the senegal river basin (srb)]. | to assess the role of bulinus truncatus in the transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in the senegal river basin (srb), the relations between b. truncatus and schistosoma haematobium were studied. the compatibility study shows that b. truncatus is susceptible to infection with s. haematobium in the upper valley of the srb. the malacological follow up reveals the presence of b. truncatus naturally infected with schistosomes cercariae in the middle valley. the identification of these schistosomes ... | 2004 | 15104154 |
| [experimental study of the compatibility between schistosoma haematobium and two species of bulinus in cameroon]. | a study on the compatibility between schistosoma haematobium from three remote localities (mourtourwa, gounougou and kékem) and four populations of bulinus truncatus (gounougou, ngaoundéré, bertoua and kékem) and four populations of b. globosus (mourtourwa, ouroudoukoudje, bafia and yaoundé) was undertaken in order to estimate the risk of extension of urinary schistosomiasis in cameroon. first generation of offspring from wild bulinus was exposed to miracidia liberated by schistosome eggs extrac ... | 2004 | 15104158 |
| [schistosomiasis endemic in burkina faso]. | burkina faso, through the works of many teams of the occge based in bobo-dioulasso, has signi-ficant data on several tropical endemics of which schistosomiasis. with the complementary works, it appears to be possible to establish a distribution of the schistosomiasis which reveals its importance. it will be the first stage of the planned national control program. the parasitologic data-gathering which covers the period of 1951 to 2000, used all the standard techniques. it is about kato-kartz and ... | 2004 | 15104159 |
| environmental control of schistosomiasis through community participation in a moroccan oasis. | summary akka oasis, in the province of tata, southern morocco, is one of the oldest foci of urinary schistosomiasis in morocco where transmission is still taking place. we report the results of two studies: a cross-sectional snail survey investigated the distribution of bulinus truncatus in relation to habitat factors in the akka traditional irrigation system. the presence of aquatic vegetation, especially potamogeton sp. was identified as a key factor determining snail occurrence and abundance ... | 2004 | 15361113 |
| the relative susceptibilities of juvenile and adult bulinus globosus and bulinus truncatus to the molluscicidal activities in the fruit of ghanaian blighia sapida, blighia unijugata and balanites aegyptiaca. | the relative susceptibilities of juvenile (2- to 3-week-old) and adult (5- to 7-week-old) bulinus globosus and bu. truncatus to the molluscicidal activities of aqueous preparations of the powdered, dried fruits of blighia sapida, bl. unijugata and balanites aegyptiaca were investigated under laboratory conditions. for the extract prepared from the freeze-dried, semi-ripe fruits of bl. sapida, the concentrations killing 95% of the snails after an exposure for 24 h (lc95) were, respectively, 232.7 ... | 2005 | 15814040 |
| spot light survey on fresh-water snails of medical importance in al fayoum governorate, egypt. | in a survey carried out during summer and autumn of 2004, for snails of medical importance, nine species were recovered. these were biomphalaria alexandrina, b. glabrata, b. pfeifferi, bulinus truncatus, b. forskalii, lymnaea natalensis, bellamya (=vivipara) unicolor, physa acuta and hydrobia musaensis. parasitological examination revealed that b. alexandrina, b. glabrata and l. natalensis harboured immature stages of their concerned trematode parasites. moreover, p. acuta harboured the immature ... | 2005 | 15880994 |
| effect of water plants and non-target snails on the infectivity of bulinus truncatus with schistosoma haematobium. | the application of the water plant (ceratophyllum demersum, eichhornia crassipes and lemna gibba) and/or non-target snails (planorbis planorbis, physa acuta and melanoides tuberculata) gave a significant degree of reduction in the infection rate of b. truncatus subjected to s. haematobium miracidia. the data also indicated a reduction in mean total number of cercarial production/snail. however, no significant difference was detected in the prepatent period and duration of cercarial shedding of t ... | 2005 | 16333895 |
| molecular phylogeny of diploid bulinus sp. (gastropoda: planorbidae) populations in cameroon crater lakes. | bulinus sp. (2n=36) is a diploid freshwater snail found in cameroon crater lakes; it belongs to a group of medically important freshwater snails. some members (bulinus truncatus, bulinus tropicus) of this group had been reported to be involved in the transmission of parasites (schistosoma sp. and calicophoron microbothrium) to human and livestock in tropical africa. yet, understanding of the evolutionary identity of the diploid snail such as its phylogenetic position and the genetic divergence a ... | 2007 | 16809073 |
| epidemiology of schistosoma mansoni infection and its relationship to snail distribution in a village at the nile bank south to cairo. | the relationship between epidemiology of s. mansoni infection and snail distribution at a village, related to guiza governorate and lies south to cairo, was investigated. a systematic random sample of houses was selected. all inhabitants of the houses were invited to share in the study. the number examined was 704. urine and stools were examined using nucleopore filtration and standard kato-katz techniques, respectively. snail collection was done from 35 sites along the water bodies related to t ... | 2004 | 16916052 |
| molluscicidal activities of aqueous extract of the sea anemone parasicyonis actinostoloides against vector snails bulinus truncatus and lymnaea natalensis. | the aqueous extract of the sea anemone parasicyonis actinostoloides showed molluscicidal effect against vector snails of schistosoma hacematobium and fasciola gigantica after 24 hours of exposure. lc50) and lc90 values for p. actinostoloides were 40 & 78.6 ppm for b. runcatus and 46.6 & 86.5 ppm for l. natalensis respectively. the effect of continuously exposure of b. truncatits and l. naltlensis to sublethal aqueous extract concentrations (lc0, lc10 & lc25) on survival rate, egg production and ... | 2006 | 16927866 |
| molluscicidal effect of three monoterpenes oils on schistosomiasis and fascioliasis vector snails in egypt. | thymol, linalool and eugenol showed considerable molluscicidal effect against biomphalaria alexandrina, bulinus truncatus and lymnneae natalensis. the thymol was the potent one at least lc50 and lc90) followed by euganol then linalool. l. natalensis were more sensitive to these compounds followed by b. truncatus and then b. alexandrina. the lc50 & lc90) of thymol were 22 and 34 ppm against b. alexaldrina, 20 and 30 ppm for b. truncatuts and 18 and 29 ppm for l. nalalensis. these values were high ... | 2006 | 16927871 |
| [cleaning and molluscicide treatment for schistosomiasis control]. | we evaluated the effect of niclosamide treatment and the additional cleaning of basins and pools on the density and infection rate of bulinus truncatus within the irrigation network of oudaya. the period prior to molluscicide treatment (january-may) revealed a mean density of 151 snails/m2 in 1995-96 and 127 snails/m2 in 1997-98. after cleaning had started, the mean density prior to molluscicide treatment fell to 84 snails/m2 in 1999-2000. after molluscicide treatment, densities dropped to very ... | 2006 | 17037230 |
| identification of the boudicca and sinbad retrotransposons in the genome of the human blood fluke schistosoma haematobium. | schistosomes have a comparatively large genome, estimated for schistosoma mansoni to be about 270 megabase pairs (haploid genome). recent findings have shown that mobile genetic elements constitute significant proportions of the genomes of s. mansoni and s. japonicum. much less information is available on the genome of the third major human schistosome, s. haematobium. in order to investigate the possible evolutionary origins of the s. mansoni long terminal repeat retrotransposons boudicca and s ... | 2006 | 17072464 |
| electrophoretic patterns of protein fractionations in hemolymph and tissues of biomphalaria alexandrina and bulinus truncatus during course of schistosome infection. | electrophoresis of plasma protein of b. alexandrina (uninfected & infected with s. mansoni) showed that the major dominant bands had molecular weights of 20, 44, 96, 139 & 205 kd in both types of snails. the 1day & 1 week post miracidial exposure (pme) groups were characterized by band 54 kd. all groups except a day pme were characterized by a common band of mw 65 kd. three days pme group had. three bands of 123 kd, 150 &177 kd, not found in other groups. the highest similarity index in 2 weeks ... | 2006 | 17153696 |
| discriminant analysis of free fatty acids of some egyptian snails as a step for schistosomiasis control: new trends. | schistosomiasis is still the most common occupational health problem of rural workers in egypt. the use of molluscicides, either chemical or biological, and environmental changing are the most successful methods of snail control. the new trend in schistosoma control programs is to study the ecological factors that attract miracidium schistosoma specific snails, to emphasizing to find out new environmental safe control methods. since schistosoma worms do not make fatty acids de novo, they require ... | 2000 | 17219851 |
| habitats of bulinus truncatus and planorbarius metidjensis, the intermediate hosts of urinary schistosomosis, under a semiarid or an arid climate. | since bulinus truncatus and planorbarius metidjensis are the intermediate hosts of schistosoma haematobium in southwestern morocco, five rivers were investigated to identify sites colonized by either of both species and determine the characteristics of their habitats via the study of 12 physicochemical parameters in running water. p. metidjensis was observed in the upper valleys of three rivers, whereas b. truncatus was found in sites of lower altitude. a component analysis demonstrated that alt ... | 2007 | 17340142 |
| effects of schistosoma mansoni and schistosoma haematobium infections on calcium content in their intermediate hosts. | flame atomic absorption spectrometry was performed to determine the alteration of calcium concentration in the soft parts and shells of biomphalaria alexandrina and bulinus truncatus due to the infection with schistosoma mansoni and s. haematobium, respectively. the results showed significant lowering in the calcium content of the shells of cercariae shedding b. alexandrina and b. truncatus relative to the calcium content in the shells of uninfected ones. in contrast, the calcium content in the ... | 2007 | 17497170 |
| [bulinus truncatus, planorbarius metidjensis and endemic bilharziosis in the southwestern morocco]. | since planorbarius metidjensis was recently found to be an experimental intermediate host of schistosoma haematobium in the south-west of morocco, a study on planorbid and b. truncatus was carried out from 1997 to 2005. eleven planorbid populations were identified in 1997 in the agadir province, all living at high altitude (from 340 to 1380 m). in contrast, most of the seven bulinid populations inhabited low-lying zones. three annual generations of p. metidjensis (april-july june-september, and ... | 2007 | 17824308 |
| [focusing of schistosoma haematobium transmission in irrigated perimeters of the niger valley (niger): importance of malacological factors]. | currently, the control of urinary schistosomiasis is mostly based on mass treatment. characterization of schistosoma haematobium transmission could lead to adding new methods to the control strategy. | 2008 | 18314284 |
| immunolocalization of schistosoma mansoni and schistosoma haematobium antigens reacting with their egyptian snail vectors. | the reaction of the haemolymph and the tissue of infected intermediate hosts, biomphalaria alexandrina and bulinus truncatus to schistosoma mansoni and s. haematobium antigens were investigated using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. a new technique, agarose cell block was used in collection of haemolymph which helped in collecting plenty of well formed cells in comparison to the ordinary one using the cytospin. collected haemolymph and prepared tissues of uninfected and infected b. alexa ... | 2007 | 18383803 |
| molluscicidal and schistosomicidal activities of a steroidal saponin containing fraction from dracaena fragrans (l.). | the steroidal saponin-containing fraction from methanolic extract of dracaena fragrans (family: agavaceae) was tested for molluscicidal and ovicidal activities against biomphalaria alexandrina and bulinus truncatus, the snail vectors of schistosoma mansoni and s. haematobium in egypt, respectively. it was also tested for schistosemicidal activity in vitro on adult s. mansoni and against the free-living miracidia and cercariae of the parasite. the homogenated soft body of b. alexandrina was used ... | 2008 | 18853630 |
| natural infection of fasciola hepatica (trematoda: fasciolidae) in bulinus truncatus (gastropoda: planorbidae) in northern tunisia. | monthly samples of bulinus truncatus were collected during a year from a cattle-breeding farm located in the region of sejnane (north tunisia) to detect natural infections with fasciola hepatica and determine seasonal variations of the prevalence throughout a year. of the 163 adult bulinids, larval forms of f. hepatica were found in 39% of snails. two peaks in prevalence, the first in june and the second in october, were also noted. bulinus truncatus can be added to the list of potential interme ... | 2009 | 19193249 |
| susceptibility of saudi bulinus truncatus to infection with egyptian schistosoma haematobium with observations on protein electrophoretic pattern of the snails. | a laboratory-based susceptibility study was carried out on snails bulinus truncatus collected from highland abha, asser, saudi arabia to egyptian schistosoma haematobium to investigate the potential role of saudi b. truncatus in the transmission of egyptian s. haematobium and to know the possibility that the parasite might be able to spread into saudi arabia. the results revealed that, compared to egyptian snails, survival of snails at day 25 post-exposure was significantly higher in saudi b. tr ... | 2009 | 19329256 |
| plagiorchis elegans (trematoda) and incompatible snail hosts: implications for snail life history traits and biocontrol of human schistosomiasis. | we examined the effect of plagiorchis elegans on egg production and survival on bulinus truncatus and helisoma trivolvis trivolvis. both species are incompatible hosts for p. elegans. helisoma t. trivolvis occurs sympatrically with p. elegans; b. truncatus does not. overall, p. elegans had no effect on survivorship or egg production in h. t. trivolvis or on the survivorship of b. truncatus. its effect on egg production in b. truncatus was transitory; egg production was reduced by 50% for 5 wk fo ... | 2009 | 19566345 |
| bidirectional introgressive hybridization between a cattle and human schistosome species. | schistosomiasis is a disease of great medical and veterinary importance in tropical and subtropical regions, caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus schistosoma (subclass digenea). following major water development schemes in the 1980s, schistosomiasis has become an important parasitic disease of children living in the senegal river basin (srb). during molecular parasitological surveys, nuclear and mitochondrial markers revealed unexpected natural interactions between a bovine and human schis ... | 2009 | 19730700 |
| freshwater snails in asser region, saudi arabia with special refernce to the zoonotic trematode. | the present study gave information about the recent distribution of freshwater snails in asser region, and the current status of trematode infection specially schistosomiasis within the snails. fifteen localities were visited from septeinber 2007 to december 2008 and the collected snails were examined for the presence of trematode infection. seven species of snails were collected: biomphalaria arabica, bulinus truncatus, bulinus beccari, physa acuta, lymnaea palustris, lymnaea arabica and melano ... | 2009 | 19795761 |
| age-dependent susceptibilities of bulinus truncatus snails to an aqueous extract of pulicaria crispa (forssk.) oliv. (asteraceae) leaves. | this study was carried out to investigate the potential use of the herb pulicaria crispa in the biological control of different developmental stages of bulinus truncatus, a major snail intermediate host of urinary schistosomiasis. age-dependent susceptibilities of mature adult snails, immature snails, juveniles, and one-day old egg masses to aqueous extracts of pulicaria crispa leaves collected from khartoum (sudan) and riyadh (saudi arabia) was determined and compared. the results show the juve ... | 2009 | 19842431 |
| further observations on bulinus (bulinus) truncatus rohlfsi (clessin) in ghana: seasonal population fluctuations and biology. | bulinus (b.) truncatus rohlfsi is an important snail host of schistosoma haematobium in ghana and probably elsewhere in west africa. study of this snail in natural habitats in northern ghana has shown that the pronounced population fluctuations can be broadly related to the alternating wet and dry seasons and to any marked changes in the aquatic vegetation. an increase in snail density and reproductive activity begins during the rainy season, reaching a peak in the dry season. the onset of the c ... | 1962 | 20604118 |
| molecular approaches to the identification of bulinus species in south-west nigeria and observations on natural snail infections with schistosomes. | the current study considers the distribution of a small sample of 138 bulinus snails, across 28 localities within eight nigerian states. snails were identified using a combination of molecular methods involving both dna sequencing of a partial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. the results showed that the majority of bulinus samples tested belonged to the species bulinus truncatus while only t ... | 2010 | 20854706 |
| strong genetic structure in cameroonian populations of bulinus truncatus (gastropoda: planorbidae), intermediate host of schistosoma haematobium. | in order to evaluate the snail host contribution on the variability of mollusk/schistosome compatibility, the genetic structure of seven cameroonian populations of the schistosome vector, bulinus truncatus, was studied using four variable microsatellite loci. a substantial polymorphism mainly distributed among populations was observed. no heterozygous genotype was scored, confirming the high level of selfing rate occurring in b. truncatus populations. contemporaneous samples were highly and sign ... | 2010 | 21075219 |
| comparative study of the karyotypes and electrophoretic patterns of biomphalaria alexandrina and bulinus truncatus and the ova of their corresponding trematode hosts. | the karyotypes of biomphalaria alexandrina and bulinus truncatus were analyzed comparatively and classified on the basis of centromere position. the two species have the same diploid chromosome number, 2n=36. the mitotic chromosomes of b. alexandrina are organized in three groups and consist of 8 metacentric pairs, 8 submetacentric pairs and 2 subtelocentric pairs of chromosomes, while the karyotype of b. truncatus is organized in four groups and consists of 10 metacentric pairs, 4 submetacentri ... | 2011 | 21658469 |
| laboratory studies on the prevalence and cercarial rhythms of trematodes from bulinus truncatus and biomphalaria pfeifferi snails from khartoum state, sudan. | (a) to determine the natural infection rate of bulinus truncatus and biomphalaria pfeifferi snails with trematodes' cercariae. (b) to determine the emergence and rhythmicity of cercariae. (c) to elucidate the high-risk time for man and other animals to acquire infection. | 2006 | 21748137 |
| the molluscicidal properties of natural products from ambrosia maritima. | the molluscicidal properties of damsin "i", ambrosin "ii", and tribromodamsin "iii" were investigated against the intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis biomphalaria alexandrina and bulinus truncatus. although damsin was to some extent more toxic against b. alexandrina than the other two compounds, it was less toxic than them against b. truncatus after 24 hr exposure periods. there is a flex relationship between concentration of damsin and exposure period to prodce 100% mortality. the molluscicid ... | 1999 | 23941 |
| laboratory evaluation of gambusia affinis fish as predators of the schistosome-bearing snails bulinus truncatus. | in this laboratory-based study involving numerous experiments, it was demonstrated that the mosquito fish gambusia affinis preys effectively upon the schistosome-bearing snail bulinus truncatus, even in the presence of an alternative source of food. egg masses and juvenile snails less than or equal to 2 mm in size are preferred. individual eggs are nibbled, and the tiny snails with fragile shells are swallowed and digested. in the absence of other foods, the fish consume the flesh of snails 3 to ... | 2012 | 3755766 |
| outbreak of urogenital schistosomiasis in corsica (france): an epidemiological case study. | schistosomiasis is a snail-borne parasitic disease endemic in several tropical and subtropical countries. however, in the summer of 2013, an unexpected outbreak of urogenital schistosomiasis occurred in corsica, with more than 120 local people or tourists infected. we used a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the epidemiology of urogenital schistosomiasis in corsica, aiming to elucidate the origin of the outbreak. | 2016 | 27197551 |
| schistosoma haematobium infections acquired in corsica, france, august 2013. | a 12 year-old boy in germany developed urinary schistosomiasis in january 2014. he had bathed in rivers in south-eastern corsica five months earlier. before this case, human schistomiasis had not been reported on the island, although its vector, the snail bulinus truncatus, locally transmitted the zoonotic schistosoma bovis. the boy’s father excreted s. haematobium ova that were not viable; the boy’s three siblings had a positive serology against schistosomes. | 2014 | 24925456 |
| assessing the prevalence of urogenital schistosomaisis and transmission risk factors amongst school-aged children around mapé dam ecological suburbs in malantouen district, cameroon. | urogenital schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection of public health importance that affects over 112 million people worldwide. the study aimed at assessing the urogenital schistosomiasis prevalence and risk factors of transmission around mape dam suburds in malantouen district, west, cameroon. | 2017 | 28260525 |
| elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis in iran: past history and the current situation. | in recent years, through a national programme for schistosomiasis control, this infection has been eliminated from iran. the aim of this study was to report the process of significant decrease of urogenital schistosomiasis in southwestern iran. during national programme surveillance for urogenital schistosomiasis control which was implemented by centres for disease control and prevention (cdc) of khuzestan province from 1975 to 2013, more than 1·3 million urine samples were taken from inhabitant ... | 2016 | 27279000 |
| [epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the periurban area of sotuba, 10 years mass treatment began in mali]. | the objective of this work was to describe the epidemiology of schistosomiasis 10 years after mass administration of praziquantel began in sotuba, mali. | 2017 | 26986093 |
| high levels of urinary schistosomiasis among children in bunuso, a rural community in ghana: an urgent call for increased surveillance and control programs. | we investigated the occurrence of urinary schistosomiasis and estimated predictors for risk of infection among children in the bunuso community of ashanti region of ghana, west africa. the cross-sectional survey was conducted between june and december 2009. information was obtained on socio-demographic characteristics, schistosomiasis symptoms and other risk factors through interviews and questionnaires. urine samples were analysed for schistosoma haematobium ova using centrifugation and sedimen ... | 2015 | 26688622 |
| local and international implications of schistosomiasis acquired in corsica, france. | we report 11 cases of schistosomiasis in international travelers who had bathed in rivers in corsica, france, during 2012-2014. the infections were diagnosed in 2014 and reported to the geosentinel surveillance network and european travel medicine network. travelers can be sentinels for emerging infections; thus, this situation warrants a concerted human and veterinary epidemiologic response. | 2015 | 26401954 |
| cytokines and mother sporocysts in susceptible and resistant bulinus truncatus snails infected with schistosoma haematobium. | the presence of immunoreactive interleukin (il-2), interferon gamma (ifn-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α) in addition to the citation of mother sporscytes in cephalopodal musculature in the susceptible and resistance bulinus truncatus the specific intermediate host for the trematode schistosoma haematobium were investigated,. using elisa tests, results indicated that the concentration of il-2-like activity in the susceptible and resistant snails decreased significantly after infection ... | 2014 | 25597143 |
| phylogeny of seven bulinus species originating from endemic areas in three african countries, in relation to the human blood fluke schistosoma haematobium. | snails species belonging to the genus bulinus (planorbidae) serve as intermediate host for flukes belonging to the genus schistosoma (digenea, platyhelminthes). despite its importance in the transmission of these parasites, the evolutionary history of this genus is still obscure. in the present study, we used the partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i (cox1) gene, and the nuclear ribosomal its, 18s and 28s genes to investigate the haplotype diversity and phylogeny of seven bulinus sp ... | 2014 | 25528261 |
| an unusual case of hematuria in a french family returning from corsica. | urinary schistosomiasis caused by schistosoma haematobium worms is endemic to tropical regions where it is the most common cause of hematuria. however, the intermediate snail hosts, bulinus truncatus, have been described in portugal, spain, sardinia, and corsica. s. haematobium has long remained exotic to europe, however, an outbreak of urinary schistosomiasis in corsica started in 2011 with b. truncatus as the primary intermediate host. we describe the case of a 12-year-old french boy presentin ... | 2015 | 25461660 |
| schistosoma haematobium detection in snails by drai pcr and sh110/sm-sl pcr: further evidence of the interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in morocco. | this is the first study in morocco to estimate snail infection rates at the last historic transmission sites of schistosomiasis, known to be free from new infection among humans since 2004. screening of large numbers of snails for infection is one way to confirm that schistosoma haematobium transmission has stopped and does not resurge. | 2014 | 24962624 |
| regulation of laboratory populations of snails (biomphalaria and bulinus spp.) by river prawns, macrobrachium spp. (decapoda, palaemonidae): implications for control of schistosomiasis. | human schistosomiasis is a common parasitic disease endemic in many tropical and subtropical countries. one barrier to achieving long-term control of this disease has been re-infection of treated patients when they swim, bathe, or wade in surface fresh water infested with snails that harbor and release larval parasites. because some snail species are obligate intermediate hosts of schistosome parasites, removing snails may reduce parasitic larvae in the water, reducing re-infection risk. here, w ... | 2014 | 24388955 |
| [parasitological profile of two forms of schistosomiasis (urinary and intestinal forms) at ten sites in burkina faso (sub-saharan africa country)]. | in spite of great progress in schistosomiasis control during the last decade in burkina faso, this disease remains a public health concern in the country. indeed, our study consisted of the analysis of parasitological data related to schistosoma haematobium and schistosoma mansoni and in malacological investigations. the prevalence rate of schistosoma haematobium varies from 3.3% to 50.4% and from 3.3% to 39.1% for schistosoma mansoni, but only in the western part of burkina faso. schoolboys are ... | 2013 | 23916210 |
| efficacy of praziquantel and reinfection patterns in single and mixed infection foci for intestinal and urogenital schistosomiasis in cameroon. | the regular administration of the anthelminthic drug praziquantel (pzq) to school-aged children (and other high-risk groups) is the cornerstone of schistosomiasis control. whilst the performance of pzq against single schistosome species infections is well-known, performance against mixed species infections is less so, as are patterns of re-infection following treatment. to address this, a study using a double treatment with pzq, administered at 40 mg/kg spaced by 3 weeks, took place in two mixed ... | 2013 | 23791803 |
| [comparative study of schistosomiasis transmission (urinary and intestinal forms) at 10 sites in burkina faso (in sub-saharan africa)]. | despite great progress in schistosomiasis control over the past decade in burkina faso, this disease remains a public health problem. this study analyzes parasitologic data from investigations of schistosoma haematobium, s. mansoni, and mollusks. the prevalence rate of s. haematobium varies from 3.3% to 50.4%; that for s. mansoni (tested only in the western part of the country) from 3.3% to 39.1%. prevalence rates are higher in school-aged boys than girls, but the reverse is true among adults. s ... | 2016 | 23174311 |
| development of an in vitro drug screening assay using schistosoma haematobium schistosomula. | the development of novel antischistosomal drugs is crucial, as currently no vaccine and only a single drug is available for the treatment of schistosomiasis. fast and accurate in vitro assays are urgently needed to identify new drug candidates and research efforts should include schistosoma haematobium. the aim of the present study was to develop a s. haematobium drug sensitivity assay based on newly transformed schistosomula (nts). | 2012 | 22876861 |