| [emergence of transmissible disorders, a continuous process--a new type of viral meningoencephalitis]. | in the interval 1994-1999, in australia, malaysia and singapore, epizootic and epidemiological episodes of meningoencephalitis and severe acute respiratory syndromes were reported. highly lethal in horses, swine and humans, the episodes were proved to be caused by the "new" viruses hendra (hev) and nipah (niv). at the same time three "new" viral agents have been isolated: lyssavirus, menanglevirus and tupaia paramyxovirus. the intense contemporary circulation of people, animals and food products ... | 2000 | 12089991 |
| rabies and bat lyssavirus infection. | | 2002 | 12105675 |
| [isolation and identification of lyssavirus strains from an area of slovakia where oral antirabies vaccine was administered]. | the study was aimed at isolation and subsequent identification of strains of rabies virus by means of monoclonal antibodies from foxes killed in the vaccination zone within the complex preliminary monitoring of oral antirabies vaccination. the results obtained indicate that the vaccines for oral antirabies vaccination used in slovakia did not contain any vaccination strain pathogenic to the extremely sensitive target species-the fox (vulpes vulpes). | 1997 | 9148571 |
| rabies re-examined. | rabies is an acute, progressive, incurable viral encephalitis. the causative agents are neurotropic rna viruses in the family rhabdoviridae, genus lyssavirus. mammalian reservoirs include the carnivora and chiroptera, but rabid dogs still pose the greatest hazard worldwide. viral transmission occurs mainly via animal bite, and once the virus is deposited in peripheral wounds, centripetal passage occurs towards the central nervous system. after viral replication, there is centrifugal spread to ma ... | 2002 | 12144896 |
| a rapid rt-pcr method to differentiate six established genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viruses using taqman technology. | a rapid and sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay incorporating taqman probes has been developed that can distinguish among the six established rabies and rabies-related virus genotypes. taqman probes were designed and validated against 106 rabies and rabies-related virus isolates, one isolate of the australian bat lyssaviruses (genotype 7), and 18 other non-rabies viruses important in the veterinary field. the n gene was used as the target for the probes as it ... | 2002 | 12176139 |
| characterisation of an australian bat lyssavirus variant isolated from an insectivorous bat. | in 1996 a variant lyssavirus was isolated from an insectivorous bat (yellow bellied, sheath tail bat-saccolaimus flaviventris) in australia. the nucleocapsid protein (n), matrix protein (m), phosphoprotein (p), glycoprotein (g) and polymerase (l) genes of the australian bat lyssavirus (abl) insectivorous isolate were compared with that previously described from a frugivorous bat (pteropus sp.), and showed sequence divergence at both the nucleotide and amino acid sequence level of 20% and 4-12%, ... | 2002 | 12367747 |
| neuro-angiostrongylosis in wild black and grey-headed flying foxes (pteropus spp). | to identify nematodes seen in histological sections of brains of flying foxes (fruit bats) and describe the associated clinical disease and pathology. | 2002 | 12398319 |
| european bat lyssavirus type 2 in a bat found in lancashire. | | 2002 | 12408333 |
| phylogenetic comparison of the genus lyssavirus using distal coding sequences of the glycoprotein and nucleoprotein genes. | the phylogenetic relationships between all seven genotypes within the genus lyssavirus were compared at the nucleotide level utilising two distal regions of the viral genome. the resulting analysis of each region produced similar, although not identical, phylogenetic results, suggesting that the evolutionary pressures on individual proteins within the genome vary. these differences are in part due to the increased variability observed within the glycoprotein sequence over the nucleoprotein seque ... | 2002 | 12417947 |
| detection of australian bat lyssavirus using a fluorogenic probe. | australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) has been transmitted to humans following a scratch or bite from an infected bat in two cases. following a scratch or bite to a person, the bat is usually submitted for testing and diagnosis is made using a direct fluorescent antibody test on a brain smear. a nested rt-pcr assay has also been utilised to confirm diagnosis. if positive for lyssavirus, post-exposure prophylaxis is administered. | 2002 | 12423692 |
| pathogenesis studies with australian bat lyssavirus in grey-headed flying foxes (pteropus poliocephalus). | to examine the susceptibility of the grey-headed flying fox (pteropus poliocephalus) to australian bat lyssavirus (abl), and to provide preliminary observations on the pathogenesis of the disease in flying foxes. | 2002 | 12465817 |
| human case of ebl type 2 following exposure to bats in angus, scotland. | | 2002 | 12498413 |
| infectious disease surveillance update. | | 2003 | 12505020 |
| geographic translocation of bats: known and potential problems. | natural, accidental, and intentional translocation of bats, both intra- and intercontinentally, has been documented. some bats have been translocated while incubating infectious diseases, including rabies or related lyssavirus infections; others have escaped confinement en route to or at their destinations, while others have been released deliberately. known events and potential consequences of bat translocation are reviewed, including a proposed solution to the attendant problems. | 2003 | 12533276 |
| mokola virus glycoprotein and chimeric proteins can replace rabies virus glycoprotein in the rescue of infectious defective rabies virus particles. | a reverse genetics approach which allows the generation of infectious defective rabies virus (rv) particles entirely from plasmid-encoded genomes and proteins (k.-k. conzelmann and m. schnell, j. virol. 68:713-719, 1994) was used to investigate the ability of a heterologous lyssavirus glycoprotein (g) and chimeric g constructs to function in the formation of infectious rv-like particles. virions containing a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) reporter gene (sdi-cat) were generated in cells ... | 1995 | 7853476 |
| differential stability and fusion activity of lyssavirus glycoprotein trimers. | the oligomeric structure and the fusion activity of lyssavirus glycoprotein (g) was studied by comparing g from mokola virus (gmok) and rabies virus (pv strain) (gpv), which are highly divergent lyssaviruses. g expressed at the surface of bsr cells upon either plasmid transfection or virus infection are shown to be mainly trimeric after cross-linking experiments. however, solubilization by a detergent (chaps) and analysis in sucrose sedimentation gradient evidenced that gmok trimer is less stabl ... | 2003 | 12573496 |
| public health surveillance for australian bat lyssavirus in queensland, australia, 2000-2001. | from february 1, 2000, to december 4, 2001, a total of 119 bats (85 megachiroptera and 34 microchiroptera) were tested for australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) infection. eight megachiroptera were positive by immunofluorescence assay that used cross-reactive ntibodies to rabies nucleocapsid protein. a case study of cross-species transmission of ablv supports the conclusion that a bat reservoir exists for ablv in which the virus circulates across megachiroptera species within mixed communities. | 2003 | 12604002 |
| new lyssavirus genotype from the lesser mouse-eared bat (myotis blythi), kyrghyzstan. | the aravan virus was isolated from a lesser mouse-eared bat (myotis blythi) in the osh region of kyrghyzstan, central asia, in 1991. we determined the complete sequence of the nucleoprotein (n) gene and compared it with those of 26 representative lyssaviruses obtained from databases. the aravan virus was distinguished from seven distinct genotypes on the basis of nucleotide and amino acid identity. phylogenetic analysis based on both nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed that the aravan vir ... | 2003 | 12643828 |
| genetic polymorphism in the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene. | in an attempt to compare intrinsic and extrinsic genetic diversity of the lyssavirus genotypes, 69 rabies virus isolates from various part of the world were partially sequenced and compared to 13 representative isolates of the 6 lyssavirus genotypes. the analysis of their phylogenetic relationships, performed on the complete nucleoprotein (n) coding gene (1350 bases), established that the rabies virus isolates all belonged to genotype 1 and that at least 11 phylogenetic lineages could be identif ... | 1995 | 7778285 |
| expression of the nucleoprotein of rabies virus in escherichia coli and mapping of antigenic sites. | investigations were performed to delineate the antigenic sites i and iv of rabies virus nucleoprotein (n), the former of which is well conserved among the rabies and rabies-related viruses. the n cdna of the rc-hl strain was inserted into an expression vector pet3a, with which the e. coli bl21(de3) was transformed. upon induction with isopropyl-1-thio-beta-d-galactoside, the transformants produced a protein with a size (56 k-da) almost identical to that of the authentic n protein. the protein al ... | 1995 | 7611878 |
| molecular epidemiology of lyssaviruses: focus on the glycoprotein and pseudogenes. | | 1993 | 7539907 |
| australia's notifiable diseases status, 2001: annual report of the national notifiable diseases surveillance system. | in 2001 there were 104,187 notifications of communicable diseases in australia reported to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system (nndss). the number of notifications in 2001 was an increase of 16 per cent of those reported in 2000 (89,740) and the largest annual total since the nndss commenced in 1991. in 2001, nine new diseases were added to the list of diseases reported to nndss and four diseases were removed. the new diseases were cryptosporidiosis, laboratory-confirmed influen ... | 2003 | 12725505 |
| linear and conformation-dependent antigenic sites on the nucleoprotein of rabies virus. | a set of 29 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for the rabies virus nucleoprotein (n protein) was prepared and used to analyze the topography of antigenic sites. at least four partially overlapping antigenic sites were delineated on the n protein of rabies virus by competitive binding assays. indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests using mabs with a series of rabies and rabies-related viruses showed that epitopes shared by various fixed and street strains of rabies virus were mainly localiz ... | 1994 | 7526134 |
| cross-reactive antigenicity of nucleoproteins of lyssaviruses recognized by a monospecific antirabies virus nucleoprotein antiserum on paraffin sections of formalin-fixed tissues. | diagnosis of rabies is routinely confirmed by detection of rabies virus antigens in acetone-fixed frozen brain tissues or imprint smears using an immunofluorescence method with commercial antirabies virus antibodies. since recent molecular analyses disclosed wide heterogeneity in the genome sequences of rabies virus strains and related lyssaviruses, it is necessary to confirm the presence of common epitopes in these lyssaviruses. in this study we confirmed the presence of cross-reactive antigens ... | 2003 | 12895231 |
| fatal human rabies caused by european bat lyssavirus type 2a infection in scotland. | we wish to report the first recorded case of indigenous human rabies caused by a bat bite in the united kingdom in 100 years. this instructive case report highlights a number of key lessons: first, bites from insectivorous bats indiginous to the united kingdom can cause rabies in humans; second, rabies immunization is essential for bat-handlers, and postexposure treatment for rabies is essential for patients bitten by bats; third, patients able to give a history who present with acute flaccid pa ... | 2003 | 12905146 |
| study of lyssaviruses of bat origin as a source of rabies for other animal species in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil. | an epidemic-geographic rabies study was carried out in which 72 animal and human brain samples were analyzed for lyssaviruses by a direct immunofluorescent technique (dift) and a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay. fifty-two samples were also tested by a mouse inoculation test. lyssavirus rna was detected in 60 of 72 samples. five dift-negative bat samples tested by a nested pcr assay showed evidence of the presence of rabies virus rna. sequencing of amplified rabies ... | 2003 | 12932103 |
| case report: isolation of a european bat lyssavirus type 2a from a fatal human case of rabies encephalitis. | a 55-year-old bat conservationist was admitted to ninewells hospital, dundee, scotland, on november 11, 2002, with an acute haematemesis. he gave a 5-day history of pain and paraesthesia in the left arm, followed by increasing weakness of his limbs with evidence of an evolving encephalitis with cerebellar involvement. the patient had never been vaccinated against rabies and did not receive postexposure treatment. using a hemi-nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), saliv ... | 2003 | 12938204 |
| a cophylogenetic perspective of rna-virus evolution. | the extent to which viruses and their hosts codiverge remains an open question, given that numerous cases of both "cospeciation" and horizontal switching have recently been documented. dna viruses that form persistent infections are thought to be the most likely candidates for phylogenetic congruence. phylogenetic reconciliation analysis was used to compare established phylogenies for four rna viruses and their hosts. the analysis employs a cophylogeny mapping technique, implemented in treemap v ... | 2004 | 12949128 |
| rabies in wildlife in latvia. | in the baltic states, lyssaviruses are often detected in wildlife and presumed to constitute an important public health hazard. in order to decrease rabies incidence and eradicate wildlife reservoirs, a national rabies eradication program has been in place. since 1970 a vaccination program in dogs and cats has been executed, and in 1991 oral vaccination of foxes was started. however, due to an insufficient budget, the latter was not done regularly and nationwide before 2000. now, the program in ... | 2003 | 14511581 |
| bat lyssaviruses (aravan and khujand) from central asia: phylogenetic relationships according to n, p and g gene sequences. | bat lyssaviruses aravan and khujand were isolated in southern kyrgyzstan in 1991 and in northern tajikistan in 2001, respectively. preliminary studies with anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies suggested that the viruses were distinct from other lyssavirus serotypes. these data were supported by sequencing of the n gene of aravan virus. in the present study, we sequenced the entire n, p and g genes of both aravan and khujand viruses and compared them with respective sequences of other lyssavir ... | 2003 | 14602198 |
| novel lyssaviruses isolated from bats in russia. | two new rabies-related viruses were discovered in russia during 2002. viruses were isolated from bats in eastern siberia near baikal lake and in the western caucasus mountains. after preliminary antigenic and genetic characterization, we found that both viruses should be considered as new putative lyssavirus genotypes. | 2003 | 14720408 |
| a reduced panel of anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies for bat rabies virus identification in europe. | a reduced panel of 4 anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (mab) was set up to distinguish viruses of terrestrial mammal origin from viruses of bat origin in europe. four additional mab were necessary to identify each one of the four serotypes of lyssavirus. these 8 mab were selected out of 25 mab secreted by hybridomas obtained from mice immunized with either serotype 1 lyssavirus (rabies virus pv4) or serotype 3 lyssavirus (mokola). they were screened with 32 viruses representative of the fo ... | 1990 | 2277871 |
| detection of rabies virus antibodies in fruit bats (eidolon helvum) from nigeria. | fruit bats (eidolon helvum) were collected from three different localities in western nigeria: oti, ibadan and idanre. fifty serum samples were analyzed using a modified rapid fluorescent focus inhibition technique against rabies, mokola, lagos bat and duvenhage viruses. twenty-five brain samples were screened for rabies and related lyssavirus antigens by direct fluorescent antibody microscopy and by an indirect fluorescent antibody technique with rabies anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies. ... | 1990 | 2187101 |
| detection of antibodies to eblv-2 in daubenton's bats in the uk. | | 2004 | 15005453 |
| spill-over of european bat lyssavirus type 1 into a stone marten (martes foina) in germany. | european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1, genotype 5) is known to endemically circulate in insectivorous bat populations in germany. in august 2001, a rabies suspect stone marten (martes foina) was found in the city of burg (saxony-anhalt, germany) and was sent to the regional veterinary laboratory for routine rabies diagnosis. whereas brain samples repeatedly tested negative in the fluorescent antibody test for classical rabies virus (genotype 1), the mouse inoculation test and the rabies tissue ... | 2004 | 15030600 |
| susceptibility of ferrets (mustela putorius furo) to experimentally induced rabies with european bat lyssaviruses (eblv). | twenty ferrets (mustela putorius furo) were inoculated by intramuscular (i.m.) injection with european bat lyssaviruses (eblv) type-1 and 2 using 10(4.0) foci-forming units (ffu) eblv-2 (n = 6), 10(4.0) ffu eblv-1 (n = 7) and 10(6.0) ffu eblv-1 (n = 7). furthermore, 15 mice received 10(2.5) ffu eblv-2 (n = 5), 10(2.5) ffu eblv-1 (n = 5) and 10(4.5) ffu eblv-1 (n = 5) by i.m. inoculation. all ferrets and mice receiving the higher dose of eblv-1 succumbed to infection. in contrast, only three of s ... | 2004 | 15030601 |
| rabies and other lyssavirus diseases. | the full scale of the global burden of human rabies is unknown, owing to inadequate surveillance of this fatal disease. however, the terror of hydrophobia, a cardinal symptom of rabies encephalitis, is suffered by tens of thousands of people each year. the recent discovery of enzootic european bat lyssavirus infection in the uk is indicative of our expanding awareness of the lyssavirus genus. the main mammalian vector species vary geographically, so the health problems created by the lyssaviruse ... | 2004 | 15043965 |
| [discussion on the article ondrejková a et al.: transmission of lyssavirus infections from bats to man. klin mikrobiol inf lek 2003;9:280-3]. | | 2004 | 15100983 |
| rabies virus cross-reactive murine t cell clones: analysis of helper and delayed-type hypersensitivity function. | three t cell clones derived from rabies virus-immunized balb/c mice were analysed for specificity and function. the clones proved to be broadly cross-reactive by responding to different rabies virus isolates (pm, era, cvs, hep) and other representatives of the genus lyssavirus, like the duvenhage-6 (duv6) and mokola (mok) viruses. the clones detected three different epitopes: an epitope expressed on the matrix protein (m) shared by pm, hep, mok and duv6 viruses (clone aa8), an epitope expressed ... | 1990 | 1967528 |
| t and b cell human responses to european bat lyssavirus after post-exposure rabies vaccination. | t and b cell human responses to european bat lyssavirus (ebl1) induced by post-exposure rabies vaccination (pm virus vaccine) were evaluated by measuring plasmatic titres of ebl1-specific neutralizing antibodies; specific ebl1-binding antibodies; and proliferation indices of peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with ebl1. these parameters for vaccination efficacy were compared with those obtained with vaccine-related viruses (cvs and era) and with a non-vaccine-related virus. mokola ... | 1991 | 1864001 |
| development of a hemi-nested rt-pcr method for the specific determination of european bat lyssavirus 1. comparison with other rabies diagnostic methods. | a simplified hemi-nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (hnrt-pcr) has been developed to determine specifically the european bat lyssavirus 1 (eblv-1) nucleoprotein gene. the specificity of this method was determined by using the seven genotypes of lyssavirus by rt-pcr, southern blot and sequence analysis. compared to the rabies diagnostic methods, the hnrt-pcr showed a higher sensitivity for the detection of small amounts of eblv-1 virus. in view of these results, we suggest th ... | 2004 | 15121304 |
| [author's reply to the discussion on the article by ondrejková a. et. al: transmission of lyssavirus infections from bats to humans]. | | 2004 | 15146388 |
| genetic analysis of european bat lyssavirus type 1 isolates from france. | european bat lyssavirus type 1a (eblv-1a) was first identified in central france from a serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) collected at the end of 2002. rabies was diagnosed by reference rabies diagnosis methods and molecular tools. phylogenetic analysis of 14 viral isolates obtained from french bats infected with eblv-1 between 1989 and the end of 2002 against 47 nucleoprotein sequences showed a north-west to east distribution of eblv-1a virus and a south to north distribution of eblv-1b virus, ... | 2004 | 15160845 |
| lyssavirus matrix protein induces apoptosis by a trail-dependent mechanism involving caspase-8 activation. | lyssaviruses, which are members of the rhabdoviridae family, induce apoptosis, which plays an important role in the neuropathogenesis of rabies. however, the mechanisms by which these viruses mediate neuronal apoptosis have not been elucidated. here we demonstrate that the early induction of apoptosis in a model of lyssavirus-infected neuroblastoma cells involves a trail-dependent pathway requiring the activation of caspase-8 but not of caspase-9 or caspase-10. the activation of caspase-8 result ... | 2004 | 15163747 |
| characterization of oita virus 296/1972 of rhabdoviridae isolated from a horseshoe bat bearing characteristics of both lyssavirus and vesiculovirus. | oita virus 296/1972 was isolated from the blood of a wild horseshoe bat, rhinolophus cornutus (temminck) in 1972. we investigated the pathogenicity of this virus in mice in relation to its histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characteristics and the entire sequence of nucleoprotein gene. this virus caused lethal encephalitis in mice through intracerebral route. this susceptibility of mice was until 3 weeks of age. immunohistochemical analysis using the convalescent sera obtained ... | 2004 | 15168201 |
| exotic animal disease bulletin. australian bat lyssavirus (abl). | | 2004 | 15181923 |
| rabies and other lyssavirus diseases. | | 2004 | 15183632 |
| rabies and other lyssavirus diseases. | | 2004 | 15183633 |
| rabies and other lyssavirus diseases. | | 2004 | 15183634 |
| antiviral drug discovery strategy using combinatorial libraries of structurally constrained peptides. | we have developed a new strategy for antiviral peptide discovery by using lyssaviruses (rabies virus and rabies-related viruses) as models. based on the mimicry of natural bioactive peptides, two genetically encoded combinatorial peptide libraries composed of intrinsically constrained peptides (coactamers) were designed. proteomic knowledge concerning the functional network of interactions in the lyssavirus transcription-replication complex highlights the phosphoprotein (p) as a prime target for ... | 2004 | 15220414 |
| update on neuroimaging in infectious central nervous system disease. | neuroimaging constitutes an important component in the diagnosis of the underlying infectious agents in central nervous system infection. this review summarizes progress in the neuroimaging of infectious central nervous system disease since january 2003. it focuses on imaging of viral encephalitis, including that caused by exotic and emerging viruses, and on imaging in immunodeficient patients. | 2004 | 15247545 |
| audit of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in england and wales in 1990 and 2000. | the objectives were to compare rabies post-exposure prophylaxis issued by the public health laboratory service (phls) in 1990 and in 2000, to evaluate their appropriateness, and to make recommendations for future issue of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in england and wales. the method was to review all rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin issues by phls in 1990 and 2000 with evaluation against department of health recommendations. the phls issued prophylaxis to 656 people in 1990 and 295 people i ... | 2004 | 15259410 |
| the challenge of new and emerging lyssaviruses. | | 2004 | 15270628 |
| detection and strain differentiation of european bat lyssaviruses using in situ hybridisation. | a protocol suitable for the detection of rabies virus and the related european bat lyssaviruses type 1 and 2 is described. in situ hybridisation, employing digoxigenin labelled riboprobes was used for the detection of lyssavirus rna in mouse-infected brain tissue. the principal advantage of this technique, compared to routine methods used for histopathology, is that this method is robust, highly sensitive, and specific for assessing the presence of rna in different tissues. an additional advanta ... | 2004 | 15381360 |
| trends in potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus in south east queensland, 1996 to 2003. | this study examined trends in notifications of potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus reported to the brisbane southside public health unit, australia between 1 november 1996 and 31 january 2003. notification rates declined among all population groups and potential exposures were notified more promptly. concern exists regarding possible under-reporting of potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus especially among volunteer bat carers. | 2004 | 15460966 |
| identification of a european bat lyssavirus type 2 in a daubenton's bat found in staines, surrey, uk. | | 2004 | 15508848 |
| rabies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) experimentally infected with european bat lyssavirus type 1. | the susceptibility of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) to european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) infection was examined. eight foxes were inoculated intramuscularly (i.m.) with 10(4.9) foci-forming units (ffu) (n = 4) and 10(5.1) ffu (n = 4) and observed for up to 90 days. all foxes showed manifestations of a neurologic disorder (e.g. seizures, myoclonus, agitation), starting as early as 5 days post-infection (p.i.). subsequently, all animals showed improvement followed by one or more relapses. one fo ... | 2004 | 15525359 |
| genetic characterization of rabies viruses isolated from frugivorous bat (artibeus spp.) in brazil. | in latin america, rabies cases related to frugivorous bats have been reported since 1930's. recently, two viruses isolated from artibeus lituratus were proved to be vampire bat variants by monoclonal antibodies panels [2], but their genetic information is not well known. in this report, four rabies viruses were isolated from frugivorous bats (artibeus spp.) in brazil and their nucleoprotein gene sequences were determined. these isolates were found to be genotype 1 of lyssavirus and showed the ma ... | 2004 | 15528863 |
| antibodies to eblv-1 in a domestic cat in denmark. | | 2004 | 15559429 |
| identification of a european bat lyssavirus type 2 in a daubenton's bat found in lancashire. | | 2004 | 15573955 |
| serologic evidence of lyssavirus infection in bats, cambodia. | in cambodia, 1,303 bats of 16 species were tested for lyssavirus. no lyssavirus nucleocapsid was detected in 1,283 brains tested by immunofluorescence assay. antibodies against lyssaviruses were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 144 (14.7%) of 981 serum samples. thirty of 187 serum samples contained neutralizing antibodies against different lyssaviruses. | 2004 | 15663870 |
| rabies and rabies-related viruses: a modern perspective on an ancient disease. | rabies is a worldwide zoonosis caused by a lyssavirus, with many host species acting as reservoirs for infection. the epidemiology of rabies has changed over recent years, as this disease has been brought under control or eliminated in many terrestrial animal species in europe and north america. a large number of lyssavirus variants have now been characterised, and their distribution and animal hosts have become known. however, new lyssaviruses have been isolated from bats, prompting scientists ... | 2004 | 15702724 |
| oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: opportunities and challenges in prevention and control. | rabies is an acute, progressive, fatal encephalitis caused by viruses in the family rhabdoviridae, genus lyssavirus. rabies virus is the representative member of the group. warm-blooded vertebrates are susceptible to experimental infection, but major primary hosts for disease perpetuation encompass bats and mammalian carnivores. the dog is the global reservoir, and important wild carnivores include foxes, raccoons, skunks, and mongoose, among others. traditionally, reliance upon long-term, wides ... | 2004 | 15742629 |
| [rabies and other lyssaviruses]. | since rabies has not been reported in japan for nearly the past 50 years, it has been relegated to the status of a forgotten infectious disease in this country. however,in the neighboring asian countries, africa, america, the number fo rabies cases had not decrease but on the contrary, seen an increasing trend. in russia and the former soviet union countries (cis countries), the number of information. between 30,000 approximately 20,000 fatal cases of rabies in both humans and animals had been r ... | 2004 | 15745159 |
| bat rabies in the united kingdom. | | 2005 | 15746109 |
| survey for bat lyssaviruses, thailand. | surveillance for lyssaviruses was conducted among bat populations in 8 provinces in thailand. in 2002 and 2003, a total of 932 bats of 11 species were captured and released after serum collection. lyssavirus infection was determined by conducting virus neutralization assays on bat serum samples. of collected samples, 538 were either hemolysed or insufficient in volume, which left 394 suitable for analysis. these samples included the following: pteropus lylei (n = 335), eonycteris spelaea (n = 45 ... | 2005 | 15752440 |
| presence of european bat lyssavirus rnas in apparently healthy rousettus aegyptiacus bats. | apparently healthy rousettus aegyptiacus bats were randomly chosen from a dutch colony naturally infected with european bat lyssavirus subgenotype 1a (ebl1a). these bats were euthanised three months after the first evidence of an ebl1a infection in the colony. ebl1a genomic and antigenomic rnas of the nucleoprotein gene were detected by nested reverse transcriptase pcr in 75% of the examined rousettus aegyptiacus bats. the ebl1a rnas of the nucleoprotein gene were detected mainly in brain tissue ... | 2002 | 11892688 |
| dna-based immunisation against rabies and rabies-related viruses: towards multivalent vaccines. | prototypes of multivalent dna vaccines against lyssaviruses (lv: rabies and rabies-related viruses) and other viruses were developed using chimaeric lv glycoprotein (clvg) dna and clvg dna carrying foreign epitopes. clvg is composed of the n-terminal half of an lv genotype (gt) containing antigenic site ii, the c-terminal half of gt containing antigenic site iii, as well as the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the same or a different gt. both antigenic sites induced virus neutralizing an ... | 2000 | 11713814 |
| molecular basis for the interaction between rabies virus phosphoprotein p and the dynein light chain lc8: dissociation of dynein-binding properties and transcriptional functionality of p. | the lyssavirus phosphoprotein p is a co-factor of the viral rna polymerase and plays a central role in virus transcription and replication. it has been shown previously that p interacts with the dynein light chain lc8, which is involved in minus end-directed movement of organelles along microtubules. co-immunoprecipitation experiments and the two-hybrid system were used to map the lc8-binding site to the sequence (139)rssedkstqttgr(151). site-directed mutagenesis of residues d(143) and q(147) to ... | 2001 | 11602781 |
| characterization of the tupaia rhabdovirus genome reveals a long open reading frame overlapping with p and a novel gene encoding a small hydrophobic protein. | rhabdoviruses are negative-stranded rna viruses of the order mononegavirales and have been isolated from vertebrates, insects, and plants. members of the genus lyssavirus cause the invariably fatal disease rabies, and a member of the genus vesiculovirus, chandipura virus, has recently been associated with acute encephalitis in children. we present here the complete genome sequence and transcription map of a rhabdovirus isolated from cultivated cells of hepatocellular carcinoma tissue from a mori ... | 2005 | 15890917 |
| evidence of two lyssavirus phylogroups with distinct pathogenicity and immunogenicity. | the genetic diversity of representative members of the lyssavirus genus (rabies and rabies-related viruses) was evaluated using the gene encoding the transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the virus-host interaction, immunogenicity, and pathogenicity. phylogenetic analysis distinguished seven genotypes, which could be divided into two major phylogroups having the highest bootstrap values. phylogroup i comprises the worldwide genotype 1 (classic rabies virus), the european bat lyssavirus (ebl) ge ... | 2001 | 11238853 |
| antigenic and genetic divergence of rabies viruses from bat species indigenous to canada. | antigenic characterisation of over 350 chiropteran rabies viruses of the americas, especially from species reported rabid in canada, distinguished 13 viral types. in close accord with this classification, nucleotide sequencing of representative isolates, at both the n and g loci, identified four principal phylogenetic groups (i-iv), sub-groups of which circulated in particular bat species. amongst the north american bat viruses, there was a notable division between group i specimens associated w ... | 2001 | 11226582 |
| postexposure prophylaxis for australian bat lyssavirus in south australia, 1996 to 2003. | | 2005 | 15907044 |
| bat lyssavirus infections. | bats, which represent approximately 24% of all known mammalian species, frequently act as vectors of lyssaviruses. in particular, insectivorous bats play an important role in the epidemiology of rabies and some rabies-like viruses, while the haematophagous vampire bats are the major wildlife vector for rabies in latin america. in contrast, the role of fruit bats (flying foxes) in the epidemiology of the recently discovered australian bat lyssavirus is only just emerging. information on the patho ... | 2000 | 11189715 |
| rabies in israel: decades of prevention and a human case. | animal rabies is endemic in israel, with 50-80 laboratory-confirmed cases being diagnosed annually. despite the high incidence among animals, human rabies has not occurred in israel for almost four decades. this is likely due to the highly effective prevention policy implemented by the ministry of health, based on pre-exposure vaccination of populations at risk, post-exposure treatment, and updated rules. notwithstanding the previous success, a human case occurred in 1996 when a soldier was bitt ... | 2000 | 11114763 |
| rabies human diploid cell vaccine elicits cross-neutralising and cross-protecting immune responses against european and australian bat lyssaviruses. | the ability of antibodies elicited against the rabies human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) to neutralise european bat lyssaviruses (eblv types-1 and -2), australian bat lyssavirus and classical rabies virus (rabv) has been evaluated using modified fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation (mfavn) assays. ninety-six percent (48 of 50) of the human post-vaccinated sera tested cross-neutralised these viruses (>or=0.5 iu/ml). cross-protection experiments using inbred mice (riii, k/k haplotype) were als ... | 2005 | 15964478 |
| retinal cell type expression specificity of hiv-1-derived gene transfer vectors upon subretinal injection in the adult rat: influence of pseudotyping and promoter. | gene therapy, and particularly gene restoration, is currently a great hope for non-curable hereditary retinal degeneration. clinical applications require a gene transfer vector capable of accurately targeting particular cell types in the retina. to develop such a vector, we compared the expression of a reporter gene after subretinal injections of lentiviral constructs of various pseudotypes and with the transgene expression driven by various promoters. | 2005 | 15966018 |
| genetic comparison of the rhabdoviruses from animals and plants. | there are more than 160 viral species in the rhabdovidae family, most of which can be grouped into one of the six genera including vesiculovirus, lyssavirus, ephemerovirus, novirhabdovirus, cytorhabdovirus, and nucleorhabdovirus. these viruses are not only morphologically similar but also genetically related. analysis of viral genes shows that rhabdoviruses are more closely related to each other than to viruses in other families. with the development of reverse genetics, the functions of many ci ... | 2005 | 15981465 |
| characterisation of a recently isolated lyssavirus in frugivorous zoo bats. | in july 1997 a lyssavirus was isolated in denmark from a colony of egyptian flying foxes (rousettus aegyptiacus) originating from a dutch zoo. sequencing of a 400 nucleotides coding region of the nucleoprotein and of a major part of the g-protein ectodomain encoding region of the newly isolated virus, revealed a very high similarity with european bat lyssavirus subtype 1a (ebl-1a). for characterisation of the recently isolated lyssavirus in frugivorous zoo bats, 16 frugivorous bats (rousettus ae ... | 2000 | 11043951 |
| fish rhabdoviruses: molecular epidemiology and evolution. | rhabdoviruses may cause serious diseases in wild and farmed fish. within the rhabdoviridae six genera have been established: ephemerovirus, cytorhabdovirus, nucleorhabdovirus, lyssavirus, vesiculovirus, and novirhabdovirus. viruses that infect fish are official or tentative members of the genera vesiculovirus and novirhabdovirus, or are listed as unassigned rhabdoviruses. in this report, we summarize and discuss published and our own unpublished data on the molecular epidemiology and phylogeogra ... | 2005 | 15981469 |
| olfactory transmission of neurotropic viruses. | olfactory receptor neurons are unique in their anatomical structure and function. each neuron is directly exposed to the external environment at the site of its dendritic nerve terminals where it is exposed to macromolecules. these molecules can be incorporated into by olfactory receptor neurons and transported transsynaptically to the central nervous system. certain neurotropic pathogens such as herpes simplex virus and borna disease virus make use of this physiological mechanism to invade the ... | 2005 | 16036791 |
| phylogeography, population dynamics, and molecular evolution of european bat lyssaviruses. | european bat lyssaviruses types 1 and 2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2) are widespread in europe, although little is known of their evolutionary history. we undertook a comprehensive sequence analysis to infer the selection pressures, rates of nucleotide substitution, age of genetic diversity, geographical origin, and population growth rates of eblv-1. our study encompassed data from 12 countries collected over a time span of 35 years and focused on the glycoprotein (g) and nucleoprotein (n) genes. we show ... | 2005 | 16051841 |
| vaccines for lyssaviruses other than rabies. | several new lyssaviruses have emerged in the past decade and it is likely that more remain to be discovered. there are six recognized genotypes of lyssavirus other than the rabies virus (genotype 1). all but one of these has been associated with human cases, with the resulting disease clinically similar to rabies. rabies vaccines provide a means of pre- and postexposure prophylaxis against rabies and some of the other genotypes, but not all. those that are crossprotected fall into phylogroup 1 o ... | 2005 | 16117710 |
| molecular methods to distinguish between classical rabies and the rabies-related european bat lyssaviruses. | a rapid and sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay for the detection of classical rabies virus (genotype 1) and the rabies related european bat lyssaviruses (ebls) (genotypes 5 and 6) was developed. when combined with specific oligonucleotide probes and a pcr-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (pcr-elisa), genotype 5 and 6 viruses can be distinguished from each other and from genotype 1 viruses. ninety-two isolates from the six established genotypes of rabies and ... | 2000 | 10856759 |
| rabies as a traveler's risk, especially in high-endemicity areas. | rabies is a viral zoonosis, an animal disease transmissible to humans, caused by rhabdoviruses of the genus lyssavirus. it is almost invariably fatal in humans. rabies is widely distributed throughout the world and present in all continents. more than 99.,9 % of human deaths from rabies reported worldwide result from the bite of a rabid dog. prompt and thorough cleansing of the wound, together with administration of immunoglobulin in cases of severe exposure, and immunization with modern vaccine ... | 2005 | 16225804 |
| potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus, queensland, 1996-1999. | two human deaths caused by australian bat lyssavirus (abl) infection have been reported since 1996. information was obtained from 205 persons (mostly adults from south brisbane and the south coast of queensland), who reported potential abl exposure to the brisbane southside public health unit from november 1,1996, to january 31, 1999. volunteer animal handlers accounted for 39% of potential exposures, their family members for 12%, professional animal handlers for 14%, community members who inten ... | 2000 | 10827115 |
| emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses: lessons from southeast asia and oceania. | the last decade of the 20th century saw the introduction of an unprecedented number of encephalitic viruses emerge or spread in the southeast asian and western pacific regions (mackenzie et al, 2001; solomon, 2003a). most of these viruses are zoonotic, either being arthropod-borne viruses or bat-borne viruses. thus japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has spread through the indonesian archipelago to papua new guinea (png) and to the islands of the torres strait of nort ... | 2005 | 16287684 |
| [epidemiology of rabies virus and other lyssaviruses]. | rabies is a zoonosis that infects domestic and wild animals through close contacts with saliva from infected animals. the annual number of deaths worldwide caused by rabies is estimated approximately 55,000 by world health organization (who). there has been no indigenous rabies case in japan since 1957; however, there was only one imported case, a traveler who was bitten by a stray dog in nepal and died in 1970. dogs in asia and africa remain the main reservoir and transmitter of rabies to human ... | 2005 | 16363690 |
| public health concerns in bat rabies across europe. | rabies due to two independent and different genotypes of lyssaviruses - european bat lyssaviruses (eblv) type 1 and type 2 - is present in many european countries. infection is usually seen in bats, the primary reservoirs of the viruses but a few spillover infections have been seen in three other species: stone martens, sheep and humans. spillover infections (with the exception of the two human cases) were eblv-1 only. no eblv-2 spillover cases have been reported in terrestrial animals. the dise ... | 2005 | 16371689 |
| who expert consultation on rabies. | more than 99% of all human rabies deaths occur in the developing world, and although effective and economical control measures are available, the disease has not been brought under control throughout most of the affected countries. given that a major factor in the low level of commitment to rabies control is a lack of accurate data on the true public health impact of the disease, this report of a who expert consultation begins by providing new data on the estimated burden of the disease and its ... | 2005 | 16485446 |
| european bat lyssaviruses, the netherlands. | to study european bat lyssavirus (eblv) in bat reservoirs in the netherlands, native bats have been tested for rabies since 1984. for all collected bats, data including species, age, sex, and date and location found were recorded. a total of 1,219 serotine bats, eptesicus serotinus, were tested, and 251 (21%) were positive for lyssavirus antigen. five (4%) of 129 specimens from the pond bat, myotis dasycneme, were positive. recently detected eblv rna segments encoding the nucleoprotein were sequ ... | 2005 | 16485470 |
| veterinary surgeon's guide to australian bat lyssavirus. | veterinary surgeons in australia must be aware of the emerging viral diseases and their potential effects on public health generally and, more specifically, on the veterinary profession. australian bat lyssavirus was identified in 1996 and causes rabies-like disease in bats and humans. two humans from queensland have died of australian bat lyssavirus encephalitis. surveillance has shown that all australian bats must be considered carriers of this new virus, therefore protective apparel should be ... | 1999 | 10685161 |
| important unusual infections in australia: a critical care perspective. | to review a number of the important unusual infections in australia that can lead to critical illness. | 2001 | 16573516 |
| airborne transmission of lyssaviruses. | in 2002, a scottish bat conservationist developed a rabies-like disease and subsequently died. this was caused by infection with european bat lyssavirus 2 (eblv-2), a virus closely related to rabies virus (rabv). the source of this infection and the means of transmission have not yet been confirmed. in this study, the hypothesis that lyssaviruses, particularly rabv and the bat variant eblv-2, might be transmitted via the airborne route was tested. mice were challenged via direct introduction of ... | 2006 | 16687600 |
| lyssavirus surveillance in bats, bangladesh. | lyssavirus surveillance in bats was performed in bangladesh during 2003 and 2004. no virus isolates were obtained. three serum samples (all from pteropus giganteus, n = 127) of 288 total serum samples, obtained from bats in 9 different taxa, neutralized lyssaviruses aravan and khujand. the infection occurs in bats in bangladesh, but virus prevalence appears low. | 2006 | 16704789 |
| lagos bat virus, south africa. | three more isolates of lagos bat virus were recently recovered from fruit bats in south africa after an apparent absence of this virus for 13 years. the sporadic occurrence of cases is likely due to inadequate surveillance programs for lyssavirus infections among bat populations in africa. | 2006 | 16704795 |
| immunization of dogs with a dna vaccine induces protection against rabies virus. | rabies is a fatal encephalomyelitis which is transmitted to man, mostly by dogs in developing countries. this zoonosis can be prevented by vaccination of humans before or after exposure. however, a more radical approach is possible, involving the elimination of the principal vector/reservoir by vaccinating dogs. the vaccine must be effective, safe and inexpensive. mass production of plasmids is possible and dna-based immunization with a plasmid encoding the antigen responsible for inducing prote ... | 1999 | 10519937 |
| sequence analysis of an isolate from a fatal human infection of australian bat lyssavirus. | australian bat lyssavirus (ablv), which occurs in pteropid and insectivorous bat populations, causes a rabies-like encephalitis in infected humans. we report the first complete sequence of an ablv isolate obtained from a human who developed symptoms 27 months after being bitten by an infected flying fox. this isolate is the smallest lyssavirus to be sequenced, with a size of 11,918 nucleotides. analyses of previously unsequenced regions and the complete genome confirm its close relationship with ... | 2002 | 12083841 |
| specific infections, infection-related behavior, and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma in adults. | infections were examined as possible risk factors for non-hodgkin lymphoma in a population-based case-control study in new south wales and the australian capital territory, australia. incident cases (n = 694) had no history of hiv infection or transplantation. controls (n = 694) were randomly selected from electoral rolls and frequency matched to cases by age, sex, and area of residence. a postal questionnaire and telephone interview measured history of specific infections, occupational exposure ... | 2006 | 16775166 |
| [chiroptera and zoonosis: an emerging problem on all five continents]. | zoonosis is the cause of the vast majority of emerging diseases. bats that occupy the second place in the mammal class play an important role. whether they belong to the microchiroptera suborder or to the megachiroptera suborder, bats on all five continents have been implicated in transmission of numerous pathogens including not only viruses such as lyssavirus (e.g. rabies), hepanivirus (e.g. hendra and nipah virus) and recently coronavirus (e.g. sars-like coronavirus and ebola virus) but also f ... | 2006 | 16775933 |