| [the antiviral action of a modified bacterial ribonuclease]. | the antiviral activity of a bacterial ribonuclease conjugate with chitosane of kamchatka crab (in a form of water soluble chito-oligosaccharides) has been studied. the conjugate inhibitory activity for a and b viruses as well as to sindbis arbovirus in tissue cultures is shown. the preparation efficiency at intramuscular and intranasal administration was observed at experimental influenza infection of white mice. | 1992 | 1302513 |
| [epidemiology of influenza and characteristic etiological factors in the 1990/91 season]. | | 1992 | 1305780 |
| [serologic surveillance of influenza during the epidemic season 1990/91 in poland]. | the level of antibodies was tested in 9 age groups since 6 years up to over 75 years of age for h and n of influenza a(h1n1), a(h3n2) and b in epidemic season 1990/91. the highest gmt were found in all age groups for h3-a/shanghai/16/88, much lower for h1-a/taiwan/1/86. the titers were almost the same in all age groups excluding 6-8 years where gmt was much higher. the lowest titers were found for hemagglutinin of b/yamagata/16/88 and different in different age groups. the highest gmt of neurami ... | 1992 | 1305781 |
| [the epidemiological characteristics of influenza in a large urban center (b.) of romania in 1991]. | the peculiarities of the 1991 influenza epidemics in a big urban centre (b.) of romania were evaluated through clinical and epidemiological active survey and laboratory assays. the results revealed the low rate of endemic morbidity and its significant risk during the fourth trimester as compared to the first, the important implication of the infant population in maintaining the endemic morbidity and of the less than one year old children in the seasonal peaks of the first and fourth trimesters. ... | 1992 | 1308430 |
| evolution of the fusion protein gene of human parainfluenza virus 3. | the nucleotide sequences of the fusion (f) gene of 15 clinical strains of human parainfluenza virus 3 (hpiv3) isolated between 1959 and 1987 were compared with the f gene sequence of the prototype strain, wash/47885/57. nucleotide sequence diversity was greatest in the noncoding regions of the f gene; however, regions believed to function as transcriptional signals were completely conserved. amino acid sequences were highly conserved and all but a few amino acid substitutions were conservative i ... | 1992 | 1311137 |
| prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the immunization practices advisory committee (acip). | these recommendations update information on the vaccine and antiviral agents available for controlling influenza during the 1992-1993 influenza season (superseding the mmwr 1991; 40(no. rr-6): 1-15.) the primary changes include statements about vaccination of persons with known hypersensitivity to eggs or other components of the influenza vaccine, the optimal timing of influenza vaccination, and the influenza strains in the trivalent vaccine for 1992-1993. | 1992 | 1316995 |
| [a case of influenza b viral bronchopneumonia followed by ct]. | a 69-year-old male with bronchial asthma was admitted to a hospital with fever, dyspnea, and productive cough. arterial blood gas analysis revealed sever hypoxemia (pao2 54.8 torr, paco2 28.8 torr). chest roentgenogram showed diffuse reticulonodular shadows predominantly in the upper filed and a small amount of bilateral pleural effusion. ct image of the lung showed nodular opacities at the peripheral branches of the pulmonary arteries and bronchi, some of which had become confluent. the broncho ... | 1992 | 1321305 |
| [acute rhabdomyolysis as a complication of the influenza b virus]. | | 1992 | 1330021 |
| [the effect of influenza and para-influenza on the course of ischemic heart disease]. | a retrospective analysis was made of 541 case reports of patients with coronary heart disease admitted to the infectious department with the diagnosis of influenza (n-387) and parainfluenza (n-154). in all the patients, the diagnosis was verified serologically with the aid of the hemagglutination inhibition test, with a 4-fold and greater increase of the antibody titer in the serum. in part of the patients, it was confirmed by the above test combined with immunofluorescence in examining rhinopha ... | 1992 | 1332205 |
| potential for hepatic and renal dysfunction during influenza b infection, convalescence, and after induction of secondary viremia. | whether infection with influenza b virus alters hepatic function was examined in the ferret. also, the possibility that viral-specific antibodies (ab) could be produced well before their detection in serum was explored. during the febrile period of influenza, reductions in the serum potassium, anion gap, ammonia, albumin and cpk and elevations of the bun, creatinine and the ggtp levels occurred. with convalescence, the electrolytes, bun and creatinine normalized, ffa, sgpt and cpk levels rose an ... | 1992 | 1352541 |
| detection of influenza b virus in throat swabs using the polymerase chain reaction. | an assay protocol based on exploiting the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the direct detection of influenza b virus in throat swabs is described. by the use of pcr with nested primers, it was possible to detect the virus in throat swabs. dilution experiments showed that as little as 1 plaque forming unit of virus was sufficient for detecting the ha gene by the pcr. all throat swab samples from which influenza b virus had been isolated by conventional methods were also positive by the pcr met ... | 1992 | 1360760 |
| worldwide influenza activity. | | 1992 | 1366253 |
| structural determination of gangliosides that bind to influenza a, b, and c viruses by an improved binding assay: strain-specific receptor epitopes in sialo-sugar chains. | an improved binding assay for detection of ganglioside receptors for influenza a, b, and c viruses was developed. in this system, the virions bound to gangliosides that were developed on a silica gel thin-layer plate were detected by mouse monoclonal antibody against viral hemagglutinin and peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobin. no hydrolysis of the gangliosides by viral receptor-destroying enzyme was detected in the present condition. the reactivity of the viruses to gangliosides depend ... | 1992 | 1376537 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 1992. | during the 1991-92 influenza season, influenza activity was reported at moderate levels in many parts of the world. influenza a(h1n1), a(h3n2), and influenza b viruses have continued to circulate worldwide. from october 1991 through february 1992, when influenza viruses circulated widely in the northern hemisphere, epidemic levels of activity were most commonly associated with the h3n2 subtype of influenza a (1). this report summarizes worldwide influenza activity reported from march through sep ... | 1992 | 1383682 |
| recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for 1992-93. | | 1992 | 1394790 |
| immunization of elderly volunteers with the 1988-89 inactivated whole influenza vaccine: assessment of antibody responses by haemagglutination inhibition and single radial haemolysis tests. | the immunogenicity of inactivated whole trivalent influenza vaccines (a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1), a/sichuan/2/87 (h3n2), and b ijing/1/87) recommended for the 1988-89 winter season was evaluated in 236 elderly (mean age 71 years) high risk volunteers. an overall significant increase in the number of subjects with protective haemagglutination inhibiting (hi) antibodies (titer > 1:40) against vaccine components was observed after vaccination. nevertheless, a percentage of individuals (ranging from 56% t ... | 1992 | 1397214 |
| evaluation of a cold-adapted influenza b/texas/84 reassortant virus (crb-87) vaccine in young children. | a cold-adapted (ca) influenza b reassortant virus vaccine that contained the six internal rna segments from influenza b/ann arbor/1/66 ca virus and the neuraminidase and hemagglutinin genes from wild-type influenza b/texas/1/84 virus was evaluated in children ranging in age from 8 months to 14 years. the children were vaccinated intranasally with doses ranging from 10(3.2) to 10(6.2) 50% tissue culture infective doses (tcid50). thirty children were seropositive, and 26 were seronegative. thirty- ... | 1992 | 1400985 |
| nucleotide sequence of the tick-borne orthomyxo-like dhori/india/1313/61 virus membrane protein gene. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the sixth largest segment of ssrna (rna-6) of the tick-borne orthomyxo-like dhori/india/1313/61 virus was determined by using cloned cdna derived from infected cell mrna and dideoxynucleotide sequencing of viral rna. rna-6 contains 962 nucleotides and is predicted to encode a protein of 270 amino acids with an m(r) of 30,498 in its first open reading frame (orf). this protein is likely to represent the viral membrane (m1) protein, based on its predicted m(r) o ... | 1992 | 1402803 |
| antigenic and genetic characterization of the haemagglutinins of recent cocirculating strains of influenza b virus. | the antigenic and genetic characteristics of the haemagglutinins of influenza type b viruses isolated since 1988 during periods of both widespread activity (1990/1991) and sporadic activity (1989/1990) were examined using microneutralization tests and direct rna sequencing. during 1989/1990, influenza b viruses representative of two distinct lineages antigenically and genetically related to either b/victoria/2/87 or b/yamagata/16/88 were isolated, and a minor drift variant of b/yamagata/16/88, b ... | 1992 | 1402807 |
| decreased cell-mediated cytotoxicity against virus-infected cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. | cell-mediated cytotoxicity, directed against virus-infected tissue culture cells, was studied with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) and 12 matched, normal subjects in a 51cr release assay. baseline (preimmunization) levels of cytotoxicity against target cells infected with influenza a/victoria, influenza b/hong kong, newcastle disease virus, and herpes simplex virus were significantly decreased in patients with sle compared to normal sub ... | 1979 | 231095 |
| [the immunological shifts in the blood sera of persons inoculated with influenza vaccines]. | the dynamics of antihemagglutinin content in blood serum of students inoculated with different types of influenza virus vaccines has been traced out in the process of long-term observation. it is shown that this dynamics depends on the type of used vaccines, method of their introduction and epidemiological situation. it is stated that in the process of annual vaccination the highest titres of antihemagglutinins are observed in twice inoculated patients; after the third vaccination these titres d ... | 1992 | 1406385 |
| asymptomatic glomerulonephritis after nonstreptococcal upper respiratory infections. | two hundred forty previously healthy military personnel with nonstreptococcal upper respiratory infections were prospectively studied to define the incidence and clinicopathologic characteristics of possible virus-associated glomerulonephritis. nine patients without preceding streptococcal infection had erythrocyte casts on urinalysis and glomerulonephritis on biopsy. of these nine, four had a reduction in total hemolytic complement and five had serologic evidence of infection with adenovirus, i ... | 1979 | 227300 |
| evidence for an aetiological role for adenovirus type 7 in the mesenteric adenitis syndrome. | previous research has established the relationship between viral infection with adenovirus, influenza b virus and coxsackie b virus, and mesenteric adenitis. a prospective controlled survey of the incidence of viral infection in mesenteric adenitis was undertaken in children attending a children's hospital over a period of 13 months. eighteen patients, together with 18 controls who were matched for age, sex, and date of presentation, were studied. there were five cases of adenovirus type 7 infec ... | 1979 | 226850 |
| [the antigenic characteristics of the influenza virus subpopulations isolated from a single patient]. | examinations by hi and eia of influenza a (h3n2) virus isolates of 1985-1990 showed the strains derived from nasopharyngeal washings from patients to present very frequently as phenotypic mixtures of stable virus variants. immunological analysis with monospecific antibody to hemagglutinin antigenic sites revealed a wide spectrum of antigenic activity based on the degree of relationship with viruses of previous years. by means of the immune pressing with antibody of different specificity the isol ... | 1992 | 1413713 |
| biomedical survey in irian jaya (west irian), indonesia. | a biomedical survey was conducted in several areas of irian jaya, indonesia in july 1972 in association with an investigation of reports of a cholera outbreak. stool specimens, blood smears and sera were collected and examined for evidence of parasitic as well as other infectious diseases. a total of 114 stools were examined and the most commonly found intestinal parasites were trichuris trichiura (94%), ascaris lumbricoides (74%), hookworm (58%), entamoeba coli (15%), endolimax nana (8%), entam ... | 1977 | 208184 |
| influenza surveillance--united states, 1991-92. | during the 1991-92 influenza season, sustained regional influenza activity began to be reported by state and territorial epidemiologists in the united states in mid-october 1991. sustained reporting of widespread influenza activity began in early november 1991, 5-10 weeks earlier than in any of the previous nine influenza seasons. influenza caused substantial morbidity among school-age children and excess mortality among the elderly. regional outbreaks of influenza ended 2-6 weeks earlier than i ... | 1992 | 1435687 |
| [monoclonal antibodies to the influenza a virus matrix protein that react with viral strains of different subtypes]. | to obtain hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (mca) to matrix (m) protein of influenza virus, mice were immunized with a modified antigen which consisted of subvirus units after electrophoretic removal of surface glycoproteins from virions using desintegnon-o detergent. six stable hybrid cultures producing mca to m-protein were derived. the properties of mca to the antigen determinant common for a group of influenza a virus strains of different subtypes allow them to be used in the develo ... | 1992 | 1441439 |
| western blot analysis of antibody responses to influenza virion proteins. | an immunoblotting procedure was developed to detect antibody responses in mice and humans to influenza virion proteins. the technique was capable of detecting 1.5 micrograms of haemagglutinin (ha) on nitrocellulose strips at a 1:5000 dilution of a mouse serum with an initial haemagglutination inhibition titre of 20. the effects of the use of the blocking agent tween-20 on virion proteins were also studied. the commonly used concentration of 0.05% (v/v) tween-20, when included in blocking and inc ... | 1992 | 1452221 |
| high growth reassortant influenza vaccine viruses: new approaches to their control. | when a new strain of an influenza virus is required to be incorporated into influenza vaccine, attempts are made to recombine such strains with laboratory adapted viruses, which will grow to high titre in order to improve the yield of the vaccine strain. it is important that such high growth reassortant vaccine strains are not contaminated with genes coding for the antigenic determinants of the high growth laboratory strain. we describe the characterization of two recent high growth reassortants ... | 1992 | 1457106 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 1992-93 season. | influenza activity in the united states is monitored by cdc through surveillance systems maintained cooperatively with state and local health departments (1); in addition, cdc receives reports of worldwide influenza activity from international world health organization (who) collaborating laboratories and from who, geneva. this report summarizes surveillance for influenza in the united states and worldwide during the 1992-93 season through december 5, 1992. | 1992 | 1461251 |
| influenza vaccination in chronic hemodialysis patients. the effect of zinc supplementation. | since influenza increases the mortality of chronically ill patients we decided to study the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in hemodialysis (hd) patients. nineteen hd patients aged from 20 to 60 years, on unrestricted diet and with no febrile episode, were studied. blood samples were collected before the intramuscular injection of 0.5 ml multivalent influenza vaccine (inflexal berna) and every 2 weeks thereafter. at the end of 4th week a second vaccination was done and a dosage of 200 mg ... | 1992 | 1462010 |
| comparison of the ha genes of type b influenza viruses in herald waves and later epidemic seasons. | from january 1985 to may 1991, herald strains of influenza b virus were isolated in 1987 and 1989 in japan. in both cases, influenza epidemics caused by the same type followed in the next winter season. the ha gene sequences of the influenza b viruses isolated in japan from 1987-91, which covers two herald waves of influenza b viruses, were analysed and located on the phylogenetic tree for influenza b viruses after the b/singapore/64 strain. co-circulation of at least two evolutionary lineages o ... | 1992 | 1468537 |
| audit of the use of erythromycin in the treatment of community-acquired lower respiratory infections. | the british thoracic society (bts) guidelines for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia recommend initial therapy with a betalactam antibiotic, with the addition of erythromycin if there are features of an atypical pneumonia. to see if these guidelines were being followed, a prospective study was undertaken of all adult patients admitted to hospital over a 3-month period who were given erythromycin for a community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection. erythromycin was given to 62 p ... | 1992 | 1470708 |
| influenza b virus infection associated with non-bacterial septic shock-like illness. | we report the details of four children aged between 6 months and 5.5 years who had underlying chronic disease and who developed life-threatening illness in association with influenza virus b infection. influenza has received relatively little attention, yet its morbidity and mortality in children can be considerable. this report emphasises the need to vaccinate the population groups at high risk, such as children with cardiovascular disorders, chronic bronchopulmonary, metabolic and renal diseas ... | 1992 | 1474269 |
| [studies of the influenza epidemic of january-march, 1974]. | in an epidemiologic, clinical and viral study of several influenza foci in some urban districts of romania during january-march 1974, 23 influenza virus b hong-kong 8/73 strains were isolated. the dynamics of hai serum antibodies confirmed the viral diagnosis. the epidemic ran a slow course, affecting especially the 14-25 years age group and had an evident benign clinical aspect. | 1975 | 128103 |
| use of monoclonal antibodies for rapid diagnosis of respiratory viruses: memorandum from a who meeting. | a monoclonal antibody diagnostic kit (using immunofluorescence) to detect directly viral antigens of respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus a, influenza virus b, parainfluenza viruses (types 1, 2, and 3), and adenovirus has been developed by who. during 1990 and 1991 a total of 16 laboratories in different parts of the world were invited to test the kit in clinical use. this memorandum summarizes the results obtained as well as the discussions and recommendations made by participants at a ... | 1992 | 1486665 |
| gastric 'flu influenza b causing abdominal symptons in children. | influenza-b virus was identified in 102 children admitted to hospital during two epidemics in 1973 and 1974, enzbling the symptomatology of infection with this virus to be assessed in detail for the first time. abdominal pain, often severe enough to require differentiation from acute appendicitis, emerged as a dominant symptom, especially in older children. respiratory symptoms were often insignificant, although the lower respiratory tract was sometimes involved. other symptoms in some children ... | 1975 | 46444 |
| immune response to inactivated influenza virus vaccine: antibody reactivity with epidemic influenza b viruses of two highly distinct evolutionary lineages. | vaccination of adults (healthy female employees potentially capable of transmitting influenza to high-risk persons; n = 104) in autumn 1990 with a trivalent influenza virus vaccine containing b/yamagata/16/88 induced a low antibody response to b/finland/150/90, a recent variant of b/victoria/2/87-like viruses, as compared with the antibody response to b/finland/172/91, a current variant in the lineage of b/yamagata/16/88-like viruses. up to the end of the epidemic season, the antibody status dec ... | 1992 | 1502842 |
| synthesis and antiviral evaluation of n-carboxamidine-substituted analogues of 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride. | ten, hitherto unreported, analogues of 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride (2a, ribamidine) and methyl carboximidate 5 have been synthesized. these include the n-cyano (2b), n-alkyl (2c-e), n-amino acid (2f-h), n,n'-disubstituted (6, 7a,b), and the n-methylated carboxamide (1f) analogues of ribavirin. in addition, a new facile synthesis of carboxamidine 2a was also developed. all compounds were evaluated for biological activity against the following rna viruses: p ... | 1992 | 1507208 |
| influenza b-associated reye's syndrome: incidence in michigan and potential for prevention. | prospective surveillance for reye's syndrome in michigan revealed the occurrence of 46 cases between december 15, 1973 and june 1, 1974. in an attempt to determine the incidence of influenza b-associated reye's syndrome, a randomized point-prevalence survey of 1,041 schoolchildren was done in a county in michigan where there had been simultaneous outbreaks of influenza b and reye's syndrome. of the children tested, 20% had titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to influenza virus b/hong ... | 1977 | 850077 |
| [septicemia with haemophilus influenza b pneumonia: a childhood disease in a 50-year-old adult]. | | 1992 | 1539396 |
| selection of influenza b virus recombinants and their testing in humans for attenuation and immunogenicity. | the selection of influenza b virus recombinants from plaques in bovine kidney cell monolayers is described. two sets of recombinants were each derived from parents of high and low virulence for humans, respectively. recombination frequency was apparently high, and reassortment of genes made it possible to obtain attenuated recombinants containing the surface antigens of the virulent parents. attenuation and immunogenicity were demonstrated in a series of volunteer trials. however, technique prov ... | 1977 | 844900 |
| use of an inhibitor-resistant live attenuated influenza vaccine in normal and asthmatic adults. | the efficacy of a monovalent live attenuated influenza a (h3n2) vaccine (an inhibitor-resistant recombinant strain named "alice") and of a bivalent vaccine composed of "alice" and influenza b strain r75 (also inhibitor-resistant), was tested in healthy and asthmatic adults. two intranasal doses of the monovalent "alice" vaccine were given to 95 healthy adults in the winter of 1973-74. ninety-three % of 68 subjects with initial serum hemagglutination (hi) titers of less than or equal to 1:40 had ... | 1976 | 782967 |
| double-blind clinical assessment of ribavirin (virazole) in the prevention of induced infection with type b influenza virus. | the prophylactic effectiveness of oral administration of ribavirin (1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,24-triazole-3-carboxamide, virazole) against artificially induced influenza b infection was evaluated in a double-blind clinical trial. fifteen seronegative men received ribavirin capsules (600 mg/day in three divided doses), and 15 other men received placebo capsules two days before the inoculation of 6.4 x 10(4) 50% tissue culture infective doses of influenza virus b/georgia/26/74 and for eight days af ... | 1976 | 778306 |
| rates of pneumonia during influenza epidemics in seattle, 1964 to 1975. | influenza a epidemics were associated with a doubling to tripling of pneumonia rates among adult members of a prepaid medical care group studied between 1963 and 1975. rates of influenza a associated with pneumonia increased with age. influenza b epidemics did not have a similar effect. overall pneumonia rates were highest in children younger than 5 years, but in this age group, other respiratory viruses dominated as causative agents. influenza a and b epidemics were not always synchronized with ... | 1979 | 758528 |
| [rhabdomyolysis associated with influenza b virus]. | | 1992 | 1561458 |
| [immunologic memory in influenza patients according to the blast transformation reaction to specific antigen]. | one hundred-sixty patients with the laboratorily confirmed diagnosis of influenza were examined in the study on the capacity of t-and b-lymphocytes to retain immunological memory for influenza infection by the method of lymphocyte blast-cell transformation (lbt). the studies were carried out in the epidemic periods of influenza a2, a1, and b at various stages of the disease and convalescence. the lbt test was positive in 21--70% of tests depending on the time after the onset. memory cells were d ... | 1978 | 749348 |
| agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of kenya. x. haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against influenza a (h3n2) and influenza b virus in sera from children living in the machakos district of kenya. | in the framework of the machakos project bloodcollections from random samples of children under 5 years of age and living in a rural area of kenya were done with regular intervals, serum samples of two collections were tested for haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against influenza a and b viruses. the children had been exposed to the hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) virus or its variants during one, two or three episodes of circulation and probably to only one epidosde of b/hong kong/8/73 virus. the ... | 1978 | 749289 |
| identification of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of influenza b virus. | the genome of influenza b viruses was shown by electrophoresis to consist of eight rna segments. the fifth largest segment coded for hemagglutinin and the sixth coded for neuraminidase. | 1978 | 625089 |
| direct detection of influenza virus antigen in nasopharyngeal specimens by direct enzyme immunoassay in comparison with quantitating virus shedding. | we developed a direct enzyme immunoassay [eia; enzygnost influenza a(ag) and enzygnost influenza b(ag)] for the direct detection of influenza a and b virus antigens in nasopharyngeal secretion specimens (nps). the test is performed without sonification of specimens, and results are obtained within 4 h. a direct comparison between direct eia and quantitation of virus shedding for influenza a and b virus antigen detection was carried out. a total of 210 nps and 98 nasopharyngeal wash specimens (np ... | 1992 | 1572972 |
| from the centers for disease control. influenza activity--united states and worldwide; composition of the 1992-1993 influenza vaccine. | | 1992 | 1578585 |
| sales of nonprescription cold remedies: a unique method of influenza surveillance. | in 1976, the national institute of allergy and infectious disease sponsored a nationwide network for influenza surveillance. in this paper, in addition to reporting the surveillance findings in los angeles, sales of nonprescription cold remedies in a large supermarket chain were evaluated as an indicator of influenza activity in the community. twenty-seven isolates of influenza b occurred between february 17 and april 26, 1977. peak influenza b activity occurred from mid-march to early april, 19 ... | 1979 | 503653 |
| [value of fast indirect immunofluorescence diagnosis of respiratory viruses]. | four hundred and three nasopharyngeal aspirates from hospitalized children have been analysed for rsv, influenza a and b, parainfluenza 3, adenovirus, with monofluor kits diagnostics pasteur. one hundred and seventeen positive samples were found, rsv: 69, influenza a: 17, influenza b: 12, parainfluenza 3: 2 and adenovirus: 17. rapid diagnosis of viral diseases allows to decrease the incidence of nosocomial infections, to watch over infants carrying rsv who might develop severe bronchiolitis. thi ... | 1992 | 1580744 |
| intradermal administration of bivalent and monovalent influenza vaccines. | intradermal (id) administration of 0.1 ml of a bivalent influenza vaccine containing 40 cca units each of influenza a/new jersey (hswine 1n1) and a/victoria (h3n2) virus antigens and of a monovalent vaccine containing 100 cca units of influenza b/hong kong virus to 70 adult volunteers produced no serious reactions and only 7% bothersome side effects. excluding persons with high (1:64 or greater) initial antibody titers, then 90% and 85% of persons had fourfold or greater rises in hai antibodies ... | 1977 | 889154 |
| potentiation of the immune response to influenza virus subunit vaccines. | influenza subunit vaccines are poorly immunogenic in unprimed lower animals and man and methods were sought to potentiate the humoral response. influenza b intact virus vaccines potentiated the antibody response of hamsters to purified vaccines containing influenza a hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits. the levels of anitbody induced were at least as high as those induced by equivalent doses of whole virus. similarly, intact heterologous influenza a virus vaccine (a/victoria/3/75 [h3n2]) po ... | 1977 | 915292 |
| diagnostic criteria for influenza b-associated reye's syndrome: clinical vs. pathologic criteria. | between december 15, 1973, and jun 30, 1974, a total of 379 cases of reye's syndrome was reported to the center for disease control. one hundred forty-seven (40%) were confirmed by either autopsy or biopsy, while 232 were diagnosed by clinical and laboratory parameters. comparisons of the epidemiologic and demographic characteristics, the hospital course, the outcome, and the laboratory abnormalities of the clinically diagnosed and the pathologically confirmed cases revealed no significant diffe ... | 1977 | 917632 |
| genetic relationship between an influenza a and a b virus. | the base sequence homology between all eight 32p-labelled rna segment of fowl plague virus (fpv) and the complementary rna (crna) of an influenza b virus (b-mass), and between segment 8 of virus n and the crna of the same influenza b strain has been determined. all segments of fpv and segment 8 of virus n show a significant base sequence homology, ranging from 18 to 50% suggesting that influenza a and b viruses have a common ancestor. the conserved regions in segments 4,6 and 8 of the influenza ... | 1977 | 925682 |
| antivirals for the chemoprophylaxis and treatment of influenza. | influenza virus infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the united states. several antiviral agents, amantadine, rimantadine, and ribavirin, have been shown to be either therapeutically or prophylactically effective in influenza virus infections. amantadine and rimantadine are effective, via the oral route, in treating and preventing influenza a infections. aerosolized preparations of amantadine and rimantadine have also shown therapeutic efficacy against influenza ... | 1992 | 1609169 |
| immunogenicity of inactivated influenza vaccine in residential homes for elderly people. | one hundred and seventy residents of 11 leicester city council homes for the elderly, with a total of 515 beds, were studied during a 30-week period from september 1988 to march 1989 to determine the use of influenza vaccine, the levels of influenza antibody, the incidence of influenza, and the protection afforded by vaccination. the study group of 133 women and 37 men had a mean age of 85 years and 59% had one or more chronic medical conditions. the immunization rates by home for the 170 sympto ... | 1992 | 1615780 |
| rapid diagnosis of respiratory viral infections by using a shell vial assay and monoclonal antibody pool. | we compared the detection of seven respiratory viruses by using a commercially available monoclonal antibody pool in a 2-day shell vial assay with that by using standard cell culture with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa)-negative nasal secretions from hospitalized children. we found 179 respiratory virus isolates by either method in 675 specimens. overall, the shell vial assay detected 147 of 179 (79%) of the positives after 2 days; cell culture detecte ... | 1992 | 1624569 |
| rnas of influenza a, b, and c viruses. | the nucleic acids of influenza a, b, and c viruses were compared. susceptibility to nucleases demonstrates that influenza c virus, just as influenza a and b viruses, possesses single-stranded rna as its genome. the base compositions of the rnas of influenza a, b, and influenza c virus are almost identical and comparative analysis on polyacrylamide gels shows that the genome of influenza c/gl/1167/54 virus, like that of the rnas of influenza a and b viruses, is segmented. eight distinct rna bands ... | 1976 | 944790 |
| a comparison of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infections among infants admitted to hospital with acute respiratory infections. | among 741 children under 5 years admitted to hospital with respiratory infections during two winters, infection with influenza a virus was diagnosed in 70 (9%), with influenza b virus in 8 (1%), and with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in 259 (35%). both influenza virus and rsv infections were diagnosed most frequently in children under the age of one year, and diagnosed more frequently in males than females. influenza illnesses were more severe in boys than girls. both infections occurred mor ... | 1976 | 1069818 |
| reye's syndrome and post-influenza-b hepatotoxicity. | | 1975 | 1114852 |
| acute myositis associated with influenza b infection. | an epidemic of acute myositis affecting children occurred in association with influenza b infections. the myositis followed the initial influenza-like episode, and almost exclusively involved the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. patients improved without specific treatment and made a complete recovery in four to five days. laboratory studies characteristically showed elevated cpk, sgot values, and a low peripheral white blood cell count. influenza b virus was isolated from 11 of the 17 patients ... | 1976 | 1250660 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity, 1992. | | 1992 | 1279227 |
| [studies on sialidase and esterase in influenza viruses]. | the main contributions of the author and collaborators about sialidase (ec 3.2.1.18) of influenza virus types a and b and o-acetylesterase (ec 3.1.1.53) of type c are summarized. after a short introduction on the topic, the negative results obtained by the author on inhibitors are commented. then, the peculiarities of the three procedures assayed, based on the nadh determination as a measurement for the sialidase activity, are discussed. the spectrofluorimetric measurement of nadh concentration ... | 1991 | 1656837 |
| suppression of hepatic drug metabolism by the interferon inducer, polyriboinosinic acid:polyribocitidylic acid. | since the discovery that interferon inducers depress hepatic drug metabolism, the depressant action of cytochrome p450 (p450) has been demonstrated to be shared by cytokines such as interferon alpha/beta and interferon gamma as well as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. because these cytokines are inflammatory mediators, it is not surprising that theophylline toxicity has been reported in patients with influenza b epidemic. hence, to lay a foundation for studies of altered steroid and drug ... | 1992 | 1403800 |
| [the reproduction of reassortant influenza a and b viruses with a known genome composition in different cell systems]. | reproduction of parental strains and reassortants (with known genome composition) of influenza a and b viruses was studied in chick embryos (ce) and in different cell lines (spev, mdck, bhk-21, m22, etc.). the results agree with the concept that the yield of influenza a virus in ce depends on its m-gene. at the same time, the experimental results suggest that reproduction of influenza b virus in the same system is not determined by m-gene. reproduction (hr-phenotype) of influenza a and b viruses ... | 1992 | 1413710 |
| [the antigens and nucleotide sequences of influenza a and b viruses in the lymphocytes of human peripheral blood]. | markers of influenza a and b viruses (antigens of hemagglutinin and specific nucleotide sequences) were detected in lymphocyte preparations from normal subjects. the rate of detection of the antigens and specificity (type and subtype appurtenance) of the markers correlated with the influenza epidemic situation. lower titers of antibodies to the virus whose antigens were present in lymphocytes were observed. | 1992 | 1413712 |
| type-specific identification of influenza viruses a, b and c by the polymerase chain reaction. | the aim of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction for specific detection of influenza a, b, and c rna genomes. three primer sets were selected from conserved regions of the genome coding for the non-structural proteins and were tested on 61 influenza a (22 h1n1, 9 h2n2, and 30 h3n2), 11 influenza b, and three influenza c isolates. specific amplified products were obtained with all these strains after electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel. the specificity of the reaction was increase ... | 1992 | 1430057 |
| outbreaks of influenza b: 1991. | | 1991 | 1669799 |
| influenza surveillance. | | 1991 | 1669817 |
| detection of influenza a and b in respiratory secretions with the polymerase chain reaction. | influenza a and b are rna-containing viruses that frequently infect humans. currently, sensitive detection of these viruses requires fresh respiratory secretions and special facilities for culture. to facilitate diagnosis of influenza, the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used in the present studies to detect dna produced by reverse transcription of influenzal rna in vaccines, tissue culture fluids, and stored respiratory secretions. primers were directed at targets on the highly conserved se ... | 1992 | 1477662 |
| [usefulness and limitations of vaccination against influenza]. | influenza viruses have caused major epidemics of respiratory disease and a high mortality in patients with advanced age and in those with underlying health conditions. it has been estimated in the usa that, during a moderate epidemic of influenza, there is an excess of 170,000 hospitalizations and approximately 20,000 to 40,000 influenza-associated deaths per years. costs may exceed 1 billion dollars per year. influenza viruses have been difficult to control because of a large animal reservoir a ... | 1992 | 1496181 |
| antigenic, sequence, and crystal variation in influenza b neuraminidase. | the neuraminidase (na) genes of influenza b viruses b/maryland/59, b/hong kong/8/73, b/singapore/222/79, b/oregon/5/80, b/ussr/100/83, b/victoria/3/85, b/leningrad/179/86, b/memphis/6/86, and b/memphis/3/89 have been sequenced. the deduced amino acid sequences show high variability in the stalk domain of the na, but a surprising degree of sequence conservation in the head region which carries all the antigenic and enzyme activity. the variable region coding for the neuraminidase stalk also trans ... | 1990 | 1695410 |
| [the genotyping of reassortants of the influenza virus type b]. | a rapid method requiring a small amount of materials is described for genotyping of influenza type b virus reassortants. it allows one to carry out within a short time a simultaneous analysis of the genome of 12 virus strains by pag electrophoresis of virion rnas. the conditions for the detection of the greatest strain-specific differences in the mobility of individual rna segments of influenza b virus were found: 3.3% pag plus 4.5 m urea, although the most reliable results were obtained by comp ... | 1990 | 1699357 |
| [the detection of the antigens of influenza viruses a and b in the blood of healthy donors]. | blood clots and sera were obtained from donors at a moscow city transfusion clinic during 1984-1988 and tested by indirect solid-phase enzyme immunoassay with original test-sera to hemagglutinating antigens of influenza a (h1 and h3) and b viruses. examinations of 1714 blood samples demonstrated hemagglutinating antigens of different specificity (from 0.8% to 35%), the detection rate of one or another antigen correlating with the epidemic activity of influenza virus serovariants a and b. the vir ... | 1990 | 1699358 |
| measurement of anti-influenza neuraminidase antibody using a peroxidase-linked lectin and microtitre plates coated with natural substrates. | neuraminidase-induced removal of sialic acid from natural substrates (desialylation) unmasks saccharides that are specifically recognized by the lectin peanut agglutinin (pna). we demonstrate that, when a neuraminidase substrate is coated on to the wells of a microplate, it is possible to quantitate the binding of pna to the desialylated substrate using a peroxidase-conjugated pna (po-pna). the amount of bound pna correlated directly with the amount of sialic acid removed from the substrate and ... | 1990 | 1703190 |
| [selection of antigenic variants of the influenza virus on the cells of different hosts]. | antigenic differences were found in influenza b virus variants isolated and propagated in different systems: chick embryos (e variants) and mdck cell culture (m variants). the antigenic differences in m and e variants were detected in hi tests with polyclonal mouse sera and monoclonal antibodies as well as in biological neutralization tests in chick embryos and mdck cell culture, and confirmed when m and e variants were used as antigens for antibody detection in human sera. by protein mobility i ... | 1990 | 1707196 |
| [the antigenic specificity of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza b virus reproducing in different cell systems]. | | 1990 | 1707198 |
| differential inhibitory effects of sulfated polysaccharides and polymers on the replication of various myxoviruses and retroviruses, depending on the composition of the target amino acid sequences of the viral envelope glycoproteins. | sulfated polysaccharides (i.e., dextran sulfate) and sulfated polymers (i.e., sulfated polyvinylalcohol and sulfated copolymers of acrylic acid with vinylalcohol) were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of the replication of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza virus type a (influenza a virus) but not of other myxoviruses (parainfluenza 3, measles, and influenza b viruses). the compounds were also inhibitory to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 and simian ... | 1991 | 1725692 |
| rapid detection of influenza-b virus in respiratory secretions by immunofluorescence during an epidemic. | a commercially available indirect immunofluorescent assay for detection of respiratory viruses in nasal secretions was compared with cell culture during an influenza-b epidemic. this assay had poor sensitivity in the detection of influenza-b virus when used directly patients specimens. | 1992 | 1730184 |
| impact of influenza virus infection as a cause of pediatric hospitalization. | from winter 1989 to spring 1990, a severe epidemic caused by influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses developed in japan. during the epidemic (december 1989 to february 1990), 244 children were admitted to the pediatric ward of nippon kokan hospital: 53 (21.7%) were hospitalized with influenza virus infection, 22 (9.0%) with rotavirus gastroenteritis, and 17 (7.0%) with respiratory syncytial virus infection. among those with influenza, 24 had type a and 29 had type b. most were young healthy children wi ... | 1992 | 1730904 |
| a novel particulate influenza vaccine induces long-term and broad-based immunity in mice after oral immunization. | the immunogenicity of a novel particulate oral influenza vaccine was examined in terms of antibody response and protection in mice. oral immunization with chicken erythrocytes (crbc) adsorbed with gamma-irradiated influenza a virus induced high levels of immunoglobulin g antibodies and protection in the lung compared with gamma-irradiated virus administered alone or crbc. immunoglobulin a antibodies were the predominant antibodies in nasal washings, and their presence did not correlate with prot ... | 1992 | 1731094 |
| the 2.2 a resolution crystal structure of influenza b neuraminidase and its complex with sialic acid. | influenza virus neuraminidase catalyses the cleavage of terminal sialic acid, the viral receptor, from carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids. we present the crystal structure of the enzymatically active head of influenza b virus neuraminidase from the strain b/beijing/1/87. the native structure has been refined to a crystallographic r-factor of 14.8% at 2.2 a resolution and its complex with sialic acid refined at 2.8 a resolution. the overall fold of the molecule is very similar t ... | 1992 | 1740114 |
| fatal influenza b virus pneumonia in pediatric patients. | | 1992 | 1741181 |
| [atypical pathogen spectrum in community-acquired infections of the lower respiratory tract in childhood]. | over a period of 14 months, we obtained nasal and throat swabs for virological examinations from patients, admitted to hospital with suspected pneumonia. fifty-five cases of perihilar bronchitis and 103 cases of pneumonia were diagnosed based on radiological criteria. in 36% (n = 57) of the children, a pathogen could be determined by antigen elisa. we found the following spectrum: respiratory syncytial virus: 42%; influenza a: 8%; influenza b: 10%; parainfluenza 1: 3%; parainfluenza 2: 10%; para ... | 1991 | 1745250 |
| influenza virus activity in papua new guinea. | influenza viruses remain a major cause of respiratory disease in both developed and developing countries. a great deal of information concerning the structure, pathology and modes of transmission of these viruses has been accumulated, but no means of successfully combating them have, as yet, been devised. the most appropriate strategy for limiting the effects of influenza is to monitor the emergence and spread of new strains carefully and warn the public and at-risk groups of impending epidemics ... | 1991 | 1750264 |
| high dose-short duration ribavirin aerosol treatment--a review. | a high-dose, short-duration treatment with ribavirin aerosol consisting of a three-fold increase in concentration of drug (60 mg versus 20 mg of ribavirin per ml in the liquid reservoir of the generator administered for about one-third the time of the standard treatment) was as effective as the standard dosage in the treatment of experimental influenza a and b infections in mice and in the treatment of experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats. despite some minor pulmonar ... | 1991 | 1756300 |
| influenza in the world. 1 october 1990-30 september 1991. | | 1991 | 1782122 |
| a new influenza surveillance system in france: the ile-de-france "grog". 2. validity of indicators (1984-1989). | the evaluation of the validity of the grog's indicators is based on the first five years of activity, four of which being epidemic ones. a virological criterion for identifying epidemics is used as the gold standard. for each non-specific indicator, the ratio of epidemic weeks to non-epidemic weeks is outlined. therefore we can define four epidemic situations in relation with the strains circulating and the non-specific indicators. influenza a epidemics, which are known as a mortality problem ca ... | 1991 | 1783052 |
| comparison of rapid immunofluorescence assay to cell culture isolation for the detection of influenza a and b viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions from infants and children. | in the hospital setting it is often critical to isolate patients appropriately in order to prevent nosocomial infection. this is especially true with respiratory infection in infants and young children. at the present time a rapid immunofluorescence assay (ifa) for respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza viruses is routinely carried out in our laboratory. during january and february of 1990 we used monoclonal antibodies specific for influenza a and b viruses (baxter-bartels, bellevue, wa) in thi ... | 1991 | 1783676 |
| [the use of the lectin test for detecting antineuraminidase antibodies in the sera of vaccinated subjects]. | the lectin test (a microvariant) was used to study the immunogenicity of live attenuated and inactivated virion divaccines of influenza a (h1n1 + h3n2) and influenza b vaccines in children 3 to 15 years of age. a good correlation was found between the general level of seroconversion of antineuraminidase and antihemagglutinin antibodies in the sera examined. this method is simple and may be useful for titration of large numbers of sera in studies on the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines or pec ... | 1991 | 1785180 |
| [the inoculation properties of live recombinant influenza vaccine types a and b used separately and jointly in children 3 to 14]. | the reactogenicity and immunizing activity of vaccine influenza virus a (h1n1) and b strains used as mono- and bi-preparations in children of 3 to 14 years was studied. no increased reactogenicity after the use of bivaccine was observed in the children. febrile reactions as well as 9 other clinical symptoms which could indicate the reactogenicity of the vaccines were identical for mono- and bivaccine and corresponded to the requirements of the technical documents for the vaccine. the optimal con ... | 1991 | 1785181 |
| [the formation of an immune response in volunteers inoculated with a live recombinant influenza vaccine]. | the capacity of a live influenza vaccine (liv) to stimulate cytotoxic cells (adcmc and nk) was studied in 49 volunteers and 56 patients with influenza. experimental batches of liv from influenza a and b viruses prepared by genetic recombination on the basis of cold-adapted attenuation donors were used. type a and b liv were shown to stimulate the cytotoxic cell-mediated and humoral immunity; the intensity of immune response, however, depended on the molecular genetic characteristics of the vacci ... | 1991 | 1785182 |
| influenza immunization recommendations for delaware. | | 1991 | 1786842 |
| haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia in older children. | haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) is a well-recognized cause of serious infection in infants and toddlers. however, little information exists regarding hib infections in older children. this report describes serious hib infections in 23 children (eight immunocompromised; 15 immunocompetent) older than 59 months of age. data were collected over an 11-year period. the mean age of the children was 7.6 years (range, 5-15 years), and 14 were male. while three of the eight immunocompromised children ... | 1991 | 1788118 |
| comparison between three rapid methods for direct diagnosis of influenza and the conventional isolation procedure. | besides the rapid diagnostic tests based on influenza a and b antigens nucleoproteins detection, which are routinely used, the isolation of influenza strains is still required to obtain recent variant isolates for full antigenic characterization, in order to up-date the influenza vaccine composition. to increase the rapidity and the efficacy of the virus growth, we implemented a culture test in 24-well plates by centrifugation of samples on to llcmk2 cells in the presence of trypsin. this test w ... | 1991 | 1797040 |
| [a comparative study of the protective properties of live recombinant and inactivated influenza vaccines made from strain a/philippines/2/82 (h3n2) in 8- to 15-year-old children]. | a limited controlled comparative study for the evaluation of the epidemiological efficacy of live recombinant and inactivated virion vaccines from a/philippines/2/82-like strains of influenza a (h3n2) virus was carried out in schoolchildren of 8 to 15 years of age. during the influenza epidemic of 1987-1988 caused by influenza a/sichuan/2/87 (h3n2)-like strains and by influenza b virus in 8.2-17% of cases, a statistically significant efficacy index for live influenza vaccine was 1.8 for the labo ... | 1991 | 1803767 |
| [the effect of different factors on the reproduction of influenza viruses and reassortants in cell cultures]. | the influence of the maintenance medium, polyethylene glycol (peg), deae-dextran, and low temperature on reproduction of influenza a, b, and c viruses and their reassortants in diploid and continuous cell cultures was determined. lowering of ph in the maintenance medium to 6.5 was found to decrease reproduction of influenza a (h1n1) and a (h3n2) viruses and increase that of influenza b viruses. treatment of cells with peg solution increased the yield of influenza b and c but not a viruses. howev ... | 1991 | 1803770 |